Reservoir Simulation

Reservoir Simulation:
From Upscaling to Multiscale Methods

KnutAndreas Lie
SINTEF ICT, Dept. Applied Mathematics
http://www.math.sintef.no/GeoScale
Multiscale Computational Science and Engineering,
September 1921, Trondheim, Norway
Applied Mathematics 21/09/2007 1/47
Reservoir Simulation
What and why?
Reservoir simulation is the means by which a numerical model of
the petrophysical characteristics of a hydrocarbon reservoir is used
to analyze and predict uid behavior in the reservoir over time.
Reservoir simulation is used as a basis for decisions regarding
development of reservoirs and management during production. To
this end, one needs to
predict reservoir performance from geological descriptions and
constraints,
t geological descriptions to static and dynamic data,
assess uncertainty in predictions,
optimize production strategies,
.
.
.
Reservoir Simulation
What are the challenges today?
Reservoir modelling is a true multiscale discipline:
Measurements and models on a large number of scales
Large number of models
Complex grids with a large number of parameters
High degree of uncertainty
.
.
.
There is always a need for faster and more accurate simulators that
use all available geological information
Physical Scales in Porous Media Flow
One cannot resolve them all at once
The scales that impact uid ow in oil reservoirs range from
the micrometer scale of pores and pore channels
via dmm scale of well bores and laminae sediments
to sedimentary structures that stretch across entire reservoirs.

Microscopic: the scale of individual sand grains
Flow in individual pores between sand grains
Geological: the meter scale of layers, depositional beds, etc
Porous sandstones often have repetitive layered structures, but
faults and fractures caused by stresses in the rock disrupt ow
patterns
Reservoir: the kilometer scale of sedimentary structures
Choosing a scale for modelling
Geological Models
The knowledge database in the oil company
Geomodels:
are articulations of the experts
perception of the reservoir
describe the reservoir geometry
(horizons, faults, etc)
give rock parameters (e.g.,
permeability K and porosity )
that determine the ow
In the following: the term geomodel will designate a grid model
where rock properties have been assigned to each cell
Flow Simulation
Model problem: incompressible, single phase
Consider the following model problem
Darcys law: v = K (p gD) ,
Mass balance: v = q in ,
Boundary conditions: v n = 0 on .
The multiscale structure of porous media enters the equations
through the absolute permeability K, which is a symmetric and
positive denite tensor with uniform upper and lower bounds.
We will refer to p as pressure and v as velocity.
Flow Simulation
The impact of rock properties
Rock properties are used as parameters
in ow models
Permeability K spans many length
scales and have multiscale structure
max K/ min K 10
3
10
10
Details on all scales impact ow
Ex: Brent sequence
Tarbert Upper Ness
Challenges:
How much details should one use?
Need for good linear solvers, preconditioners, etc.
Flow Simulation
Gap in resolution and model sizes
Gap in resolution:
High-resolution geomodels may have 10
6
10
10
cells
Conventional simulators are capable of about 10
5
10
6
cells
Traditional solution: upscaling of parameters
Assume that u satises the elliptic PDE:
_
K(x)u
_
= f.
Upscaling amounts to nding a new
eld K
( x) on a coarser grid such that
_
K
( x)u
_
=

f,
u
u, q
q .

Upscaling Geological Models
Industry-standard methods
How do we represent ne-scale heterogeneities on a coarse scale?
Combinations of arithmetic, geometric, harmonic averaging
Power averaging
_
1
|V |
_
V
a(x)
p
dx
_
1/p
Equivalent permeabilities ( a
xx
= Q
x
L
x
/P
x
)
V
p=1 p=0
u=0
u=0
V
p=1
p=0
u=0 u=0
V
V
Lx
Ly
Upscaling Geological Models
Is it necessary and does one want to do it?
There are many diculties associated with upscaling
Bottleneck in the workow
Loss of details
Lack of robustness
Need for resampling for complex
grid models
Not obvious how to extend the
ideas to 3-phase ows
10 20 30 40 50 60
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
2 4 6 8 10
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Need for ne-scale computations?
In the future: need for multiphysics on multiple scales?
Fluid Simulations Directly on Geomodels
Research vision:
Direct simulation of complex grid models of highly heterogeneous
and fractured porous media - a technology that bypasses the need
for upscaling.
Applications:
Huge models, multiple realizations, prescreening, validation,
optimization, data integration, ..
To this end, we seek a methodology that
incorporates small-scale eects into coarse-scale system;
gives a detailed image of the ow pattern on the ne scale,
without having to solve the full ne-scale system;
is robust, conservative, accurate, and ecient.
Multiscale Pressure Solvers
Ecient ow solution on complex grids without upscaling
Basic idea:
Upscaling and downscaling in one step
Pressure varies smoothly and can be resolved on coarse grid
Velocity with subgrid resolution
Standard upscaling:
Coarse grid blocks:
Flow problems:
Multiscale method:
Coarse grid blocks:
Flow problems:
Standard upscaling:

Coarse grid blocks:

Flow problems:
Multiscale method:

Coarse grid blocks:

Flow problems:
The Multiscale Mixed Finite-Element Method
Standard nite-element method (FEM):
Piecewise polynomial approximation to pressure,
_
lKp dx =
_
lq dx
Mixed nite-element methods (MFEM):
Piecewise polynomial approximations to pressure and velocity
_
k
1
v u dx
_
p u dx =
_
k
1
gD u dx u U,
_
l v dx =
_
ql dx l V.
Multiscale mixed nite-element method (MsMFEM):
Velocity approximated in a (low-dimensional) space V
ms
designed to
embody the impact of ne-scale structures.
Multiscale Mixed Finite Elements
Grids and basis functions
Assume we are given a ne grid with permeability and porosity
attached to each ne-grid block:
T
i
T
j
We construct a coarse grid, and choose the discretisation spaces U
and V
ms
such that:
For each coarse block T
i
, there is a basis function
i
U.
For each coarse edge
ij
, there is a basis function
ij
V
ms
.
(Multiscale) Mixed Finite Elements
Discretisation matrices (without hybridization)
Saddle-point problem:
_
B C
C
T
0
__
v
p
_
=
_
f
g
_
,
b
ij
=
_
i
k
1
j
dx,
c
ij
=
_
j

i
dx
Basis
j
for pressure: equal one in cell j, zero otherwise
Basis
i
for velocity:
1.order RaviartThomas:
Multiscale:
Basis for the velocity eld
Velocity basis function
ij
: unit ow
through
ij
dened as

ij
=
_
w
i
(x), for x T
i
,
w
j
(x), for x T
j
,
and no ow
ij
n = 0 on (T
i
T
j
).
Global velocity:
v =
ij
v
ij
ij
, where v
ij
are (coarse-scale) coecients.
Multiscale Simulation versus Upscaling
10
th
SPE Comparative Solution Project
Producer A
Producer B
Producer C
Producer D
Injector
T
a
rb
e
rt
U
p
p
e
r
N
e
ss
Geomodel: 60 220 85 1, 1 million grid cells,
max K
x
/ min K
x
10
7
, max K
z
/ min K
z
10
11
Simulation: 2000 days of production (2-phase ow)
Commercial (nite-dierence) solvers: incapable of running the whole model
10
th
Upscaling results reported by industry
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time (days)
W
a
t
e
r
c
u
t
Fine Grid
TotalFinaElf
Geoquest
Streamsim
Roxar
Chevron
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time (days)
W
a
t
e
r
c
u
t
Fine Grid
Landmark
Phillips
Coats 10x20x10
single-phase upscaling two-phase upscaling
10
th
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (days)
W
a
t
e
r
c
u
t
Producer A
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (days)
W
a
t
e
r
c
u
t
Producer B
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (days)
W
a
t
e
r
c
u
t
Producer C
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (days)
W
a
t
e
r
c
u
t
Producer D
Reference
MsMFEM
Nested Gridding
Reference
MsMFEM
Nested Gridding
Reference
MsMFEM
Nested Gridding
Reference
MsMFEM
Nested Gridding
upscaling/downscaling, MsMFEM/streamlines, ne grid
Runtime: 2 min 22 sec on 2.4 GHz desktop PC
Robustness
SPE10, Layer 85 (60 220 Grid)
Comparison of Multiscale and Upscaling Methods
1
Local-global upscaling (Durlofsky et al)
global boundary conditions, iterative improvement (bootstrap)
reconstruction of ne-grid velocities
2
Multiscale mixed nite elements (Chen & Hou, . . . )
multiscale basis functions for velocity
coarse-scale pressure
3
Multiscale nite-volume method (Jenny, Tchelepi, Lee,. . . )
multiscale basis functions for pressure
reconstruction of velocity on ne grid
4
Numerical subgrid upscaling (Arbogast, . . . )
direct decomposition of the solution, V = V
c
V
f
RT0 on ne scale, BDM1 on coarse
SPE 10, individual layers
Saturation errors at 0.3 PVI on 15 55 coarse grid
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Layer #
(
S
)
MsMFEM
MsFVM
ALGUNG
NSUM
X
Velocity errors for Layer 85
MsMFEM: MsFVM:
11
20
22
44
55
110
5
6
10
12
15
20
30
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
11
20
22
44
55
110
5
6
10
12
15
20
30
0
10
20
30
40
(v) = 0.80 (v) = 4.93
ALGUNG: NSUM:
11
20
22
44
55
110
5
6
10
12
15
20
30
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
11
20
22
44
55
110
5
6
10
12
15
20
30
0
1
2
3
4
(v) = 1.16 (v) = 1.49
Average saturation errors on Upper Nss formation (Layers 3685)
Cartesian coarse grids:
Multiscale methods give enhanced accuracy when subgrid
information is exploited.
5x11 10x22 15x55 30x110
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
MsMFEM
MsFVM
ALGUNG
NSUM
PUPNG
HANG
5x11 10x22 15x55 30x110
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
MsMFEM
MsFVM
ALGUNG
NSUM
PUPNG
HANG
Fluid transport: coarse grid Fluid transport: ne grid
MsMFEM versus upscaling on complex coarse grids
Complex coarse grid-block geometries:
MsMFEM is more accurate than upscaling, also
for coarse-grid simulation.
3 x 3 x 3 5 x 5 x 5 10 x 10 x 10 15 x 15 x 15 30 x 30 x 30
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
MsMFEM
AUP
GUP
HUP
3 x 3 x 3 5 x 5 x 5 10 x 10 x 10 15 x 15 x 15 30 x 30 x 30
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
MsMFEM
AUP
GUP
HUP
Coarse-grid velocity errors Coarse-grid saturation errors
Up-gridded 30 30 333 corner-point grid with layered log-normal permeability
Computational Complexity
Order-of-magnitude argument
Assume:
Grid model with N = N
s
N
c
cells:
N
c
number of coarse cells
N
s
number of ne cells in each coarse cell
Linear solver of complexity O(m
) for mm system
Negligible work for determining local b.c., numerical
quadrature, and assembly (can be important, especially for NSUM)
Direct solution
N
operations for a two-point nite volume method

MsMFEM
Computing basis functions: D N
c
(2N
s
)
operations
Solving coarse-scale system: (D N
c
)
operations
Example: 128 128 128 ne grid
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
x 10
8
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
N
c
= 8
3
N
c
= 16
3
N
c
= 32
3
N
c
= 64
3
Local work
Global work
Fine scale solution
Comparison with algebraic multigrid (AMG), = 1.2
Example: 128 128 128 ne grid
0
1
2
3
4
5
x 10
9
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
M
s
M
F
E
M
N
S
U
M
M
s
F
V
M
A
L
G
U
N
G
N
c
= 8
3
N
c
= 16
3
N
c
= 32
3
N
c
= 64
3
Fine scale solution
Local work
Global work
Comparison with less ecient solver, = 1.5
Multiphase Flow
Time-dependent problems: (K(x)(S)p) = q(S)
Direct solution may be more ecient, so why bother with multiscale?
Full simulation: O(10
2
) time
steps.
Basis functions need not
always be recomputed
Also:
Possible to solve very large
problems
Easy parallelization
8x8x8 16x16x16 32x32x32 64x64x64
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x 10
7
Computation of basis functions
Solution of global system
Fine scale solution
Two-Phase Flow
Example: quarter ve-spot, Layer 85 from SPE 10, coarse grid: 10 22
Water cuts obtained by never updating basis functions:
0 0.5 1 1.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
PVI
WaterCut
Reference
MsMFEM (() = 0.1551)
MsFVM (() = 0.0482)
MsNSUM (() = 0.1044)
0 0.5 1 1.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
PVI
WaterCut
Reference
MsMFEM (() = 0.0077)
MsFVM (() = 0.0146)
MsNSUM (() = 0.0068)
favorable (M = 0.1) unfavorable (M = 10.0)
Two-Phase Flow
Example: quarter ve-spot, Layer 85 from SPE 10, coarse grid: 10 22
Improved accuracy by adaptive updating of basis functions:
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
PVI
WaterCut
Reference
MsMFEM (() = 0.1551)
MsFVM (() = 0.0482)
MsNSUM (() = 0.1044)
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
WaterCut
PVI
Reference
MsMFEM (() = 0.031)
MsNSUM (() = 0.036)
no updating adaptive updating
Application: History Matching on Geological Models
Assimilation of production data to calibrate model
1 million cells, 32 injectors, and 69
producers
2475 days 7 years of water-cut data
6 iterations in data integration method
7 forward simulations, 15 pressure
updates each
Computation time (on desktop PC):
Original method: 40 min (pressure solver: 30 min)
Multiscale method: 17 min (pressure solver: 7 min)
Geological Models as Direct Input to Simulation
Medium-tted grids to model complex reservoir geometries
Another challenge:
Industry-standard grids are often nonconforming and contain
skewed and degenerate cells
There is a trend towards unstructured grids
Standard discretization methods produce wrong results on
skewed and rough cells
Corner point: Tetrahedral: PEBI:
Corner-Point Grids
Industry standard for modelling complex reservoir geology
Specied in terms of:
areal 2D mesh of vertical or
inclined pillars
each volumetric cell is restriced by
four pillars
each cell is dened by eight corner
points, two on each pillar
Discretisation on Corner-Point Grids
Exotic cell geometries from a simulation point-of-view
Skew and deformed grid
blocks:
Non-matching cells:
Can use standard MFEM provided that one has mappings and
reference elements
Can subdivide corner-point cells into tetrahedra
We use mimetic nite dierences (recent work by Brezzi,
Lipnikov, Shashkov, Simoncini)
Discretisation on Corner-Point Grids
Mimetic nite dierences, hybrid of MFEM and multipoint FVM
Let u, v be piecewise linear vector functions and u, v be the
corresponding vectors of discrete velocities over faces in the grid,
i.e.,
v
k
=
1
|e
k
|
_
e
k
v(s) nds
Then the block B in the mixed system satises
_
v
T
K
1
u = v
T
Bu
_
=
E
v
T
E
B
E
u
E
_
The matrices B
E
dene discrete inner products
Mimetic idea:
Replace B
E
with a matrix M
E
that mimics some properties of the
continuous inner product (SPD, globally bounded, Gauss-Green for
linear pressure)
Mimetic Finite Dierence Methods
General method applicable to general polyhedral cells
Standard method + skew grids = grid-orientation eects
K: homogeneous and isotropic,
symmetric well pattern
symmteric ow
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Watercut curves for twopoint FVM
PVI
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Watercut curves for mimetic FDM
PVI
Streamlines with standard method Streamlines with mimetic method
An automated alternative to upscaling?
Coase grid = union of cells from ne grid
MsMFEMs allow fully automated coarse gridding strategies: grid
blocks need to be connected, but can have arbitrary shapes.
Uniform up-gridding: grid blocks are shoe-boxes in index space.
Model is courtesy of Alf B. Rustad, Statoil
Examples of exotic grids
Ideal for coupling with well models
Fine grid to annulus, one coarse block for each well segment =
no well model needed.
Summary
Advantages of multiscale mixed/mimetic pressure solvers
Ability to handle industry-standard grids
highly skewed and degenerate cells
non-matching cells and unstructured connectivities
Compatible with current solvers
can be built on top of commercial/inhouse solvers
can utilize existing linear solvers
More ecient than standard solvers
faster and requires less memory than ne-grid solvers
automated generation of coarse simulation grids
easy to parallelize

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Reservoir Simulation:

From Upscaling to Multiscale Methods

Applied Mathematics 21/09/2007 4/47

( x) on a coarser grid such that

Applied Mathematics 21/09/2007 12/47

Coarse grid blocks:

Coarse grid blocks:

operations for a two-point nite volume method

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