1

Topic
Teaching
Period

Learning Outcome

1 Functions

1.1 Functions

28

6 Periods
(8 hrs)


Candidates should be able to:
(a) state the domain and range of a function, and find composite
functions;
(b) determine whether a function is one-to-one, and find the
inverse of a one-to-one function;
(c) sketch the graphs of simple functions, including piecewise-
defined functions;



1.1 Functions

(a) Domain, Codomain, and Range
1. The set of elements in X is called the domain for
function f.
Domain {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
2. Set of images {0, 1, 4} in set Y is the range for
function f.
3. All the elements in set Y are known as codomain.
4. Codomain = { -1, 0, 1, 4, 9}
5. A function is a one-to-one function if each element
in set X corresponding to a different image in set
Y.

Example 1
State the domain and range for each of the following
function. Give reason whether each of the following
function is a one-to-one function.
a) y = 3x -1
b) g: x x
2
3x - 4
b) f(x) =
3
2 x

c) g:x 3 x
d) h(x) = 3 ln x
e)

f(x) =
x
e


f)



Note: i) How to determine a one-to-one function?
ii) What is a piecewise-defined function?


Composite Functions



6. Let f: A B and g: B C are two functions.
The function which map elements in set A to
elements in set C is called a composite function,
and is denoted as g f or gf.
g f = g[f(x)]

Example 2
Given f and g are defined as below:
f: x
1
5 3 x +
;
g:x 2x + 3
Find
a) fg, b) gf
c) Is fg equal to gf?, d) g
n


Example 3
Given f:x 3x-2, x e R , find g if
a) the composite function fg is fg:x 6x+1
b) the composite function gf is gf:x
2 3
1 3
+

x
x

-2
-1
0
1
2

-1
0
1
4
9

Domain Codomain
X Y
f
2


Existence of a Composite Functions

7. A composite function, g f can only be defined, if
the range of f is either the subset or an equal
set to the domain of g. That is, R
f
_ D
g
.
This domain of f becomes the domain of g f.

8. Similarly, f g can only be defined, if the range of
g is either the subset or the same set as the
domain of f. That is R
g
_ D
f
.
This domain of g becomes the domain of f g.

Example 4
Given f and g is defined as:
f: x ln(x 1) , x > 1
g:x x -
2
x
, x e R
a) Find fg and gf.
b) Hence, determine the domain for fg dan gf such
that the composite functions can be defined.
c) Find, also the ranges of fg and gf.


Inverse functions



9. If a function, f, is an one-to-one function, then it is
possible to find the inverse function of f which map
the elements in the range of f back to the
corresponding elements in the domain of f.

10. a) the domain for f
-1
is the range of f
b) the range for f
-1
is the domain of f.
c) f
-1
can only exists if f is an one-to-one
function.
d) The graph f
-1
is a reflection of f on the line y
= x.

Example 5
For each of the following function,
Find the inverse functions.
On the same axes, sketch both the functions f and f
-1
.
State the domains and the range of the inverse
functions.
i) f:x 3x 8, x e R
ii) f:x x
2
3x 4 x > 3/2
iii) f:x
2 3
x
x
, x = 3/2
iv) f:x ln(x 1) x > 1
v) f:x e
2x

3
x e R


Sketch simple functions

I Sketching Simple polynomial functions:
quadratic and cubic functions

Example 6
Sketch the following functions
a) y = x
2
3x -4
b) y = 5 3x -2x
2

c) y =(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)
d) y = x
3
x
2
x + 1

II Sketching of Rational Functions
Examples of rational functions:
i) y =
( 1)( 2)
x
x X +

ii) y =
3
2 x +


11. To sketch rational functions, students must be
able to determine the vertical and horizontal
asymptotes.

Vertical asymptotes can be determined by
equating the coefficient of the y term, which has
the highest degree to zero.
or
By equating the denominator which contains x
terms to zero.

Horizontal asymptotes can be determined by
equating the coefficient of the x term, which has
the highest degree to zero.
or
Find the limit as x

Example 7
Find the asymptotes, and hence sketch the following
graphs. State the domain and range for each function.
a) y =

3
1
x
x
(b) y =
2
3
( 1)( 2)
x
x x +

c) y =

2
2
3 4
x
x x


III Sketching of exponential functions

Examples
i) y = 3
x

ii) y = 2 e
x
- 1

12. Graph for f(x) = e
x
, x e R


3

Sketch f(x) = e
-x
,.



13. Technique of sketching an exponent curve :
i) Find the y-interception, by letting x = 0
ii) Consider x and x - and deduce
the asymptote.

Example 8
Sketch the curve y = 3
x
, x e R
Hence, on separately the graphs for:
a) y = 3
x
+ 2
b) y = 3
-x

c) y = - 3
x

d) y = 2 3
-x



IV Sketching of Logarithmic Functions

14. The curve for y = ln x is



Notes
a) the function only defined for x > 0
b) it has an asymptote x = 0.
c) it intersect the x-axis at (1,0).

15. To sketch logarithmic functions y = ln f(x):
i) Determine the domain where the log. function
is defined. Hence, deduce the vertical
asymptotes.
iii) Find the x-intercept.

Example 9
Sketch the following functions and state it domain and
range.
a) y = ln(x
2
4)
b) y = lg x
2

c) y = x ln x


IV Sketching Piecewise-defined Functions
Example 10
Sketch the following piecewise-defined functions. State
it domain and range.
a)
3 5 3
( )
3 3
x if x
f x
x if x
< s
=

+ >

b) g(x) =
2
-16
4
- 4
8 4
x
if x
x
if x

=

c) h(x) =

s <

>

2
1
, 0 2
2
5
1 2
16
x
x
x
x x







Exercise 1

1. Determine which of the following functions are
one-to-one or many-to-one. Give reasons to
support your answers:
a) f : x -x
3
+ 2 ; x e R
b) f : x
1
x
x +
; x e R,x = -1
c) f : x sin x ; x e R
[(a) & (b) is one-to-one. Reason: A horizontal line,
parallel to x-axis cuts the curve only at one
point]

2. By assuming both x, y are real number, find the
domain and the range of:
a) y = 2 3 x
b) y =
2
1 x
[(a) Domain [3/2, ); range [0, ); (b) Domain (- , -
1] [1, ); range [0, ) ]

3. Let A = [0, ). Function f : A R is defined as
f(x) = x
3
+ 1. Find the range of f. [ [1,) ]

4. A businessman plans to set up a restaurant. He
estimates that if there are 40 to 80 customers per
day, then he can make a profit of RM2.00 per
customer. If the number of customers are more
than 80 person, the profit for customers will be
reduced by 2 sen multiply by the number of
customers in excess of 80. The businessman
has to ensure that he will not suffer any loss on
any business day.
i) If x is the number of customer and p(x), is the
daily profit in RM , shows that
p(x) =
2
2 40 80
3.60 0.02 80 180
s s

< s

x x
x x x

ii) Show also that p(x) is continuous at x = 80.
iii) Sketch the graph p(x)
iv) Determine the number of customers which
can produce the maximum daily profit for
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
2
3
4

the businessman, and find his maximum
profit.
[ (iv) 90; RM162.00] [1994S1.12]

5. Function f is defined as
f(x) = 3x
5
10x
3
+ 1 -2 s x s 2.
i) Sketch f.
ii) State the range of f. [{f: -15 s f s 17}
iii) State if f is a one-to-one function. State the
reasons for your answer.
[(iv) not a one-to-one function because a horizontal line
parallel to the x-axis intersect the curve at more than
one point] [1995S1.13]
6. If g(x) = ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

x 1
x 1
, shows that
g(x) + g(y) = g
1
x y
xy
| | +
|
+
\ .
[1997T1.6]

7. The domain for piece-wise function f is {x e R :
- 3 < x < 4} and the function f is defined as:
f:x x+
3
2
( - 3<x s- 1) ,
f:x
3
1
2
x (-1 <x s2),
f:x x 6 (2 < x < 4).
Sketch f and state its range. [ range f: [-4,1/2]

8. Function f is defined as
f(x) = cos x x cos , 0 s x s 2t
i) Sketch f
ii) State the range for f.
iii) State with reason, whether f is a one-one
function or not. [1996T1.6]
[(ii) { f : -2 s x s 0}; not a one-one function because
when a horizontal line is drew, it intersect the curve
more than one point.]

9. Functions f and g are defined as
f(x) = 3x x
2
, x e R
g(x) = x
2
3x + 2 , x e R
Sketch on the same diagram, the graphs for f and
g.
Determine the set of values of x such that the
function for h can be defined.
h(x) = ln(3x x
2
) +
2
1
3 2 x x +
. [1997T1.13]

10. Function f is defined as
f(x) =
t t
t t t t
s <

s <

2
( - ) 0 2
sin( - ) 2 3
x x x
x x

i) Sketch f.
ii) Find the range of f. [-t
2
f 2t
2
]
iii) States with reason whether f is a one-one
function or not. [1999T1.13]

11. If f(x) = log
2
(15 2x x
2
), find the set of values
for x such that f(x) is defined. Find the maximum
value for the expression 15 2x x
2
. Deduce the
maximum value for f(x). [2000T1.6]
{x: -5 < x < 3}; 16; 4]
12. The functions f and g are given by
f : x
x -x
x -x
e - e
e + e
, g : x
x -x
2
e +e
.
a) State the domains of f and g. [xeR]
b) Without using differentiation, find the range
of f. [-1< f <1]
c) Show that (f(x))
2
+ (g(x))
2
= 1. Hence, find
the range of g. [2005P1.10]
[ 0 < g(x) 1]
13. The graph of a function f is as follows:

(a) State the domain and range of f [2 marks]
(b) State whether f is a one-to-one function or
not. Give a reason for your answer. [2 marks]
[ (a) -3 x 2, x -1, -1< f <2] [2010P1.6]


Composite Functions and Inverse functions

1. Functions f and g are defined as
f: x
2
2 ,
x
e x R

+ e

g: x
ln(2 5) , 3 x x >

i) Find g[f(x)] [gf:x ln(2e
-2x
1)]
ii) Find the set of values of x such that g[f(x)] is
defined. [{x : x s 0} [1993S1.6]

2. Functions f and g are defined as
| |
+ e =
|
\ .
1 1
1 , , 0;
2
f x x R x
x

1 1
: , ,
2 1 2
g x x R x
x
e =

i) Find the composite function fg, and state its
domain and range.
ii) Sketch fg. [1997S1.6]
[(i) fg:x x ; range { fg: fg xe R ,fg = }]

3. Functions f and g is defined as
f: x
2
9 x , -3
s
x
s
3;
g: x x
2
+ 5, x e R
i) find g o f [gof:14 - x
2
, -3
s
x
s
3]
ii) State with reason the existence of fog.
[No fg because range of g not a subset of f ]
[1998T1.6]

4. Functions f, g and h are defined by
f: x
1
x
x +
, g: x
2 x
x
+
, h: x 3 +
2
x
.
(a) State the domains of f and g. [2 marks]
(b) Find the composite function g o f and state
its domain and range. [5 marks]
(c) State the domain and range of h. [2 marks]
(d) State whether h = g o f. Give a reason for
your answer. [2006P1.9] [2 marks]
[a]Df = {x: xe R, x -1} ; Dg = {x : x e R, x 0} ;
b) gf:x ->
3 2 x
x
+
; Dgf = {x : x e R, x -1, x 0} ;
5

{gf : gf e R, gf 3, gf 1}
c) D = {x : x e R x 0} ; R = {h : h e R, h 3}
No because domain different]

5. Function g is defined as below and its domain is {x
e R : x >- 1} , g:x x
2
+2x+5
Find the inverse function for g. [g
-1
:x 4 x -1 ]

6. Given f : x e
x
, x e R and
g:x ,
1
x 3 +
; x e R
+
.
Find gf, (fg)
-1
, f
-
1
and g
-
1
. Hence show that
(gf)
-1
= f
-1
g
-1
.
[gf:x
1
3
x
e +
; x e R;
(gf)
-1
x ln
1 3x
x
| |
|
\ .
; 0 < x < 1/3
f
-1
:x ln x ; x e R; g
-1
:x
1 3x
x

; 0<x<1/3 ]
7. Set A and B are defined as
A= {x e R :0 s x s 1} and
B= {x e R :1 sx s2}.
Functions f and g are defined as
f: B C (where C is the range for the
function g) with
f: x x
2
2x + 2 , and
g :x
2
1
x
x
+
+

a) Find the inverse of f.
b) Find the range of h such that h : A C
with h = g o f.
c) Does the inverse of h exists?
[f
-1
:x 1- 1 x ; (b) 4/3 s x s 3/2; (c) Yes]

8. The function f is given by
f:x ln(4 2x), x e R, x < 2
a) Find an expression for f
-1
(x)
b) Sketch the curve with the equation y = f
-1
(x),
showing the coordinates of the points
where the curve cuts the axes.
c) The function g is given by
g: x 3
x
, x e R
i) Find the value of x for which g(x) = 1.5,
giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
ii) Evaluate gf(1) to 3 decimal places.
[ f
-1
(x) = (4-e
x
);(b) (0,3/2), (ln4,0) (ci) 0.369;
(cii) 2.141]

9. Function f is defined as f:x 4x
3
+3, wher e
xeR. Find f
-1
and state a relation between the
graph f and the graph f
-1
.
[ f
-1
:x
1
2
3
4
x | |
|
\ .
; reflection at the line y=x ]

10. Function f, g, and h are given as
f:x lnx , x e R
+

g:x
1
x
, x e R
+
h:x x
2
, x e R
Find the functions fg, f
-1
, and state a relation
between the following graphs:
a) f and fg,
b) f and f
-1
.
[fg:x - lnx ;f
-1
:x e
x
; (a) fg reflection of f at x-
axis; (b) Reflection in the line y=x]

11. Determine the inverse for each of the following
functions, and state whether the inverse is a
function or not a function?
a) f :x In (x+1)+2, x e R,x > -1
b) f: x
1
x
x +
, x e R, x = -1
[f
-1
: x e
x-2
1 , x eR; Yes; f
-1
: x
1
x
x
, x e R;
x = 1; Yes]

12. Functions f and g together with their domains are
defined as:
f:x 4x+3; x e R
g:x x
2
-1; x e R
a) For each of the function, determine its range
and state whether it is a one-one function?
b) Find the composite functions fg and gf. Find
the values of x such that fg(x) = gf(x).
c) Find the inverse function (fg)
-1
and state its
domain. Is (fg)
-1
a function?
[(a) R
f
= {y: y e R}; R
g
= {y:y e R, y >-1}; f function
one-one; g not a one-one; (b) fg:x 4x
2
-1; gf:x
(4x+3)
2
-1; x=-1/2,-3/2; (c) (fg)
-1
:x
1
2
x +
; Not a
function]

13. The domains of the functions f and g are { x : xeR,
x > 0 } and the functions are given as
f:x lnx ; g:x x
2
-2
Show that f has an inverse function f
-1
, and
sketch both f and f
-1
on the same diagram. Show
clearly on your graph the relation between f and
f
-1
.
Determine whether the functions fg or gf exist,
and gives reasons for your answers.
[reflection at the line y = x; fg, gf non-existence]

14. Function f and g are defined as f:x In (1+x);
g:x x
2
-3 and the domain is {x :x e R,x> -1}
. Show that f has an inverse function f
-1
; and
sketch, on the same graph, both f and f
- 1
.
Explains why both the composite functions fg and
gf are non-existence.

15. Functions f and g are defined as
f : x 2ln , 0; x x>
g : x x x , . > 0
i) Sketch f, and state with reason why f
-1
can
be defined.
ii) Find f
-1
, and state its domain.
iii) Find the composite function gf
-1
, and state
its range. [1994S1.6]
[(i) f is a one-one function (ii) f
-1
: x
2
x
e , x e R;
(iii) gf
-1
:x e
x/4
; range {gf
-1
: gf
-1
e R
+
}

16. Function f is defined as
f x x x : , . 1 1 1 + + >
6

Find f
-1
.
On the same diagram, sketch f and f
-1
, label
clearly each graphs and also the point of
intersection. State a relation between the graph f
and f
-1
. [1994T1.6]
[f
-1
: x (x-1)
2
1 x > 1 ; (3,3); reflection at y = x]

17. Functions f and g are defined as:
f: x 1 + 2e
-x
, x e R
g: x ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 x
2
, x > 1
i) Find fg [fg:x x; x > 1]
ii) Sketch on the same diagram, the graph for f
and f
-1
. [1996S1.6]

18. The function f is defined as
f: x -> 3 1 x + , x e R, x >
1
3

Find f
-1
and state its domain and range.
[2002K1.1]
[ f
-1
x:
2
1
3
x
; x > 0; f
-1
> -
1
3
]

19. Function f is defined as
f: x 4 + (x 1)
2
, x e R
i) Sketch the graph f
ii) State its range.
iii) Determine whether if f
-1
exists or not?
[1999S1.6]
[ {x: 0<x<1, 2<x<3} ]

20. Functions f and g are defined as
f: x
1 1
1
2 x
| |
+
|
\ .
, x e R , x = 0;
g: x
1
(2 1) x
, x e R , x =
i) Find fg, and state its domain and range.
ii) Sketch fg, [1998S1.6]
[(i) {x : xe R, x }; {fg: fg e R, fg }]

21. Function f is defined as
5 2
:
5
x
f x
x
+

, x = 5
i) Find f
2
and deduce f
-1
.
ii) Find the value of f
13
(2). [2000S1.6]
22. The functions f and g are defined by
f: x
1
x
, x eR \ {0}
g: :x 2x 1, x eR.
Find f g and its domain. [4 marks][2008.P1.1]
[fg:x
1
2 1 x
; x eR \ {
1
2
} ]

14. The functions f and g are defined by
f: x x
3
3x + 2, x e R
g:x x 1, x e R
(a) Find h(x) = (f g)(x), and determine the
coordinates of the stationary points of h. [5 marks]
(b) Sketch the graph of y = h(x). [2 marks]
(c) On a separate diagram, sketch the graph of y
=
1
( ) h x
[3 marks]
Hence, determine the set of values of k
such that the equation
1
( ) h x
= k has
(i) one root, [1 mark]
(ii) two roots, [1 mark]
(iii) three roots. [1 mark]
[2010P1.11]

23. Functions f and g are defined by
f : x
2 1
x
x
for x
g :x ax
2
+ bx + c, where a, b and c are
constants.
(a) Find f f, and hence, determine the inverse
function of f. [4 marks]
(b) Find the values of a, b and c if g f =
2
2
3 4 1
(2 1)
x x
x
+

[4 marks]
(c) Given that p(x) = x
2
- 2 express h(x) =
2
2
2
2 5
x
x

in terms of f and p. [2 marks]

[2011P1.9]


Curve sketching

1. Sketch on separate diagrams for:
i) y = x
2
+ x 6
ii) y = I x
2
+ x - 6 I

2. Sketch the following curves:
a) f(x) = x(x+1)(x-2)
b) g(x) = (x+1)
2
(x-2)
c) h(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 2x
d) y = x
4
+ x
2
2
3. Function f, g, h are defined for x e R and as
f(x) = x
2

g(x) = x (x > 0)
h(x) = x + 2.
Sketch the following pairs of graph on the same
diagram:
a) y = f(x) and y = f(x+2)
b) y = f(x) and y = f(x) 2
c) y = g(x) and y = g(x-3)
d) y = h(x) and y = 3 h (x)
4. Sketch the following function and hence find its
range.
a) f : x x
2
x , x e R
b) g : x
2
1
x x
, x e R, x = 0,x = 1.
[(a) {f : f e R, f > -1/4}
(b) {g : g s -4, g > 0 } ]

5. Sketch the following functions:
a) f: x
3 1 2
4 2
x x
x
=

b) f: x
2
1 1
2 1
x x
x x
s

>

6. The function f is defined by
7

f(x) =
2
1
, 0 2
2
5
1 2
16
x
x
x
x x

s <

>

Sketch f(x) and state with reason whether f(x) is
one-to-one function.
7. The function f is defined as
f(x) =
1 1 1,
1
x x
x otherwise

+ s <

,
Sketch the graph.

8. The function f is defined by
f(x) =
1 1
3, 1
2 1
+ <

+ >

x
e x
x
e x x

i) Sketch the graph of f.
ii) Determine the domain and range of f(x)
[Answer : (i)

ii) Domain x R; Range f 1+e
9. Both the functions f and g are defined as:
f(x) =
2
1 1
2 1 1
3 1
x x
x x x
x
<

s s

>

g(x) =
1 0
2 3 0
x x
x x
+ <

>

Sketch on separate diagrams the following
functions:
a) f + g
b) f 2g
10. Function f is defined as
f(x) =
2
( 1) 1,
1
1 1
x x
x
x
s

>

then sketch the graph f. [2001T1.6]
15. Sketch each of the following functions. Label the
asymptotes and state its domain and range.
a) f(x) =
2
2
x
x

b) g(x) =
1
( 1)( 2)
x
x x
+


c)
2
2
2
( )
2 3
x
h x
x x
=
+

16. The graph y = f(x) is shows. Deduce the following
curve:
a) y =
1
( ) f x
,
b) y
2
= f(x),
c) y -1 = f(x),
d) y = -2f(x),
e) y = f(x + 2) + 1
f) y = f(2x)

17. (a) Sketch y = x
2
+ x 2, hence deduce
(i) y
2
= x
2
+x-2 (ii) y =
2
1
2 x x +

(b) Sketch y = x
3
2x and deduce
(i) y
2
= x
3
2x (ii) y =
3
1
2 x x

(c) Sketch y = x
2
+ x + 4, and deduce
(i) y
2
= x
2
+x-4 (ii) y =
2
1
4 x x +

18. Sketch the following pair of curves on the same
diagram. Label the asymptotes.
a) f(x) = e
x
and g(x) = f(-x) + 2
b) f : x 3
x
and f(-2x)
c) g: x a
x
1, and h(x) = g(x)2 for a > 1
d) h(x) = 2(5
x
) and g(x) = h(2 - x) + 2
19. Sketch each of the following on the same diagram.
i) y = In (x - 3)
ii) y = In (x - 3) + 2
iii) y = -In (x - 3)
20. Sketch the following functions. State its domain
and range.
a) y = lg x
b) f(x) = 2 lg(x-1)
c) g(x) = log
2
(1 2x)
d) h(x) = ln (x
2
4)
e) f(x) = ln(4 x
2
)
21. Sketch each of the following graph, and label
clearly any turning points and asymptotes.
a) y = (x-1)(x-3)
b) y =
1
(x - 1)(x - 3)
(x = 1, x = 3)
22. Given y =
2
2
1
( 1)
x x
x
+ +

a) State the vertical and horizontal asymptotes
[x = 1, y =1]
b) Prove that for all values of x, y > 1/4.
c) Sketch the curve.
d) If x
2
+ x + 1 = k(x 1)
2
, find the set of values
of k such that this equation
(i) has 2 real and different roots.
(ii) does not has any real root.
(iii) has a repeated root. State the repeated root.
23. For x e R, functions f, g, and h are defined as
f(x) = x
2

g(x) = x , x > 0
h(x)= x+2
Sketch on separate diagrams the following
functions:
a) y = f(x)
b) y = g(x)
c) y = gf(x)
d) y = f h(x)
e) y = hf(x)
If given, y > 0, find (gh)
-1
(y). [(gh)
-1
(y)=y
2
-2]






-1
1
0 2 4
(3,-1)
(1,1)