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    SURJIT SINGH
    This document summarizes past Cigré surveys on the reliability of high voltage equipment. It discusses how failures are defined and presents key results from old Cigré surveys on circuit breakers, instrument transformers, and gas insulated switchgear (GIS). The surveys found that the majority of circuit breaker failures were mechanical in nature. Subsequent surveys showed improved reliability, especially at higher voltages, likely due to design improvements. Instrument transformer failures decreased over time due to better maintenance and diagnostics. GIS was still a relatively new technology based on the surveys.

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    Past

    Uploaded by

    SURJIT SINGH
    83 views31 pages
    This document summarizes past Cigré surveys on the reliability of high voltage equipment. It discusses how failures are defined and presents key results from old Cigré surveys on circuit breakers, instrument transformers, and gas insulated switchgear (GIS). The surveys found that the majority of circuit breaker failures were mechanical in nature. Subsequent surveys showed improved reliability, especially at higher voltages, likely due to design improvements. Instrument transformer failures decreased over time due to better maintenance and diagnostics. GIS was still a relatively new technology based on the surveys.

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    This document summarizes past Cigré surveys on the reliability of high voltage equipment. It discusses how failures are defined and presents key results from old Cigré surveys on circuit breakers, instrument transformers, and gas insulated switchgear (GIS). The surveys found that the majority of circuit breaker failures were mechanical in nature. Subsequent surveys showed improved reliability, especially at higher voltages, likely due to design improvements. Instrument transformer failures decreased over time due to better maintenance and diagnostics. GIS was still a relatively new technology based on the surveys.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views31 pages

    Past

    Uploaded by

    SURJIT SINGH
    This document summarizes past Cigré surveys on the reliability of high voltage equipment. It discusses how failures are defined and presents key results from old Cigré surveys on circuit breakers, instrument transformers, and gas insulated switchgear (GIS). The surveys found that the majority of circuit breaker failures were mechanical in nature. Subsequent surveys showed improved reliability, especially at higher voltages, likely due to design improvements. Instrument transformer failures decreased over time due to better maintenance and diagnostics. GIS was still a relatively new technology based on the surveys.

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    Carl E Slver

    Past Cigr surveys on reliability of HV equipment

    Content

    Why are we interested in equipment reliability? Different ways to define failures Old Cigr surveys, major results Impact of results New Cigr survey Conclusions

    Failures will cause damage

    Failures may cause loss of power supply


    Incoming line DS VT or CVT CT CB Busbar DS

    SA

    ES

    Failure of any of the components in the bay means that the line is
    unavailable Failure of the busbar disconnector means that the busbar is unavailable The overall unavailability is determined by maintenance requirements and failures

    Substations are important for the power flow!


    Power generation Transmission User

    Substation

    Distribution

    Substations and HV equipment play an important role in the power system

    Reliable equipment means good economy


    Few failures; few interruptions; only little repair work Reliable equipment makes it possible to decrease maintenance work Reliable equipment with low maintenance requirements may allow simplification of the substation Example: Simplification of single line diagram

    Sectionalised single busbar Double busbar

    Content

    Why are we interested in equipment


    reliability? Different ways to define failures Old Cigr surveys, major results Impact of results New Cigr survey Conclusions

    Definition of failure according to Cigre


    Failure: Lack of performance by an item of its required function or functions.
    Note: The occurrence of a failure does not necessarily imply the presence of a defect if the stress or the stresses are beyond those specified.

    Major failure: Failure of a switchgear or controlgear which causes the cessation of one or more of its fundamental functions. A major failure will result in an immediate change in the system operating conditions, e.g. the backup protective equipment being required to remove the fault, or will result in mandatory removal from service within 30 minutes for unscheduled maintenance.
    Note: Or will result in unavailability for required service.

    Minor failure: Failure of an equipment other than a major failure or any failure, even complete, of a constructional element or a sub-assembly which does not cause a major failure of the equipment.

    Other ways to define failures

    Cigr Report B3-105,2004 Reliability centered maintenance of substation equipment in Fingrid Oyj Yli-Salomki, Kiiveri, Finland The sum of major and minor failures is reported. The definitions of Cigr have been used. Cigr Report A3-305, 2004 Evaluation of failure data of HV circuit breakers for condition based maintenance Balzer et al, Germany The recorded data involve major as well as minor failures. The listed failures in any case led to a reaction of the service department

    Other ways to define failures


    CEA, Canadian Electricity Association, Canada Component forced outage: The automatic or emergency removal of a major component directly caused by defective equipment, adverse weather, adverse environment, system condition, human element or foreign interference. recording is not done for manual removal of a component from service where that removal may be delayed more than thirty minutes... National Grid, United Kingdom Fault: An event which causes plant to be automatically disconnected from the HV system for investigation and further action if required Svenska Kraftnt, Sweden Service disturbance: Forced or unfounded de-energizing, or unsuccessful energizing, due to failure in the power system. Failure: Condition when an object lacks, or has decreased capability to perform its function.
    Note: A service disturbance may be related to one or more failures.

    10

    Content

    Why are we interested in equipment


    reliability? Different ways to define failures Old Cigr surveys, major results Impact of results New Cigr survey Conclusions

    11

    First Cigre survey; circuit breakers


    Results published in Electra No 79, 1981 Additional Cigr studies 1985 Covers the time interval 197477 All types of circuit breakers Service voltage above 63 kV Main results: 70% of Major Failures (MF) were of mechanical origin 19% of MF were of electrical origin concerning the auxiliary and control circuits 11% of MF were of electrical origin concerning the main circuit 48% of MF were classified as Does not open or close on command The operating mechanism was the part of the circuit breaker responsible for the highest number of failures (37% of MF) The percentage of failures in auxiliary interrupters or resistors of circuit breakers with rated voltage 500 kV and above was of the same order as that on making and breaking units

    12

    Second Cigre survey; circuit breakers



    Results published in Cigr Technical Report 83, 1994 Covers the time interval 1988-91 Covers single pressure SF6 circuit breakers (live tank, dead tank and GIS-breakers), placed in service 1978-91 Lowest rated voltage 72,5 kV

    13

    Results from the second survey; circuit breakers (1)


    Voltage Major failures per 100 cb years 0.672 0.275 0.680 0.814 1.210 1.847 4.545 Minor failures per 100 cb years 4.749 2.225 4.753 6.970 7.764 8.179 12.500 Major failure: Failure of a circuit-breaker which causes the lack of one or more of its fundamental functions.

    All voltages 63-100 100-200 200-300 300-500 500-700 700-

    The major failure rate for single pressure SF6 circuit breakers is about 40% of the value in the first survey (for all technology circuit breakers) The minor failure rate is about 30% higher than in the first survey. Reasons: SF6 leakage problems More complex control and auxiliary systems of modern circuit breakers Better response to the second questionnaire The major failure rate increases rapidly with voltage, but in comparison with the first survey the improvement in the higher voltage ranges is much greater, due to improved designs

    14

    Results from the second survey; circuit breakers (2)


    Mechanical aspects: As with the first enquiry a large part of the major failures have mechanical origin The operating mechanism and the electrical control and auxuiliary circuits are the components responsible for the majority of both major and minor failures The dominant major failure modes are Does not open or close on command and Locked in open or closed position. These modes add up to almost 70% of the major failures (same as in the first enquiry) Maintenance aspects: The average interval between scheduled overhaul is 8.3 years. This could in many cases be extended The number of failures caused by incorrect maintenance has decreased compared to the first enquiry (85% decrease for major failures, 26% for minor failures), but there is still room for improvement About a quarter of the failures are caused by inadequate instructions and incorrect erection, operation and maintenance.

    15

    Second Cigre survey; operating mechanism


    Rated voltages 63-800 kV Mechanism type Hydraulic Pneumatic Spring Failures per 100 cb-years Major failures Minor failures 0.31 2.89 0.27 0.80 0.27 0.40

    Different types of operating mechanism have about the same major failure rate. Most of the minor failures of operating mechanisms are either hydraulic oil or air leakages. The minor failure rate of spring, pneumatic and hydraulic drive systems is 1:2:7, respectively.

    16

    Previous Cigre studies; instrument transformers


    First survey Cigr Technical Report 57, 1990, The paper-oil insulated measurement transformer See also Electra, July 1989 Covers failures from the time interval 1970-86 Both manufacturers and users contributed No age limitation to the overall population Second survey Covers failures from the time interval 1985-95 Only contributions from users No age limitation to the overall population So far the results are unpublished
    CVT from 2000

    CVT from 1955

    17

    First Cigre survey; instrument transformers


    Type of IT Violent failures per 100 IT years 0.014 0.019 0.005 0.006 Non violent failures per 100 IT years 0.025 0.029 0.033 0.022

    CT MVT CVT Comb CT/VT

    Failure: When an instrument transformer is no longer able to perform its required function and therefore requires to be removed from service. - Violent failure - Non violent failure

    Many non violent failures were due to inadequate design Most units that suffered violent failures were only subjected to insufficient and irregular inspection

    18

    Comparison Cigre studies; instrument transformers


    Type of IT CT MF mf + defect MVT MF mf + defect CVT MF mf + defect Comb CT/VT MF mf + defect Failures per 100 IT years First Second 0.014 0.025 0.019 0.029 0.005 0.033 0.006 0.022 0.04 0.117 0.044 0.236 0.026 0.248 0.023 0.319 Unexpected high failure rates in the second survey; probably due to reporting only from utilities However, decreasing trend in major failure rates during the reporting period; probably due to improved diagnostic and maintenance systems Still too small population of resin and SF6 insulated designs; difficult to compare these designs to conventional paper/oil designs

    Major failure (MF): Sudden explosive event that causes an immediate emergency system outage or trip Minor failure (mf): Non-violent but still required an urgent system outage within, for instance, one hour. Defect: A non-urgent (planned) outage to repair or replace the unit

    19

    Previous Cigre studies; GIS


    First survey Published in 1992-94 Covered experience up to 1990 Based on information from both manufacturers and users Second survey Published in final form in 2000. Cigr Technical Brochure 150. Covered experience up to 1995 Based on information from uses only. Both surveys covered the whole population of GIS, including apparatus, and all failures without age limitation.

    20

    Conclusions from second Cigre Survey; GIS (1)

    GIS is still a relatively new technology, average age 9 years

    The population of outdoor GIS has increased from the first survey; it is now 43% of cb-bay-years

    21

    Conclusions from second Cigre Survey; GIS (2)


    Failure frequency (failures/100 cb-bay-years):
    kV

    60-<100 100-<200 200-<300 300-<500 500-<700 >700 60-<700

    Total population Excluding one user Excluding Japan

    0.75 0.52 1.77

    Comparison of results from the first and second survey shows


    increasing reliability of GIS in service. Total downtime due to failure: average 13 days

    22

    Conclusions from second Cigre Survey; GIS (3)

    There is normally a decreasing failure rate during the first part of the lifetime

    CB/switch, busbar/busduct, and disconnector are the three components most


    frequently involved in major failures About 50% of all failures are dielectric breakdowns, which occur during normal service About 50% of all failures are claimed to be caused by unadequate design and manufacture SF6 tightness is reported better than standard requirements, the majority reports 0.5% leakage per year

    23

    Content

    Why are we interested in equipment


    reliability? Different ways to define failures Old Cigr surveys, major results Impact of results New Cigr survey Conclusions

    24

    Influence on standards
    Example The first Cigr survey on circuit breakers influenced the IEC standards for circuit breakers
    1987 IEC Publ. 56, Ed 4 (predecessor to present IEC 62271-100) New humidity tests New mechanical tests, 2000 and 10000 operating cycles New low- and high-temperature tests 1992 IEC Publ. 1208 Guide for maintenance 1996 The material was included in IEC 60694 Common specifications for HV switchgear and controlgear standards

    25

    Driving force to improve designs


    Simplification of mechanical systems in circuit breakers Improved sealings in order to minimize SF6 leakage

    26

    Content

    Why are we interested in equipment


    reliability? Different ways to define failures Old Cigr surveys, major results Impact of results New Cigr survey Conclusions

    27

    Scope of new Cigre survey


    The survey covers: SF6 Circuit breakers Disconnectors and earthing switches Instrument transformers GIS
    Voltage range 60-800 kV Kind of service for circuit breakers is included: Transformer breaker, line breaker, etc

    Time span covered 2004-2007


    28

    Reasons for new studies


    Time has passed since previous studies Our industry has been significantly liberalized
    - Increased competition - Mergers - Transition from regional providers to international corporations - Reduced regulation

    Service and maintenance conditions have changed, as well as the HV equipment that is in service
    - Are we over-maintaining or under-maintaining our equipment? - Is equipment reliability improving or deteriorating? - When is equipment end-of-life?

    Customers question reliability 29

    Content

    Why are we interested in equipment


    reliability? Different ways to define failures Old Cigr surveys, major results Impact of results New Cigr survey Conclusions

    30

    Conclusions

    The reliability surveys have shown positive trends; HV equipment is getting better Results of old reliability surveys have Helped users to choose optimal equipment and maintenance procedures Helped manufacturers to improve their products Contributed to improvement of international standards New Cigr study is now well under way, and is beginning to generate results

    31

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