3.1 Flow of Invisid and Homogeneous Fluids: Chapter 3. High-Speed Flows

1
Lecture Notes on Fluid Dynmics

(1.63J/2.21J)
by Chiang C. Mei, MIT
CHAPTER 3. HIGH-SPEED FLOWS
AND BOUNDARY LAYERS
3-1-invisc.tex
May 10, 2003
In this chapter we examine high-speed ows of a viscous uid. As a prelude, the limit of
inviscid ows is breiy discussed.
3.1 Flow of invisid and homogeneous uids
3.1.1 Irrotational ows
For an inviscid and incompressible uid with constant density,
D
Dt
=

q.
If

= 0 everywhere at t = t
0
, then
D
Dt
= 0
at t = t
0
for all x. Therefore, at t = t
0
+ dt
,

= 0 everywhere. Repeating the argument,

remains zero at t = t
0
+2dt, t
0
+3dt, . . . , for all x. In other words the ow is irrotational at
all times if it is so at the start. A ow in which

= q vanishes everywhere is called an
irrotational ow.
It is a well known identity in vector analysis that an irrotational vector can be expressed
as the gradient of a scalar potential. Thus we dene the velocity potential by
q = (3.1.1)
An immediate consequence of continuity is that
q = =
2
=

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
= 0 (3.1.2)
i.e., is a harmonic function of x. Note that (3.1.2) is the result of mass and momentum
conservation.
If the motion is two-dimensional in the x, y plane then continuity equation reads:
u
x
+
v
y
= 0 (3.1.3)
2
and irrotationality requires
v
x

u
y
= 0 (3.1.4)
These two equations are identical to the Cauchy-Riemann conditions relating the real and
imaginary parts of an analytic function of the complex variable z = x + iy. The velocity
components can be expressed as the gradient of a two-dimensional potential
u =

x
v =

y
(3.1.5)
which saties the Laplace equation,
x
2
+

2
y
2
= 0 (3.1.6)
It is also useful to introduce another scalar function, the stream function , dened by
u =

y
v =
x
. (3.1.7)
so that (3.1.3) is satised automatically. Substituting Eqn. (3.1.7) into Eqn. (3.1.4), we nd
to be a harmonic function too.
x
2
+

2
y
2
= 0. (3.1.8)
By denition,
(u =)
x
=

y
, (v =)
y
=
x
(3.1.9)
therefore and also satisfy Cauchy-Riemann conditons and are harmonic conjugates
of each other. This is why the theory of complex functions is an important tool in two-
dimensional potential ows.
In the plane of x, y, lines of constant are called equipotential lines; the velocity vector
is normal to equipotential lines and is directed from lower to higher poteitials. Lines of
constant are the streamlines; the velocity vector is tangential to the local streamline. It
follows that equi-potentials are perpendicular to streamlines. As a formal proof we note that
=
x
x
+
y
y
= u(v) + vu = 0 (3.1.10)
Indeed the dierence of the stream functions at two points is just the volume ux rate
between the two points. This can be seen by using the denitions (3.1.7). First (x, y) has
the dimension of volume ux rate : UL = L
2
/T. With reference to Figure (??), the ux
between two streamlines can be calculated in two equivalent ways
uy (along x = constant) = vx(along y = constant)
3
Figure 3.1.1: Denition of the stream function
.
Figure 3.1.2: Physical meaning of the stream function
.
In view of (3.1.7),
u =

y
=

y
|
x=const.
, v =
x
=
x
|
y=const.
,
hence
uy =

y
y = , vx =

x
x = .
where =
2

1
. simple observations will conrm that the stream funciton has all the
features of the rate of volume ux. From the theory of complex functions, the following
complex potential
w = (x, y) + i(x, y) i =
1. (3.1.11)
4
is analytic in z = x+iy, except at singular points. In particular the derivative is independent
of direction. Indeed,
dw
dz
=
w
x
=
w
iy
since
w
x
=

x
+ i
x
= u iv, and
w
iy
= i
y
+

y
= u iv.
Because of these connections to complex variables, the theory of analytical functions has
been a powerful tool for solving 2D irrotational ow problems for a long time. Its luster has
faded somewhat only after the advent of computers.
3.1.2 Bernoulli theorems of homogeneous uids
Unsteady and irrotational ows
From the momentum equation,
q
t
+
q
2
2
q (q) =
1
p +

f. (3.1.12)
If the body force is conservative and the ow irrotational, i.e.,

f = and q = , then
t
+
q
2
2
+
p
= 0
which can be integrated in space to give
t
+
q
2
2
+
p
+ = C(t) (3.1.13)
for all x. This Bernoulli law is useful in the theory of surface waves.
Steady but rotational ows The momentum equation reads:
q q =
1
p +

f
still applies. If = constant and

f = , we have
q
j
q
i
x
j
=
1
p
x
i

x
i
and, by scalar multiplication with q
i
,
q
i
q
j
q
i
x
j
= q
i
x
i
5
Now the left-hand side can be written as
q
j
x
j
q
i
q
j
2
since
q
j
x
j
= 0
Therefore,
q
i
x
i
q
2
2
+
p
= 0.
and
q
2
2
+
p
+ = constant along a streamline. (3.1.14)

A streamline is a curve along which the velocity vectors are tangent to the line. It is
importatn that the constant may be dierent for dierent streamlines, hence (3.1.14) is
dierent from (3.1.13).
Most of the wave phenonmena in iuds can be described by an inviscid theory. The
interested reader should visit the website for WAVES:
http://web.mit.edu/uids-modules/waves/www/

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Lecture Notes on Fluid Dynmics

+ = constant along a streamline. (3.1.14)

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