1

Steel Work design (1) to

BS 5950- 1:2000
Dr Mustafa Batikha
The University of Damascus-Syria
References
BS 5950-1(2000). Structural use of steel work in building, Part 1,
Code of practice for design rolled and welded section, BSI,
London.
Way, A. G. J. , Salter, P. R. (2003). Introduction to steelwork
design to BS 5950-1:2000, the steel construction institute, SCI, UK.
Case, J., Chilver, L., Ross, C.T.F. (1999). Strength of materials and
structures, John Willy & Sons Inc., fourth edition, London.
McKenzie, W.M.C. (2006). Examples in structural analysis, Taylor
and Francis, London.
) 2003 .( .
) 2006 .( . .
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Design of Compression Members

) The concept of stress (
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) Axial stresses (
top
t
t
top top
y
I
Z
Z
M
y
I
M
= = = : o
I
Z
M
y
M
= = = : o
) Bending stresses (
bottom
b
b
bottom bottom
y
Z
Z
y
I
= = = : o
Z : Elastic Section Modulus
y
I
Z =
y
I
M
= o
max
y
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F
c
=F
T
A p =A
T
p A =A
T
Plastic Section Modulus, S
A
c
.p
y
A
T
p
y
A
c
A
T
M
p
=p
y
S
) (
2
1
T c
y y A S + =
S: Plastic Modulus
S
f Factor Shape =
Z
f Factor Shape =
High Shape Factor
Early Yielding
Permanent Deformation
) The concept of plastic hinge (
L
M
W
L W
M
p
p
p
p
4
4
= =
L
p p
4
) 1 (
4
) (
4
4
) (
p
y
p
p
p
y
p
p p
y
M
M
L L
L
M
L L
M
W
L L W
M = =

=
Z
S
f
f
L L
p
= = : )
1
1 (
Examples Examples
For rectangular section L L f
p
3
1
5 . 1 = =
For I section of f=1.13
L L f
p
12 . 0 13 . 1 = =
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) Shear stresses (
b I
s V

= t
r
J
M
T
= t
J
S =First moment of area
J =Torsion constant.
Final stresses
Normal stress x
I
M
y
I
M
A
N
y
y
x
x
= o
Shear stress t
Principal stresses
yy xx
xy
o o
t
u

=
2
2 tan
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Principal stresses and the failure
Mohrs circle
and cracking
Crack is expected when the principal stresses have reached a critical strength
) The concept of Buckling (
Buckling of columns
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Lateral Torsional buckling of beams
Buckling of Frames
Local Buckling of yielding
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Buckling of plates and shells
Concept of Bifurcation Buckling
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Concept of Snap-Through Buckling
) Buckling of an Euler strut (
P
y P M . =
EI
P
K y K y y
EI
P
y
EI
M
y = = + = + =
2 2 " " "
: 0 0
P
kx B kx A y sin cos + =
General solution for
the deflected shape
Using the Boundary Conditions
0 sin 0
sin 0 0 0
= = =
= = = =
kL B y L x
kx B y A y x
If KL0 B=0 always y=0 No Buckling wrong assumption KL=0 or KL=nt
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
L
EI n
P
EI
P
L
n
n L k n kL y Always k kL
E
t t
t t = = = = = = =
2
2
1 ) (
L
EI
P n load Critical load smallest For
E
t
= =
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The concept of restraints
Column types
Horizontal Ties ( 2.4.5.2&2.4.5.3) Figure 1 & Figure 2
, 75 ), ( 5 . 0 max[ kN Tie on load vertical factored q N
u ut
=
4.7.1.2
Compressed N
restraint
=1% N
compression member
4.7.3-a
r y r r u
S p M M M = > : % 90
No directional restraint
5 . 0
) / 1 2 . 0 (
r r
N k + =
N
r
=3
] ( % 1 column edge of force e compressiv N
uc
Critical buckling load of different deflection modes
2
2 2
L
EI n
P
cr
t
=
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Columns under other boundary conditions and the
concept of the effective length
y P M . =
P
K y K y y
P
y
M
y + +
2 2 " " "
: 0 0
EI
K y K y y
EI
y
EI
y = = + = + = : 0 0
kx B kx A y sin cos + =
General solution for
the deflected shape
0 cos 0
sin 0 0 0
= = =
= = = =
kL BK
dy
l x
kx B y A y x
0 cos 0 = = = kL BK
dx
l x
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
) 2 ( 4 4 2
0 cos 0 , 0
L
EI n
P
EI
P
L
n
n L k n kL kL k B
cr
t t t t
= = = = = = =
Note: The critical buckling load of a cantilever length L is as the critical load
of simply-supported ends of 2L
The Effective Length, L
E
2
2 2
E
cr
L
EI n
P
t
=
L
E
=K
e
.L
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Major and Minor axis of buckling
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1

t t t
o
t t E
L
Er
A L
EI
L
EI
P n
L
EI n
P
E E
cr
E
cr
E
cr
= = = = = =
L E
E
t
2
r
L
s Slendernes
E
E
cr
= =

t
o :
2
x y x y
I I r r < <
y is the minor axis
x is the major axis
Buckling about y-axis is more critical than buckling about x-axis for the
same length because the smallest radii of gyration is about y
Short Element
Intermediate Element
Slender Element
) Buckling of a perfect column (
Short
L
Short
Intermediate
Slender
r
L
s Slendernes
E
= =
2
2
,

t
o
E
stress Euler
E
=
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Empirical buckling of a perfect column
Rankine formula is the simplest safe empirical formula from test data
Y E F
P P P
1 1 1
+ =
P
F
= the real buckling failure strength
P
E
= the ideal Euler buckling load
P
Y
= the squash load
Y E
Y E
F
o o
o o
o
+
=
Y
q
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3 1 :
1 1 1
s s
+
= + = n or
n n
Y
n
E
Y E
F n
Y
n
E
n
F o o
o o
o
o o o
For less conservative treatments
The effect of material non-linearity on buckling load
The non-linearity of material causes
the drop in results between Euler theory
and experiment data for intermediate
columns
Tangent modulus theory is the
simple safe estimate of buckling
strength in Elastic-Plastic region
o
t

t
o
T cr T
E
r
L
x position at s slendernes Modified
E
= = = =
2
2
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) Buckling of a imperfect column (
Perry Formula (1886)
Perry Formula (BS 5950-1:2000) Annex C
2
0
: ) )( (
r
z e
c E c y c E
= = q o qo o o o o
y ( )
2
2
2
,
2
) 1 (
:

t
o
o q o
|
o o | |
o o
o
E
E
E y
y E
y E
c
=
+ +
=
+
=
z: the distance of the extreme fiber from the neutral axis of buckling.
r : Radii of gyration
| |
y E
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constant : 0 1000 / ) ( ,
0
Robertson is a a Factor Perry > = q

0
is the limiting slenderness (short column)= 0.2(t
2
E/p
y
)
0.5
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) Classification of sections (
) 3.5.2 (
Local Buckling
Element geometry Element geometry
( / )
Stress distribution

Support conditions

Yield strength
Table 11&12
Element Geometry : b/T, d/t (Figure 5 & 6)
Stress distribution :r
1
, r
2
(Section 3.5.5)
Yield strength : c
Element Type : Outstand element (External ),
Internal element ( ) (3.5.1)
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Example 1:
S275, UB 45715252, Bending moment only about the major axis
) (
UB 45715252 t=7.6, T=10.9 <16mm Table9 p
y
=275Mpa
1
275
275
= = c
b/T=6 99 < 9c Class1 (Plastic) b/T 6.99 < 9c Class1 (Plastic)
d/t=53.6 < 80c Class1 (Plastic)
Plastic section
Example 2:
S275, UB 45715252, Bending moment + Axial compression force 800kN
b/T=6.99 < 9c Class1 (Plastic)
10 800
3
F
d
41
80 80c
94 . 0
275 6 . 7 6 . 407
10 800
1
=

= =
yw
c
dtp
F
r

t
d
r
< =
+
=
+
5 . 41
94 . 0 5 . 1 1
100
5 . 1 1
100
1
c
t r
< =
+
=
+
41
94 . 0 1 1
1
44 . 0
275 6660
10 800
3
2
=

= =
yw g
c
p A
F
r
t
d
r
> =
+
=
+
8 . 63
44 . 0 2 1
120
2 1
120
2
c
Semi-Compact
Example 3:
S355,HF RHS 2501505, Bending moment only about the major axis
) (
HF RHS 2501505 t=5<16mm Table9 p
y
=355Mpa 88 . 0
355
275
= = c
b/T=27 >28c=25
b/T<32c=28 & b/T<62c-0.5d/t=54.5-0.547=31 Class2 (Compact)
d/t=47<64c=56 Class1 (plastic)
Compact section
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Effective section properties
Sections (3.5.6&3.6)
Semi-Compact
Slender
Bending
Doubly symmetric
S
eff
Bending
3.5.6
CHS
3.6.6
A
eff
, Z
eff
Equal-leg
angle
3.6.4
A
eff
, Z
eff
Doubly symmetric
section
3.6.2
Pure Compression Pure Bending
Fig. 8-a (A
eff
) Non-slender web
slender web
Fig. 8-b (Z
eff
) Fig. 9&Fig.8-b if flange is slender as well (Z
eff
)
Alternative method ( ) for slender section (3.6.5):
y yr
p p
2 3
) (
|
|
=
Notice: Compression + Bending Compression only (A
eff
)+ Bending only (Z
eff
)
Example:
S275, Welded section , pure Bending , Plastic flange,
slender web
Solution: Solution:
f
cw
=f
tw
b
eff
=60ct=6018=480mm
0.4b
eff
=192, 0.6b
eff
=288
Try x=40mm First moment=a
i
y
i
0
Try x=28mm First moment=a
i
y
i
0
I
x
=95285cm
4
, y
max
=52cm
Z
eff
=95285/52=1832cm
3
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Effective length to BS 5950-1:2000
Angle, Channel or
T sections
LE (4.7.3)
Simple structures
Generally Continuous
Structures
(4.7.10)
Single angles,
Double angles,
single channels
or single T-
sections
Annex D
Table 22
Single Story
buildings (D1)
Figures D1,
Supporting
internal platform
floors (D2)
Structures
Annex E
Table 25
D2, D3, D4
and D5
Table D.1
Notes: (4.7.10.1)
Slenderness1.2
Conditions (4.7.9&4.7.13)
50 s =
vv
vv
c
r
L

yy
Eyy
m c c m b
r
L
= > + = : 4 . 1
2 2
180 s
L
E

4.7.9
180
max
s =
r
E

) 4.7.13.1.e .(
.
.
16mm ) 4.7.13.1.f .(

) 4.7.13.1.g .( 300mm 32t t
) 4 7 13 2 b 1 (
4.7.13
) 4.7.13.2.b.1 ( .

300mm 16t t
) 4.7.13.2.b.2 ( .
0.25Q
c
:Q=2.5%N
cu
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Mohrs Circle
Anticlockwise rotation is positive
In Eqs, I
xy
is always to be
used as positive. The
clockwise rotation is taken
Compressive strength, p
c
(4.7.5)
Perry and Robertson formula (Annex C)
The formula was developed by an assumption that practical imperfections may exist

Note (4.7.5): For Welded section in compression only
Table 23, Figure 14
p
y
= p
y
(table9)-20
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Compression Design Summary (4.2)
Rolled Section Welded Section
Section classification
p
y
(Table 9)
p
y
p
y
=p
y
-20
L
E
Slender section
Non-Slender section
A
eff
or p
yr
r
L
E
=
g
eff
E
A
A
r
L
=
r
(4.7.4)
P
c
=min(p
cx
, p
cy
) [table 23,24]
P
c
=min(p
cx
, p
cy
) [table 23,24]
P
c
=p
c
A
eff
P
c
=p
c
A
g
Design of Fully Restrained Beams

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Lateral Torsional Buckling of beam
Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams
Lateral torsional buckling ( ) =
Lateral deflection ( ) + Twisting ()
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For bending about x axis
2
2
0
dz
v d
EI M
x
=
For bending about y axis
2
d
2
2
0
dz
u d
EI M
y
= |
From Torsion
dz
du
M
dz
d
GJ
GJ
dz
dz
du
M
d
GJ
L M
d
T
0
0
= = =
|
| |
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
0 2
2
= + = |
| |
y
GJEI
M
dz
d
dz
u d
M
dz
d
GJ
y
GJEI
M
k kz B kz A
2
0 2
: sin cos = + = |
= = = = = = t | | kL L z A z 0 , 0 0 0
y cr o
GJEI
L
M
t
=
,
Other load cases
cr cr
M
m
M
, 0 max,
.
1
=
In BS 5950-1:2000 for steelwork design
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Lateral Torsional Buckling of an I beam

= =
3
3
i i
t b
G GJ C
flange Euler
flange y
y
cr
P
L
EI
L
I
E
P
, 2
,
2
2
2
)
2
(
= = =
t
t
Buckling of flange
The effect of load level
cr cr
M
m
M
, 0 max,
.
1
= m is dependent on the ratio L
2
GJ/EI
w
4
2
D
I I
y w
=
Example for
concentrated load at
mid span
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Fully restrained beams
4.2.2 & 4.3.2.2
The restraint should resist a lateral force more than: 2.5% F
fc
2.5 %
Frictional force

Force in compression flange F
fc

q
1
=2.5%(Load coefficient of friction)/L
F
fc
=M
umax
/D
q
2
=2.5% F
fc
/L q=q
1
+q
2
5 . 0
) / 1 2 . 0 (
r r
N k + =
N
r
=3
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Restrained beam Design Summary
y
p
275
= c
c 70 >
t
d
Rolled section
c 70 s
t
d
Rolled section
c 62 >
t
d
Welded section
Plate girders (4.4.5)
c 62 s
t
d
Welded section
Section Classifications
A
v
(Shear area, ) (4.2.3)
(4.2.3)
v v
P F s
v y v
A p P 6 . 0 =
Webs vary in thickness
y
v
p
b I
S F
7 . 0
max
s

= t
Shear verification
No Yes
Section is not ok on shear

To be continued

Restrained beam Design Summary-continued

Yes on shear
v v
P F 6 . 0 s
Low shear (4 2 5 2)
v v
P F 6 . 0 >
High shear (4 2 5 3)
S
v
=Dt
2
/4 for equalled-flange sections
Low shear (4.2.5.2) High shear (4.2.5.3)
Plastic
or
Compact
Semi-compact
Z p M
y c
=
Or
eff y c
S p M =
Slender
eff y c
Z p M =
Z p M
yr c
=
Or
2
] 1 ) ( 2 [ =
v
v
P
F

S
v
=S-S
f
(or for A
v
)
Plastic
or
Semi-compact Slender
S p M
y c
=
Conservatively

or
Compact
) (
v y c
S S p M =
) (
v eff y c
S S p M =
Or
)
5 . 1
(
v
y c
S
Z p M

=
)
5 . 1
(
v
eff y c
S
Z p M

=
Z p M
y c
5 . 1 s

Z p M
y c
2 . 1 s

4.2.5.1
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unrestrained beams (4.3)
Effective length L
E
( ) (4.3.5)
Destabilizing load ( )= increasing the twist ( )
Beams


T bl 13
Llt
a) b)
Llt

Llt

L =(case a+ case b)/2

Cantilevers


Table 14

c4 or d4 (Table 14)
Normal load
Table 13
Normal load L
E
= 1.L
lt
Destabilizing load L
E
= 1.2L
lt
L
E
=(case a+ case b)/2
Note: Bending at tip
L
E
=max (1.3 Table14,
Table14+0.3L)
Llt
L
L
E
=L
lt
Destabilizing load
L
E
=1.2L
lt


Table 14 for L
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Unrestrained beam Design
y
p
275
= c
Section classification
CHS&SHS
Bending only around
RHS
Single angles
(4.3.8)
I, H, Box,
Channel, T and
Bending only around
minor axis (
)
15 Table
r
L
y
E
s
No lateral torsional buckling
( ) (4.3.6.1)
L=L
v-v
Unequal legs

equal legs
(4 3 8 3)
plate
Continued
M
x
M
cx
( ) ( )

B.2.9.3
(4.3.8.3)
b/t15c
Heel in compression
Heel
x y b
Z p M 8 . 0 =
Heel in tension
x y
v E
x y b
Z p
r L
Z p M 8 . 0 )
1625
/ 1350
( s

=
c
c
Heel
I, H, Box, Channel, T and plate sections
Ratio |
w
(4.3.6.9)
Plastic or compact: |
w
=1
Semi-compact:
Z
x
in use |
w
=Z
x
/S
x
S
x,eff
in use bw=S
x,eff
/S
x
T Section Plates and flats
I, H and Channel
RHS
15 Table
r
L
y
E
>
B.2.6
Slender: |
w
=Z
x,eff
/Sx
B.2.8 B.2.8
2
8 . 2
t
d L
E w
LT
|
=
u
(4.3.6.8)
Rolled: u=0.9
welded: u=1
y
E
r
L
=
v (Table 19)
(4 3 6 7)
yc
I
= q
Equal flanges:
0 5

y
L LT
p
E
2
0
4 . 0
t
= >
(4.3.6.7)
yt yc
I I +
q
q=0.5
x=D/T (4.3.6.8)
w LT
uv | =
y
L LT
p
E
2
0
4 . 0
t
= s
Restrained beam Mx Mcx
p
b
Table 16 or 17(B.2.1)
Plastic or Compact
x b b
S p M =
Semi-Compact
x b b
Z p M =
eff x b b
S p M
,
=
Slender
eff x b b
Z p M
,
=
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Compared between the design curve and research data
M
b
m
LT
(4.3.6.6)
Destabilizing loading

m
LT
=1
Cantilevers without
intermediate lateral
restraint


m
LT
=1
Plates and flats
m
LT
=1
Others
Table 18
LT
b
x
m
M
M s
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Web subject to concentrated load
Web Bearing (4.5.2.1) Figure 13
n
At the end 5 6 . 0 2 s + =
k
b
n
e
Away from the end 5 = n
k
Rolled K=T+r
Welded K=T
load ed Concentrat tp nk b P
yw bw
> + = ) (
1
Web subject to concentrated load
Web Buckling (4.5.3.1)
Fl
Rotation
Flanges
Movement
No rotation and no movement
LE=0.7d
bw x
P
d nk b
t
P
) (
25
1
+
=
c
yw
p
275
= c
ae0.7d
P
x
=P
x
a
e
<0.7d
x
e
x
P
d
d a
P
4 . 1
7 . 0 +
=
Rotation or movement
x
E
xr
P
L
d
P
7 . 0
=
LE=d L
E
(Table 22)
P
x
or P
xr
Concenrated load
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Deflection (2.5)
Serviceability loads
a) LL
b) 0.8LL+0.8WL
c) WL
d) 0 8LL+0 8CL d) 0.8LL+0.8CL
e) CV
f) CH
Deflection limits (Table 8)
8
2
Table
EI
ML
s = | o
Members with Combined Moment
and Axial force

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Tension members with moment (4.8.2)
a d neglected moment

pure tension design

a 10%d neglected tension
load
Pure bending design

Tension members with moment design
y
p
275
= c
Section classification
General Case
For plastic& compact sections
Simplified method (4.8.2.2)
1 s + +
cy
y
cx
x
t
t
M
M
M
M
P
F
More exact method (4.8.2.3)
Tension with major
axis moment only


S p M =
Tension with minor
axis moment only


S p M =
Tension with
biaxial
moments

rx y rx
S p M =
rx x
M M s
ry y ry
S p M =
ry y
M M s
Continued
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Tension members with moment design-continued
Tension with biaxial moments
I and H sections
with equal flanges
All others

Z
1
=2
Z
2
=1
Z
1
=Z
2
=2 Z
1
=Z
2
=5/3
Z
1
=Z
2
=1
2
1
|
|

|
|
|

|
Z
y
Z
x
M
M
1 s
|
|
.

\
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
ry
y
rx
x
M M
M
Note: In all cases of tension members with
moment, lateral-torsional buckling should be
checked (4.8.2.1)
LT
b
m
M
M s
Compression members with moment (4.8.3)
a d neglected moment
pure compression design
a 10%d neglected compression load
Pure bending design
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Compression members with moment design
y
p
275
= c
Section classification
General Case
For plastic& compact sections
Simplified method (4.8.3.2)
1 s + +
cy
y
cx
x
y g
c
M
M
M
M
p A
F
More exact method (4.8.3.2)
Compression with
major axis moment
only

S p M =
Compression with
minor axis moment
only

S p M =
Compression
with biaxial
moments

Slender section: A
g
=A
eff
rx y rx
S p M =
rx x
M M s
ry y ry
S p M =
ry y
M M s
Continued
Compression members with moment design-continued
Compression with biaxial moments
I and H sections
with equal flanges
All others

Z
1
=2
Z
2
=1
Z
1
=Z
2
=2 Z
1
=Z
2
=5/3
Z
1
=Z
2
=1
2
1
|
|

|
|
|

|
Z
y
Z
x
M
M
1 s
|
|
.

\
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
ry
y
rx
x
M M
M
Note: In all cases of compression members with moment, member buckling
resistance should be checked (4.8.3.3)
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Compression members with moment design-continued
Member buckling resistance (4.8.3.3)
Flexural buckling:
) (
Lateral-torsional buckling:
)
(
Compression members with moment design-continued
Member buckling resistance (4.8.3.3)
: m
x
) M
x
( ) L
x
( x
) p
cx
) .( Table 26 ( M
xmax
=M
x
: m
y
) M
y
( ) L
y
(
y ) p
cy
) .( Table 26 ( M
ymax
=M
y
: m
yx
) M
y
( ) L
x
(
x ) p
cx
) .( Table 26 ) ( m
yx
:To be used with out-of-plane buckling .(
m
LT
(unrestrained beam), P
c
=Min(p
cx
,p
cy
), M
LT
=M
xmax
in the segment where M
b
occurs
Simplified method (4.8.3.3.1)
General buckling
1 s + +
y y
y y
x y
x x
c
c
Z P
M m
Z p
M m
P
F
Minor axis buckling
1 s + +
y y
y y
b
LT LT
cy
c
Z p
M m
M
M m
P
F
For plastic& compact sections
More exact method (4.8.3.3.2-4)
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Notes
Slender Section: Z=Z
eff
F =F =0 M 0 and M 0 Biaxial moments (4 9) The design F
t
=F
c
=0, M
x
0 and M
y
0 Biaxial moments (4.9) The design
is according to compression with moments case with F
c
=0
In sway mode : m
x
,m
y
and m
yx
0.85
Columns in simple structures (4.7.7)
Simple structures= pinned columns + bracing or shear wall for horizontal resistance
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Columns in simple structures
100mm
Nominal moment=M

=
i i
i i
i
L I
L I
/
/
o
2 / 5 . 1 :
2 1
max
M M M Note = = s
o
min
o
1 s + +
y y
y
bs
x
c
c
Z P
M
M
M
P
F
L
E
(Table 22), Typically=(0.85L or L)
P
c
=min(P
cx
, P
cy
)
M
bs
as unrestrained beam,
LT
=0.5L/r
y
for simplicity
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