Bending Test

Experiment.
7 :Determination of Youngs modulus of elasticity of the material using

deflection of beam method.
SushilKumar Kerimani ,Tejoshmoy Saha,Vishwas B C,
Arundev S,Vipin Raj K,Mahendra kumar Meena,Purnachander
Strength of Materials Lab
AE-232
(Dated: October 14, 2014)
Deflection of beams method to calculate the Youngs modulus of material is one of the nondestructive type of methods. Method involves simple procedures and simple experimental setup. In
this method a uniform rectangular bar supported horizontally on two knife-edges is subjected to a
vertical force applied midway between the supports. The deflection of the beam at the midpoint
is measured. From the slope of a graph of load versus deflection, a value for Youngs modulus is
obtained.
I.
INTRODUCTION
In Applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure)

characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element
subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to
a longitudinal axis of the element. The structural element
is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions
is a small fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two.
When the length is considerably longer than the width
and the thickness, the element is called a beam. Hence,
bending of beams can be used to determine the youngs
modulus of elasticity of different materials.
II.
the middle point by a weight W =Mg,Where M is the

mass of the load and g is the acceleration due to gravity. The load produces a downward bending in the beam
(Fig. 1). Let be the depression, i.e. downward displacement from the original position of the middle point of the
beam. Then an equation can be derived to calculate the
deviation in terms of load ,span ,youngs modulus and
second moment of area(I). The equation is given below
=
W l3
48EI
where W=load; L=span; E=youngs modulus; I=second

moment of area
THEORY
I=
Elasticity is the property of materials by virtue of
which it tend to resist a deforming force and recover
from a change of size or shape of the body on removal
of the deforming force. When the deforming force is
applied to a body in such a manner that its length is
changed, then a longitudinal strain is produced in the
body. Due to the elastic property, an internal restoring
force is produced along the length of the body which
opposes the deforming force. The magnitude of this
force per unit cross-sectional area is called the normal
stress. If the body is of length L and have uniform
cross-sectional area A, and if a force F acting along the
length of the body changes the length by , then
bd3
12
where b=breadth; d=depth
Longitudinal strain = l
L
Normal stress = F
A
The Youngs modulus of elasticity of the material of the
body is defined as,
normalsress
Y = longitudinalstrain
Now consider a material in the form of a rectangular

beam supported horizontally by two knife edges at its two
ends (Fig. 1). Let L be the length of the beam between
the two points of contacts with the knife edges, b be its
breadth and d be its depth. Let the beam be loaded at
(1)
FIG. 1. Schematic of deformation in a beam
(2)
2
III.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND

PROCEDURE
Experimental setup consists of two knife edges which

are tightly fixed so that they wont move. Over these
two knife edges beam is place so that its midpoint is
equidistant from both the knife edges. A dial gauge is
fixed above the midpoint of beam so that it just touches
the beam .
The procedure followed is given below :
1. An Aluminum beam was placed on two knife edges
such that its midpoint is equidistant from knife
edges and dial gauge is adjusted such that its tip
just touches the beam and show zero reading.
2. A weight hanger is suspended at the center of

beam. The distance L between knife edges is noted.
3. Initial weight of 100 grams is suspended and

corresponding deflection is noted . Then weight
is increased to 200 ,300, and 400 grams and
corresponding readings are noted.
S.No.
Material
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium
Mild steel
Mild steel
Mild steel
Mild steel
Brass
Brass
Brass
Brass
Weight deformation Youngs modulus

W l3
(grams)
(mm)
E = 48I
(GPa)
100
0.38
65.9
200
0.81
61.8
300
1.18
62.6
400
1.58
63.4
100
0.15
167.9
200
0.30
167.9
300
0.45
167.9
400
0.60
167.9
100
0.30
83.9
200
0.66
76.3
300
0.93
81.2
400
1.27
79.3
Mean value of Youngs modulus calculated:

1.Aluminium = 63.4 GPa
2.Mild steel = 167.9 GPa
3.Brass =78.9 GPa
Graphs plotted for deformation vs load applied for
different material.
4. Area moment of inertia(I) of the beam is calculated

by measuring is breadth(b) and depth(d).
5. The procedure is repeated for Mild steel and Brass

and their corresponding readings are noted .
6. The readings were noted in a table and a graph was

plotted between load(W) and deflection and slope
of the graph was used to calculate youngs modulus
of elasticity.
IV.
FIG. 2. Deformation vs Load plot for Aluminium
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Table1 Dimensions of beams and

their area moment of inertia
3
Material length breadth depth I= bd
12 )
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm4 )
Aluminium 400
19.1
3.2 52.15
Mild steel 400
19
3.2 51.88
Brass
400
19
3.2 51.88
Table2:Deflection observed for applied loads.
FIG. 3. Deformation vs Load plot for Mild Steel
3
V.
RESULT
Youngs modulus of elasticity(E) obtained from the experiment for different materials are as follows:
1. Aluminium E= 63.31 GPa
2. Mild steel E= 167.2 GPa
3. Brass E=79.01 GPa
FIG. 4. Deformation vs Load plot for Brass
VI.
Value of Youngs modulus obtained from slope of

graph:
1.Aluminium = 63.31 GPa
2.Mild steel = 167.2 GPa
3.Brass =79.01 GPa
VII.
REFERENCES
[1] Egor P. Popov, Engineering mechanics of solids, PHI

Learning Pvt. Ltd.(2010)
CONCLUSION
Youngs modulus of given material increases in the order

Aluminium < Brass < Mild steel
From the graph it is clear that deformation is directly
proportional to load applied.
[2] Ferdinand P. Beer, E.Russell Johnston,Jr. Mechanics of

Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.(2009)

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Experiment.

7 :Determination of Youngs modulus of elasticity of the material using

In Applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure)

the middle point by a weight W =Mg,Where M is the

where W=load; L=span; E=youngs modulus; I=second

where b=breadth; d=depth

Now consider a material in the form of a rectangular

FIG. 1. Schematic of deformation in a beam

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND

Experimental setup consists of two knife edges which

2. A weight hanger is suspended at the center of

3. Initial weight of 100 grams is suspended and

Weight deformation Youngs modulus

Mean value of Youngs modulus calculated:

4. Area moment of inertia(I) of the beam is calculated

5. The procedure is repeated for Mild steel and Brass

6. The readings were noted in a table and a graph was

FIG. 2. Deformation vs Load plot for Aluminium

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Table1 Dimensions of beams and

FIG. 3. Deformation vs Load plot for Mild Steel

Value of Youngs modulus obtained from slope of

[1] Egor P. Popov, Engineering mechanics of solids, PHI

Youngs modulus of given material increases in the order

[2] Ferdinand P. Beer, E.Russell Johnston,Jr. Mechanics of

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