CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Solutions(2012-13)

_____ /__________________________________________

20

HR / Name .
i.

NH4C2H3O2

Aqueous Solutions:
Strong and Weak Electrolytes
1. Write a balanced equation which shows
how each of the following salts break apart
when placed in water
a.

NaBr

b.

MgCl2

c.

Al(NO3)3

d.

(NH4)2SO4

e.

NaOH

f.

FeSO4

g.

KMnO4

h.

HClO4

2. Calcium chloride is a strong electrolyte

and it is used to salt streets in the winter
to melt ice and snow. Write a reaction to
show how this substance breaks apart
when it dissolves in water.

3. Commercial cold packs and hot packs are

available for treating athletic injuries. Both
types contain a pouch of water and a dry
chemical. When the pack is struck, the
pouch of water breaks, dissolving the
chemical, and the solution becomes either
hot or cold. Many hot packs use
magnesium sulfate, and many cold packs
use ammonium nitrate.
Write reactions to show how these strong
electrolytes break apart when they dissolve
in water.

added to make a total volume of 200.0

mL. Calculate the molarity of Cu2+.
Write the balanced equation that describes
this process.

Solution Concentration: Molarity (M)

4. Calculate the molarity of each of these
solutions
A 5.623 g sample of NaHCO3 is dissolved
a.
in enough water to make 250.0 mL of
solution.
5. A solution of ethanol (C2H5OH) in water is
prepared by dissolving 75.0 mL of ethanol
(density = 0.79 g/cm3) in enough water to
make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the
molarity of the ethanol in this solution?

Write the balanced equation that describes

this process.

What is the name of NaHCO3

__________________
b.

6. Calculate the concentration of all ions

present in each of the following solutions of
strong electrolytes. Write the balanced
equation that describes each process.
0.100 mol of Ca(NO3)2 in 100.0 mL of
a.
solution.

A 184.6 mg sample of K2Cr2O7 is

dissolved in enough water to make
500.0 mL of solution.

Write the balanced equation that describes

this process.

b.

2.5 mol of Na2SO4 in 1.25 L of solution.

c.

5.00 g of NH4Cl in 500.0 mL of solution.

What is the name of K2Cr2O7

__________________
c.

A 0.1025 g sample of copper metal is

dissolved in 35 mL of concentrated HNO3
to form Cu2+ ions and then water is
2

d.

1.00 g of K3PO4 in 250.0 mL of solution.

7. What mass of NaOH is contained in 250.0

mL of a 0.400 M of a sodium hydroxide
solution?
10. Describe how you would prepare 2.00 L
of each of the following solutions.
0.250 M NaOH from solid NaOH
a.

b.

8. If 10. grams of AgNO3 is available, what

volume of 0.25 M AgNO3 can be prepared?

c.

9. Calculate the sodium ion concentration

when 70.0 mL of 3.0 M sodium carbonate
is added to
30.0 mL of 1.0 M sodium
bicarbonate.

d.

0.250 M NaOH from 1.00 M NaOH stock

solution.

0.100 M K2CrO4 from solid K2CrO4

0.100 M K2CrO4 from 1.75 M K2CrO4 stock

solution.

11. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.8 g ammonium sulfate in enough water to

make 100.0 mL of stock solution. A 10.00 mL sample of this stock solution is added to
50.00 mL of water. Calculate the concentration of ammonium ions and sulfate ions in the
final solution.

12. A standard solution is prepared for the analysis of fluoxymesterone (C20H29FO3). An

anabolic steroid. A stock solution is first prepared by dissolving 10.0 mg of
fluoxymesterone in enough water to give a total volume of 500.0 mL. A 100.0 L aliquot
(portion) of this solution is diluted to a final volume of 100.0 mL. Calculate the
concentration of the final solution in terms of molarity.

13. A stock solution containing Mn2+ ions was prepared by dissolving 1.584 g pure
manganese metal in nitric acid and diluting to a final volume of 1.000 L. Calculate the
concentrations of the stock solution, and then calculate the concentration of solutions A,
B and C prepared by dilution as described below.
Stock Solution
a.

b.

Solution A, prepared by taking 50.00 mL of stock solution and diluting to 1000.0 mL.

c.

Solution B, prepared by taking 10.00 mL of solution A and diluting to 250.0 mL.

d.

Solution C, prepared by taking 10.00 mL of solution B and diluting to 500.0 mL.

Precipitation Reactions
b.

14.
On the basis of the general rules
of solubility, predict which of the
following substances are likely to be
soluble in water.
aluminum nitrate
Soluble
a.
Insoluble
magnesium chloride
Soluble
b.
Insoluble
rubidium sulfate
Soluble
c.
Insoluble
nickel (II) hydroxide
Soluble |
d.
Insoluble
lead (II) sulfide
Soluble |
e.
Insoluble
magnesium hydroxide
Soluble
f.
Insoluble
iron (III) phosphate
Soluble |
g.
Insoluble
zinc chloride
Soluble |
h.
Insoluble
lead (II) nitrate
Soluble |
i.
Insoluble
lead (II) sulfate
Soluble
j.
Insoluble
sodium iodide
Soluble |
k.
Insoluble
cobalt (III) sulfide
Soluble
l.
Insoluble
Soluble
m. chromium (III) hydroxide
Insoluble
magnesium carbonate
Soluble
n.
Insoluble
ammonium carbonate
Soluble
o.
Insoluble

Aluminum nitrate reacted with barium

hydroxide.

|
c.

Calcium Chloride with sodium sulfate.

|
|

d.

Potassium sulfide with nickel (II)

nitrate.

16.
For the same set of equations,
write the balance equation, and the net
ionic equation. If no precipitate forms,
then write no reaction.
|

a.

___FeSO4 (aq) + ___ KCl(aq) __ _______ + __ _______

|
|
|
b.

___CaCl2 (aq) + ___Na2SO4 (aq) __ _______ + __

______

15. When the following solutions are

mixed together, predict the products, and
identify any precipitate that forms using
the symbol () for precipitate.
a.

Iron (II) sulfate reacted with potassium

chloride.
c.

___Hg2(NO3)2 (aq) + ___CuSO4 (aq) __ ______ + __

______

e.

copper (II) chloride and sodium

hydroxide

d.

___K2CO3 (aq) + ___MgI2 (aq) __ ______ + __ ______

f.

17. Write net ionic equations for the

reaction, if any, that occurs when
aqueous solutions of the following are
mixed.
ammonium sulfate and barium nitrate
a.

g.

chromium (II) chloride and sodium

hydroxide

silver nitrate and ammonium

carbonate

18.
What mass of Na2CrO4 is required
to precipitate all of the silver ions from
75.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of AgNO3?

b.

c.

lead (II) nitrate and sodium chloride

sodium phosphate and potassium

nitrate
19. What volume of 0.100 M Na3PO4 is
required to precipitate all the lead (II)
ions from 150.0 Ml of 0.250 M Pb(NO3)2?

d.

sodium bromide and rubidium chloride

8

20. What mass of solid aluminum

hydroxide can be produced when 50.0
mL of 0.200 M Al(NO3)3 is added to 200.0
mL of 0.100 M KOH?

Acid -Base Reactions

21. Write the balanced formula and the net ionic equations for each of the following
acid-base reactions.
a.

____ HClO(aq) + ____ Mg(OH)2 (s)

b.

____ HCN(aq) + ____ NaOH(aq)

c.

____ HCl(aq) + ____ NaOH(aq)

d.

____ HNO3 (aq) + ____ Al(OH)3 (s)

____ ___________

____ ___________

____ ___________

____ ___________
9

____ ____________

____ ____________

____ ____________

____ ____________

e.

____ Ca(OH)2 (aq) + ____ HCl (aq)

____ ___________

____ ____________

22. Write the balanced equation and the net ionic equation for the reactions that occur
when the following are mixed.

a.

potassium hydroxide (aqueous) and nitric acid

b.

barium hydroxide (aqueous) and hydrochloric acid

c.

perchloric acid and solid iron (III) hydroxide

d.

solid silver hydroxide and hydrobromic acid

10

e.

aqueous strontium hydroxide and hydroiodic acid

23.
Hydrochloric acid (75.0 mL and 0.250 M) is added to 225.0 mL of 0.0550 M
Ba(OH)2 solution. What is the concentration of the excess H+ and OH- ions left in this
solution.

24. A 25.0 mL sample of hydrochloric acid solution requires 24.16 mL of 0.106 M

sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization. What is the concentration of the
original hydrochloric acid solution?

25. What volume of 0.0200 M calcium hydroxide is required to neutralize 35.00 mL of

0.500 M nitric acid?

11

26. The concentration of a certain sodium hydroxide solution was determined by using
the solution to titrate a sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP (see question
27). In the titration, 34.67 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution was required to react
with 0.1082 g KHP. Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide.

4(
)H = 0

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(Redox)
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
d.

27. Assign oxidation states for all atoms

in each of the following compounds
a.

KMnO4
O___
check:
)O = 0

b.

)K + (

)Mn + 4(

NiO2
O___
check:
)O = 0

c.

Na4Fe(OH)6
H ___

e.

)Ni + 2(

f.

check:
12

)O+ 6(

N ___ H___ P___

)N + 9(

)H + (

)P+ 4(

N___
(

NO3O___
check:
)O = -1

Na___ Fe___ O___

)Fe + 6(

NO2O___
check:
)O = -1

Ni___
(

(NH4)2HPO4
O ___
2(
)O = 0

K___ Mn___

)Na + (

)N + 2(

N___
(

)N + 3(

g.

UO22+
O___

U___

check:
)O = +2
h.

)U + 2(

Cr2O3
O___
check:
3(
)O = ____

reducing agent: ____

agent: _____

Cr___
2(

d.

SiCl4(l) + 2 Mg (s) 2 MgCl2 (aq) + Si (s)

Is this a redox reaction

Y | N

)Cr +

reducing agent: ____

agent: _____
28. Specify which of the following are
oxidation-reduction and identify the
oxidizing agent (the substance being
ozidized) and reducing agent (the
substance being reduced).

e.

oxidizing

Al(OH)4-(aq) AlO2- (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

Is this a redox reaction

Y | N

(Remember: LEO says GER)

a.

oxidizing

reducing agent: ____

agent: _____

Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) 2 Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

oxidizing

Is this a redox reaction

Y | N
reducing agent: ____
agent: _____

b.

oxidizing

HCl(g) + NH3 (g) NH4Cl (s)

29. Classify each of the following halfreactions as oxidation or reduction,

then balance.
O|R
(basic)

a) Ni2+(aq) Ni2O3 (s)

O|R
(acidic)

b) Mn2+(aq) MnO2 (s)

Is this a redox reaction

Y | N
reducing agent: ____
agent: _____

c.

oxidizing

SiCl4(l) + 2 H2O (l) 4 HCl (aq) + SiO2 (s)

Is this a redox reaction

Y | N

13

O|R
________e-

O|R
________eO | R c) Mn2+(aq) MnO4- (aq)
(acidic)

O | R d) CrO42- (aq) Cr3+ (aq)

(acidic)

30. Classify each of the following halfreactions as oxidation or reduction. How

many electrons are exchanged in each
redox process?
O|R
________e-

31.
a.

MnO4- (aq) MnO2- (s)

Cr2O72- (aq) Cr3+ (aq)

O|R
________e-

Cl-(aq) Cl2 (g)

O|R
________e-

TiO2 (s) Ti3+(aq)

O|R
________e-

Zn2+(aq) Zn (s)

O|R
________e-

NH4+(aq) N2 (g)

O|R
________e-

CH3OH(aq) CH2O (aq)

O2 (g) O2-(aq)

Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in acidic solution.

Zn(s) + HCl (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + H2 (g) + Cl-(aq)
14

b.

As2O3 (s) + NO3-(aq) H3AsO4 (aq) + NO(g)

c.

Br-(aq) +MnO4-(aq) Br2 (l) + Mn2+(aq)

d.

CH3OH

32.

(aq)

+Cr2O72-(aq)CH2O(aq) +Cr3+(aq)

Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in basic solution.

15

a.

Cu(s) + NO3-(aq) Cu2+(aq)+ NO(g)

b.

Cr2O72-(aq)+Cl-(aq) Cr3+(aq)+Cl2 (aq)

c.

Pb(s) + PbO2 (s)H2SO4 (aq) + PbSO4 (s)

d.

Mn2+(aq) + NaBiO3 (s)Bi3+(aq) + MnO4- (aq)

16

33. A solution of potassium permanganate is mixed with an acidic

solution of iron (II) sulfate.

oxidizers
[remember, oxidizers will become reduced]
2+
MnO4 (in acid) Mn
MnO4 (in neutral or basic) MnO2
2+
MnO2 (in acid) Mn
23+
Cr2O7 (in acid) Cr
HNO3 (conc.) NO2
HNO3 (dilute) NO
H2SO4 (hot, concentrated) SO2
[if not hot and conc., this acts like HCl or other normal acids]

metal cations lower charge cations or (rarely)

free metals
free halogens halide ions

reducers
[remember, reducers will become oxidized]

34. A solution containing tin(II) ions is added to acidified potassium

dichromate solution--there is a color change during this reaction;
which atom is most likely responsible? explain

halide ions free halogens

free metals metal cations
22SO3 (or SO2) SO4
NO2 NO3
free halogens (dil. basic) hypohalite ions [like
XO ]
free halogens (conc. basic) halate ions
[like XO3 ]
metal cations higher charge cations

17

35.

Powdered iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate --which species are spectators?

36. Solutions of tin(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride are mixed--both the reactant and product mixtures are
colored; which ions account for the colors?

18

What if you MUST balance a non-trivial reaction? Of course you already know a method, tedious as it is. Old-timers often develop
shortcuts for dealing with the essentials of the redox process and then do the rest by inspection. Here is an example of a hybrid method
based on oxidation number changes.
a solution of potassium permanganate is mixed with an acidic solution of iron(II) sulfate
--the potassium is junk; nothing ever happens to potassium ions --iron(II) is probably a goner--permanganate is a common strong
oxidizer
+
2+
2+
3+
First guess: MnO4 + H + Fe Mn + Fe + H2O
--Mn goes from +7 to +2, Fe goes from +2 to +3--Five Fe ions must be oxidized for each Mn that is reduced:
+
2+
2+
3+
MnO4 +H +5Fe Mn +5Fe +H2O
--now balance the oxygens and hydrogens by inspection
+
2+
2+
3+
MnO4 +8H +5Fe Mn +5Fe +4H2O

Below are some reactions from past tests for you to try along with (you guessed it!) some questions.
1. a solution containing tin(II) ions is added to acidified potassium dichromate solution--there is a color change during this reaction;
which atom is most likely responsible? explain
2. powdered iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate --which species are spectators?
3. solutions of tin(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride are mixed--both the reactant and product mixtures are colored; which ions account
for the colors?

1.3Sn

2+

+
24+
3+
+14H +Cr2O7 3Sn +2Cr +7H2O

--the chromium changes in oxidation state and is a transition metal; most transition metal compounds are colored and the color
changes with oxidation state
2. Fe + 2 Fe

3+

3 Fe

2+

--the sulfate ion is a spectator

3.Sn

2+

+2Fe

3+

Sn

4+

+2Fe

2+

--since iron is a transition metal it is likely that the colors come from Fe

19

2+

and Fe

3+