CS2402 MOBILE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I MOBILE NETWORKS 9

Cellular Wireless Networks GSM Architecture Protocols Connection
Establishment Frequency Allocation Routin Mobility Manaement Security
GPRS!
UNIT II WIRELESS NETWORKS 9
Wireless "ANs an# PANs $EEE %&'!(( Stan#ar# Architecture Ser)ices Network
*i+er"AN ,lue -ooth. Wi.Fi WiMA/
UNIT III ROUTING 9
Mobile $P 0*CP A#*oc Proacti)e an# Reacti)e Routin Protocols Multicast
Routin!
UNIT IV TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERS 9
Mobile -CP WAP Architecture WWW Prorammin Mo#el W0P W-"S W-P
WSP WAE W-A Architecture WM" WM"Scri+ts!
UNIT V PERVASIVE COMPUTING 9
Per)asi)e com+utin in1rastructure.a++lications. 0e)ice -echnoloy . *ar#ware2
*uman.machine $nter1aces2 ,iometrics2 an# 3+eratin systems 0e)ice Connecti)ity
Protocols2 Security2 an# 0e)ice Manaement. Per)asi)e Web A++lication architecture.
Access 1rom PCs an# P0As . Access )ia WAP
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
(! 4ochen Schiller2 5Mobile Communications62 P*$2 Secon# E#ition2 '&&7!
'! 4ochen ,urkhar#t2 Per)asi)e Com+utin8 -echnoloy an# Architecture o1 Mobile
$nternet A++lications2 A##ison.Wesley Pro1essional9 7r# e#ition2 '&&:
REFERENCES:
(! Frank A#elstein2 San#ee+ ;S Gu+ta2 Gol#en Richar#2 Fun#amentals o1 Mobile an#
Per)asi)e Com+utin2 McGraw.*ill '&&<
'! 0ebashis Saha2 Networkin $n1rastructure 1or Per)asi)e Com+utin8 Enablin
-echnoloies2 ;luwer Aca#emic Publisher2 S+riner9 First e#ition2 '&&'
7! $ntro#uction to Wireless an# Mobile Systems by Arawal an# =en2 ,rooks> Cole
?-homson "earnin@2 First e#ition2 '&&'
A! Bwe *ansmann2 "othar Merk2 Martin S! Nicklons an# -homas Stober2 Princi+les o1
Mobile Com+utin2 S+riner2 New Cork2 '&&7!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (
ANAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER TECHNOLOGY
KAHIPATTUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ! ENFINEERING
CS2402" MOBILE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING
#UESTION BANK
PART"A
UNIT"I
$% W&'( )* +,-)./ 0,+12()345
Mobile com+utin is a technoloy that allows transmission o1 #ata2 )ia a com+uter2
without ha)in to be connecte# to a 1iEe# +hysical link!
2% W&'( '6/ (7, 8)99/6/3( :)38* ,9 +,-).)(;5
U*/6 M,-).)(;: $t re1ers to a user who has access to the same or similar
telecommunication ser)ices at #i11erent +laces!
D/<)0/ P,6('-).)(;: many mechanisms in the network an# insi#e the #e)ice ha)e to make
sure that communication is still +ossible while the #e)ice is mo)in!
3% F)38 ,2( (&/ 0&'6'0(/6)*()0* 7&)./ 8/<)0/ 0'3 (&2* /=&)-)( 826)34 0,++23)0'(),3%
FiEe# an# Wire#
Mobile an# Wire#
FiEe# an# Wireless
Mobile an# Wireless
4% W&'( '6/ '11.)0'(),3* ,9 M,-)./ C,+12()345
Dehicles
Emerencies
,usiness
Re+lacement o1 wire# networks
$n1otainment
"ocation #e+en#ent ser)ices
Follow.on ser)ices
"ocation aware ser)ices
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG '
Pri)acy
$n1ormation ser)ices
Su++ort ser)ices
Mobile an# wireless #e)ices
Sensor
Embe##e# controllers
Paer
Mobile +hones
Personal #iital assistant
Pocket com+uter
Notebook>la+to+
5% W&'( '6/ (&/ ,-*('0./* )3 +,-)./ 0,++23)0'(),3*5
$nter1erence
Reulations an# s+ectrum
"ow ,an#wi#th
*ih #elays2 lare #elay )ariation
"ower security2 sim+ler to attack
Share# Me#ium
A#hoc.networks
>% L)*( ,2( (&/ '8<'3('4/ ,9 0/..2.'6 7)6/./** 3/(7,6:*%
*iher ca+acity2 hiher number o1 users
"ess transmission +ower nee#e#
More robust2 #ecentraliFe#
,ase station #eals with inter1erence2 transmission area etc!
?% W&'( '6/ (&/ 8)*'8<'3('4/* ,9 0/..2.'6 *;*(/+*5
-he a#)antaes o1 cellular systems are2
$n1rastructure nee#e#
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7
*an# o)er nee#e#
Frequency +lannin
@% W&'( '6/ (&/ -'*)0 46,21* ,9 .,4)0'. 0&'33/.*5
GSM s+eci1ies ' basic rou+s o1 loical channels2
-ra11ic channels
Control channels
9% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0'(/4,6)/* ,9 M,-)./ */6<)0/*5
,earer ser)ices
-ele ser)ices
Su++lementary ser)ices

$0% W&'( '6/ *2-*;*(/+* )3 GSM *;*(/+5
Ra#io subsystem ?RSS@
Network G Switchin subsystem ?NSS@
3+eration subsystem ?3SS@
$$% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0,3(6,. 0&'33/. 46,21* )3 GSM5
-he control channel rou+s in GSM are8
,roa#cast control channel ?,CC*@
Common control channel ?CCC*@
0e#icate# control channel ?0CC*@
$2% W&'( '6/ (&/ 9,26 (;1/* ,9 &'38,</6 '<').'-./ )3 GSM5
$ntra cell *an#o)er
$nter cell $ntra ,SC *an#o)er
$nter ,SC $ntra MSC han#o)er
$nter MSC *an#o)er
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A

$3% G)</ (&/ )39,6+'(),3A* )3 SIM5
Car# ty+e2 serial no2 list o1 subscribe# ser)ices
Personal $#entity Number?P$N@
Pin Bnlockin ;ey?PB;@
An Authentication ;ey?;$@
$4% W&'( )* (&/ 96/B2/30; 6'34/ ,9 21.)3: '38 8,73.)3: )3 GSM 3/(7,6:5
-he 1requency rane o1 u+link in GSM network is %H&.HI& M*F
-he 1requency rane o1 #ownlink in GSM network is H7<.HI& M*F
$5% W&'( '6/ (&/ */026)(; */6<)0/* ,99/6/8 -; GSM5
-he security ser)ices o11ere# by GSM are8
Access control an# authentication!
Con1i#entiality!
Anonymity!

$>% W&'( )* '2(&/3()0'(),3 0/3(6/ CA2CD5
As the ra#io inter1ace an# mobile stations are +articularly )ulnerable a se+arate
AuC has been #e1ine# to +rotect user i#entity an# #ata transmission! -he AuC contains
the alorithms 1or authentication as well as the keys 1or encry+tion an# enerates the
)alues nee#e# 1or user authentication in the *"R! -he AuC may2 in 1act2 be situate# in a
s+ecial +rotecte# +art o1 the *"R!

$?% W&'( )* N/(7,6: '38 S7)(0&)34 *2-*;*(/+5
-he heart o1 the GSM is 1orme# by the Network an# Switchin System ?NSS@!
NSS consists o1 the 1ollowin switches an# #atabases8
Mobile Ser)ices switchin Center ?MSC@
*ome "ocation reister ?*"R@
Disitor "ocation Reister ?D"R@
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG <
$@% W&'( '6/ (&/ */6<)0/* 16,<)8/8 -; *211./+/3('6; */6<)0/*5
Bser i#enti1ication
Call re#irection
Call 1orwar#in
Close# user rou+s
Multi+arty Communication

$9% W&'( '6/ (;1/* ,9 H'38,</65
$ntra.cell han#o)er
$nter.cell2 intra. ,SC han#o)er
$nter.,SC2 intra.MSC han#o)er
$nter MSC han#o)er
20% W&'( '6/ (&/ 6/'*,3* 9,6 8/.';* )3 GSM 9,6 1'0:/( 8'(' (6'99)05
Collisions only are +ossible in GSM with a connection establishment! A slotte#
A"3*A mechanism is use# to et access to the control channel by which the base station
is tol# about the connection establishment attem+t! A1ter connection establishment2 a
#esinate# channel is installe# 1or the transmission!
2$% I9 @ *1//0& 0&'33/.* '6/ *211,6(/8 ,3 ' *)34./ 6'8), 0&'33/.E '38 )9 3, 42'68
-'38 )* '**2+/8E 7&'( )* (&/ 32+-/6 ,9 *)+2.('3/,2* 2*/6* (&'( 0'3 -/
'00,++,8'(/8 )3 GSM5
(&&& users!

22% W&'( )* +/'3( -; -/'0,35
A beacon contains a timestam+ an# other manaement in1ormation use# 1or
+ower manaement an# roamin! e!!2 i#enti1ication o1 the base station subsystem ?,SS@

CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG I
23% L)*( ,2( (&/ 32+-/6* 3//8/8 (, .,0'(/ '3 MS '38 (, '886/** (&/ MS%
-he numbers nee#e# to locate an MS an# to a##ress the MS are8

Mobile station international $S0N number ?MS$S0N@
$nternational mobile subscriber i#entity ?$MS$@
-em+orary mobile subscriber i#entity ?-MS$@
Mobile station roamin number ?MSRN@
24% W&'( )* +/'3( -; GPRS5
-he General Packet Ra#io Ser)ice +ro)i#es +acket mo#e trans1er 1or a++lications
that eEhibit tra11ic +atterns such as 1requent transmission o1 small )olumes!

25% W&'( )* +/'3( -; GGSN5
GGSN is Gateway GPRS Su++ort No#e! $t is the inter.workin unit between the
GPRS network an# eEternal +acket #ata networks! -he GGSN is connecte# to eEternal
networks )ia the Gi inter1ace an# trans1ers +ackets to the SGSN )ia an $Pbase# GPRS
backbone network!

2>% W&'( )* +/'3( -; SGSN5
SGSN is Ser)in GPRS Su++ort No#e! $t su++orts the MS )ia the Gb inter1ace!
-he GSN is connecte# to a ,SC )ia 1rame relay!

2?% W&'( )* +/'3( -; BSSGP5
,SSGP is ,ase Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol! $t is use# to con)ey routin
an# JoS. relate# in1ormation between the ,SS an# SGSN!,SSGP #oes not +er1orm error
correction an# works on to+ o1 a 1rame relay network!
UNIT"II
$% W&'( '6/ (&/ A8<'3('4/* ,9 7)6/./** LAN5
FleEibility
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG :
Plannin
0esin
Robustness
Juality Ser)ice
Cost
Pro+rietary Solution
Restriction
Sa1ety an# Security
2% W&'( '6/ (&/ D/*)43 G,'.* ,9 W)6/./** LANK
Global 3+eration
"ow Power
"icense.1ree 3+eration
Robust transmission technoloy
Sim+li1ie# s+ontaneous co.o+eration
Easy to use
Protection o1 in)estment
Sa1ety an# Security
-rans+arency 1or a++lication
3% M/3(),3 *,+/ ,9 (&/ 8)*'8<'3('4/* ,9 WLANS5
Juality o1 ser)ice
Pro+rietary solutions!
Restrictions
Sa1ety an# Security
4% M/3(),3 (&/ 9/'(26/* ,9 6'8), (6'3*+)**),35
Co)er lare areas!
Can +enetrate walls2 1urnitureLs!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG %
0oes not nee# a "3S!
*iher transmission rates!
5% W&'( '6/ (&/ 8)*'8<'3('4/* ,9 6'8), (6'3*+)**),35
Shiel#in is not so sim+le!
Can inter1ere with other sen#ers!
"imite# ranes o1 license.1ree ban#s!
>% M/3(),3 (&/ 9/'(26/* ,9 )396'6/8 (6'3*+)**),35
Sim+le
EEtremely chea+
"icenses are not nee#e#
Electrical #e)ices #o not inter1ere
?% W&'( '6/ A8<'3('4/* '38 D)*'8<'3('4/* ,9 I396'6/85
A8<'3('4/*:
Sim+le an# eEtremely chea+ sen#ers an# recei)ers which interate# in almost all
mobile #e)ices
MNo licenses are nee#e# 1or in1rare# technoloy an# shiel#in is )ery sim+le!
Electrical #e)ices #o not inter1ere with in1rare# transmission!
D)*'8<'3('4/*:
"ow ban#wi#th
Juite easily shiel#e#
Cannot Penetrate
@% W&'( )* (&/ 8)99/6/30/ -/(7//3 )396'*(620(26/ '38 '8"&,0 3/(7,6:*5
I396'*(620(26/"-'*/8 7)6/./** 3/(7,6:*:
Communication takes +lace only between the wireless no#es an# the access +oint2
but not #irectly between the wireless no#es!
A8"&,0 7)6/./** 3/(7,6:*:
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG H
Communication takes +lace #irectly with other no#es2 so no access +oint
Controllin me#ium access is necessary!
9% D/9)3/ 96/B2/30; &,11)34 *16/'8 *1/0(62+5
F*SS allows 1or the coeEistence o1 multi+le networks in the same area by
se+aratin #i11erent networks usin #i11erent ho++in sequences!
$0% D/9)3/ 6'38,+ -'0: ,99 ()+/5
$1 the me#ium is busy2 no#es ha)e to wait 1or the #uration o1 0$FS2 enterin a
contention +hase a1terwar#s! Each no#e now chooses a ran#om back o11 time within a
contention win#ow an# #elays me#ium access 1or this ran#om amount o1 time!
$$% W&'( )* (&/ 16)+'6; 4,'. ,9 IEEE @02%$$5
-he +rimary oal o1 the stan#ar# was the s+eci1ication o1 a sim+le2 robust2 W"AN
which o11ers time boun#e# an# asynchronous ser)ices also it shoul# be able to o+erate
with multi+le +hysical layers!
$2% I* IEEE @02%$$ '38 W)"F) *'+/F S('(/ (&/ 1261,*/ ,9 W)"F)%
A3*: No
$t is wireless internet! Cour la+to+ has an internal wireless car# so you can connect to
wireless routers! $1 you oto a hotel that a#)ertises 1ree wireless internet2 you shoul# be
able to connect to it! Cou #onNt ha)e to ha)e an Ethernet cable to connect to the web at
home either!
$3% W&; (&/ PHY .';/6 ,9 IEEE @02%$$ )* *2-8)<)8/85 W&'( '-,2( H)1/6LAN2 '38
B.2/(,,(&5
P"CP Physical "ayer Con)erence Protocol
Clear channel assessment sinal ?carrier sense@
PM0 Physical Me#ium 0e+en#ent
Mo#ulation2 co#in
P*C Manaement channel selection2
M$, Station Manaement coor#ination o1 all manaement 1unctions
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (&
$4% W&'( '6/ (&/ <'6),2* </6*),3* ,9 ' 1&;*)0'. .';/6 8/9)3/8 )3 IEEE @02%$$
*('38'68*5
$EEE %&'!((.%7!< M*F
$EEE %&'!((a .7&& M*F
$EEE %&'!((b! %7!< M*F
$EEE %&'!(( . %7!< M*F
$5% W&'( '6/ (&/ *;*(/+ )3(/46'(),3 9230(),3* ,9 MAC +'3'4/+/3(5
SynchroniFation
Power manaement
Roamin
Manaement in1ormation base ?M$,@
UNIT"III
$% W&'( '6/ (&/ 6/B2)6/+/3(* ,9 +,-)./ IP5
Com+atibility
-rans+arency
Scalability an# e11iciency
Security
2% M/3(),3 (&/ 8)99/6/3( /3()()/* )3 ' +,-)./ IP%
Mobile No#e
Corres+on#ent No#e
*ome Network
Forein Network
Forein Aent
*ome Aent
Care.31 a##ress
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG ((
Forein aent C3A
Co.locate# C3A
3% D/9)3/ M,-)./ 3,8/:
A mobile no#e is an en#.system or router that can chane its +oint o1 attachment
to the $nternet usin mobile $P! -he MN kee+s its $P a##ress an# can continuously with
any other system in the $nternet as lon as link layer connecti)ity is i)en!
4% E=1.')3 C/..2.'6 IP%
Cellular $P +ro)i#es local han#o)ers without renewe# reistration by installin a
sinle cellular $P ateway 1or each #omain2 which acts to the outsi#e worl# as a 1orein
aent!
5% W&'( 8, ;,2 +/'3 -; +,-).)(; -)38)345
-he Mobile No#e sen#s its reistration request to the *ome Aent! -he *A now
sets u+ a mobility bin#in containin the mobile no#eLs home $P a##ress an# the current
C3A!
>% D/9)3/ COA%
-he C3A ?care o1 a##ress@ #e1ines the current location o1 the MN 1rom an $P
+oint o1 )iew! All $P +ackets sent to the MN are #eli)ere# to the C3A2 not #irectly to the
$P a##ress o1 the MN! Packet #eli)ery towar# the MN is #one usin the tunnel! 0*CP is
a oo# can#i#ate 1or su++ortin the acquisition o1 Care 31 A##resses!
?% D/9)3/ ' (233/.%
A tunnel establishes a )irtual +i+e 1or #ata +ackets between a tunnel entry an# a
tunnel en#+oint! Packets enterin a tunnel are 1orwar#e# insi#e the tunnel an# lea)e the
tunnel unchane#!
@% W&'( )* /30'1*2.'(),35
Enca+sulation is the mechanism o1 takin a +acket consistin o1 +acket hea#er
an# #ata +uttin it into the #ata +art o1 a new +acket!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG ('
9% W&'( )* 8/0'1*2.'(),35
-he re)erse o+eration2 takin a +acket out o1 the #ata +art o1 another +acket2 is
calle# #eca+sulation!
$0% D/9)3/ '3 ,2(/6 &/'8/6%
-he *A takes the oriinal +acket with the MN as #estination2 +uts it into the #ata
+art o1 a new +acket an# sets the new $P hea#er in such a way that the +acket is route# to
the C3A! -he new hea#er is calle# the outer hea#er!
$$% D/9)3/ '3 )33/6 &/'8/6%
-here is an inner hea#er which can be i#entical to the oriinal hea#er as this case
1or $P.in.$P enca+sulation2 or the inner hea#er can be com+ute# #urin enca+sulation!
$2% W&'( )* +/'3( -; 4/3/6)0 6,2()34 /30'1*2.'(),35
Generic routin enca+sulation allows the enca+sulation o1 +ackets o1 one +rotocol
suite into the +ayloa# +ortion o1 a +acket o1 another +rotocol suite!
$3% W&; )* 3//8 ,9 6,2()345
Routin is to 1in# the +ath between source an# #estination an# to 1orwar# the
+ackets a++ro+riately!
$4% W&'( )* (&/ 2*/ ,9 3/(7,6: '886/** (6'3*.'(),35
-he network a##ress translation is use# by many com+anies to hi#e internal
resources an# to use only some lobally a)ailable a##resses!
$5% D/9)3/ (6)'342.'6 6,2()34%
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (7
-he ine11icient beha)ior o1 a non.o+timiFe# mobile $P is calle# trianular routin!
-he trianle is ma#e u+ o1 three sements2 CN to *A2 *A to C3AOMN2 an# MN back to
CN!
$>% W&'( )* +/'3( -; ' -)38)34 0'0&/5
3ne way to o+timiFe the route is to in1orm the CN o1 the current location by
cachin it in a bin#in cache which is a +art o1 the local routin table 1or the CN!
$?% D/9)3/ -)38)34 6/B2/*(%
Any no#e that wants to know the current location o1 an MN can sen# a bin#in
request to the *A! -he *A can check i1 the MN has allowe# #issemination o1 its current
location! $1 the *A is allowe# to re)eal the location it sen#s back a bin#in u+#ate!
$@% W&'( )* :3,73 '* B)38)34 218'(/5
-his messae sent by the *A to CNs re)eals the current location o1 the MN! -he
messae contains the 1iEe# $P a##ress o1 the MN an# the C3A! -he bin#in u+#ate can
request an acknowle#ement!
$9% E=1.')3 -)38)34 '0:3,7./84/+/3(%
$1 requeste#2 a no#e returns this acknowle#ement recei)in a bin#in u+#ate
messae!
20% D/9)3/ -)38)34 7'63)34%
$1 a no#e #eca+sulates a +acket 1or a MN2 but it is not the current FA 1or this MN2
this no#e sen#s a bin#in warnin! -he warnin contains MNLs home a##ress an# a taret
no#e a##ress!
2$% W&'( '6/ (&/ '8<'3('4/* ,9 0/..2.'6 IP5
Manaeability8
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (A
Cellular $P is mostly sel1.con1iurin2 an# interation o1 the C$PGW into a
1irewall woul# 1acilitate a#ministration o1 mobility.relate# 1unctionality!
E11iciency
-rans+arency
Security
22% W&'( )* :3,73 '* +,-).)(; '30&,6 1,)3(5
*M$P)I +ro)i#es micro.mobility su++ort by installin a mobility anchor +oint2
which is res+onsible 1or a certain #omain an# acts as a local *A within this #omain 1or
)isitin MNs!
23% E=1.')3 8/*()3'(),3 */B2/30/ 8)*('30/ </0(,6 6,2()34%
0estination sequence #istance )ector routin is an enhancement to #istance )ector
routin 1or a#.hoc networks an# is use# as routin in1ormation +rotocol in wire#
networks!
24% W&'( '6/ (&/ (7, (&)34* '88/8 (, (&/ 8)*('30/ </0(,6 '.4,6)(&+5
Sequence Numbers
0am+in
25% H,7 (&/ 8;3'+)0 *,260/ 6,2()34 8,/* 8)<)8/ (&/ ('*: ,9 6,2()34 )3(, (7,
*/1'6'(/ 16,-./+*5
Route #isco)ery
Route Maintenance
2>% H,7 0'3 DHCP -/ 2*/8 9,6 +,-).)(; '38 *211,6( ,9 +,-)./ IP5
Normally2 a mobile no#e uses a care.o1.a##ress! $n some cases2 the mobile no#e
may ha)e to act as its own 1orein aent by usin co.locate# care o1 a##ress! -he means
by which a mobile no#e acquires a co.locate# a##ress is beyon# the sco+e o1 mobile $P!
3ne means is to #ynamically acquire tem+orary $P a##ress an the mo)e usin ser)ices
such as 0*CP!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (<
2?% L)*( ,2( (&/ *,+/ ,9 (&/ 1,12.'6 R,2()34 16,(,0,.*%
0S0D?0estination Sequence 0istance Dector@
0SR?0ynamic Source Routin@
A30D?A#.*oc 3n 0eman# Dector Routin@
2@% W&'( )* +/'3( -; T6'3*1'6/30;5
Mobility shoul# remain in)isible 1or many hiher layer Protocols an#
a++lications! -he only a11ects o1 mobility shoul# be a hiher #elay an# lower ban#wi#th
which are natural in the case o1 mobile networks!
29% S1/0)9; (&/ 9)/.8 ,9 +)3)+'. /30'1*2.'(),3 +/(&,8 )3 +,-)./ 3/(7,6: .';/6%
Minimal enca+sulation #oin2
A)oi#s re+etition o1 i#entical 1iel#s e!! --"2 $*"2 )ersion2 -3S
3nly a++licable 1or un1ramente# +ackets2 no s+ace le1t 1or 1rament
i#enti1ication
30% W&'( 8, ;,2 +/'3( -; 6,'+)345
Mo)in between access +oints is calle# roamin! E)en wireless networks may
require more than one access +oint to co)erall rooms! $n or#er to +ro)i#e uninterru+te#
ser)ice2 we require roamin when the user mo)es 1rom one access +oint to another!
3$% W&'( )* +,-)./ 6,2()345
E)en i1 the location o1 a terminal is known to the system2 it still has to route the
tra11ic throuh the network to the access +oint currently res+onsible 1or the wireless
terminal! Each time a user mo)es to a new access +oint2 the system must reroute tra11ic!
-his is known as mobile routin!
UNIT"IV
$% W&'( )* *.,7 *('6(5
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (I
-CPLs reaction to a missin acknowle#ement is necessary to et ri# o1
conestion quickly! -he beha)ior -CP shows a1ter the #etection o1 conestion is calle#
slow start!
2% W&'( )* (&/ 2*/ ,9 0,34/*(),3 (&6/*&,.85
-he eE+onential rowth o1 the conestion win#ow in the slow start mechanism is
#anerous as it #oubles the conestion win#ow at each ste+! So a conestion threshol# is
set at which the eE+onential rowth sto+s!
3% W&'( ./8 (, (&/ 8/</.,1+/3( ,9 I38)6/0( TCP5
-CP +er1orms +oorly toether with wireless links
-CP within the 1iEe# network cannot be chane#!
-his le# to the #e)elo+ment o1 $.-CP which sements a -CP connection into a 1iEe# +art
an# a wireless +art!
4% W&'( )* (&/ 4,'. ,9 M"TCP5
-he oal o1 M.-CP is to +re)ent the sen#er win#ow 1rom shrinkin i1 bit errors or
#isconnection but not conestion cause current +roblems!
$t wants
P -o +ro)i#e o)erall throuh+ut
P -o lower the #elay
P -o maintain en#.to.en# semantics o1 -CP
P -o +ro)i#e a more e11icient han#o)er!
5% W&'( 8, ;,2 +/'3 -; 1/6*)*(/3( +,8/5
Persistent mo#e is the state o1 the sen#er will not chane no matter how lon the
recei)er is #isconnecte#! -his means that the sen#er will not try to retransmit the #ata!
>% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0&'6'0(/6)*()0* ,9 2%5GF3%5G 7)6/./** 3/(7,6:*5
0ata rates
"atency
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (:
4itter
Packet loss
?% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0,39)426'(),3 1'6'+/(/6* (, '8'1( TCP (, 7)6/./** /3<)6,3+/3(*5
"are Win#ows
"imite# -ransmit
"are M-B
Selecti)e Acknowle#ement
EE+licit Conestion Noti1ication
-imestam+
No hea#er com+ression
@% S('(/ (&/ 6/B2)6/+/3(* ,9 WAP%
$ntero+erable
Scalable
E11icient
Reliable
Secure
9% N'+/ (&/ .';/6* ,9 WAP%
-rans+ort layer
Security layer
-ransaction layer
Session layer
A++lication layer
$0% N'+/ *,+/ ICMP +/**'4/*%
0estination unreachable
Parameter +roblem
Messae too bi
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (%
Reassembly 1ailure
Echo request>re+ly
$$% W&'( )* WTP5 W&'( '6/ )(* 0.'**/*5
W-P stan#s 1or Wireless -ransaction Protocol! $t has been #esine# to run on
)ery thin clients such as mobile +hones! $t has three classes8
Class &8 +ro)i#es unreliable messae trans1er without any result messae!
Class (8 +ro)i#es reliable messae trans1er without eEactly one reliable result
messae!
Class '8 +ro)i#es reliable messae trans1er with eEactly one reliable result
messae!
$2% W&'( )* WSP5
-he Wireless Session Protocol has been #esine# to o+erate on to+ o1 the
#ataram ser)ice W0P or the transaction ser)ice W-P! $t +ro)i#es a share# state
between a client an# a ser)er to o+timiFe content trans1er!
$3% N'+/ *,+/ 9/'(26/* ,9 WSP '8'1(/8 (, 7/- -6,7*)34%
*--P>(!( 1unctionality
EEchane o1 session hea#ers
Push an# +ull #ata trans1er
Asynchronous request
$4% W&'( )* WML5
-he Wireless Marku+ "anuae is base# on the stan#ar# *-M" known 1rom the www
an# on *0M"! WM" is s+eci1ie# as an /M" #ocument ty+e!
$5% W&'( '6/ (&/ 9/'(26/* ,9 WML5
-eEt an# $maes
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG (H
Bser interaction
Na)iation
ConteEt Manaement
$>% W&'( '6/ (&/ '8<'3('4/* ,9 WML S06)1( ,</6 WML5
WM" Scri+t o11ers se)eral ca+abilities not su++orte# by WM"8
Dali#ity check o1 user in+ut
Access to #e)ice 1acilities
"ocal user interaction
EEtension to the #e)ice so1tware
$?% N'+/ (&/ .)-6'6)/* *1/0)9)/8 -; WML S06)1(%
"an
Float
Strin
BR"
WM" ,rowser
0ialos
$@% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0.'**/* ,9 .)-6'6)/*5
Common network ser)ices
Network s+eci1ic ser)ices
Public ser)ices
$9% N'+/ (&/ ,1/6'(),3* 1/69,6+/8 -; PAP.
Push access Protocol +er1orms the 1ollowin o+erations8
Push submission
Result noti1ication
Push cancellation
Status query
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG '&
Client ca+abilities query
20% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0,+1,3/3(* ,9 WAP2%05
-he +rotocol 1ramework o1 WAP'!& consists o1 1our com+onents8
,earer networks
-rans+ort ser)ices
-rans1er ser)ices
Session ser)ices
2$% W&'( )* (&/ 2*/ ,9 0,34/*(),3 (&6/*&,.85
-he eE+onential rowth o1 the conestion win#ow in the slow start mechanism is
#anerous as it #oubles the conestion win#ow at each ste+! So a conestion threshol# is
set at which the eE+onential rowth sto+s!
22% W&'( )* )+'4/ *0'.)345
$1 a +ae contains a true color2 hih.resolution +icture2 this +icture can be calle#
#own to 1ewer colors2 lower resolution2 or 1inally to only the title o1 the +icture! -he user
can #eci#e to #ownloa# the +icture se+arately! Further one can o11er cli++in2 Foomin2
or #etail Stu#ies to users i1 they are intereste# in a +art o1 the +icture!
23% D/9)3/ WAP
WAP is Wireless A++lication Protocol! $t is the basic 3bQecti)e o1 the WAP 1orum
are to brin #i)erse $nternet content an# others #ata ser)ice to #iital cellular +hones an#
other wireless2 mobile terminals! More e)er a +rotocol suite shoul# enable lobal wireless
communication across #i11erent wireless network technoloies! All WAP 1orum solution
must be8 intero+erable2 scalable2 e11icient2 an# reliable!
24% W&'( )* WML B6,7*/65
WM" ,rowser is a library that +ro)i#es se)eral 1unctions ty+ical 1or a browser2
such as +er to o back one car# or re1resh to u+#ate the conteEt o1 the user inter1ace!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG '(
25% W&'( '6/ (&/ 9/'(26/* ,9 WML5
WM" inclu#es se)eral basic 1eatures!
i@ -eEt an# $maes
ii@Bser $nteraction
iii@Na)iation
i)@ConteEt Manaement
2>% W&'( '6/ (&/ (7, 9230(),3* ,9 (&/ (6'3*1,6( .';/6 )3 (&/ )3(/63/(5
-he two 1unctions o1 the trans+ort layer in the internet are check summin o)er
user #ata an# multi+leEin> #emulti+leEin o1 #ata 1rom a++lications!
2?% W&'( )* 0'../8 (&/ /=1,3/3()'. 46,7(& ,9 (&/ 0,34/*(),3 7)38,75
-he sen#ers always calculate conestion win#ow 1or a win#ow start siFe o1 the
conestion win#ow is one sement! Sen#er sen#s one +acket an# waits 1or
acknowle#ement! $1 acknowle#ement arises it raises the le)el o1 conestion win#ow by
one! $1 sen#er sen#s two +ackets i1 acknowle#ement arises it raises the le)el o1
conestion win#ow by two! -his scheme raises the le)el o1 conestion win#ow e)ery
time the acknowle#es come back2 which takes roun#tri+ time ?R--@!-his is calle# the
eE+onential rowth o1 the conestion win#ow!
2@% A8<'3('4/* ,9 I"TCP:
$.-CP #oes not require any chanes in the -CP +rotocol as use# by the hosts in
the 1iEe# network or other hosts in a wireless network that #o not use this
o+timiFation!
Without +artitionin retransmission o1 lost +ackets woul# take +lace between
mobile host an# corres+on#ent host across the whole network!
-he short #elay between the mobile host an# 1orein aent can be #etermine# an#
is in#e+en#ent o1 other tra11ic streams! -here1ore an o+timiFe# -CP can use
+recise time.outs to uarantee retransmission as 1ast as +ossible!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG ''
Partitionin into two connections also allows the use o1 a #i11erent trans+ort layer
+rotocol between the 1orein aent an# the mobile host or the use o1 com+resse#
hea#ers etc! -he 1orein aent can act as a ateway to translate between #i11erent
+rotocols!
29% D)*'8<'3('4/* ,9 I"TCP:
-he loss o1 the en# to en# semantics o1 -CP cause +roblems i1 the 1orein aent
+ortionin the -CP connection crashes!
AnR increase# han#o)er latency is more +roblematic in +ractical use
-heR 1orein aent must be a truste# entity because the -CP connections en# at
this +oint!

30% H,7 8,/* 8'(' (6'3*+)**),3 (':/* 1.'0/5

0ata transmission takes +lace usin network a#a+ters2 1iber o+tics2 co++er wires2
s+ecial har#ware 1or routers etc!
3$% M/3(),3 (7, WAP */6<)0/ 16,<)8/*% F)38 (7, 0/.. 1&,3/* *211,6()34 WAP '38
)8/3()9; 7&)0& WAP </6*),3 (&/; *211,6(%
Wireless a++lication +rotocol ?WAP@ is a common e11ort o1 many com+anies an#
oraniFations to set u+ a 1ramework 1or wireless an# mobile web access usin many
#i11erent trans+ort systems! E! GSM2 GPRS2 BM-S
32% H,7 '38 7&; 8,/* I"TCP )*,.'(/ 16,-./+* ,3 (&/ 7)6/./** .)3:5 W&'( '6/ (&/
+')3 86'7-'0:* ,9 (&)* *,.2(),35
-he loss o1 the en# to en# semantics o1 -CP causes +roblems i1 the 1orein aent
+ortionin the -CP connection crashes! $ncrease# han#o)er latency is more +roblematic
in +ractical use ! -he 1orein aent must be a truste# entity because the -CP connections
en# at this +oint!
33% C'3 (&/ 16,-./+* 2*)34 TCP 9,6 +,-)./ 0,++23)0'(),3 -/ *,.</8 -; 6/1.'0)34
TCP 7)(& *3,,1)34 TCP5 G2*()9; ;,26 '3*7/6%
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG '7
A3*: ;/*
,u11erin o1 +ackets sent to the mobile host lost +ackets on the wireless link ?both
retransmitte# imme#iately by the mobile host or #irections@ will be 1orein aent2
res+ecti)ely ?so calle# local retransmission@
-he 1orein aent there1ore snoo+s the +acket 1low an# reconiFes
acknowle#ements in both #irections2 it also 1ilters AC;s
Chanes o1 -CP only within the 1orein aent
34% W&'( '6/ (&/ :/; /./+/3(* ,9 (&/ WAP *1/0)9)0'(),35
Networks an# Network ,earers
-CP>$P as -rans+ort Protocol
Processors
35% W&'( '6/ (&/ 4,'.* ,9 WTLS .';/65
$t +ro)i#es the u++er.le)el layer o1 WAP with a secure trans+ort ser)ice inter1ace
that +reser)es the trans+ort ser)ice inter1ace below it! $n a##ition2 W-"S +ro)i#es an
inter1ace 1or manain ?e!!2 creatin an# terminatin@ secure connections! $t +ro)i#es
1unctionality similar to -"S (!& an# incor+orates a##itional 1eatures such as #ataram
su++ort2 o+timiFe# han#shake an# #ynamic key re1reshin!
3>% W&'( )* +/'3 -; SCPS"TP5
-he set o1 +rotocols #e)elo+e# 1or s+ace communication is known as s+ace
communications +rotocol stan#ar#s ?SCPS@2the eEten#e# -CP is calle# SCPS trans+ort
+rotocols?SCPS.-P@!
3?% W&'( '6/ A8<'3('4/ '38 D)*'8<'3('4/ ,9 M,-)./ TCP5
A8<'3('4/:
i! M.-CP maintains the -CP en#.to.en# semantic! -he S* #oes not sen# anyAC;
itsel1 but 1orwar#s the AC;s 1rom the M*!
ii! $1 the M* is #isconnecte#2 MR-CP a)oi#s useless retransmissions2 slow starts or
breakin connections by sim+ly shrinkin the sen#erLs win#ow to &!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 'A
iii! Since M.-CP #oes not bu11er #ata in the S* as $.-CP #oes2 it is not necessary to
1orwar# bu11ers to a new S*! "ost +ackets will be automatically retransmitte# to
the new S*!
D)*'8<'3('4/:
i! As the S* #oes not act as +roEy as in $.-CP2 +acket loss on the wireless link #ue
to bit errors is +ro+aate# to the sen#er! M.-CP assumes low bit error rates2
which is not always a )ali# assum+tion!
ii! A mo#i1ie# -CP on the wireless link not only requires mo#i1ication to the M*2
+rotocol so1tware but also new network elements like the ban#wi#th manaer!
3@% W&'( )* 9'*( 6/(6'3*+)(5
-he a+ in the +acket stream is not #ue to se)ere conestion2 but a sim+le +acket
loss #ue to a transmission error! -he sen#er can now retransmit the missin +acket be1ore
the timer eE+ires! -his beha)ior is calle# 1ast retransmit!
39% W&'( )* 9'*( 6/0,</6;5
-he recei+t o1 acknowle#ement shows that there is no conestion Qusti1yin a
slow start! -he sen#er can continue with the current conestion win#ow! -he sen#er
+er1orms a 1ast reco)ery 1rom the +acket loss! -his mechanism can im+ro)e the
e11iciency o1 -CP #ramatically!
40% W&'( )* HTTP5
-he *y+erteEt trans1er +rotocol is a stateless2 lihtweiht2 a++lication le)el
+rotocol 1or #ata trans1er between ser)ers an# clients! An *--P transaction consists o1 an
*--P request issue# by a client an# an *--P res+onse 1rom the ser)er! Stateless means
that all *--P transactions in#e+en#ent o1 each other!
4$% D/9)3/ D'+1)34%
-ransient chanes in to+oloy that are short #uration shoul# not #estabiliFe the
routin mechanism !A#)ertisements containin chanes in to+oloy currently store# are
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG '<
there1ore not #isseminate# 1urther !A no#e waits with #issemination i1 these chanes are
most likely not yet stable! Waitin time #e+en#s on the time between the 1irst an# the best
announcement!
42% D/9)3/ WDP%
W0P is Wireless 0ataram Protocol o+erates on to+ o1 many #i11erent bearer
ser)ices ca+able o1 carry in #ata! At the -.SAP W0P o11ers a consistent #ataram
trans+ort ser)ice in#e+en#ent o1 the un#erlyin bearer!W0P o11ers source an# #estination
+ort numbers use# 1or multi+leEin an# #emulti+leEin o1 #ata res+ecti)ely!
43% W&'( '6/ (&/ (&6// 7';* ,9 WTA /=(/38* (&/ WAE '11.)0'(),3 +,8/.5
i! Content +ush8 A W-A oran ser)er can +ush the content!
ii! *an#lin o1 network e)ents8 A #e)ice can ha)e a table in#icatin how to react to
certain e)ents 1rom the mobile network!
iii! Access to tele+hony 1unction8 A++lication runnin on the client can access
tele+hony 1unctions 1rom WM" or WM" scri+t is )ery sim+le!
44% D/9)3/ WCMP%
-he wireless control messae +rotocol +ro)i#es error han#lin mechanism 1or
W0P an# shoul# there1ore be im+lemente#! WCMP contains control messaes that
resemble the internet control messae +rotocol 1or $P)A2 messaes an# can also be use#
1or #ianostic an# in1ormational +ur+oses! WCMP can be use# by W0P no#es an#
ateways to re+ort error!
45% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0'1'-).)()/* ,9 WML S06)1(5
WM" Scri+t ser)es as a com+lement to WM" an# +ro)i#es a eneral scri+tin
ca+ability in the WAP architecture! While all WM" content is static WM" Scri+t o11er
se)eral ca+abilities!
i@ Dali#ity check o1 user in+ut
ii@ Access to #e)ice 1acility
iii@ "ocal user interaction
i)@ EEtensions to the #e)ice so1tware
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 'I
4>% D/9)3/ WSP%
-he wireless session +rotocol has been #esine# to 1unction on to+ o1 the
#ataram ser)ice W0P or the transaction ser)ice W-P! For both ty+e security can be
inserte# usin the W-"S security layer i1 require#!WSP +ro)i#e a share# state between a
client an# a ser)er to o+timiFe content trans1er! *--P2 a +rotocol WSP tries to re+lace
within the wireless #omain!
4?% W&'( '6/ :/; 9/'(26/* ,9 (&/ 0266/3( 8/</.,1+/3( )3 I3(/63/( (/0&3,.,4;5
$m+ro)e# ra#io technoloy an# antennas
Core network con)erence
A#.hoc technoloies
Sim+le an# o+en ser)ice +lat1orm
UNIT V
$% W&'( )* 1/6<'*)</ 0,+12()345
Per)asi)e Com+utin is a technoloy that +er)a#es the users en)ironment by
makin use o1 multi+le in#e+en#ent in1ormation #e)ices ?both 1iEe# an# mobile2
homoeneous or heteroeneous@ interconnecte# seamlessly throuh wireless or wire#
com+uter communication networks which are aime# to +ro)i#e a class o1 com+utin >
sensory > communication ser)ices to a class o1 users2 +re1erably trans+arently an# can
+ro)i#e +ersonaliFe# ser)ices while ensurin a 1air #eree o1 +ri)acy > non.intrusi)eness!
2% W&'( '6/ (&/ -'*)0 '*1/0(* ,6 ,9 ' P/6<'*)</ C,+12()34 /3<)6,3+/3(5
Multi+le #e)ices like car key2 mobile +hones2 car au#io system2 an# na)iation
system are interate# in the system!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG ':
A lare number o1 #i11erent inter1aces are use# to buil# an o+timiFe# user
inter1ace! -here is a concurrent o+eration o1 o11line2 an# tem+orary online
systems!
A lare number o1 s+ecialiFe# com+uter systems are interconnecte# )ia local
buses an# the internet!
Short rane an# wi#e area wireless communication are interate#!
Security element +ro)i#e unauthoriFe# access!
3% L)*( (&/ 0&'6'0(/6)*()0* ,9 ' P/6<'*)</ C,+12()345
Pri)acy G Security
E11ecti)eness o1 A++roach Across Networks
Economic consi#erations
Juality consi#erations
Monitorin mechanisms
A#a+tability an# FleEibility
Practicability
Sustainability
4% D/9)3/ 6,'+)34 /3<)6,3+/3(5
Roamin En)ironment8 An en)ironment that allows connecti)ity an#
communication to the ser)ices outsi#e the home Fone is calle# a RoaminEn)ironment!
Some sam+le #e)ices that may in)ol)e Roamin.base# access S1iEe# > mobile roaminT8
P0As > Palmto+s > Pocket PCs > Cell +hones > Smart +hones > WAP +hones
"a+to+s > -ablet PCs > Notebook PCs
0eskto+ PCs > Ser)ers > Web -Ds
;iosks
$n)isible com+utin #e)ices > Smart interacti)e +osters
Wearable com+uters
5% W&'( '6/ (&/ 0,+1,3/3(* ,9 1/6<'*)</ 0,+12()345
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG '%
Com+onents o1 $n1rastructure 1or Per)asi)e Com+utin inclu#e Mobile com+utin
#e)ices2 FiEe# com+utin #e)ices2 Multimo#e RF Mobile communication in1rastructure
SFiEe#.to.Mobile an# Mobile.to. FiEe# communication system inter1acesT2 -rust system
?security an# +ri)acy@2 Protocol stacks an# PersonaliFe# ser)ice 1rameworks!
>% L)*( (&/ )**2/* )3<,.</8 )3 1/6<'*)</ 0,+12()34 (/0&3,.,4;5
F/'(26/"*1/0)9)0 )**2/*
Form.1actor.?siFe@.s+eci1ic issues
Power.+ro)isionin issues
Weiht.s+eci1ic issues
Sha+e.s+eci1ic issues
Coolin.s+eci1ic issues
Connecti)ity.s+eci1ic issues
Bser $nter1ace.s+eci1ic issues
,o#y.sa1ety.s+eci1ic issues Snot 1or all #e)icesT
S/026)(;"*1/0)9)0 )**2/*
Processor.choice.s+eci1ic issues
3+eratin System.s+eci1ic issues
0e)elo+ment an# eEecution.en)ironment.s+eci1ic issues
Cost.s+eci1ic issues
?% W&'( '6/ (&/ &'687'6/ D/<)0/ T/0&3,.,4; 9,6 P/6<'*)</ C,+12()345
Power.+ro)isionin technoloies
0is+lay technoloies
Memory technoloies
Communication technoloies
Processor technoloies
$nter1acin technoloies
Sensor -echnoloies
Authentication -echnoloies
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 'H
@% D/9)3/ L,7"1,7/6 D/<)0/ T/0&3,.,4)/*5
Since many o1 the #e)ices in)ol)e# in the +er)asi)e com+utin en)ironment may
ha)e to be small in siFe an# may ha)e to li)e on their battery > +ower units2 consum+tion
o1 lower +ower2 eEtension o1 +ower +ro)isionin +erio# etc! assume critical sini1icance!
$n a##ition2 +re)ention 1rom eEcessi)e heatin also requires attention! Power
requirements can be re#uce# by se)eral means riht 1rom material selection an# chi+.
le)el #esinin to so1tware #esinin an# communication system #esinin! Power
+ro)isionin technoloy inclu#in the ,attery #esin technoloy +lays a )ery im+ortant
role in the +rocess!

9% L)*( (&/ +'H,6 8)*1.'; 8/<)0/ (/0&3,.,4)/* )3 1/6<'*)</ 0,+12()345
Catho#e Ray -ube base# 0is+lays ?CR-s@
"iqui# Crystal 0is+lays ?"C0s@
Acti)e MatriE 0is+lays
-hin Film -ransistor 0is+lays ?-F-s@
Passi)e MatriE #is+lays
Sinle Scan 0is+lays ?Colour Su+er.-wist Nematic8 CS-Ns@
0ual Scan 0is+lays ?0ual Su+er.-wist Nematic8 0S-N@
*ih.Per1ormance A##ressin #is+lays ?*PAs@
"iht Emittin 0io#e base# 0is+lays ?"E0s@
3ranic "E0 base# 0is+lays ?3"E0s@
"iht.Emittin Polymer base# 0is+lays ?"EPs@
Chi+.on.Glass 0is+lays ?CoGs@
"iqui# Crystal on Glass 0is+lays ?"CoGs@
$0% H,7 8,/* +,-)./ )3(/63/( 16,(,0,. ,</60,+/ (&/ '886/** 16,-./+* ,9 IP<45
-o o)ercome the a##ress +roblems o1 $P)A 1or mobile no#es mobile $P uses two
$P a##resses8 a 1iEe# home a##ress an# care o1 a##ress that chanes at each new +oint o1
attachment!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7&
$$% W&'( )* PALM OS5
Palm 3S is the com+uter o+eratin system that +ro)i#es a so1tware +lat1orm 1or
the Palm series o1 han#hel# +ersonal #iital assistants ?P0As@ ma#e by Palm $nc!
Accor#in to Palm2 Palm 3S was #esine# 1rom the beinnin to 1it into a +alm.siFe
#e)ice o1 a s+eci1ic siFe an# with a s+eci1ic #is+lay siFe!
$2% E=1.')3 -6)/9.; '-,2( BE OS%
,e3S is a +ower1ul 3S #esine# +rimarily 1or Multime#ia #eskto+ use!
3riinally ,e3S was #esine# 1or a custom com+uter system known as the ,e,oE that
ha# s+ecial multime#ia in+ut>out+ut 1eatures2 an# was later +orte# to the Macintosh2 an#
1inally +orte# to the PC!
$3% L)*( (&/ 0&'6'0(/6)*()0* ,9 I6DA%
Frequency ban#
Security
-ransmittin ca+abilities
,an#wi#th
S+eech
$4% W&'( )* (&/ .'(/*( (/0&3,.,4; /+/64/8 )3 -'((/6)/*5
-he latest in battery technoloy is the emerence o1 lithium +olymer cells2 which
use a el material 1or the electrolyte! -he batteries are ma#e 1rom a 1ew thin an# 1leEible
layers2 an# #o not require a leak.+roo1 casin! -his means the batteries can be ma#e in
any sha+e or siFe!

$5% D/9)3/ C62*,/ 16,0/**,6%
-he crusoe +rocessor consists mostly o1 so1tware! -he relati)ely small +rocessor
is #esine# as a ('%.bit )ery lon instruction wor# +rocessor ca+able o1 eEecutin u+ to
1our o+erations +er cycle!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7(

$>% W&'( 8, ;,2 +/'3 -; IF)('.;J5
-he 1italy keyboar# arranes the letters base# on their in#i)i#ual 1requency an#
the +robability o1 transitions in the Enlish lanuae! -he name is #eri)e# 1rom the
or#ers o1 letters in one o1 the to+ rows o1 the layout2 Qust as the JWER-C layout!
$?% W&'( )* +/'3( -; B),"M/(6)0*5
,iometrics is the science an# technoloy o1 measurin an# analyFin bioloical
#ata! $n in1ormation technoloy2 biometrics re1ers to technoloies that measure an#
analyFe human bo#y characteristics2 such as 0NA2 1iner+rints2 eye retinas an# irises2
)oice +atterns2 1acial +atterns an# han# measurements2 1or authentication +ur+oses!
$@% W&'( )* ' IO0('</J5
Another a++roach to enter a teEt without real or on.screen keyboar# is use# by
octa)e 1rom e.acute! 3cta)e ma+s each letter o1 the al+habet to one o1 eiht unique
strokes! -he strokes are base# on a common characteristics +art o1 the letters they
re+resent an# are locate# aroun# the ti+s o1 a star sha+e# +attern!

$9% W&'( '6/ (&6// *(/1* )3<,.</8 )3 (&/ 16,0/** ,9 S;30&6,3)K'(),35
Pre synchroniFation
SynchroniFation
Post synchroniFation!
20% C&'../34/* ,9 8/<)0/ +'3'4/+/3( )3 P/6<'*)</ C,+12()345
-rackin the #e)ice location
0e)ice user relationshi+
Dersion control o1 #e)ices an# so1tware that are out in the 1iel#
So1tware u+#ates o1 eEistin #e)ices
$nstallation o1 new so1tware on eEistin #e)ices
Pro)i#in secure access to #e)ice in1ormation
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7'
P'6( B C$> M'6:*D
UNIT I
(! 0iscuss brie1ly about the cellular systems!
'! 0iscuss the +rotocol architecture o1 GSM telecommunication system!
7! 0iscuss brie1ly the GPRS system!
A! *ow #oes the near>1ar e11ect in1luence -0MA systemsK What ha++ens in C0MA
SystemsK What are countermeasures in -0MA systemsK
<! Com+are -0MA2 F0MA an# C0MA systems!
I! *ow is synchroniFation achie)e# in GSM an# why is it im+ortantK *ow system
security is maintaine# in GSMK
:! Re+resent #iarammatically the +rotocol machines 1or multi+le access with collision
a)oi#ance!
%! 0escribe mobility manaement in #etail
H! EE+lain in #etail #i11erent routin mechanisms!
UNIT II
(! 0iscuss in #etail about the channel access control sub layer o1 *$PER"AN technique!
'! 0iscuss in #etail about the me#ium access control layer o1 $EEE%&'!((!
7! EE+lain the han#o)er scenarios o1 *$PER"AN' in #etail!
A! 0iscuss the 1unctionalities an# su++ort +ro)i#e# by "'CAP!
<! EE+lain the basic structure o1 an $EEE%&'!(( MAC #ata 1rame!
I! EE+lain the schematic o1 ,luetooth +rotocol architecture!
:! EE+lain the conce+t o1 ,luetooth architecture!
%! EE+lain in #etail about A#hoc networks!
H! 0iscuss about Wi.Fi!
(&! EE+lain in #etail about WiMaE!

UNIT III
(! 0iscuss in #etail about the $P in $P enca+sulation techniques!
'! 0iscuss how o+timiFation is achie)e# in mobile $P!
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 77
7! 0iscuss in #etail about the 0SR routin +rotocol use# in a#.hoc networks!
A! S+eci1y the ine11iciencies o1 mobile $P rear#in #ata 1orwar#in 1rom a
corres+on#ent no#e to a mobile no#e!
<! With a suitable eEam+le com+are the beha)ior o1 0S0D an# 0SR alorithm with
their routin table or cache contents!
I! 0iscuss an# #etail the #i11erences in to+oloy reoraniFation in 0S0D an# 0SR
routin +rotocols!
:! What are the eneral +roblems o1 mobile $P rear#in security an# su++ort o1 quality
o1 ser)iceK
%! EE+lain the 0ynamic *ost Con1iuration Protocol!
H! EE+lain about -ra#itional routin alorithms in #etail!
(&! 0iscuss about A#hoc.networks!
UNIT IV
(! 0iscuss in #etail about the classical in#irect -CP an# the snoo+in -CP!
'! 0iscuss in #etail about the com+onents an# inter1ace o1 the WAP architecture!
7! Com+are snoo+in -CP with mobile -CP with eEam+le network scenarios!
A! *ow an# why #oes $ -CP isolate +roblems on the wireless linkK What are the main
#rawbacks o1 this solutionK
<! What are the maQor #i11erence between WAP '!& an# WAP (!EK What in1luence# the
WAP '!& #e)elo+mentK
I! EE+lain the WAE loical mo#el!
:! Which W-P class re1lects the ty+ical web access bestK *ow is unnecessary o)erhea#
a)oi#e# when usin WSP on to+ o1 this class 1or web browsinK
%! What are the enhancements o1 WAE to the classic client>ser)er mo#el o1 the webK
What are the 1unctions o1 this enhancementK
H! EE+lain the 1ollowin8 FreeFin an# transaction oriente# -CP!
(&! EE+lain about WM" an# WM" scri+t with the hel+ o1 an eEam+le!
UNIT V
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7A
(! EE+lain the requirement o1 com+utational in1rastructures!
'! EE+lain the +er)asi)e com+utin technoloy! Com+are with ubiquitous com+utin!
7! EE+lain in #etail about the relationshi+ between +er)asi)e an# mobile com+utin!
A! "ist an# eE+lain the a++lication o1 +er)asi)e Com+utin!
<! What are the most im+ortant characteristics o1 Per)asi)e en)ironmentsK
I! What are the 1eatures o1 #istribute# Com+utinK
:! What are the #esin an# im+lementation +roblems in +er)asi)e com+utinK
%! EE+lain in #etail about the +er)asi)e web a++lication architecture!
H! 0iscuss the a++roaches on how the users connect to the internet )ia P0A!
(&! 0iscuss the alorithms an# +rotocols to a##ress security issue in 0e)ice connecti)ity!
ANAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER TECHNOLOGY
KAHIPATTUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ! ENFINEERING
CS2402" MOBILE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING
UNIT WISE UNIVERSITY #UESTIONS
UNIT I
PART A
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7<
(! Assume a recei)er is locate# (& km 1rom a (<& W transmitter! -he carrier 1requency
is I G*F an# 1ree s+ace +ro+aation is assume#2 Gt U (2 Gr U (! a! Calculate the
transmit +ower in #,W! b! Fin# the +ower at the recei)er in Watts%LA16FM'; 200@M
'! What limits the number o1 simultaneous users in a -0M>F0M system com+are# to a
C0M systemK What ha++ens to the transmission quality o1 connections i1 the loa#
ets hiher on the cellK LA16FM'; 200@M
7! What is s+rea#in 1actorK LA16FM'; 20$0M
A! What is +ollinK LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! *ow to im+ro)e sinal rece+tion by counteractin the neati)e e11ects o1 multi +ath
+ro+aationK LN,<FD/0 200?M
I! 0iscuss about the F00 scheme! LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! *ow the recei)er a#o+ts 1or multi +ath +ro+aation e11ects #urin wireless rece+tionK
LN,<FD/0 200@M
%! "ist out the #isa#)antaes o1 cellular system! LN,<FD/0 200@M
H! What are the 1our ty+es o1 han#o)er a)ailable in GSMKLNOVFDEC 20$$M
(&! 0istinuish between mobile terminate# call an# mobile oriinate# call! LNOVFDEC
20$$M
((! What are the new com+onents a##e# to GPRS networkKLMAYFGUNE20$2M
('! Why are so many #i11erent i#enti1iers>a##ress nee#e# in GSMK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(7! What are the #i11erent control channels use# in GSMK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(A! What are the security ser)ices +ro)i#e# by the GSMK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
PART B
(! *ow #oes 1requency reuse enhance cellular network ca+acityK ,esi#es the number o1
users2 what other maQor 1actor in1luences the #ecision on cluster siFeK A cellular
system uses 1requency s+ectrum (%&& M*F to (%A& M*F 1or u+link channels an#
(%I& M*F to (H&& M*F 1or #ownlink channels res+ecti)ely! Each channel takes '&&
;*F an# can be share# by % users! Each user nee#s one u+link an# one #ownlink
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7I
channel! *ow many users can be su++orte# without 1requency reuse in this cellular
systemK ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
'! What is the use o1 s+rea# s+ectrumK Sketch the block #iaram o1 the -ransmitter an#
Recei)er o1 0SSS! EE+lain what each block #oes an# what the sinal looks like ? in
time an#>or 1requency #omains@ at each location in the block #iaram with an
eEam+le! ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
7! 0iscuss in #etail the ty+es o1 antennas with their ra#iation +atterns V('W LA16FM';
20$0M
A! EE+lain #i)ersity techniqueVAW LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! EE+lain s+ace2 1requency2 co#e an# -0M in #etail V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
I! 0iscuss brie1ly the C0M technique?%@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! 0iscuss brie1ly the a#)ance# PS;!?%@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
%! 0iscuss brie1ly the cellular system!?(&@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
H! "ist the #i11erences between the S>->F>C0MA%C>D LN,<FD/0 200?M
(&! *ow #oes the near>1ar e11ect in1luence -0MA systemsKWhat ha++ens in C0MA
systemsK What are the counter measures in -0MA systemsK?%@
((! EE+lain the countermeasures 1or inter1erence in S0MA2-0MA2F0MA an# C0MA
systemsK?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
('! What are the main bene1its o1 a s+rea# s+ectrum systemK *ow can s+rea#in be
achie)e#K *ow can 0SSS systems bene1it 1rom multi.+ath +ro+oationK?(I@
LN,<FD/0 200@M
(7! ?i@ EE+lain the GSM system architecture with a neat #iaram! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ 0escribe the security ser)ices +ro)i#e# by GSM! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
(A! ?i@ EE+lain the +rotocol architecture o1 GSM 1or sinalin! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ EE+lain the architecture o1 GPRS with a neat #iaram! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
(<! ?i@ Name the main elements o1 the GSM architecture an# #escribe their 1unctions ?(&@
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7:
?ii@ What are the ty+ical ste+s 1or han#o)er on GSM networkK?I@
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(I! EE+lain the ste+s in)ol)e# in the call #eli)ery +roce#ure in GSM network in the
1ollowin cases8
?i@ GSM mobile terminate# call
?ii@ GSM mobile oriinate# call
(:! Write notes on the system architecture o1 the GSM?(I@ LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(%! What are the )arious +ossible han#o)er scenarios in GSMK EE+lain them in #etail!
LNOVFDEC 20$2M
UNIT II
PART A
(! Consi#er the han#o11 +roce#ure in GSM systems that is base# on relati)e sinal
strenth with threshol#9 that is2 a mobile switches 1rom one cell to another i1
?a@ the sinal at the current ,S is su11iciently weak ?less than a +re#e1ine# threshol#@
an# ?b@ the other sinal is stroner than the two! What are the #rawbacks o1 this
scheme2 when the threshol# is too low or too hihK LA16FM'; 200@M
'! State the #i11erent ty+es o1 trans+ort mo#es an# the channels use# to carry +ackets in
0iital Au#io ,roa#castin! LA16FM'; 200@M
7! 0istinuish between so1t han#o)er an# har# han#o)erK LA16FM'; 20$0M
A! 0e1ine 1oot+rint with res+ect to satellite systemK LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! "ist the three #i11erent cateories o1 ser)ices o1 GSM! LN,<FD/0 200?M
I! 0iscuss the a#)antaes o1 ME3! LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! Com+are to the -C*s o11ere# 2stan#ar# GSM coul# +ro)i#e a much hiher #ata
rate?77!% kbits>sec@ when lookin at the air inter1ace!What lowers the #ata rates
a)ailable to the userK LN,<FD/0 200@M
%! *ow much o1 the oriinal GSM network #oes GPRS nee#KWhich elements o1 the
network +er1orm the #ata trans1erK LN,<FD/0 200@M
H! Mention the a#)antaes o1 W"ANK LNOVFDEC 20$$M
(&! What are the three "ow Power States +ro)i#e# by ,luetoothK LNOVFDEC 20$$M
((! $n what situations collisions occur in $EEE %&'!((K LMAYFGUNE20$2M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7%
('! What is a#a+ti)e mo#ulationK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(7! 0istinuish between in1rastructure an# a# hoc networks! LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(A! What is ,luetoothK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
PART B
(! Name the main elements o1 GSM system architecture an# #escribe their 1unctions!
What are the a#)antaes o1 s+eci1yin not only the ra#io inter1ace but also the
internal o1 the GSM SystemK EE+lain the inter ,SC2 intra MSC han#o)er +rocess
in the GSM system usin ty+ical sinals an# a messae sequence chart! EE+lain the
#ecision +oints an# the resource allocation ste+s2 i1 they eEist! ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
'! What is 0A,K EE+lain the com+onents2 1rame 1ormat an# the +rotocol use# by 0A,
to access #i11erent 1ormats o1 #ata also #escribe how 0D, is use# 1or #ata
broa#castin an# to access hih s+ee# internet! ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
7! 0escribe 0A,V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
A! EE+lain routin2 localiFation an# han#o)er in satellite systems! V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! 0iscuss the +rotocol architecture o1 GSM telecommunications system!?(I@ LN,<FD/0
200?M
I! 0iscuss brie1ly the GPRS system!?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! EE+lain the GSM han#o)er schemes an# state the reasons 1or their occurrence !Whish
resources nee# to be allocate# #urin han#o)er 1or #ata transmission usin GPRS by
satis1yin JosK?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
%! *ow is synchroniFation achie)e# in GSM an# why it is im+ortantK *ow system
security is maintaine# in GSMK?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
H! ?i@ 0escribe *i+er"AN architectural com+onents an# their interactions! ?%@
LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ EE+lain the architecture o1 WiFi in #etail! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
(&! ?i@ EE+lain the system architecture o1 $EEE %&'! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ 0escribe the architecture o1 WiMA/ in #etail! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
((! Com+are *i+er"AN an# ,luetooth in terms o1 a#hoc ca+abilities2 +ower sa)in
mo#e2 sol)in hi##en terminal +roblem2 +ro)i#in reliability 1airness +roblem
rear#in channel access! LMAYFGUNE20$2M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG 7H
('! ?i@ EE+lain the o+eration o1 0FWMAC 0CF with a neat timin #iaram?%@
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
?ii@ 0raw the MAC 1rame o1 %&'!(( an# list the use o1 the 1iel#s!?%@
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(7! Write notes on the MAC manaement o1 the $EEE %&'!(( +rotocol! LNOVFDEC
20$2M
(A! Write notes on the channel access control sublayer! LNOVFDEC 20$2M
UNIT III
PART A
(! $n the 0istribute# Coor#ination Function ?0CF@ +rotocol o1 $EEE %&'!((2 why #oes a
No#e wait only S$FS time units ?a1ter the last #ata +acket rece+tion@ be1ore sen#in
an AC;2 while waitin 0$FS time units be1ore attem+tin a #ata transmissionK
LA16FM'; 200@M
'! What are the a#)antaes an# +roblems o1 1orwar#in mechanisms in ,luetooth
networks rear#in security an# +ower sa)inK LA16FM'; 200@M
7! State the three +hases o1 the me#ium access o1 #i11erent com+etin no#es! LA16FM';
20$0M
A! What are the +ower sa)in mechanisms in ,luetoothK LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! What are the two #i11erent basic transmission technoloies use# to set u+ W"ANs!
LN,<FD/0 200?M
I! "ist the #i11erent user scenarios 1or wireless +iconets! LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! Why the P*C layer o1 $EEE %&'!(( is sub#i)i#e#K What about *i+er"AN' an#
,luetoothK LN,<FD/0 200@M
%! What is the 1unctionality "'CAPK "ist the #i11erent ty+es o1 loical channels it
+ro)i#esK LN,<FD/0 200@M
H! What are the requirements o1 mobile $P stan#ar#K LNOVFDEC 20$$M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A&
(&! 0i11erentiate wire# networks routin 1rom a#.hoc wireless networks
routin! LNOVFDEC 20$$M
((! What is re)erse tunnelinK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
('! What are the +roblems o1 +roacti)e routinK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(7! What are the #isa#)antaes o1 $.-CPK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(A! What are the basic 1eatures o1 WM"K LNOVFDEC 20$2M
PART B
(! Bsin $EEE %&'!(( ?0CF@8 S( an# S' sen# C,R>B0P tra11ic to the common
#estination 0! Consi#er S(2 S' an# 0 all within recei)e rane o1 each other when the
basic scheme is use# ?no R-S>C-S@8 0escribe a collision ?what ha++ens be1ore2
#urin2 an# a1ter@! What #oes the collision +robability #e+en# onK When R-S>C-S is
use#8 what are the chanes to the +re)ious answersK Comment also on the throuhout
an# 1airness! ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
'! 0escribe the brie1ly how collision is a)oi#e# in *$PER"AN (! ?%@ LA16FM';
200@M
7! 0raw the +rotocol architecture o1 ,luetooth an# eE+lain brie1ly the ,ase ban# layer
an# "'CAP o1 ,luetooth! ?%@! LA16FM'; 200@M
A! 0escribe the architecture o1 ,luetooth! V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! EE+lain channel control sub layer in hy+er "ANV(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
I! 0iscuss in #etail about the channel access control sub.layer o1 *$PER"AN technique!
?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! 0iscuss in #etail about the MAC layer o1 $EEE %&'!((?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A(
%! EE+lain the 1iel#s o1 $EEE %&'!(( MAC +acket structure !Com+are them with $EEE
%&'!((b MAC 1iel#s!?%@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
H! EE+lain the han#o)er scenarios o1 hi+er"AN' in #etail!?%@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
(&! *ow is roamin on layer ' achie)e#2 an# how are chanes in to+oloy re1lecte#K
What are the #i11erences between in1rastructure base# an# a#hoc networks rear#in
roaminK?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
((! ?i@ "ist the entities in)ol)e# in mobile $P an# #escribe the +rocess o1 #ata trans1er
1rom a mobile no#e to a 1iEe# no#e an# )ice
)ersa! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ Why is con)entional routin in wire# networks not suitable 1or wireless
networksK Substantiate your answers with suitable eEam+les! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
('! ?i@ EE+lain in #etail 0ynamic *ost Con1iuration Protocol! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ 0escribe how the multicast routin is #one in a#.hoc networks! ?%@ LNOVFDEC
20$$M
(7! ?i@ Show the ste+s require# 1or a han#o)er 1rom one FA to another FA inclu#in layre.
' an# layre.7! Assume %&'!(( as layer.'! ?%@ LMAYFGUNE20$2M
?ii@ Name the ine11iciencies o1 Mobile $P rear#in #ata 1orwar#in 1rom CN to
MN! What are the o+timiFations +ossibleK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(A! ?i@ What are the #i11erences between wire# networks an# a#hoc wireless networks
relate# to routinK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
?ii@ What is the nee# 1or 0*CPK With the state chart eE+lain the o+erations o1
0*CPK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(<! EE+lain how the conce+ts o1 tunnelin an# enca+sulation #one in mobile $P!
LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(I! With an eEam+le eE+lain the +rocess o1 the #ynamic source routin o1 the A#.hoc
network! LNOVFDEC 20$2M
UNIT IV
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A'
PART A
$% *ow can 0*CP be use# 1or mobility an# su++ort o1 mobile $PK LA16FM'; 200@M
2% What are the #i11erences between A30D an# the stan#ar# #istance )ector alorithmK
Why are eEtensions nee#e#K LA16FM'; 200@M
3% What are the #rawbacks o1 wire# networksK LA16FM'; 20$0M
4% 0e1ine 0SRLA16FM'; 20$0M
5% What are the +roblems relate# to the use o1 0*CPK LN,<FD/0 200?M
>% 0iscuss some o1 the routin metrics to be consi#ere# in a mobile network layerK
LN,<FD/0 200?M
?% *ow #oes reistration on layer 7 o1 a mobile no#e workK LN,<FD/0 200@M
@% S+eci1y the 0*CP state transition #iaram 1or acquirin the $P a##ress! LN,<FD/0
200@M
9% "ist the a#)antaes an# #isa#)antaes o1 mobile -CPK LNOVFDEC 20$$M
$0% 0e1ine WAE! LNOVFDEC 20$$M
$$% Name the a#)antaes an# #isa#)antaes o1 user acknowle#ement in W-P!
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
$2% *ow $.-CP isolate the +roblems on the wireless linkK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
$3% What is Case.o1 A##ressK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
$4% Mention certain situation where A# hoc networks are the only choice! LNOVFDEC
20$2M
PART B
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A7
(! Gi)en the network to+oloy below2 use the #ynamic source routin alorithm to
com+ute the shortest +ath 1rom A to all other no#es! Make sure to show the results o1
the com+utation at each ste+! ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
'! Consi#er a mobile no#e MN 1rom network /! -he user o1 MN wishes to
communicate with a corres+on#in no#e CN in network C! -he no#e MN mo)es 1rom
/ to a 1orein network A! 0escribe the sequence o1 messaes that are require# in
Mobile $P)A so that MN an# CN can continue to communicate! $nclu#e both the user
#ata messaes an# the Mobile $P control messaes! Now2 consi#er the case where CN
mo)es to 1orein network , while MN is still in the 1orein network A! Can CN an#
MN still communicateK ?0oes Mobile $P su++ort both en#+oints mo)inK@ Show the
messae 1low to in#icate how it will succee# or 1all in this case! ?(I@ LA16FM';
200@M
7! EE+lain o+timiFation in mobile $P in #etail! V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
A! EE+lain $P)I +rotocol in #etail! V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! 0iscuss in #etail about the $P.in.$P enca+sulation technique!?(&@!
I! 0iscuss how o+timiFation is achie)e# in mobile $PK?I@ LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! 0iscuss in #etail about the 0SR routin +rotocol use# in a#hoc networksK?(I@
LN,<FD/0 200?M
%! S+eci1y the ine11iciencies o1 mobile $P rear#in #ata 1orwar#in 1rom a
corres+on#ent no#e to a mobile no#e! State the eneral +roblems o1 mobile $P
rear#in security an# su++ort o1 Juality o1 ser)iceK?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG AA
H! With a suitable eEam+le com+are the beha)iour o1 0S0D an# 0SR alorithms with
their routin table or cache contentsK?(I@! LN,<FD/0 200@M
(&! ?i@ State the requirements o1 WAP! EE+lain its architectural com+onents! ?%@
LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ EE+lain WM" an# WM" scri+ts with an eEam+le! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
((! ?i@ What is W-PK 0iscuss about its classes! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ EE+lain the architecture o1 W-A! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
('! ?i@ EE+lain the mechanism o1 -CP that in1luence the e11iciency in mobile
en)ironment!?%@ LMAYFGUNE20$2M
?ii@ EE+lain the o+eration o1 mobile -CPK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(7! ?i@ Why has a scri+tin lanuae been a##e# to WM"K *ow can this lanuae hel+
sa)in ban#wi#th an# re#ucin #elayK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
?ii@ Which W-P class re1lects the ty+ical web access bestK *ow is unnecessary
o)erhea# a)oi#e# when usin WSP on to+ o1 this class o1 web browsinK ?%@
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(A! What is the nee# 1or snoo+in -CPK EE+lain its +rocessin with its a#)antaes an#
#isa#)antaes! LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(<! Write notes on wireless transaction +rotocol! LNOVFDEC 20$2M
UNIT V
PART A
(! *ow an# why #oes $ -CP isolate +roblems on the wireless linkK What are the main
#rawbacks o1 this solutionK LA16FM'; 200@M
'! Mention two WAP ser)ice +ro)i#ers! Fin# two cell +hones su++ortin WAP an#
i#entity which WAP )ersion they su++ort! LA16FM'; 200@M
7! What is the #i11erence between -CP an# B0PLA16FM'; 20$0M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A<
A! Mention any salient 1eatures o1 WAP! LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! Why the -CP +rotocols use# in wire# networks cannot be as such use# in wireless
networksK LN,<FD/0 200?M
I! 0iscuss the +roblems o1 a 1ile system in mobile en)ironmentK LN,<FD/0 200?M
:! Can the +roblems usin -CP 1or mobile communication be sol)e# by re+lacin -CP
with snoo+in -CPK 4usti1y your answer! LN,<FD/0 200@M
%! S+eci1y the 1iel#s o1 minimal enca+sulation metho# in mobile network layer!
LN,<FD/0 200@M
H! What is Per)asi)e Com+utinK LNOVFDEC 20$$M
(&! What are the )arious issues relate# to #e)ice manaement in +er)asi)e
com+utinK LNOVFDEC 20$$M
((! What is meant by +er)asi)e com+utinK *ow is it #oneK LMAYFGUNE20$2M
('! What makes #e)ice connecti)ity +ossible in +er)asi)e com+utinK
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(7! What are the key +arts o1 the har#ware o1 +er)asi)e technoloiesK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(A! *ow #oes biometric authentication work in +er)asi)e com+utinK LNOVFDEC 20$2M
PART B
(! As a trans+ort layer +rotocol2 -CP uses a win#ow mechanism to eEercise 1low control
o)er the best e11ort $P in the internet! Flow control is eEercise# by the e#e router
base# on conestion status encountere# in the core routers between the -CP sen#er
an# the -CP recei)er! ?i@ 0escribe the o+eration o1 the win#ow 1low control
mechanism! ?%@ LA16FM'; 200@M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG AI
'! AC;s 1rom the -CP recei)er are the basis that the -CP sen#er uses to a#Qust the
sen#in win#ow siFe! 0escribe an# #iscuss how AC;s ?%@ LA16FM'; 200@M
7! S+eci1y the enhancements ma#e to the basic client ser)er architecture o1 the web to
suit a mobile wireless userK ,rie1ly #iscuss the main oals o1 WAP! EE+lain the layers
o1 WAP +rotocol use# to achie)e the 1ollowin8 A client wants to ha)e a share# state
with the ser)er 1or trans1errin the content! ?(I@ LA16FM'; 200@M
A! 0iscuss the role o1 WWW in su++ort 1or mobility!V(IW LA16FM'; 20$0M
<! EE+lain the 1ollowin
'% $n#irect -CP VIW
-% Snoo+in -CPVIW
0% Per1ormance enhancin +roEiesVAW LA16FM'; 20$0M
I! 0iscuss in #etail about the classical in#irect -CP an# snoo+in -CP!?(I@ LN,<FD/0
200?M
:! 0iscuss in #etail about the com+onents an# inter1ace o1 the WAP architecture!?(I@
LN,<FD/0 200?M
%! Com+are snoo+in -CP with Mobile -CP with eEam+le network scenarios!?%@
H! *ow an# why #oes $.-CP isolate +roblems on wireless linkK What are the main
#rawbacks o1 this solutionK?%@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
(&! EE+lain in #etail about the architecture o1 WAPK?(I@ LN,<FD/0 200@M
((! ?i@ 0escribe the )arious har#ware com+onents in)ol)e# in +er)asi)e com+utin
#e)ices! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A:
?ii@ EE+lain how a +er)asi)e web a++lication can be secure# usin an XAuthentication
ProEyL! ?%@ LNOVFDEC 20$$M
('! ?i@ What are the a++lications o1 +er)asi)e com+utinK 0iscuss any two o1 them! ?%@
LNOVFDEC 20$$M
?ii@ EE+lain how +er)asi)e web a++lications can be accesse# )ia WAP!?%@
LNOVFDEC 20$$M
(7! ?i@ EE+lain the o+eratin system issues relate# to miniature #e)ices?%@
LMAYFGUNE20$2M
?ii@ What are the #esin an# im+lementation issues in #e)ice connecti)ity as+ect
o1 +er)asi)e com+utinK EE+lain! ?%@ LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(A! EE+lain the )arious so1t sur1ace an# semi.so1t.sur1ace base# #is+lay systems an#
technoloies! ?(I@ LMAYFGUNE20$2M
(<! *ow is security in +er)asi)e com+utin establishe#K EE+lain them in #etail!
LNOVFDEC 20$2M
(I! Write short notes on the smart.car# base# authentication )ia the $nternet! LNOVFDEC
20$2M
CS'A&' M3,$"E AN0 PERDAS$DE C3MPB-$NG A%