PHY

SIC
SI
(PH
101
)

Lecture (2)

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧـ ــﺔ‬
Elasticity
Elastic Properties of Solids

Presented by:
Dr. Ahmed Hassan
PhD in solid state physics [Material Science]
Ahmed_abdel-hamid@science.suez.edu.eg

Physics for Scientists and Engineers 9th Edition - Serway

 After completion of this module,
you should be able to:

Demonstrate your understanding of elasticity, elastic

limit, stress, strain, and ultimate strength.

Write and apply formulas for calculating : Young’s

modulus , shear modulus, and bulk modulus.

Solve problems involving each of the parameters in

the above objectives.

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 Textbook

• Serway and Jewett 9th Edition

• Old editions are fine
• University Notebook

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 Elastic�Properties�of�Matter

An elastic body is one that returns to its original shape after a deformation.
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ‬

Golf Ball Tires Rubber Band Squeeze ball

‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
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 Elastic�Properties�of�Matter
‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ�ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬

An inelastic body is one that does not return to its original shape after a deformation.

Sandwich or Bread Clay Billiard ball

‫ﺳﺎﻧﺪﻭﻳﺘﺶ ﺃﻮ ﺧﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩﻭ‬
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 Elastic�or�Inelastic�?
‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ�ﺃﻢ�ﻏﻴﺮ�ﻣﺮﻥ؟‬

An elastic collision loses no energy.

The deformation on collision is
fully restored.

‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬.‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻥ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺃﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬

.‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

In an inelastic collision, energy is lost,

and the deformation may be
permanent.
‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ‬، ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻥ‬
.‫ﺩﺍﺋﺍ‬
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 An�Elastic�Spring
‫�ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ�ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻥ‬

A spring is an example of an elastic body that can be

deformed by stretching.

.‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬

A restoring force, F, acts in the direction opposite the

displacement of the oscillating body. F = -kx

‫ﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬،F ،‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺓ‬

.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ‬

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 Hook’s�Law�
��‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ�ﻫﻮﻙ‬
When a spring is stretched, there is a restoring force that is
�
proportional to the displacement.
F= -Kx
The spring constant k is a property of the spring given by:

The spring constant k is a measure of the elasticity of

the spring.
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ‬
.‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ‬

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 Stress�and�Strain
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ�ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬

Stress refers to the cause of a deformation, and

Strain refers to the effect of the deformation.

The downward force F causes the displacement x.

Thus, the stress is the force; the strain is the elongation.

.‫ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ‬،‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻲ‬
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 Types�of�Stress
‫ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ�ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬

1. A tensile stress occurs when equal and

opposite forces are directed away from each
other.

‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺍ ﻋﻦ‬
.‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬

2. A compressive stress occurs when equal

and opposite forces are directed toward each
other.
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
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Stress�and�Strain

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�Tensile�Strain(ᵰ ):
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ�ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻱ‬

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Thermal�stress
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ�ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

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�Shear�Stress(ᵰ )
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ�ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻲ‬

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�Normal�Stress�and�Shear�Stress
‫�ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ�ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ�ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ�ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬

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�Shear�Strain(γ)
‫�ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ�ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻲ‬

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 Bulk�Stress�and�Bulk�Strain

Bulk stress (‫)ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬: the pressure affects on a definite volume from all sides.

The effect of these forces is to decrease the volume of the submerged object by an amount ΔV
compared with the volume V0 of the object in the absence of bulk stress. This kind of deformation
is called bulk strain and is described by a change in volume relative to the original volume:

Note that the minus sign (–) is necessary because an increase Δp in pressure (a positive quantity)
always causes a decrease ΔV in volume and decrease in volume is a negative quantity. The
reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility k, or

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 ‫‪Elasticity�and�plasticity‬‬
‫‪Stress�–strain�curve‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺜﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﻩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺭﺳﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
Elasticity�and�plasticity
Stress-�Strain�curve

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 Stress- Strain diagram

Point (A): is the proportional limit (‫ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬where

the material behaves as elastic material until this
point. The slope of the line gives Young modulus.
Point B: is called Yield point (‫ ; )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ‬is the
point where wire change from elastic behavior to
plastic behavior.

Region (B-C): is plastic deformation region, the

cross section of wire decreases, so stress
increased.

Point (D): is breaking point, which represents the

maximum stress and ultimate strain.
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 Stress-�Strain�curve�in�Elastic�region

Animation of a uniformly strained crystal in a schematic uniaxial tension test along with a stress-
strain curve:

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 Stress-�Strain�curve�[Animation]

Animation of moving edge dislocations producing surface steps in a uniaxial tension test along with a
stress-strain curve:

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Modulus�of�Elasticity

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 Moduli�of�Elasticity

1. Young modulus: the ratio between tensile stress to tensile strain

2. Shear modulus (rigidity modulus): the ratio between shear stress to shear strain

3. Bulk modulus: the ratio between bulk stress to bulk strain.

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Solved�Problems

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Solved�Problems

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Solved�Problems

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Solved�Problems

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Poisson�ratio

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Poisson�ratio

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 Solved�Problems

A 6-in. spring has a 4-lb weight hung from one end, causing the new length to be
6.5 in. What is the spring constant? What is the strain?

Solution

[Δx = 6.5 in. – 6.0 in. = 0.50 in.] ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬

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 Solved�Problems

A coil spring 12 cm long is used to support a 1.8 kg mass producing a strain of

0.10. How far did the spring stretch? What is the spring constant?
Solution

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 Solved�Problems

A 60-kg weight is suspended by means of a cable having a diameter of 9 mm. What is the
stress?

Solution

[ F = mg = (60 kg)(9.8 m/s2); F = 588 N; D = 0.009 m ]

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 Solved�Problems

A 500-kg mass is hung from the end of a 2-m length of metal wire 1 mm in diameter. If the
wire stretches by 1.40 cm, what are the stress and strain? What is Young’s modulus for this
metal? [F = mg = (500 kg)(9.8 m/s2); F = 4900 N; D = 0.001 m; ΔL = 0.014 m ]
Solution

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 Solved�Problems

A shearing force of 40,000 N is applied to the top of a cube that is 30 cm on a side. What is the
shearing stress? [ A = (0.30 m)(0.30 m) = 0.09 m 2 ] and what will be the lateral displacement of the
upper surface of the cube?

Solution

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PHY
SIC
SI
(PH
101
)

37