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    Differential Equations Cookbook

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    AugustinZ
    This document provides a cookbook of methods for solving different types of first and second order differential equations: 1. It outlines four methods for solving first order differential equations: separation of variables, integrating factors, substitution where y=u(x)x, and substitution using Bernoulli's method with z=y^(1-n). 2. For second order differential equations, it describes using an exponential or trigonometric guess for homogeneous equations, and choosing a complementary solution based on the form of an inhomogeneous driving function f(x). 3. The document also humorously suggests these differential equation solving methods can be applied to understanding love affairs, and provides a link to a 1988 paper on using differential equations to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Differential Equations Cookbook

    Uploaded by

    AugustinZ
    129 views2 pages
    This document provides a cookbook of methods for solving different types of first and second order differential equations: 1. It outlines four methods for solving first order differential equations: separation of variables, integrating factors, substitution where y=u(x)x, and substitution using Bernoulli's method with z=y^(1-n). 2. For second order differential equations, it describes using an exponential or trigonometric guess for homogeneous equations, and choosing a complementary solution based on the form of an inhomogeneous driving function f(x). 3. The document also humorously suggests these differential equation solving methods can be applied to understanding love affairs, and provides a link to a 1988 paper on using differential equations to

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    A short summary of methods to solve differential equations of first and second order.

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    This document provides a cookbook of methods for solving different types of first and second order differential equations: 1. It outlines four methods for solving first order differential equations: separation of variables, integrating factors, substitution where y=u(x)x, and substitution using Bernoulli's method with z=y^(1-n). 2. For second order differential equations, it describes using an exponential or trigonometric guess for homogeneous equations, and choosing a complementary solution based on the form of an inhomogeneous driving function f(x). 3. The document also humorously suggests these differential equation solving methods can be applied to understanding love affairs, and provides a link to a 1988 paper on using differential equations to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    129 views2 pages

    Differential Equations Cookbook

    Uploaded by

    AugustinZ
    This document provides a cookbook of methods for solving different types of first and second order differential equations: 1. It outlines four methods for solving first order differential equations: separation of variables, integrating factors, substitution where y=u(x)x, and substitution using Bernoulli's method with z=y^(1-n). 2. For second order differential equations, it describes using an exponential or trigonometric guess for homogeneous equations, and choosing a complementary solution based on the form of an inhomogeneous driving function f(x). 3. The document also humorously suggests these differential equation solving methods can be applied to understanding love affairs, and provides a link to a 1988 paper on using differential equations to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 2

    Dierential Equations Cookbook

    Augustin Zidek
    Gonville and Caius
    az317@cam.ac.uk

    February 6, 2013
    This le will be updated as the lectures progress. The most recent version of the le is available at
    https://dl.dropbox.com/u/52098652/Differential_eq-Cookbook.pdf.
    1 First Order Dierential Equations
    Form Solution
    dy
    dx
    =
    f(x)
    g(y)
    1.1 Separation
    Multiply by g(y)dx and integrate.
    dy
    dx
    + p(x)y = f(x)
    1.2 Integrating factor
    1. Multiply by (x) = exp (

    p(x)dx)
    2. Left side is now derivation of a product, hence integrate both sides to
    obtain (x)y(x) =

    (x)p(x)dx + C.
    dy
    dx
    = f
    (
    y
    x
    )
    1.3 Substitution: y = u(x)x
    1. Check if f
    (
    y
    x
    )
    is homogeneous can substitute x = x
    0
    , y = y
    0
    and
    the result of f
    (
    y
    x
    )
    stays the same.
    2. Substitute y = u(x)x to get
    d
    dx
    (ux) = f
    (
    ux
    x
    )
    3. Transfer this to
    du
    dx
    =
    f(u)u
    x
    which is solvable by (1.1) Separation.
    dy
    dx
    + p(x)y = q(x)y
    n
    1.4 Substitution: z = y
    1n
    (Bernoulli)
    1. Calculate
    dz
    dx
    :
    dz
    dx
    =
    d
    dx
    (y
    n1
    ) = (1 n)y
    n
    dy
    dx
    = (1 n)[p(x)z + q(x)]
    2. This can be rearranged to:
    dz
    dx
    + (1 n)p(x)z = (1 n)q(x)
    which is (almost magically) solvable by (1.2) Integrating factor.

    Any corrections, suggestions, comments or simple thanks appreciated.


    1
    2 Second Order Dierential Equations
    Form Solution
    d
    2
    y
    dx
    2
    + 2a
    dy
    dx
    + by = 0
    2.1 Guess a solution: y = e
    x
    (Homogeneous case)
    1. Try a solution y = e
    x
    . The dierential equation will become

    2
    e
    x
    + 2ae
    x
    + be
    x
    = (
    2
    + 2a + b)e
    x
    = 0.
    2. Since e
    x
    = 0, the dierential equation will have solution i satises

    2
    + 2a + b = 0
    which has solutions
    1,2
    = a

    a
    2
    b a, b > 0.
    3. Roots
    1
    ,
    2
    are distinct, hence by principle of superposition y equals to
    the sum of these two solutions: y = C
    1
    e

    1
    x
    + C
    2
    e

    2
    x
    .
    4. If a
    2
    b < 0 roots will be complex. The solution above is valid, but
    complex. The real solution can be written as:
    y = e
    ax
    [
    D
    1
    cos
    (

    b a
    2
    x
    )
    + D
    2
    sin
    (

    b a
    2
    x
    )]
    5. If =
    1
    =
    2
    then y = (C
    1
    x + C
    2
    )e
    x
    .
    d
    2
    y
    dx
    2
    +2a
    dy
    dx
    +by = f(x)
    2.2 Guess a solution according to f(x) (Inhomogeneous case)
    1. Solve the equation as if it was (2.1) Homogeneous ignore f(x) for
    now. This will give a complementary function y
    1
    .
    2. Then try solution according to the table below. If your guess was correct,
    the equation should transform to an algebraic equation. Solve it and get
    a solution y
    p
    .
    Function f(x) Solution y
    p
    to try
    Polynomial Polynomial with the same degree.
    ce
    kx
    de
    kx
    c
    1
    cos(kx) + c
    2
    sin(kx) d
    1
    cos(kx) + d
    2
    sin(kx)
    c
    1
    cosh(kx) + c
    2
    sinh(kx) d
    1
    cosh(kx) + d
    2
    sinh(kx)
    3. This will fail if the given substitution is a solution to the homogeneous
    equation. In that case try multiplying you guess for y
    p
    by x or (if it still
    doesnt work) with x
    2
    . E.g. guessing y
    p
    = de
    kx
    doesnt work. Hence, try
    y
    p
    = dxe
    kx
    .
    4. The nal solution is y = y
    1
    + y
    p
    .
    Finding this fun? Do you know this can be applied to love aairs? You dont believe? OK, have a look at
    this paper from 1988 https://dl.dropbox.com/u/52098652/SS_love_dEq.pdf.
    2

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