EC2155 100

CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY

1 1. Verification of KVL and KCL 2 2. Verification of Thevenin and Norton Theorems. 3 3. Verification of superposition Theorem. 4 4. Verification of Maximum power transfer and reciprocit theorems. ! !. "re#uenc response of series and para$$e$ resonance circuits. % %. Characteristics of &N and 'ener diode ( (. Characteristics of C) confi*uration + +. Characteristics of C, confi*uration - -. Characteristics of ./T and 0C1 12 12. Characteristics of /")T and M30")T 11 11. Characteristics of 4iac and Triac. 12 12. Characteristics of &hotodiode and &hototransistor.

VERIFICATION OF KCL & KVL (KIRCHHOFFS LAWS)

56M7 To verif 8i9 Kirchhoff:s current $aw 8KCL9 8ii9 Kirchhoff:s vo$ta*e $aw 8KCL9 );.6&M)NT0 < C3M&3N)NT0 1);.61)47 0$. No. 1 2 3 4 ! % )#uipments < Components 1&0 5mmeter Vo$tmeter 1esistor ,read ,oard Connectin* wires 1an*e ;uantit 1

82=329 V 1 82=!9 m5> 82=129 m5> 82=329 2> 2> m5 respective$ 82=129 V 3 1 K? ! 1 5s re#uired

T@)31A7 KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL): KCL states that Bthe a$*eCraic sum of a$$ the currents at an node in a circuit e#ua$s DeroE. i.e.> 0um of a$$ currents enterin* a node F 0um of a$$ currents $eavin* a node KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL): KVL states that Bthe a$*eCraic sum of a$$ the vo$ta*es around an c$osed $oop in a circuit e#ua$s DeroE. i.e.> 0um of vo$ta*e drops F 0um of vo$ta*e rises &13C)1.1)7 KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL): 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram. 829 0witch on the 4C power supp$ ammeter readin*s. and note down the correspondin*

839 1epeat the step 2 for different va$ues in the vo$ta*e source. 849 "ina$$ verif KCL. KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL): 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram. 829 0witch on the 4C power supp$ vo$tmeter readin*s. and note down the correspondin*

839 1epeat the step 2 for different va$ues in the vo$ta*e source. 849 "ina$$ verif KVL. C5LC.L5T63N7

1)0.LT7 Thus 8i9 Kirchhoff:s Current Law < 8ii9 Kirchhoff:s Vo$ta*e Law are verified.

C61C.6T 465G15M7 KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL):

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V0 8vo$ts9 6 F 61 H 62 8m59

6 8m59

61 8m59

62 8m59

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V0 6 8m59 61 8m59 62 8m59 63 8m59 64 8m59 6 F 61 H 62 62 F 63 H 64

8vo$ts9

8m59

8m59

C61C.6T 465G15M7 KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V01 I V02 8vo$ts9

V01 8vo$ts9

V02 8vo$ts9

V1 8vo$ts9

V2 8vo$ts9

V3 8vo$ts9

V F V1 H V2 H V3 8vo$ts9

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

56M7

To verif 0uperposition theorem for 8i9 0 mmetrica$ T= NetworJ 8ii9 5s mmetrica$ T= NetworJ 8iii9 0 mmetrica$ K NetworJ );.6&M)NT0 < C3M&3N)NT0 1);.61)47 0$. No. 1 2 3 4 ! T@)31A7 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM: 0uperposition theorem states that Bin any linear network containin* two or more sources> the response in an e$ement is e#ua$ to the a$*eCraic sum of the responses caused C the individua$ sources actin* a$one> whi$e the other sources are non=operativeE. Lhi$e considerin* the effect of individua$ sources> other idea$ vo$ta*e and current sources in the networJ are rep$aced C short circuit and open circuit across the termina$ respective$ . &13C)4.1)7 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram. 829 0witch on the 4C power supp$ies V01 < V02 8e.*.7 to 12 V < ! V9 and note down the correspondin* ammeter readin*. Let this current Ce 6. 839 1ep$ace the power supp$ V02 8! V9 C its interna$ resistance and then switch on the supp$ V01 812 V9 and note down the correspondin* ammeter readin*. Let this current Ce 61. 849 Now connect CacJ the power supp$ 812 V9 C its interna$ resistance. V02 8! V9 and rep$ace the supp$ V01 )#uipments < Components 1&0 5mmeter 1esistor ,read ,oard Connectin* wires 1an*e ;uantit

82=329 V 1 82=19 m5> 82=129 m5 1 each 12 K?> 22 K?> !.+ K?> 1 3> 1> 1> ? respective$ 1 5s re#uired

8!9 0witch on the supp$ V02 8! V9 and note down the correspondin* ammeter readin*. Let this current Ce 62. 8%9 1epeat the steps 2 to ! for different va$ues of V01 < V02. 8(9 Verif the theorem usin* the re$ation 6 F 61 H 62 8for T= NetworJ9 < 6 F 61 M 62 8for 0 mmetrica$ K= NetworJ9

C5LC.L5T63N7

1)0.LT7 Thus 0uperposition theorem is verified for the fo$$owin* 8i9 0 mmetrica$ T= NetworJ 8ii9 5s mmetrica$ T= NetworJ 8iii9 0 mmetrica$ K= NetworJ.

C61C.6T 465G15M7 SYMMETRICAL T- NETWORK:

8a9 Lhen Coth V01 < V02 are active

8C9 Lhen V01 acts a$one

8c9 Lhen V02 acts a$one

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V01 8vo$ts9 V02 8vo$ts9 6 F 61 H 62 8m59

6 8m59

61 8m59

62 8m59

C61C.6T 465G15M7 ASYMMETRICAL T- NETWORK: 8a9 Lhen Coth V01 < V02 are active

8C9 Lhen V01 acts a$one

8c9 Lhen V02 acts a$one

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V01 8vo$ts9 V02 8vo$ts9 6 F 61 H 62 8m59

6 8m59

61 8m59

62 8m59

C61C.6T 465G15M7 SYMMETRICAL - NETWORK: 8a9 Lhen Coth V01 < V02 are active

8C9 Lhen V01 acts a$one

8c9 Lhen V02 acts a$one

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V01 8vo$ts9 V02 8vo$ts9 6 F 61 M 62 8m59

6 8m59

61 8m59

62 8m59

VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS & NORTONS THEOREM

56M7 To verif Thevenin:s < Norton:s theorem usin* experimenta$ set up. );.6&M)NT0 < C3M&3N)NT0 1);.61)47

0$. No. 1 2 3 4 ! % T@)31A7

)#uipments < Components 1&0 Vo$tmeter 5mmeter 1esistor ,read ,oard Connectin* wires

1an*e 82=329 V 82=129 V 82=19 m5 1 K?> !%2 ?> 4(2 ?> 1 ?> +2-.12 ?> 12 K?> !.% K?> !.1 K?

;uantit 1 1 1 2> 1> 1> 1> 1> 3> 2> 1 respective$ 1 5s re#uired

THEVENINS THEOREM: Thevenin:s theorem states that Bany two terminal linear network havin* a numCer of vo$ta*e> current sources and resistances can Ce rep$aced C a simp$e e#uiva$ent circuit consistin* of a sin*$e vo$ta*e source in series with a resistanceE> where the va$ue of the vo$ta*e source is e#ua$ to the open circuit vo$ta*e across the two termina$s of the networJ> and resistance is e#ua$ to the e#uiva$ent resistance measured Cetween the termina$s with a$$ the ener* sources rep$aced C their interna$ resistances. NORTONS THEOREM: Norton:s theorem states that Bany two terminal linear network havin* a numCer of vo$ta*e> current sources and resistances can Ce rep$aced C an e#uiva$ent circuit consistin* of a sin*$e current source in para$$e$ with a resistanceE. The va$ue of the current source is the short circuit current Cetween the two termina$s of the networJ> and resistance is the e#uiva$ent resistance measured Cetween the termina$s of the networJ with a$$ the ener* sources rep$aced C their interna$ resistances.

&13C)4.1)7 THEVENINS THEOREM: Genera C!r"#!$: 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram 1. 829 Measure the vo$ta*e across the $oad usin* a vo$tmeter or mu$timeter after switchin* on the power supp$ . Let it Ce VL. T% &!n' T(e)en!n* V% $a+e: (VTH) 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram 2. 829 1emove the $oad resistance and measure the open circuited vo$ta*e VT@ across the output termina$.

T% &!n' T(e)en!n* Re*!*$an"e: (RTH) 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram 3. 829 1emove the vo$ta*e source and rep$ace it with an interna$ resistance as shown. 839 .sin* mu$timeter in resistance mode> measure the resistance across the output termina$. T(e)en!n* C!r"#!$: 819 Connect the power supp$ of VT@ and resistance of 1T@ in series as shown in the circuit dia*ram 4. 829 Connect the $oad resistance 1L and measure VL: across the $oad resistance usin* a vo$tmeter after switchin* on the power supp$ . 839 Vo$ta*e measured with fi*ure 1 shou$d Ce e#ua$ to the vo$ta*e measured with this circuit. 8i.e.> VL F VL:9

NORTONS THEOREM: Genera C!r"#!$: 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram !. 829 Measure the current throu*h the $oad usin* an ammeter or mu$timeter after switchin* on the power supp$ . Let it Ce 6L. T% &!n' N%r$%n* C#rren$: (IN) 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram %. 829 1emove the $oad resistance and short circuit the output termina$. Then measure the current throu*h the short circuited termina$s. T% &!n' N%r$%n* Re*!*$an"e: (RN) 819 Connect the components as shown in the circuit dia*ram (. 829 1emove the vo$ta*e source and rep$ace it with an interna$ resistance as shown. 839 .sin* mu$timeter in resistance mode> measure the resistance across the output termina$. N%r$%n* C!r"#!$: 819 4raw the short circuit current source 6N in para$$e$ with 1N as shown in the circuit dia*ram +.

829 4raw the e#uiva$ent circuit C rep$acin* the current source 6N in para$$e$ with 1N C a vo$ta*e source such that Ve# F 6N . 1N vo$ts. 839 Then connect the circuit as shown in fi*ure - and measure the $oad current 6L: throu*h the $oad resistor 1L. This must Ce e#ua$ to 6L. C5LC.L5T63N7

1)0.LT7 Thus Thevenin:s theorem < Norton:s theorem are verified.

C61C.6T 465G15M7

THEVENINS THEOREM: 8a9 "6G.1) 1

8C9 "6G.1) 2

8c9 "6G.1) 3

8d9 "6G.1) 4

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 VT@ 8vo$ts9 1T@ 8ohms9 VL: 8vo$ts9

V0 8vo$ts9

VL 8vo$ts9

C61C.6T 465G15M7 NORTONS THEOREM: 8e9 "6G.1) !

8f9 "6G.1) %

8*9 "6G.1) (

8h9 "6G.1) +

8i9 "6G.1) -

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 Ve# F 6N . 1N 8vo$ts9

V0 8vo$ts9

6L 8m59

6N 8m59

1N 8K?9

6L: 8m59

VERIFICATION OF MA IMUM POWER TRANSFER & RECIPROCITY THEOREM

56M7 To verif circuit. Maximum &ower Transfer < 1eciprocit Theorem for the *iven

);.6&M)NT0 < C3M&3N)NT0 1);.61)47 0$. )#uipments < 1an*e ;uantit

No. 1 2 3 4 ! % ( + 12 11 T@)31A7

Components 1&0 Vo$tmeter 5mmeter 1esistor Capacitor 4ecade 1esistance ,ox 4ecade 6nductance ,ox "unction Generator C13 with proCes ,read ,oard Connectin* wires

82=329 V 82=129 V 82=129 m5 12 K?> 1 K? 2.1 N" 82=39 M@D 22 M@D

1 1 1 1> 3 respective$ 1 1 1 1 1 1 5s re#uired

MA,IMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: Maximum &ower Transfer Theorem states that Bmaximum power is de$ivered from a source to a $oad when the $oad resistance is sma$$ compare to the source resistanceE. 8ie> 1L F 109 6n terms of Thevenin e#uiva$ent resistance of a networJ> it is stated as Ba networJ de$ivers the maximum power to a $oad resistance 1L where 1L is e#ua$ to the Thevenin e#uiva$ent resistance of the networJE. RECIPROCITY THEOREM: 1eciprocit Theorem states that Bin any passive linear bilateral network, if the sin*$e vo$ta*e source Vx in Cranch x produces the current response 6 in Cranch > then the remova$ of the vo$ta*e source from Cranch x and its insertion in Cranch wi$$ produce the current 6 in Cranch x.E 6n simp$e terms> Binterchan*e of an idea$ vo$ta*e source and an idea$ ammeter in any passive, linear, bilateral circuit wi$$ not chan*e the ammeter readin*E.

&13C)4.1)7 MA,IMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: "or 4C Circuit7 819 Connect the circuit as shown in fi*ure 1. 829 0et the power supp$ to sa > 12 V. 839 Var the va$ues of the $oad resistance and note the correspondin* vo$ta*e readin* usin* a vo$tmeter.

849 TaCu$ate the readin*s and ca$cu$ate power usin* the re$ation V2O1. 8!9 &$ot the *raph Cetween power and $oad resistance. "or 5C Circuit7 819 Connect the circuit as shown in fi*ure 2. 829 0et the amp$itude of the sinusoida$ si*na$ to> sa ! V. 839 Var the fre#uenc of the input si*na$ from 1 K@D to 3 K@D in steps of 122 and note down the correspondin* vo$ta*e readin*s usin* a C13. 849 TaCu$ate the readin*s and ca$cu$ate power. 8!9 &$ot the *raph Cetween power and fre#uenc . RECIPROCITY THEOREM: 819 Connect the circuit as shown in fi*ure 3. 829 0witch on the power supp$ V0 and set it to some va$ue> sa ! V. 839 Note down the correspondin* ammeter readin*. 849 1epeat steps 2 < 3 for different va$ues of V0. 8!9 Now interchan*e the position of the power supp$ < ammeter as shown in fi*ure 4. 8%9 1epeat steps 2 to !. 84ifferent va$ues of V0 to Ce maintained same for setup 3 < 49 8(9 Compare the ratios V0O61 and V0O62. ,oth the ratios must Ce same.

C5LC.L5T63N7

1)0.LT7 Thus the maximum power transfer theorem and reciprocit verified. theorem are

C61C.6T 465G15M7 MA,IMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: "or 4C Circuit7 8"6G.1) 19

M34)L G15&@7

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 0$. No. Load 1esistance> 1L 8K?9 3utput Vo$ta*e> V2 8vo$ts9

&ower> & 8mL9

"or 5C Circuit7 8"6G.1) 29

Design: The maximum power is transferred if the fo$$owin* is satisfied. i.e.> PC F PL. where

XC =

1 2 F0 C

X L = 2 0F L
"rom these we have>

F0 =

1 2 LC

Considerin* "2 F 3 K@D < C F 2.1 N" i.e.> 2.1 x 12=% "

L= L=
M34)L G15&@7

1 4 2 F02C 4
2

1 6 F 2+.1 m@ 9 *106) ( 0.1*10 )

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7

0$. No.

"re#uenc > " 8@D9

3utput Vo$ta*e> V2 8vo$ts9

&ower> & 8mL9

C61C.6T 465G15M7 RECIPROCITY THEOREM: ("6G.1) 39

"6G.1) 4

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 V0 8vo$ts9 61 8m59 V0O61 8?9 62 8m59 V0O61 8?9

FRE!UENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS

56M7 To p$ot the resonance curve and to determine the Candwidth < ;=factor of series and para$$e$ resonance circuit.

);.6&M)NT0 < C3M&3N)NT0 1);.61)47 0$. No. 1 2 3 4 ! )#uipments < Components "unction Generator C13 with proCes 1esistor Capacitor 4ecade 6nductance ,ox 1an*e 82=39 M@D 22 M@D 1 K? 2.1 N" ;uantit 1 1 1 1 1

% ( 4)06GN7

,read ,oard Connectin* wires

1 5s re#uired

PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT: "or a para$$e$ resonant circuit> at resonance> PC F PL. 1esonant fre#uenc is

fr =

1 2 LC

Considerin* fr F 3 K@D < C F 2.1 N" i.e.> 2.1 x 12=% "

L= L=

1 4 2 f r2 C 4
2

1 6 F 2+.1 m@ 9 *106) ( 0.1*10 )

fr where ,L is Candwidth> which BW

;ua$it factor is oCtained C > Q factor =

is the difference Cetween the upper cutoff> 8f 29 and $ower cutoff fre#uencies 8f19 i.e.> f2 = f1

SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT: "or a series resonant circuit> resonant fre#uenc is oCtained as fo$$ows> 5t resonance> where PC F PL

XC =

1 2 f r C

X L = 2 fr L
Therefore>

fr =

1 2 LC

Considerin* fr F 3 K@D < C F 2.1 N" i.e.> 2.1 x 12=% "

L= L=

1 4 f r2 C
2

4 2 (

1 6 F 2+.1 m@ 9 *106) ( 0.1*10 )

fr where ,L is Candwidth> which BW

;ua$it factor is oCtained C > Q factor =

is the difference Cetween the upper cutoff> 8f 29 and $ower cutoff fre#uencies 8f19 i.e.> f2 = f1

&13C)4.1)7 819 Connect the circuit as shown in fi*ure. 829 0et to amp$itude of the sinusoida$ si*na$ to ! V> sa . 839 "re#uenc of the input si*na$ is varied from 122 @D to 2 K@D. Note down the correspondin* vo$ta*es on C13 for different fre#uencies. 8m59. 849 TaCu$ate the readin*s and ca$cu$ate the current usin* the formu$a 6 F V 2O1 8!9 &$ot the *raph Cetween vo$ta*e measured and fre#uenc . 8%9 4raw a horiDonta$ $ine exact$ at Q2 times the peaJ va$ue> which intersects the curve at two points. 4raw a $ine from intersectin* points to x=axis which meets at f1 and f2. 8(9 The Candwidth and ;=factor is oCtained from the formu$a *iven aCove.

C5LC.L5T63N7

1)0.LT7 Thus the resonance curve is p$otted and Candwidth < ;=factor is determined for the para$$e$ and series resonance circuits. &ara$$e$ 1esonance Circuit ,andwidth 8,L in @D9 ;=factor 0eries 1esonance Circuit

C61C.6T 465G15M7 PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT: 8"6G.1) 19

M34)L G15&@7

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 0$. No. "re#uenc > " 8@D9 3utput Vo$ta*e> V2 8vo$ts9

Current> 6 8m59

C61C.6T 465G15M7 SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT: 8"6G.1) 29

M34)L G15&@7

T5,.L51 C3L.MN7 0$. No. "re#uenc > " 8@D9 3utput Vo$ta*e> V2 8vo$ts9

Current> 6 8m59