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    Development of Natm: Principles of Observational Method

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    Chin Thau Wui
    The document discusses the historical development of tunneling methods, including the English, Belgian, German and Austrian methods used in the 19th-20th centuries. It then focuses on the development of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), including its origins in the 1940s-50s and principles of using shotcrete and rock bolts to reinforce the tunnel walls while allowing some deformation. The document emphasizes that a key part of NATM is observational design, where monitoring allows adjustments to support based on actual ground conditions. Finally, it outlines requirements for successfully implementing an observational approach, including characterization, design flexibility, adequate monitoring, and organization to respond quickly to deviations from predictions.

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    Development of Natm: Principles of Observational Method

    Uploaded by

    Chin Thau Wui
    38 views14 pages
    The document discusses the historical development of tunneling methods, including the English, Belgian, German and Austrian methods used in the 19th-20th centuries. It then focuses on the development of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), including its origins in the 1940s-50s and principles of using shotcrete and rock bolts to reinforce the tunnel walls while allowing some deformation. The document emphasizes that a key part of NATM is observational design, where monitoring allows adjustments to support based on actual ground conditions. Finally, it outlines requirements for successfully implementing an observational approach, including characterization, design flexibility, adequate monitoring, and organization to respond quickly to deviations from predictions.

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    Lect_01_NATM

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    The document discusses the historical development of tunneling methods, including the English, Belgian, German and Austrian methods used in the 19th-20th centuries. It then focuses on the development of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), including its origins in the 1940s-50s and principles of using shotcrete and rock bolts to reinforce the tunnel walls while allowing some deformation. The document emphasizes that a key part of NATM is observational design, where monitoring allows adjustments to support based on actual ground conditions. Finally, it outlines requirements for successfully implementing an observational approach, including characterization, design flexibility, adequate monitoring, and organization to respond quickly to deviations from predictions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views14 pages

    Development of Natm: Principles of Observational Method

    Uploaded by

    Chin Thau Wui
    The document discusses the historical development of tunneling methods, including the English, Belgian, German and Austrian methods used in the 19th-20th centuries. It then focuses on the development of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), including its origins in the 1940s-50s and principles of using shotcrete and rock bolts to reinforce the tunnel walls while allowing some deformation. The document emphasizes that a key part of NATM is observational design, where monitoring allows adjustments to support based on actual ground conditions. Finally, it outlines requirements for successfully implementing an observational approach, including characterization, design flexibility, adequate monitoring, and organization to respond quickly to deviations from predictions.

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    You are on page 1of 14

    DEVELOPMENT OF NATM

    Principles of Observational Method

    Lecture 01

    HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TUNNELLING

    In ancient times, small tunnels mainly built for water supply

    Iran: in the nineteensixties still 160.000km of water galleries under operation


    Short Course Singapore 08 2

    Lecture 01

    Traffic tunnels from the 18th century on

    Neutortunnel in Salzburg, Austria from 1770


    Short Course Singapore 08

    Thames river crossing, London 1825-1843


    3

    Lecture 01

    DIFFERENT TUNNELLING METHODS 19th and 20th CENTURY

    English tunnelling method


    Short Course Singapore 08 4

    Lecture 01

    DIFFERENT TUNNELLING METHODS 19th and 20th CENTURY

    Belgian tunnelling method


    Short Course Singapore 08 5

    Lecture 01

    DIFFERENT TUNNELLING METHODS 19th and 20th CENTURY

    German tunnelling method


    Short Course Singapore 08 6

    Lecture 01

    DIFFERENT TUNNELLING METHODS 19th and 20th CENTURY

    Austrian tunnelling method


    Short Course Singapore 08 7

    Lecture 01

    DIFFERENT TUNNELLING METHODS 19th and 20th CENTURY

    Steel support, mainly used in USA


    Short Course Singapore 08 8

    Lecture 01

    FIRST IDEAS OF NATM

    Rabcewicz in 1948 patented a tunnelling method, which was


    based on a double concrete shell approach. Inner lining should be installed when deformations ceased should avoid disintegration and thus development of dead loads on lining

    Quickly installed primary lining

    Waterproofing between

    primary and secondary lining of inner lining based on measuring results

    Determination of installation

    Short Course Singapore 08

    Lecture 01

    DEVELOPMENT OF SHOTCRETE AND BOLTING

    Although known and occasionally used, the systematic


    application of shotcrete and rock bolts started in the nineteen fifties. was a problem with traditional supports.

    Shotcrete helped prevent disintegration of the ground, which Rock bolts originally were used to fix single blocks, but soon
    systematic bolting was applied to reinforce the rock mass surrounding the tunnel. 1956 in Venezuela by Rabcewicz

    First application of rock bolts and shotcrete as only support

    Short Course Singapore 08

    10

    Lecture 01

    SYSTEMATIC BOLTING TO CREATE CARRYING ARCH

    Short Course Singapore 08

    11

    Lecture 01

    BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NATM

    Prevent disintegration of the rock mass, thus keeping ist


    strength

    Use rock mass as far as possible to take additional stresses


    resulting from excavation
    This implies that deformations should not be completely stopped by the support right after installation But deformation should be kept below critical level, where disintegration (loosening) of the rock mass occurs

    Monitor the behaviour of the system to observe stabilization


    process and allow for adjustments

    Short Course Singapore 08

    12

    Lecture 01

    FIRST APPLICATION OF NATM IN AUSTRIA


    ORIGINAL DESIGN (failed) MODIFIED DESIGN (successful)

    Short Course Singapore 08

    13

    Lecture 01

    INTERACTION BETWEEN GROUND AND SUPPORT

    Loading of support support resistance

    Ground reaction curve

    Support characteristic

    Excavation & support hardening time of shotcrete

    Deformation imposed on support

    Time, where support is loaded

    equilibrium Time

    Pacher, 1964
    14

    Short Course Singapore 08

    Lecture 01

    FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF NATM

    1963 the name New Austrian Tunnelling Method was created Applications first in Austria, soon also in Germany, South
    America and Japan. Initially mainly used for tunnels with shallow cover. Cost savings of up to 50% with high overburden and large caverns

    Use of the method starting from the nineteen seventies also Applicability to nearly any ground condition with the use of
    basically the same elements contributed to a wold wide pread of the method

    Short Course Singapore 08

    15

    Lecture 01

    EXAMPLES OF RECENT PROJECTS

    Tauerntunnel, Austria; Use of ductile elements in the lining in fault zone


    Short Course Singapore 08 16

    Lecture 01

    EXAMPLES OF RECENT PROJECTS

    Wienerwaldtunnel, Austria; sidewall galleries in built up area with shallow cover


    Short Course Singapore 08 17

    Lecture 01

    EXAMPLES OF RECENT PROJECTS

    Tunnel Sentvid, Slovenia; bifurcation cavern in extremely faulted rock


    Short Course Singapore 08 18

    Lecture 01

    WHAT HAS CHANGED?

    Better equipment reduced the number of required miners. In


    Austria typically 5 men form a crew at the face

    Improvements in materials leads to higher quality tunnels Improvement in monitoring, data processing, and evaluation
    of results has reduced failures and surprises

    Costs of tunnel construction have been reduced

    Short Course Singapore 08

    19

    PRINCIPLES OF OBSERVATIONAL METHOD

    10

    Lecture 01

    INTRODUCTION

    Uncertainties in the geological model and the properties of


    the ground, as well as the limited accuracy and simplifications in the models used for design lead to a residual risk during construction

    The resulting inaccuracy of the design calls for an

    observational approach to allow for a safe and economical construction with minimal risk design as you go, implying there is no or little preparation prior to construction observational approach requires sound preparation and a well organized construction setup

    The observational approach often is misinterpreted as On the contrary, a successful implementation of the

    Short Course Singapore 08

    21

    Lecture 01

    REQUIREMENTS

    Sound investigation and ground characterization Assessment of possible behaviors Establishment of acceptable limits for expected behaviors Design of excavation and support methods, covering the range of expected ground behaviors

    Adequate monitoring plan Appropriate site organization to allow for a short response
    time in case actual behavior deviates from the predicted/acceptable

    Safety management plan including contingency measures for


    cases, where actual behavior deviates from expected

    Short Course Singapore 08

    22

    11

    Lecture 01

    WRONG GEOLOGICAL MODEL & SLOW SITE RESPONSE

    Short Course Singapore 08

    23

    Lecture 01

    BASIC RULES FOR DESIGN

    Characterization of the ground Assessment of ground reaction without support prior to


    selection of construction methods
    Only if the failure mode of the unsupported tunnel is known, appropriate construction measures to prevent those failures can be selected

    Checking robustness of design by varying ground parameters


    within expected ranges possible

    Describing expected system behavior as accurately as Establishing criteria for the application of excavation and
    support methods during construction

    Short Course Singapore 08

    24

    12

    Lecture 01

    BASIC RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION

    Identify ground types defined in the design, and refine


    assignment criteria if required

    Continuously update ground model Assess ground behavior and select appropriate excavation
    and support method based on rules established during design; refine criteria if appropriate during construction

    Predict system behavior based on design and observations Use methods of monitoring and data processing which allow
    capturing the expected behaviors and a timely response

    Compare observed to predicted system behavior Be alert for deviations from normal behavior
    Short Course Singapore 08 25

    Lecture 01

    LACK OF SITE ORGANIZATION?

    REUTERS/Gilberto Marques (BRAZIL)

    Short Course Singapore 08

    26

    13

    Lecture 01

    SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN

    Identification of safety relevant issues Definition of expected behaviour Definition of parameters to be observed, observation
    Definition of warning and alarm levels and criteria

    methods, layout, reading frequency, and evaluation methods Definition of contingency measures for each warning level Action plan in case of an alarm Organisation plan and reporting structure

    Short Course Singapore 08

    27

    Lecture 01

    CONCLUSION

    The observational approach can be implemented successfully


    only if
    Design covers expected behaviors Monitoring methods are adequate Data processing and interpretation of results is efficient Site organization is adequate Contractual setup allows flexible response to changing ground conditions Safety management plan, containing alarm criteria and mitigation measures is established Site staff is sufficiently qualified

    Short Course Singapore 08

    28

    14

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