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Quantum Numbers 2. Azimuthal Quantum Number: (L)

To completely define an electron in an atom, four quantum numbers are required: 1. The principal quantum number (n) determines the electron's energy level and average distance from the nucleus. 2. The azimuthal quantum number (l) defines the shape of an orbital and possible angular momenta of electrons in subshells denoted by s, p, d, and f. 3. The magnetic quantum number (m) describes orbital orientations and allows for multiple orbitals in a subshell, ranging from -l to +l.

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158 views

Quantum Numbers 2. Azimuthal Quantum Number: (L)

To completely define an electron in an atom, four quantum numbers are required: 1. The principal quantum number (n) determines the electron's energy level and average distance from the nucleus. 2. The azimuthal quantum number (l) defines the shape of an orbital and possible angular momenta of electrons in subshells denoted by s, p, d, and f. 3. The magnetic quantum number (m) describes orbital orientations and allows for multiple orbitals in a subshell, ranging from -l to +l.

Uploaded by

Selva Mani
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantum Numbers

To define an electron in an atom completely and to explain the complex spectra of elements we require four quantum numbers. They are, 1. 2. 3. 4. Principal quantum number (n) Azimuthal quantum number (l) Magnetic quantum number (m) Spin quantum number (s)

2. Azimuthal quantum number: (l)


1. It defines the spatial distribution of electron cloud about the nucleus and describes the angular

momentum of electrons. 2. It also determines the shape of orbitals. It is denoted by the symbol l. 3. For any given value of the principal quantum number n, the azimuthal quantum number have integral values from 0 to n-1. 4. Each of the azimuthal quantum numbers refer to a sub-shell.

1. Principal quantum number: (n)


1. 2. It determines the energy of an electron. It also determines the average distance of an electron from the nucleus. It is denoted by the symbol n. 3. 4. It have the positive integral values 1, 2, 3, ....... The letters K, L, M, N, ....... are also used to designate the energy levels (or) shells. 5. The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by 2n2. Principal number (n) 2 Maximum number of electrons (2n2)
Department of Chemistry, Sri SaradaNiketan College of Arts & Science for Women, Kanavaipudur

5. 6.

These sub-shells are denoted by s, p, d, f, etc., For example, if principal quantum number n = 1, the only possible value for azimuthal quantum number is l = 0.

7.

For n = 2, azimuthal quantum number l can have two values namely 0 and 1.

8.

For n = 3, azimuthal quantum number l can have three values namely 0, 1 and 2. This can be

quantum

K (or) 1

L (or) 2

M (or) 3

N (or) 4

represented as follows,

18

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Principal number (n) Azimuthal number (l)

quantum

2.

It determines the preferred orientations of orbitals in space.

quantum

0, 1

0, 1, 2

0, 1, 2, 3

3.

It gives number of orbitals in a sub-shell. It is denoted by the symbol m.

4. 9. The azimuthal quantum number 0 corresponds to s orbital, 1 corresponds to p orbital, 2 corresponds to d orbital and 3 corresponds to f orbital. 10. The maximum number of electrons in these orbitals are, s = 2, p = 6, d = 10 and f = 14. This can be represented as follows, Azimuthal quantum number (l) Sub-Shell Maximum No. of electrons in sub-shells s 2 p 6 d 10 f 14 0 1 2 3 Azimuthal number (l) Magnetic number (m) 5.

It have the integral values from -l to +l through zero. In general the number of orbitals in a sub-shell will be 2l+1. In other words, the number of m values for a given l value is 2l+1 i.e., m = (2l + 1) values through zero. quantum 0 1 2 3

quantum

-1, 0, +1

-2, -1, 0, +1, +2

-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

4. Spin quantum number: (s)


1. This quantum number describes the spin of an electron about its own axis. It is denoted by the

3. Magnetic quantum number: (m)


2. 1. This quantum number was introduced to describe Zeeman effect (i.e., splitting of spectral lines under the influence of an applied magnetic field) 3.

symbol s. The electron spin can be either clockwise (or) anticlockwise. Spin quantum number has only two values i.e., + to -. It is denoted by the signs and .

Department of Chemistry, Sri SaradaNiketan College of Arts & Science for Women, Kanavaipudur

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