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ARMY TM 5-809-6

AIR FORCE AFM 88-3, CHAP. 6

TECHNICAL MANUAL

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA


FOR STRUCTURES OTHER THAN
BUILDINGS

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, AND THE AIR FORCE


DECEMBER 1991
REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS

This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and, except to the extent
indicated below, is public property and not subject to copyright.

Copyrighted material include din the manual has been used with the knowledge and
permission of the proprietors and is acknowledged as such at point of use. Anyone
wishing to make further use of any copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text,
should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietors.

Reprint or republications of this manual should include a credit substantially as follows:


"Joint Departments of the Army and the Air Force, Technical Manual 5-809-6/AFM 88-3,
Chapter 6, Structural Design Criteria for Other Than Buildings, 6 December 1991."

If the reprint of publication includes copyrighted material, the credit should also state:
“Anyone wishing to make further us of copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text,
should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietor.”
*TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS


No. 5-809-6 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
AIR FORCE MANUAL AND THE AIR FORCE
No. 88-3, Chapter 6 Washington, DC 6 December 1991

This publication contains copyrighted material


STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
FOR STRUCTURES OTHER THAN BUILDINGS
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1
Special designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-1
Overseas construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-1
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 1-1
Basic design reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1-1
CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND CRITERIA
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1
Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2
CHAPTER 3. TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES
Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1
Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3-1
Docks and harbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3-1
Pipelines and supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3-1
CHAPTER 4. SITE STRUCTURES
Drainage structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1
Earth related structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-1
Other site structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4-2
CHAPTER 5. STRUCTURES FOR BULK MATERIALS
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1
For granular materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-1
For liquid materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 5-1
CHAPTER 6. WATER RELATED STRUCTURES EXCEPT STORAGE TANKS
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6-1
Intake and discharge structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6-1
Water transmission lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 6-1
Water and wastewater treatment structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 6-1
Underground structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 6-1
CHAPTER 7. MECHANICAL SYSTEM STRUCTURES
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7-1
Equipment supports and enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7-1
Utility tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 7-1
Pipe supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4 7-1
Gas and air conveyances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7-1
CHAPTER 8. ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8-1
Transmission towers and poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8-1
Substation structures and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 8-1
Antenna towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 8-1
Underground structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 8-1
CHAPTER 9. SPECIALTY STRUCTURES
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9-1
Blast-resistant construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9-1
Corrosion-resistant structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9-1

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

______________
* This manual supersedes TM 5-809-6, dated 16 January 1984 and AFM 88-3, Chapter 6, dated 14 May 1982

i
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6
Paragraph Page

Other structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9-1


Load-tested designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 9-1
Miscellaneous structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9-1

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1. Concrete strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
7-1. Steel stack allowable stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

ii
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL

1-1. Purpose unusual structures, and other pertinent data. The approval
This manual establishes structural design criteria for struc- will apply to the specific project for which the special design
tures other than buildings, furnishes design guidance for use was requested and will not apply to other projects
various types of structures, and identifies special con- involving a similar application.
siderations with regard to certain materials in specific
applications. 1-5. Overseas construction
Where local material of grades other than those referenced
1-2. Scope herein are to be used, working stresses, yield strengths, and
Structures other than buildings which are covered by this details of construction will be modified as necessary to
manual include the following: bridges; dock and harbor reliably represent the performance of the local material.
facilities; drainage structures; bulk material structures; water Local material will be of equivalent or better grade than
and wastewater structures; and mechanical, electrical, and comparable materials referenced herein.
communication structures. Types of structures not covered
include dams and pavements for which guidance can be 1-6. Stability
found in other manuals. These criteria apply to all groups Unless noted otherwise, stability relates to sliding, over-
and agencies responsible for the design of military facilities. turning, buoyancy, and other sources of gross displacement
and not to stability as related to buckling. Except for
1-3. References foundation elements, a structure or any of its elements will
Appendix A contains a list of references used in this docu- be designed to provide a minimum safety factor of 2.0
ment. against failure by sliding, overturning, or uplift. This
required degree of stability will be provided solely by the
1-4. Special designs dead load plus any permanent anchorage. When load
combinations are specified in the design standards to
Prior approval for special designs will be obtained from the
maximize potential uplift, the specified load factor on dead
appropriate headquarters (HQUSACE (CEMP-ET) WASH,
load is less than 1.0 (usually + 0.9), and this load factor will
DC 20314-1000 for Army projects; and HO, USAF/CECE,
be used for stability calculations.
Boiling AFB, WASH, DC 20332-5000 for Air Force
projects). The request for approval will contain a complete
1-7. Basic design reference
statement of the reasons for using such a system, including
competitive costs, proposed special criteria and controls as TM 5-809-2/AFM 88-3, Chapter 2 will be the basic refer-
applicable, performance history or tests (if available), the use ence for design of structures other than buildings.
of a recognized structural consultant for the design of the

1-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 2
MATERIAL AND CRITERIA

2-1. Materials b. Concrete. Concrete properties will be selected to suit


a. General. Although this chapter covers only certain the expected conditions. Type H (modified) or Type V
materials and special considerations for those materials when (sulfate resisting cement) will be used for concrete exposed
used in particular applications, the category of structures to salt water or similar environments. For further discussion
“other than buildings” includes possible applications for of considerations in selecting appropriate composition and
virtually any material type. In general, requirements for properties for concrete, see Portland Cement Association
materials used in structures other than buildings will be in (PCA) EB00lT. Concrete strengths for structures other than
accordance with paragraph 2-2a unless prior approval is buildings will be in accordance with table 2-1. Concrete
obtained from the appropriate headquarters. In addition, cover for protection of reinforcing will be increased when the
consideration will be given to fire protection requirements structure is exposed to salt water or other corrosive
regarding material selection as set forth in MIL-HDBK- conditions unless other means are employed to protect
1008A. reinforcing from corrosion.

Table 2-1. Concrete Strengths

Usage Minimum Strength

Mass concrete not exposed to atmospheric conditions or other deteriorating agents 2000 psi
where mass rather than strength is the principal considerations.

Drainage and utility structures. 3000 psi

Structures to contain noncorrosive 3000 to


fluids (tanks and reservoirs). 4000 psi

Waterfront structures on fresh water. 4000 psi

Reinforced concrete structures over seawater which are sufficiently elevated so that 4000 psi
they are not ordinarily wetted by salt water.

Mass concrete exposed to seawater from 3 feet below low water to 3 feet above high 4000 psi
water or above normal wave action.

Reinforced concrete decks of waterfront structures where the underside is frequently 4000 to
wetted by salt water. 5000 psi

c. Fiber-reinforced concrete. Concrete and cementitious (1) Corrosion-resistant steel. Use of corrosion-resis-
mortar can be reinforced with alkali-resistant, chopped-glass tant steel will be in accordance with the following. Steel
fibers, short steel fibers, or various organic plastic fibers to conforming to ASTM A 690 wilibe used asset forth in MIL-
obtain enhanced strength, ductility, and toughness when HDBK-1025/6. Use of corrosion-resistant steel conforming
compared to plan concrete and mortar. Fiber-reinforced to ASTM A 242 or A 588 is restricted. This type of steel
concrete will be used only if approved by the appropriate will not be used in areas where the atmosphere contains salt
headquarters. Design guidance and typical material spray and will not be used in a seawater environment. It
properties can be found in American Concrete Institute offers no benefit, and ASTM A 36 material is a better
(ACI) 544.1R, 544.2R, 544.3R, 544.4R, SP-81, and SP- choice. This type of steel will not be used in buried
105 and in Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) structures unless coated nor will it be used in locations where
MNL-128. rust staining of the supporting elements is objectionable.
d. Steel materials. Structural steel materials for typical (2) Stainless steel. Use of stainless steel conforming to
applications will conform to American Society for Testing ASTM A 666, Types 306 or 316 is restricted. This material
and Materials (ASTM) A 36, A 53, A 500, and A 572. will not be used in salt spray zones, in buried applications,

2-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

or in an aqueous environment where contact with oxygen is 2-2. Criteria


precluded. (In such situations, e.g., under washers, a. General. For a general discussion of considerations
accelerated corrosion will occur.) such as material selection, service life, etc., which are
(3) Climatic and temperature considerations. Special applicable to all structures, refer to TM 5-809-2/AFM 88-3,
requirements will be considered for applications in severe Chapter 2.
cold (minimum toughness) or elevated temperatures (reduced b. Design loads. Design loads will be determined and
yield and tensile strength) as set forth in paragraph 2-2a. established in accordance with TM 5-809-1/AFM 88-3,
(4) Abrasive wear. Additional thickness will be Chapter 1, or MIL-HDBK-1002/2 except where provided
provided in locations subject to abrasive wear, and use of otherwise by this manual or other established standard
replaceable wear plates for severe conditions will be con- applicable to the type of structure under consideration.
sidered. Seismic loading will be in accordance with TM 5-809-
e. Timber materials. Design requirements for timber 10/NAVFAC P-355/AFM 88-3, Chapter 13. Loadings not
materials will be in accordance with paragraph 2-2a. covered by the criteria in this manual will be obtained from
f. Aluminum materials. Design requirements for available technical literature, manufacturer*s brochures, or
aluminum materials will be in accordance with paragraph 2- will be carefully formulated. In case of any conflict between
2a. criteria and available data, the most current acceptable data
g. Composite construction. Composite construction in- or practice will be used. Particular attention will be given to
cludes construction such as cast-in-place concrete bonded or wind, seismic, dynamic, and fatigue loads on cable-
connected to precast members, cast-in-place concrete bonded supported structures and other similar force-oscillating
or connected to structural timber, sandwich panels having structures.
relatively stiff and strong facings bonded to lightweight cores c. Design stresses. Allowable stresses or load factors
of lesser strength, such as concrete over rigid insulation, etc. applicable to the various materials which may be used will
Composite construction has applicability to certain types of conform to TM 5-809-2/AFM 88-3, Chapter 2, unless
structures as covered in MIL-HDBK-1002/6. Composite indicated otherwise by paragraph 2-2d.
construction also includes cast-in-place concrete used in d. Design requirements. Designs will conform to the
conjunction with structural steel or metal decking. Design general concepts and practices of the proper design
guidance for these types of composite construction is given specification listed in this manual. Where the design of a
in MIL-HDBK-1002/3. Applicable references for composite particular structure or of a special case is not covered, the
construction are ACI 318, Chapter 17; PCI MNL-120 and design approach and technical formulas will be based on
PCI MNL-126; American Association of State Highway and available technical literature or will be carefully formulated.
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications Wherever possible, standard, easy-to-get materials will be
for Highway Bridges; National Forest Products Association specified. New materials, units, and systems of a progressive
National Design Specification for Wood Construction nature or creative design concepts that are economically and
(timber portion) and ACI 318 (concrete portion); and structurally sound may be considered. In all cases, the design
American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) Timber method, structural framing system, and materials will be the
Design Handbook (2nd Edition, 1974, covers past practice most economical, effective, and efficient from the
— not covered in current edition). The combined action of standpoints of the structure*s initial and maintenance costs
flexible and rigid shear connectors will not be considered as and its design life. If there are conflicts among the criteria
providing simultaneous shear transfer. Rigid connectors given in this manual for a specific type of structure, the most
include roughened and adhered surfaces and structural conservative design method will be used. This will not
shapes. Flexible connectors include items such as bolts, preclude, however, the use of new codes or specifications
stirrups, dowel bars, and ties. which, although less conservative, are considered acceptable
h. Composites and structural plastics. Composites and for military construction.
structural plastics have limited applicability to military e. Design details.
construction and then only to selected specialty structures. (1) Drainage. A proper drainage system will be
Composites and structural plastics will be used only when provided for the following conditions or locations:
approved by the appropriate headquarters. Among the (a) All structural surfaces exposed to weather will be
concerns associated with structural plastics are fire resistance sloped to drain.
characteristics and properties which generally do not (b) Intersecting surfaces forming valleys or pockets
conform to military fire protection criteria. Precautions will that may retain water will be arranged to provide drainage.
be observed when using composites and structural plastics (c) Structural steel and wood members will be
in recognition of their unfavorable fire resistance properties. designed so they will not retain moisture or, when in pairs or
multiples, so water or moisture will not be held between
members.

2-2
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

(d) Structural items like expansion plates, rocker densely mixed overlay, or both will be provided to prevent
joints, and surfaces intended to permit movement will be corrosion of reinforcing steel. Specific guidance should be
designed so they are protected against direct contact with obtained from local or state highway department officials.
water or condensation and will be detailed to readily drain Bridge decks subject to repeated applications of deicing salt
water. will require more than additional concrete cover for
(e) Surfaces and members will be designed so water reinforcing. Epoxy coated reinforcing bars and densely mixed
will drain from points where steel contacts or enters into concrete overlays are considered the most effective methods
masonry or concrete. and are approved by the Federal Highway Administration.
(2) Exposed conditions. (d) Vertical expansion and contraction joints for
(a) Wherever possible, contact between masonry and reinforced concrete retaining walls and similar structures will
wood or metal in exposed conditions will be prevented. be spaced sufficiently close to reduce or eliminate wall
Usually, the best way to drain masonry is to put weep holes cracking due to shrinkage and expansion.
where they will not adversely affect member strength. (e) In coastal areas, continuous concrete or masonry
(b) Where exposed and uncoated steel structures are foundation walls or grade beams will be extended 24 inches
used, an increased thickness of at least 1116 inch for above grade for wood or steel exterior walls so the junction
corrosion allowance will be used over the computed will be above the splash zone.
thickness required. No corrosion allowance for corrosion- (3) Buried or semi-buried structures. Structures of this
resistant or weathering steel is required. type will be designed to resist buoyant forces caused by the
(c) Exposed concrete structures will have enough presence of water. The safety factor will be at least 1.5 at
protective concrete cover to protect the reinforcement. The maximum water table using the dead weight of the structure
concrete mixture will be of maximum density and minimum without contents plus the weight of earth cover directly over
shrinkage, especially with regard to longtune shrinkage and the tank. A safety factor of 1.1 may be used when the
expansion which may be caused by alternate wetting and maximum water table or the maximum flood level is at or
drying. For bridges or structures exposed to corrosive above the top of the structure. Designers will consider the
chemicals or deicing salt, epoxy coated reinforcing bar, a possible hydrostatic uplift at various stages of construction.

2-3
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 3
TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES

3-1. Bridges accordance with the CERC Shore Protection Manual. Site
a. Highway. Design of highway bridges will be in ac- wave studies will be performed to determine the effect of
cordance with the AASHTO Standard Specifications for wave action on structures.
Highway Bridges and American Institute of Steel Con- b. Piers and wharves.
struction (AISC) Highway Structures Design Handbook. (1) Main structure. Design of main pier or wharf
Loading for military vehicles will be in accordance with TM structures will consider conditions of exposure and loadings
5-312 and FM 5-36. applicable to the location and service for which the structure
b. Railroad. Design of railroad bridges will be in ac- is intended. A discussion of appropriate design loads can be
cordance with the American Railway Engineering As- found in MIL-HDBK-1025/1. Design loads will include
sociation (AREA) Manual for Railway Engineering. considerations of vertical live load, berthing forces, mooring
c. Pedestrian. Design of pedestrian bridges will consider loads, wave loadings, ice forces, as well as seismic and other
a minimum live load of 85 psf and possible loads by forces as appropriate.
maintenance vehicles as set forth in the AASHTO standard (2) Dolphins. Dolphins will be designed as described
specifications. Such loads will be considered in conjunction in the MIL-HDBK-1025 series and will be provided where
with wind, snow, and other loads to which the structure may required to resist ship berthing, mooring, and/or turning
be subjected. forces. Guidance regarding the determination of berthing,
d. Other. Bridges for other specialized applications, such mooring, and turning forces is also provided in the MIL-
as pipeline supports, transit systems, etc., will meet HDBK-1025 series.
requirements unique to such applications for the service (3) Fendering. Fender systems will be designed to
involved and the materials used. For example, bridges protect the pier or wharf structure, as well as the berthing
constructed of aluminum will be designed in accordance with vessel itself, from forces which can result from the impact of
the Aluminum Association Specifications for Aluminum the vessel against the structure. Design of fender systems
Structures using allowable stresses for bridges and similar will be in accordance with MIL-HDBK-1025/1 for vessel
type structures. For additional guidelines for concrete bridge sizes appropriate for the structure and for the recommended
structures, see ACI 343R. approach velocity and angle.
c. Offshore platforms. Offshore platforms will be
3-2. Tunnels designed considering requirements and loadings set forth in
the MIL-HDBK-1025 series and the CERC Shore Protection
Analysis and design for tunneling and tunnel structures will
Manual and will be designed in conformance with applicable
be based on the information and references provided in
portions of the American Petroleum Institute (API) RP 2A.
NAVFAC DM-7.3 and American Society of Civil Engineers
For additional design guidance, see ACI 357R, 357.1R, and
(ASCE) 402. Structural strength and stability will be
357.2R.
considered, as well as the need for ventilation and other
d. Offshore POL unloading facilities. Design of
services.
offshore POL unloading systems will be in accordance with
NAVFAC DM-22. Wave studies will be made for the design
3-3. Docks and harbors
of the mooring system and platforms. Submarine pipelines
a. Design. Design of docks and harbors will, in general, will be properly designed and anchored against undersea
be in accordance with the MIL-HDBK- 1025 series which current and underwater tow.
addresses waterfront operational facilities. Additional
guidance may also be found in the NAVFAC DM-26 series 3-4. Pipelines and supports
and the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) Shore
Design requirements for pipelines and their supports will
Protection Manual, Volumes I through m. Specific
depend on the nature of the material being transported and
requirements applicable to particular types of dock and
the materials used for construction. Among the standards
harbor structures will be established from references spe-
which should be consulted when undertaking design of
cially suited to those types of structures such as MIL-
pipeline systems are the following:
HDBK-1025/3 and MIL-HDBK-1025/5. Particular
a. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
consideration will be given to corrosion-resistant design in
B31.8.
seawater environments. For guidance in this regard, refer to
b. American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 1104
MIL-HDBK-1025/6. Wave forces on vertical walls, piles,
and Recommended Practices 1102 and 1110.
and other exposed structures will be determined in

3-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

c. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Publica- e. American Concrete Institute (ACI) 346 and 346R.
tions 368, 418, and 428. When necessary, reference may be made to appropriate
d. American Water Works Association (AWWA) Publi- publications of specialty associations such as the American
cations M9 and M11. Concrete Pipe Association (ACPA) and the American
Concrete Pressure Pipe Association (ACPPA).

3-2
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 4
SITE STRUCTURES

4-1. Drainage structures publications by the manufacturers of proprietary products


a. Box culverts. Concrete box culverts will be designed and systems will be consulted as necessary.
for loadings defined in the AASHTO Standard Specifications b. Retaining structures. Retaining structures can be
for Highway Bridges in accordance with design requirements classified with respect to the manner in which forces are
presented therein. Consideration will also be given to transmitted to the surrounding soil as either gravity, can-
requirements set forth in ASTM C 789 and C 850 as tilever, or anchored types. Though numerous variations exist
applicable. Box culverts, if constructed of other materials, within each general type, only a few are identified in the
will be designed in accordance with the generally recognized following discussions.
codes and standards applicable to such materials. (1) Gravity structures. Gravity structures are those
b. Manholes and inlets. Manholes and inlets will be which rely solely on their own weight to maintain stability.
designed to resist earth, water, temperature, and other loads Among the types of construction which act as gravity
to which they will be subjected. Structural design of concrete structures are concrete gravity blocks, bin or cellular cof-
structures will be in accordance with ACI 318. Design of ferdams, crib walls, bin walls, gabions, and reinforced earth
other types of manhole construction will be in accordance type structures.
with applicable codes covering that type of construction. (2) Cantilever structures. Cantilever structures are
Additional guidance for watertight construction and load those which interact with the surrounding earth through
distribution coefficients for these types of structures may be flexural bending in such a way that a portion of the earth
found in PCA IS003.02D and IS072.0lD. Special mass is brought into play in resisting the forces imposed on
consideration will be given to the effect of roof and wall the structure. Among the types of construction which act as
openings, and proper allowance will be made for differential cantilever structures are reinforced concrete “tee” walls,
movement due to settlement, thermal expansion, etc., counterfort or buttress walls, cantilevered concrete or steel
between manholes and interconnecting elements. To the sheet piles, overlapping drilled piers, and reinforced concrete
extent practical, precast components for manhole slurry walls.
construction will be used. Precast components will be (3) Anchored bulkheads. Anchored bulkhead type
furnished in accordance with ASTM C 478. structures are structures which typically employ a flexural
c. Miscellaneous drainage structures. Corrugated cul- “wall” type element to retain the earth and an anchor system
vert pipes will be designed in accordance with American Iron connected near the top of the wall to reduce the magnitude of
and Steel Institute (AISI) SG-861. Concrete culvert pipe will the reactions at the base of the wall. Typical anchored
be reinforced and furnished in accordance with ASTM C 76. bulkhead type structures are anchored bulkhead waterfront
Required three edge bearing strength will be determined in structures, soldier beam and lagging systems, braced walls,
consideration of class of bedding and applicable load factor and slurry walls when anchored near their top. Depending on
as set forth in Foundation Engineering by Leonards. the characteristics of the earth materials, the stiffness of the
Corrugated aluminum culvert pipe will be furnished in wall, etc., the base of the wall of such structures may be
accordance with ASTM B 745. Other materials will be considered to be rotationally fixed to some degree which
considered subject to acceptance by the appropriate results in a reduction in the required flexural strength for the
headquarters provided any special requirements such as wall. There are also a number of options available regarding
bedding, etc., are met. the type of anchor structure which can be used including
d. Sewers. Criteria for structural design of the various anchor wall, batter pile system, earth or rock anchors, etc.
components of sewer systems will be established from c. Shore protection structures. Shore protection struc-
information presented in Water Pollution Control Federation tures will be designed as described in the CERC Shore
(WPCF) MOP9CTG, TM 5-814-1/AFM 88-11, Volume 1, Protection Manual, Volumes I through III. Additional
and TM 5-814-2/AFM 88-11, Volume 2. information available from manufacturers of specialized
shore protection products, e.g., revetment mattresses, in-
4-2. Earth related structures terlocking articulated blocks, etc., will be considered where
the use of such systems is warranted. Care will be taken in
a. General. NAVFAC DM-7.1, DM-7.2, and DM-73
selection of material for such systems and regard given to the
will be the basic references for design of earth related
possibility of reduced service life when artificial materials
structures. Additional references including MIL-HDBK-
are used.
1025/4, the Structural Engineering Handbook by Gaylord &
Gaylord, Foundation Analysis and Design by Bowles,
Principles of Foundation Engineering by Das, as well as

4-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

4-3. Other site structures regarding impact factors appropriate for the speed at which
a. Canopies and shelters. the structures are to be moved. Additional consideration will
(1) Open canopies. Open canopies include unenclosed be given to possible load increases which can result from
roofed areas and one-, two-, and three-sided enclosures. irregularities in alignment of the support system over which
Design of such structures will be based on the specialized the structures will be moved, e.g., enforced displacements or
loading considerations set forth in TM 5-809-1/AFM 88-3, variable support conditions.
Chapter 1 or MIL-HDBK-1002/2 and American National b. Light poles, flag poles, and sign supports. Design of
Standards Institute (ANSI) A58.1. light poles, flag poles, and sign supports will be in accord-
(2) Mobile. Mobile canopies and shelters will be ance with the special provisions for such structures set forth
designed for the loads which would otherwise apply to in ANSI A58.1.
stationary structures of that type with additional provisions

4-2
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURES FOR BULK MATERIALS

5-1. General External Corrosion Protection of Underground Steel Storage


Design of structures for bulk materials will include con- Tanks for guidance in protecting this type of tank.
sideration of the special characteristics of the material being c. Tanks. Design of structural systems for tanks will
handled or stored. Design values for material density, include the necessary interfaces between the supporting
maximum conveyor slopes, etc., will be carefully determined, structure or base and the tank itself. For that reason, it is
and consideration will be given to the need for special important that the agency designing the support structure be
structural construction or supports to assure the smooth flow familiar with the specifications applicable to the tank.
of materials into or out of the tanks or bins used for bulk (1) References. The following are amoung the refer-
storage. ences applicable to structural design fot tanks in addition to
those indicated above:
5-2. For granular materials (a) Department of the Navy NAVFAC DM-22.
(b) American Petroleum Institute (API) Publications
a. Silos, bins, and bunkers. Design of these types of
1615 and 1632 and Standard 2000.
structures, if constructed from steel or other metal, will be in
(c) American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Steel
accordance with procedures presented in Design of Welded
Tanks for Liquid Storage.
Structures by Blodgett and the Structural Engineering
(d) Steel Tank Institute (STI) Dual Wall Under-
Handbook by Gaylord & Gaylord. If constructed of concrete,
ground Steel Storage Tanks, Recommended Practice for
design of these types of structures will be in accordance with
Optional Interior Corrosion Control System for Steel Tanks,
ACI 313, Handbook of Concrete Engineering by Fintel, and
and Guideline for Underground Piping for Fuel Storage
Silos: Theory & Practice by Reimbert & Reimbert.
Tanks.
b. Conveyor system supports. Design of conveyor
(e) Portland Cement Association (PCA) IS003.02D
system supports will be in accordance with relevant
and 15072.1D.
publications of the Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers
(f) American Concrete Institute (A CI) 344R, 344R-
Association (CEMA) such as Belt Conveyors for Bulk
T, 344R-W, and 35O R.
Materials and cited references. Design loads will be
(g) Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) JR-
determined from ANSI A58.1 where applicable and as
334.
furnished by the conveyor system manufacturer. The design
(2) Additional considerations. Additional considera-
agency will verify that appropriate impact factors have been
tions apply to tank design depending on the type of tank and
included in loads provided by the conveyor system
other factors as discussed in the following.
manufacturer.
(a) Elevated tanks. Design of elevated tanks will
include consideration of lateral loads due to earthquake as
5-3. For liquid materials
set forth in TM 5-809-10/NAVFAC P-355/AFM 88-3,
a. General. Structures associated with the storage and Chapter 13. For individual leg foundations, the weight of the
handling of bulk liquid materials will be designed in ac- foundation alone (not considering weight of the earth cover)
cordance with the codes and standards applicable to the type will provide a minimum safety factor of 1.2 against uplift,
of material being handled. Earthquake loads will be in overturning, and sliding.
accordance with TM 5-809-10/NAVFAC P-355/AFM 88-3, (b) Ground-level tanks. The provisions of NAVFAC
Chapter 13. Among the codes and standards applicable to DM-7.2 will apply to the design of foundations for ground
the design of structures for bulk liquid materials are AWWA level tanks. Although ring beams are required only for tank
D100, AWWA D103, AWWA D110, AWWA D120, API foundations in seismic zones 3 or 4, this type of construction
650, and the Structural Engineering Handbook by Gaylord or comparable provisions necessary to prevent frost heave
& Gaylord. will be made in all areas. Consideration will be given to the
b. Materials. Selection of materials of construction for need for and alternate means of accomplishing corrosion
tanks in which liquids are to be stored will consider the protection of the underside of the tank floor plates.
environmental conditions to which the tank will be exposed (3) Below-grade. Design of below-grade or buried
as well as the properties of the liquid being stored. In tanks will consider the potential bouyancy of the tank, and a
general, inherently corrosion-resistant materials should be suitable ballast slab or other anchoring system will be
selected for buried tanks although steel tanks will be provided to assure that the tank will not float when the dead
acceptable if properly protected against corrosion. See Steel weight of the empty tank and soil cover directly over the tank
Tank Institute (STI) sti-P3 Specification and Manual for are insufficient to prevent flotation. Dual walled tanks will
be used consistent with requirements of the Environmental

5-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

Protection Agency and local agencies who would have and 15072.01D. Other acceptable standard design methods
jurisdiction for privately developed projects. or concepts may also be used.
(a) Earth cover. Earth cover will be provided over (b) Prestressed concrete tanks. Design of prestressed
the top of tanks in accordance with frost penetration concrete tanks will be in accordance with ACT 344R. Other
requirements (considering concrete distribution slab current acceptable methods may also be used.
thickness) but will be not less than 2 feet 6 inches. (5) Petroleum, oil and lubricant (POL) tanks and
(b) Backfill material. Backfill for underground tanks facilities. Design of POL tanks will be in accordance with
will include a &inch course of inert sand or fine gravel API 650.
placed against exposed exterior surfaces. (6) Water storage tanks. Design of water storage tanks
(4) Concrete tanks and reservoirs. Tanks and reser- will be in accordance with applicable American Water
voirs designed to contain fresh water and other non- Works Association publications but subject to specific
deteriorating substances will have a clear cover over the design restrictions as set forth above.
reinforcement of not less than 1-1/2 inches for slabs and 2 (7) Tanks for other than oil or water. The basis for
inches for beams and girders or shall be constructed using design of steel tanks will be API 650, but special considera-
conventional depth of cover but with surface sealants or tions related to the product stored in the tank must be
coated reinforcing or both. A minimum temperature dif- accounted for. Steel tanks to store liquefied gases at or near
ferential of 40 degrees F will be assumed to exist between atmospheric pressures will be designed in accordance with
inside and outside faces of tank walls. API 620. Storage of corrosive solutions and the effects of
(a) Reinforced concrete tanks. Design of reinforced temperature in conjunction with corrosive solutions will be
concrete tanks will be in accordance with PCA 15003.02D considerations in selecting tank materials.

5-2
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 6
WATER RELATED STRUCTURES EXCEPT STORAGE TANKS

6-1. General selection of pipeline materials and layout to assure that


Design of water related structures will comply with the need proper allowance has been made for these forces as well as
to maintain watertight and durable construction. In this expansion movements, etc.
interest, design of concrete structures will be in accordance
with the recommendations of ACI 350R. Where appropriate, 6-4. Water and wastewater treatment facilities
water related concrete structures will be designed as a. General. Design of water supply facilities will be in
hydraulic structures. Additional design guidance will be accordance with TM 5-813-1/AFM 88-10, Volume 1; TM
obtained from applicable design agency reference documents 5-813-4/AFM 88-10, Volume 4; and ASCE Water Treat-
and the Handbook of Concrete Engineering by Fintel. ment Plant Design. Design of wastewater treatment facilities
will be in accordance with TM 5-814-3/AFM 88-11,
6-2. Intake and discharge structures Volume 3 and WPCF MOP8CTG.
Intake and discharge structures, such as for power plants and b. Basins and similar construction. Structures such as
pumping stations, will be designed to sustain wave forces, primary settling basins, clear wells, sedimentation tanks,
hydrostatic pressures, earth pressures, surcharges, and other Imhoff tanks, filters, sludge digesters, and similar structures
superimposed loads. Trash racks and screens will be will be designed in accordance with concepts set forth in
provided. The amount of trash, debris, or seaweed expected earlier paragraphs under the discussion of structures for bulk
to accumulate in intake structures will be the primary liquid materials and TM 5-814-3/AFM 88-11, Volume 3.
consideration in deciding whether or not a continuously Pipeline support structures, sluice gates, equipment
cleaning mechanical traveling screen will be used. Design foundations, and other miscellaneous structures will be
will consider the maximum permissible differential head designed in accordance with criteria given elsewhere in this
across the trash rack or screening device. manual and current standard practices. Manufacturer*s
recommended designs may also be considered.
6-3. Water transmission lines
6-5. Underground structures
Design of water transmission lines will include consideration
of items such as maintaining watertightness, avoiding Design of underground structures associated with water
erosive velocities, and providing gradual transitions in cross- related facilities, e.g., manholes, pits, etc., will comply with
section and alignment. Structures will be designed to carry criteria for manholes and inlets in paragraph 4-1. Paved
the weight of the aqueduct or pipeline with fluid and to resist inverts and similar details will be provided as required for
loads due to wind, snow, and seismic activity. Reaction the particular system being incorporated. Applicable por-
blocking will be designed and provided where necessary to tions of ASTM C 32, C 857, and C 858 will also be con-
resist forces due to pressure, thrust, impact, water hammer, sidered.
etc. The structural design will be coordinated with the

6-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 7
MECHANICAL SYSTEM STRUCTURES

7-1. General 7-4. Pipe supports


Pipe supports will be designed to resist the various forces to
Design of support features for mechanical systems such as
which the piping system will be subjected. As a minimum,
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems
all pipe supports will be designed to carry the weight of the
(including items such as foundations, support frames, braces,
piping system plus water to account for hydrostatic testing.
and other items) will be in accordance with current practice,
Other forces including those due to wind, snow, seismic
sound engineering principles, and manufacturer*s
activity, thermal expansion and contraction, thrust, impact,
recommendations as appropriate. The minimum safety factor
etc., will be considered as appropriate for the details of the
for stability against overturning and for resistance against
system and materials being used. For systems conveying
sliding will be as set forth in paragraph 1-6. For design of
materials at temperatures other than ambient, consideration
structures associated with power plants, see applicable
will be given to the effect of thermal expansion and
portions of TM 5-811-6. Design of mechanical support
contraction on the support system. Where possible, the
systems for seismic restraint is covered in TM 5-809-
flexibility of the support structure will be considered to avoid
10/NAVFAC P-355/AFM 88-3, Chapter 13.
the need for slide bearings or similar construction. In any
case, appropriate allowance will be made for movement and
7-2. Equipment supports and enclosures
restraint to conform with the assumptions made in the pipe
a. Static. Design of supports and enclosures for static system flexibility analysis. In regions of potential seismic
equipment will consider the maximum weight and ec- activity, particular attention will be given to assure that
centricity of the equipment as well as the required clearance sufficient lateral support is provided.
for access to and maintenance of the equipment. Lateral
supports and bracing will be provided as necessary to 7-5. Gas and air conveyances
maintain the stability of the equipment under lateral loading, Gas and air conveyances, particularly for hot gases, will be
particularly seismic. designed to meet fire protection requirements including
b. Rotating or vibrating. Design of supports and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 211. Design of
enclosures for vibrating or rotating machinery will consider supports for HVAC systems will comply with TM 5-8 10-
the need for isolation pads, isolation joints, and damping 1.
devices either alone or in combination. Care will be taken to a. Large-scale ductwork. Large-scale ductwork refers to
assure that the natural frequency of supports is sufficiently ductwork typically associated with major supply air and hot
offset from the operating frequency of the equipment so that gas conveyances, e.g., between the various components of
there is no danger of objectionable or damaging resonant large industrial or power generation boiler plants. Large-
vibration. Whenever practical, supports for rotating or scale ductwork may be of either circular or rectangular cross
vibrating equipment will be physically isolated from the section and is usually constructed of steel. Structural design
adjacent structure to prevent the transmission of vibration of large-scale ductwork will be in accordance with the
into occupied areas. NAVFAC DM-7.3 and Design of following Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors*
Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines by Arya, National Association (SMACNA) publications: Accepted
O*Neill, and Pincus are among the references which will be Industry Practice for Industrial Duct Construction,
consulted for further guidance on structural design for Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards, and
vibrating equipment. Round Industrial Duct Construction Standards. Design
considerations will include forces exerted on the duct system
7-3. Utility tunnels such as those due to gas pressure, dead and live loads, wind
loads, snow loads, seismic loads, and loads due to thermal
Utility tunnels will be provided for mechanical systems expansion and contraction. In addition, the design will
where a number of systems follow the same general align- consider the effects of elevated temperature which can reduce
ment. Design of utility tunnels and similar underground the yield point and other mechanical properties of steel. The
structures will be in accordance with ASTM C 857 and layout of duct systems will include a sufficient, but minimum
ASTM C 858 unless more stringent requirements are number of expansion joints, adequate provisions for move-
imposed by the agency having jurisdiction. ment, and appropriate restraint at supports. For duct with
large, circular cross sections, structural design may be based
on methods described in the Structural Engineering

7-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

Handbook by Gaylord & Gaylord for circular steel stacks. conveying a gas of different specific gravity than atmospheric
Components will be proportioned so that resonance due to conditions and to temperature differential stresses caused by
vortex shedding at low wind velocities is avoided. For duct an uneven temperature distribution within the stack. See also
of rectangular cross section, structural design will be in ASCE Design and Construction of Steel Chimney Liners.
accordance with the AISI Design of Plate Structures, Design (1) Reinforced concrete stacks. Reinforced concrete
of Welded Structures by Blodgett, and applicable portions of stacks will be designed in accordance with ACI 307.
the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) (2) Aluminum stacks. If constructed of aluminum,
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Allowable Stress design of stacks will follow similar design guidance and
Design and Plastic Design that relates to plate girders. general references given for design of steel stacks.
Design will include a determination of plate thickness (3) Steel stacks.
required to resist flexural loading, the size and spacing of (a) Design of steel stacks will be in accordance with
stiffeners, the size and location of internal bracing, and the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
additional plate thickness and features which may be Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design; Structural
required if the duct is designed as a spanning box girder. Engineering Handbook by Gaylord & Gaylord; SMACNA
b. Stacks. In addition to maximum loadings, stacks will Guide for Steel Stack Design and Construction; and ASME
be designed to resist the effects of vortex shedding or STS-1. Allowable stresses will be in accordance with table
fluttering caused by steady wind. Stack designs will consider 7-1. The allowable stress is for a design condition of dead
pressure differential stresses caused by virtue of the stack*s load combined with either seismic or wind loads.

(b) Shell thickness will be at least 1/4 inch for lined bolt hole areas) will be used to determine actual stresses.
stacks and 5/16 inch for unlined stacks. The computed shell Allowable stresses for parts other than the shell plate will be
thickness will be increased by 1/16th inch to allow for in accordance with AISC Specification for Structural Steel
possible corrosion. The net section area (gross area minus Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design.

7-2
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 8
ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES

8-1. General structures, however, must be strong enough to resist the


Electrical and communication system structures will be climatic design load requirements for the site. Where special
designed in accordance with TM 5-811-1/AFM 88-9, Chap- structure design is needed, design criteria will conform to the
ter 1 and the following. In all cases, the Institute of Electrical National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) SG-
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) National Electric Safety 6. General layouts and configurations for electrical support
Code (NESC) will be considered as establishing minimum structures are given in TM 5-811-1/AFM 88-9, Chapter 1.
requirements for design of structures associated with electric Equipment foundations will be designed in accordance with
power systems. For aluminum towers and antennas, the one- current practices; the safety factor for stability against
third increase in allowable stresses under wind or seismic overturning and for resistance against sliding will be as set
loads permitted in the Aluminum Association Specifications forth in paragraph 1-6.
for Aluminum Structures will not be used. Design of
electrical support systems for seismic restraint is covered in 8-4. Antenna towers
TM 5-809-10/NAVFAC P-355/AFM 88-3, Chapter 13. Antenna towers will be designed using applicable criteria
from the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) 222-D.
8-2. Transmission towers and poles Design methods and stresses will be as appropriate for the
Power transmission towers and pole structures will be material used for the supporting structure.
designed in accordance with the NESC (IEEE (22), and the
following ASCE publications: Manual 52, applicable tech- 8-5. Underground structures
nical papers in its Structural Division Journal (including Underground structures associated with electrical and
Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures), and Guide for communication systems, e.g., manholes, handholes, pull
the Design and Use of Concrete Poles. In case of conflicting boxes, etc., will be designed according to the criteria for
criteria, the most conservative method will be used. manholes and inlets in paragraph 4-1. The need for water
resistance and provisions for drainage and sumps will be
8-3. Substation structures and equipment examined, as well as cable bending radii and details of
Substation, switching station, and similar structures for required support systems, when establishing the layout and
supporting electrical equipment will be constructed, where dimensions of such structures. Design will also comply with
possible, of manufacturer*s standard unit components. All ASTM C 857 and C 858.

8-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

CHAPTER 9
SPECIALTY STRUCTURES

9-1. General structures and construction refer to TM 5-809-2/AFM 88-3,


Chapter 2; MIL-HDBK-1025/6; and NAVFAC DM-11.1.
This chapter deals primarily with those types of specialty
structures which have potential application in military con- 9-4. Other structures
struction. Basic guidance regarding design of other types of
Other types of specialty structures include plate and shell
specialty structures which may have only limited ap-
structures, major arenas and stadiums, orbital space struc-
plicability to military projects is also provided.
tures, test stands, launch structures, carbon fiber composite
structures, etc. Design of structures of these types is highly
9-2. Blast-resistant construction
specialized and is beyond the scope of this manual. If
Design of structures to resist the effects of accidental confronted with the need for structures such as these, the
explosions will be in accordance with TM 5-1300/NAVFAC agency providing the design will obtain relevant references
P-397/AFM 88-22. The reference is mandatory for explosive and identify the appropriate specialty consultants to assist in
safety design. Design of structures to resist the effects of the design.
conventional weapons will be in accordance with TM 5-855-
1, and design of facilities to resist the effects of nuclear 9-5. Load-tested designs
weapons will be in accordance with TM 5-858-1, TM 5- In lieu of the design approach discussed above and when
858-2, TM 5-858-3, TM 5-858-4, TM 5-858-5 and TM 5- consistent with budget and schedule, load-tested designs may
858-8. The design of blast-resistant structures must consider be considered. This approach can be applicable to certain
the transient loadings and dynamic response of the structure composite type structures or components such as those
that results from the specified design event. Blast-resistant involving adhesive bonded elements, cellular foam, and
design is often required in conjunction with the construction newly developed materials. Toward that end, approved
of weapons system facilities, both developmental and research laboratories will perform load tests and submit a
operational, as well as for structures designed to resist the full report including all test data for review. Minimum safety
effects of intentional attack. factors will be 2.5 with respect to ultimate strength or 1.65
with respect to yield strength of the material or system.
9-3. Corrosion-resistant structures Information describing any new load-tested materials or
systems determined necessary, advantageous, and
Specialty structures are often required for use in extremely economical will be submitted for approval to appropriate
corrosive areas such as in chemical processing plants, headquarters.
plating rooms, demineralizing and water polishing areas, and
severe salt water environments. To attain the necessary 9-6. Miscellaneous structures
corrosion resistance, structures in such areas are frequently
Miscellaneous structures are those not listed elsewhere in
fabricated from nonmetallic materials including fiberglass
this manual or not covered by a specific code or specifica-
reinforced plastic, etc. When used, manufacturer*s literature
tion. Designs for these structures will be in accordance with
regarding the selected nonmetallic material will be carefully
related design codes, sound engineering practice and
reviewed and closely followed during design of the structure.
judgement, and relevant criteria based on the materials
For additional discussions regarding corrosion-resistant
involved and the predicted loading.

9-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

APPENDIX A
REFERENCES

Government Publications
Department of Defense

MIL-HDBK-1002/2 Loads.
MIL-HDBK-1002/3 Structural Engineering Steel Structures.
MIL-HDBK-100216 Aluminum Structures, Composite Structures, Structural Plastics, and Fiber-
Reinforced Composites.
MIL-HDBK-1008A Fire Protection for Facilities, Engineering, Design, and Construction.
MIL-HDBK-1025/1 Piers and Wharves.
MIL-HDBK-1025/2 Dockside Utilities for Ship Service.
MIL-HDBK-1025/3 Cargo Handling Facilities.
MIL-HDBK-1025/4 Seawalls, Bulkheads, and Quaywalls.
MIL-HDBK-1025/5 Ferry Terminals and Small Craft.
MIL-HDBK-1025/6 General Criteria for Waterfront Construction.

Departments of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force

TM 5-809-10/NAVFAC Seismic Design for Buildings.


P-355/AFM 88-3, Ch. 13
TM 5-1300/NAVFAC Structures to Resist the Effects
P-397/AFM 88-22 of Accidental Explosions.

Departments of the Army and the Air Force

TM 5-809-1/AFM 88-3, Ch. 1 Structural Design Criteria-Loads.


TM 5-809-2/AFM 88-3, Ch. 2 Structural Design for Buildings-Materials.
TM 5-811-1/AFM 88-9, Ch. 1 Electric Power Supply and Distribution.
TM 5-813-1/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1 Water Supply: Sources and General Considerations.
TM 5-813-4/AFM 88-10, Vol. 4 Water Supply: Water Storage.
TM 5-814-1/AFM 88-11, Vol. l Sanitary and Industrial Waste-water Collection - Gravity Sewers and
Appurtenances.
TM 5-814-2/AFM 88-11, Vol. 2 Sanitary and Industrial Waste-water Collection - Pumping Stations and Force
Mains.
TM 5-814-3/AFM 88-11, Vol. 3 Domestic Wastewater Treatment.

Department of the Navy

NAVFAC DM-7.1 Soil Mechanics.


NAVFAC DM-7.2 Foundations and Earth Structures.
NAVFAC DM-73 Soil Dynamics, Deep Stabilization, and Special Geotechnical Construction.
NAVFAC DM-22 Petroleum Fuel Facilities, Underground Concrete Storage Tanks.
NAVFAC DM-26.1 Harbors.
NAVFAC DM-26.2 Coastal Protection.
NAVFAC DM-26.3 Coastal Sedimentation and Dredging.
NAVFAC DM-26.4 Fixed Moorings.
NAVFAC DM-26.5 Fleet Moorings.
NAVFAC DM-26.6 Mooring Design Physical and Empirical Data.

A-1
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

Department of the Army

TM 5-312 Military Fixed Bridges.


TM 5-810-1 Mechanical Design: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning.
TM 5-855-1 Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons
TM 5-858-1 Designing Facilities to Resist Nuclear Weapon Effects - Facilities System
Engineering.
TM 5-858-2 Designing Facilities to Resist Nuclear Weapon Effects - Weapon Effects.
TM 5-858-3 Designing Facilities to Resist Nuclear Weapon Effects - Structures TM 5-858-
4 Designing Facilities to Resist Nuclear Weapon Effects - Shock
Isolation Systems.
TM 5-858-5 Designing Facilities to Resist Nuclear Weapon Effects - Air
Entrainment, Fasteners, Penetration
Protection, Hydraulic-Surge Protective Device, EMP Protective
Devices.
TM 5-858-8 Designing Facilities to Resist Nuclear Weapon Effects - Illustrative Examples.
TM 5-811-6 Electric Power Plant Design.
FM 5-36 Route Reconnaissance and Classification.

Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, (CERC), Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
Shore Protection Manual, Volumes I, II, and m.

Nongovernment Publications

Aluminum Association, 900 19th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006

SAS 30-86 Specifications for Aluminum Structures

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite
225, Washington, DC 20001

HB-13-83 Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,

American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station, Detroit, MI 48219-0150

307-88 Concrete - Design and Construction of Cast-in-Place


Reinforced Concrete Chimneys.
313-77 (Revised 1983) Recommended Practice for Design and Construction of Concrete
Bins, Silos, and Bunkers for Storing Granular Materials.
318-89 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete.
343R-88 Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Structures.
344R-70 (Reapproved 1981) Design and Construction of Circular Prestressed Concrete Structures.
344R-T Design and Construction of Circular Prestressed Concrete Structures
with Circumferential Tendons.
344R-W Design and Construction of Circular Wire and Strand Wrapped
Prestressed Concrete Structures.
346-81 Standard Specification for Cast-in-Place Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe.
346R-81 Recommendations for Cast-in-Place Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe.
350R-89 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures.
357R-84 Guide for the Design and Construction of Fixed Offshore Concrete
Structures.
357.1R-85 State-of-the-Art Report on Offshore Concrete Structures for the Arctic.
357.2R-88 State-of-the-Art Report on Bargelike Concrete Structures.
544.1R-82 (Revised 1986) State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

A-2
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

544.2R-78 (Revised 1983) Measurement of Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete.


544.3R-84 Guide for Specifying, Mixing, Placing, and Finishing Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete.
544.4R-88 Design Considerations for Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
SP-81 Fiber Reinforced Concrete- International Symposium.
SP-105 Fiber Reinforced Concrete Properties and Applications.

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 400 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-4185

Highway Structures Design Handbook, Volumes I and II, (1986).


Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design including Commentary
(1989).

American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC), 11818 SE Mill Plain Boulevard, Suite 415,
Vancouver, WA 98684

Timber Design Handbook (1974 and Errata).

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 1000 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036

SG-861-83 Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway Construction Products,


PS 268-685-5M-SL Design of Plate Structures,
PS 291-582-10M-NB Steel Tanks for Liquid Storage,.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018

A58.1-1982 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.

American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005

RP 2A-87 Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing


Fixed Offshore Platforms.
620-82 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage
Tanks.
650-88 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage.
RP 1102-81 Liquid Petroleum Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways.
1104-88 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities.
RP 1110-81 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines.
1615-79 Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems.
1632-83 Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks
and Piping Systems.
2000-82 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
(Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated).

American Railway Engineering Association (AREA), 50 F Street, NW, Suite 7702, Washington, DC 20001

Manual for Railway Engineering (Fixed Properties), Volumes I and II, (1988-89).

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017

Design and Construction of Steel Chimney Liners.


Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, (ST12 - Dec 1974).
Guide for the Design and Use of Concrete Poles.
Water Treatment Plant Design.
52-71 Design of Steel Transmission Towers.
368-83 Seismic Response of Buried Pipes and Structural Components.
402-84 Tunnel Lining Design.

A-3
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

418-84 Pipeline Materials and Design.


428-84 Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017
B31.8-86 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
STS-1-1986 Steel Stacks.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103

A 36/A 36M-88c Structural Steel.


A 53-89 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless.
A 242/A 242M-88 High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel.
A 500-89 Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing
in Rounds and Shapes.
A 572/A 572M-8& High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels of Structural
Quality.
A 588/A 588M-88a High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi [345 MPa]
Minimum Yield Point to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick.
A 666-88 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar for
Structural Applications.
A 690/A 690M-88 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel H-Piles and Sheet Piling for Use
in Marine Environments.
B 745/B 745M-89 Corrugated Aluminum Pipe for Sewers and Drains.
C 76-89 Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe.
C 478-90 Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections.
C 789-88 Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm
Drains, and Sewers.
C 850-88 Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm
Drains, and Sewers with Less Than 2 ft. of Cover Subjected to
Highway Loadings.
C 857-87 Minimum Structural Design Loading for Undergroud Precast
Concrete Utility Structures.
C 858-83 Underground Concrete Utility Structures.

American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235

D100-84 Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage.


D103-87 Factory Coated Bolted Steel Tanks for Water Storage.
D110-86 Wire-Wound Circular Prestressed-Concrete Water Tanks.
D120-84 Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks.
M9-79 Concrete Pressure Pipe.
M11-85 Steel Pipe-a Guide for Design and Installation.

Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association (CEMA), 932 Hungerford Drive, Suite 36, Rockville, MD 20850

Belt Conveyors for Bulk Materials.

Electronic Industries Association (EIA), 2001 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006

222-D-86 Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna


Supporting Structures.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY, 10017

C2-87 National Electrical Safety Code and Interpretations.

A-4
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 2101 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037

SG-6-79 Power Switching Equipment.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Publications Department, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269

211-88 Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents and Solid Fuel Burning
Appliances.

National Forest Products Association, 1250 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036

National Design Specification for Wood Construction (1986 and Supplement).

Portland Cement Association (PCA), 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077-1083

EB001T Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures.


IS003.02D Rectangular Concrete Tanks.
IS072.01D Circular Concrete Tanks without Prestressing.

Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), 175 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604

JR-3M Recommended Practice for Precast Prestressed Concrete Circular


Storage Tanks.
MNL-120-85 Design Handbook-Precast and Prestressed Concrete.
MNL-126-85 Manual for the Design of Hollow Core Slabs.
MNL-128-87 Recommended Practice for Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels.

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors* National Association (SMACNA), P.O. Box 70, Merrifield VA 22116

Accepted Industry Practice for Industrial Duct Construction.


Guide for Steel Stack Design and Construction.
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards.
Round Industrial Duct Construction Standards.

Steel Tank Institute (STI), 728 Anthony Trail, P.O.Box 4020, Northbrook, IL 60065

Dual Wall Underground Steel Storage Tanks.


sti-P3 Specification and Manual for External Corrosion Protection of Underground Steel Storage Tanks.
Recommended Practice for Optional Interior Corrosion Control System for Steel Tanks.
Guideline for Underground Piping for Fuel Storage Tanks.

Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), 2626 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20035

MOP8CTG-77 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design.


MOP9CTG-69 Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers (Joint
publication with ASCE).

Textbooks and Handbooks

Suresh C. Arya, Michael W. O*Neill, and George Pincus, Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines,
Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX, 1979.

Omer W. Blodgett, Design of Welded Structures, The lames F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation,
Cleveland, OH, 1966.

A-5
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

Joseph E. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, NY, 1977.

Braja M. Das, Principles of Foundation Engineering, Wadsworth, Inc., Belmont, CA, 1984.

Mark Fintel, Handbook of Concrete Engineering, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,
New York, NY, 1985.

Edwin H. Gaylord & Charles N. Gaylord, Structural Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, 1979.

G. A. Leonards, Foundation Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1962.

M. Reimbert & A. Reimbert, Silos: Theory & Practice, (Bulk Materials Handling Ser: Vol. 1, No. 3),
Trans Tech, Germany, 1976.

A-6
TM 5-809-6/AFM 88-3, Chap. 6

The proponent agency of this publication is the Office of the Chief of Engineers, United States
Army. Uses are invited to send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028
(Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to HQUSACE, (CEMP-ET),
WASH DC 20314-1000.

By Order of the Secretaries of the Army and the Air Force:

GORDON R. SULLIVAN
General, United States Army
Official: Chief of Staff

MILTON H. HAMILTON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army

MERRILL A. McPEAK, General, USAF


Official: Chief of Staff

EDWARD A. PARDINI, Colonel, USAF


Director of Information Management

Distribution:
Army: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34-E, requirements for nonequipment technical
manuals.

Air Force: F

jU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1992 0 - 311-831 (44139)


PIN: 005325-000

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