Vectors 1

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VECTORS

Name

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Additional Mathematics Vectors

VECTORS
CONCEPT EXAMPLES
1. Definition
A vector quantity has both magnitude and
direction

Velocity, acceleration, displacement
2. Geometrical representation of vectors.

Usually represented by a directed line segment.

3. Negative vectors

4. Zero Vectors
Is a vector with zero magnitude and is denoted
by 0

5. Magnitude vector
Magnitude for vector AB can be written as
AB = a

6. Equal vectors
Two vectors are equal if they have the same
magnitude and direction.

EXERCISE 1
1. (a) Find the magnitude for the following vectors.
(b) Draw the negative vectors for each of the following vectors:

1

2

3

4

A
B
a
a AB=
B
a BA =
Use Phytagoras
theorem
AB =5 unit
3
4
a
b
a = b then
b a = and
both vectors
are parallel
d
a
A
AA = 0
a
c
a
b

2. State a pair of equal vectors from a group of vectors below:

3 ABCDEFGH is a polygon. State the vector
which is equal to the following vectors:

a)

b)

c)

d)
BA

BC

ED

AH

p
a
s
r
p
a
t
r
p
a
m
y
p
a
u
r
p
a
v
w
w
p
a
x
B
A
H
C
D
E
F
G

EXERCISE 2

1. Given a vector p in the diagram below. Construct the following vectors:
a) AB = 2 p (b) CD = 3 p (c) EF =
2
3
p (d) GH =
2
1
p

2. State the following vectors in terms of vector a:

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
7. Multiplying vectors by scalars

ka is a vector with a magnitude that
is k times of a.

a 2 AB =
a
2
1
PQ =
a
2
3
RS =
p
a
J
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
a
B
P
A
Q
P
A
R
P
A
S
A
A

3. ABCD is a uniform hexagon such that AB = a and BC = b,
State the following vectors in terms of a and b:
(a) DE

(b) CF

(c) EF

(d) BE

4. PQR is a straight line such that PQ : PR = 2 : 5 and PQ = u .
State the following vectors in terms of u.

(a) QR

(b) QP

(c) PR

5.
a)
Given AB =
2
3
CD and
CD Find
. cm 6 AB =

(b)
Given PQ =
7
4
RS and

PQ Find
. cm 21 RS =

A
B
C
A
D
E
F

EXERCISE 3

1. Given that PQ = 4a + 7 b, find the following vectors:
(a) 7 PQ

(b)
5
4
PQ

(c) 5 PQ

2.
(a)

Given that PQ = 3a + m b and
XY = n a + 6 b, find the value of m
and n such that 2PQ = 5 XY
(b) Given that AB = 2 a + 5 b and
CD =
5
12
a 6 b, find the value of k
such that 3AB = k CD

3.
(a)

Given that AB = 4 u and
CD =
2
5
u , determine whether
vectors AB and CD are parallel.
(b) Given that MN = 6 v and
PQ =
3
2
v , determine whether
vectors MN and PQ are parallel.

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
8. Parallel vectors
a) Given vectors u and v
(i) If u = k v, where k is a non-zero scalar,
then u and v are parallel.

(ii) If u and v are parallel, then u = k v,
where k is a non-zero scalar.

a
b
b = 2 a ,
then b is
parallel to a


(c)

Given that XY = 2a + 3b and
KL = a +
2
3
b , determine whether
vectors XY and KL are parallel.
(d) Given that AB = 2a + b and
CD = 6a 3 b , determine whether
vectors AB and CD are parallel

4. Given that , 4DE = BC 3 , what can you say about the line segments DE and BC?
a) If 6 DE = , find . BC

b) Given
~
b 3 AE = , state AC in terms of
~
b .

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
8(b)
If FG k EF = , k is a non-zero scalar, then
(i) EF is parallel to FG
(ii) E,F, and G are collinear.

Given that u 3 PQ = and u 5 QR = , show
that P, Q and R are collinear

Solution:
. u 3 PQ = , . u 5 QR =
PQ
3
1
u =
,
QR
5
1
u =

= PQ
3
1
QR
5
1

= PQ QR
5
3

P, Q and R are collinear.

C

E

A D B


EXERCISE 4

1.
(a)

Given that PQ = 3u and QR = 5u ,
determine whether vectors P, Q, and R
are collinear.
(b) Given that MN = 4v and NR = 7v ,
determine whether vectors M, N, and R
are collinear.

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
9. If m a = n b , m = n = 0 when

(i) vectors a and b are not parallel
(ii) vectors a and b are not zero vectors.

Given (m 2) x = (2n +5)y , m and n are
scalars. Find the values of m and n if x and y
are not parallel and are not zero vectors.

Solution:
m 2 = 0 , 2n +5 = 0
m = 2 , n =
2
5

EXERCISE 5

1. Given that (2h + 3) a = (2k 5 ) b and a and b are non-parallel vectors, find the numerical
values of h and k .

2. Given that (k + 2) x = (2h 3) y and x and y are non-parallel vectors, find the numerical
values of h and k .


CONCEPT EXAMPLES
10. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
VECTORS
1. Addition and subtraction of two parallel
vectors

2. Addition of two non-parallel vectors:
a) Triangle law

b) Parallelogram Law

3. Addition of three or more vectors.
a) Polygon Law

4. Subtraction of vectors.
subtraction of two non-parallel vectors.

(i) a 3 a 2 a = +
(ii) 4a 3a = a

AB + AD = AC

AB + BC + CD + DE = AE

EXERCISE 6
1. Draw the following vectors in the space provided:
(a) a + b (b) a 2 b

A
a
b
a + b
b
a + b
b
a
A
B
C D
B
C
AB + BC = AC
D
A
C
B
E
u
v
u
- v
u v
a
b

a
b

2. Given AB = a and AC = b. M is a mid point of BC.
Find
(a) BC

(b) BM

(c) AM

3. PQRSTU is a regular hexagon with center O.
Express each of the following as single vector:

(a) PQ + PT

(b) RS + ST

(c) PQ + PR + PT + PU

4. ABCD is a parallelogram. Diagonal AC and BD intersect at point O.
Find the resultant vector of each of the following:

(a) AB + BD

(b) CO + OD

(c) CA + BC

(d) OB + DO

5. Express the following vectors in terms of a and b :

(i) OP

(ii) OR

a b
O
B
R
P
A
B
A
C
R
P
Q
S
T
T
U
A
C
B
D
O

5. Given OX = 6 x , OY = 4 y. Express the following vectors in terms of x and y .

(a) OY XO

(b) XY

6. In the given diagram , PQ = a , PR = b and RS = 2a.
Express each of the following in terms of a and b .

(a) QR

(b) PS

7. In the given diagram, T is a midpoint of RQ. Find the following vectors in terms of a and b :
(a) PT

(b) PR

8. In a diagram , D is a mid point of CE. Given CE = 4AF = 3x and EF = 2CB = 2y.
Express each vector in terms of x and y:

(a) AE

(b) AD

6 x
4 y
X
O
Y
R
P
S
Q
a
b
2a.
6a
P
R
Q
T
2 b
B
C
E
A
D
F

CONCEPT EXAMPLES
11. REPRESENT VECTORS AS A
COMBINATION OF OTHER VECTORS.

AB = AC + CB
AB = AE + ED + DC + CB
AB = AC - BC

EXERCISE 7

1. Given PQ = p and PR = q. M is a mid point
of QR
. Find
(a) QR

(b) PM

2. Given AB = x, BC = y and AM =
3
2
AC .
Find
(a) AC

(b) AM

(c) BM

3. ABC is a triangle. BA = 4u and BC = 3v.
P is on the line AC and Q is on the line AB
such that AP =
2
3
PC and AQ =
5
3
AB.
Express each vector in terms of u and v:
(a) CA

(b) AP

(c) PQ

D
A
C
D
A
B
E
Q

D
A
R
P
B
A
C
-
M
B
A
C
P
Q

4. In the diagram , C is a midpoint of AB and
D is a midpoint of AC. If OA = a and
OB = b, express each of the following
vectors in terms of a and b.

(a) AB

(b) AD

(c) OD

(d) OC

If OE =
4
1
a +
4
1
b , show that ED is parallel to OA .

5. Given OA = 3p + q , OB = 3p + 4q and OC = 3p + 5q . OA is extended to a point D such that
OD = m OA and CD = n CB. Express OD in terms of

(a) m , p and q

(b) n , p and q

Hence, find the values of m and n.

B
A
b
C
A
A
D
A
O
A
a

6. In the diagram, given A is a point such that 3OA = OC and B is the mid point of OD.
The straight lines AD and BC intersect at point P.
Given that OA = 3a and OB = 5b .

(a) Express in terms of a and b
(i) AD

(ii) BC

(b) Given that AP = h AD and BP = k BC.
Express OP
(i) in terms of h, a and b

(ii) in terms of k, a and b .

Hence, or by using other method, find the values of h and k.

(c) Find BP : PC

D
O
A
B
C
P
5b
3a

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
12. VECTORS IN CARTESAN PLANE
1. Vectors in the form x i + y j and
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x

2. Magnitude vectors =
2 2
y x +

unit 5 25 4 3 PQ
2 2
= = + =

3. Unit vectors in given directions
If r = x i + y j , then the unit vector is

~
r = =
~
~
r
r
2 2 2 2
~
y x
j y i x
y x
r
+
+
=
+

Unit vector in the direction of OA if A( 2,3) is
13
j 3 i 2
3 2
j 3 i 2
OA
OA
2 2
+
=
+
+
=

4. Adding or subtracting two or more vectors
If a = x
1
i + y
1
j =
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
y
x

b = x
2
i + y
2
j =
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
y
x

a + b =
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
y
x

|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
y
x
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

a = 5 i + 4j =
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5

b = 4 i + j =
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
4

(i) a + b =
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
4
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
5
1
= i + 5 j
(ii) 2a b = 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
4
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
7
14
= 14 i + 7 j
5. Multiply vectors by scalars
If a = x i + y j =
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x

k a = k
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
ky
kx
, k is a constant.

(iii) a + 2b =
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
+ 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
4

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
6
3
2 4
) 8 ( 5
= 3 i + 6 j

EXERCISE 8
1. Express each of the vectors shown in the diagram in the form of
(a) x i + y j (b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x

a
b
c
O
x
y
3
4
P
PQ = 3 i + 4 j
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
3

Q
d

2. Find the magnitude of each of the following vectors:

(a) p = 4 i 5 j (b) r = 7 i 3 j
(c) q =
|
|
.
|
\
|
6
2

3. Given that a = 3 i 5 j and b = 2 i + p j . Find the value of p if

(a) a 2 b = i 11 j
(b) 41 b a 2 =

4. Given a = i + 3 j and b = 4i 2j . Find

(a) a + b

(b) a b

(d) 2a 5b

5.
a) Determine the unit vector r
if r = 6 i 8 j
b) Determine the unit vector r
if r = 2 i +3 j


6. Given a point A( 5, 12) and point B( 4,3) , express vectors OA and OB in terms of i and j .
Find the unit vector in the direction of OA.

7. Given a point P(1,8) and point Q(7,0). Find
(a) vector PQ in the form x i + y j and
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x

(b) the magnitude of PQ

(c) the unit vector in the direction of PQ .

8. Given OA = 4 i + 5 j , OB = h i + 5h j and AB = 2 i + k j , find the numerical value of h
and k.

9. Given vectors r = 4 i 6 j and s = 6 i + k j . If r and s are parallel vectors,
find the value of k.


10. Given AB = 6 i + 8 j and CD = h i + 2 j .
Find the value of h such that AB is parallel to CD.

11. Given OA = 3 i + 2 j , OB = 5 i + 6 j and OC = i + 4 j .
(a) Determine the following vectors , in terms of i and j.

(i) AB

(ii) AC

(b) Show that A , B and C are collinear.


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