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I. PASSIVE VOICE

P.V = TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

The main case in Passive Voice :

1. The using of to be
2. The using of various tenses
3. The transitive sentence
4. The object in active form will be the subject in passive form
5. The By phrase is included only if it is important to know who performs
an action
N
O
1

Simple Present

write, writes

am, is, are + V3

Present Progressive

am, is, are + Ving (writing)

am, is, are + being + V3

Present Perfect

have, has + V3 (written)

have, has + been + V3

Simple Past

wrote

was, were + V3

Past Progressive

was, were + Ving

was, were + being + V3

Past Perfect

had + V3

had + been + V3

Simple Future

shall / will + Inv. ( write )

shall / will + be + V3

Future Perfect

shall / will + have + V3

shall / will + have been + V3

Be going to

am, is, are, was, were + going

am, is, are, was, were + going

( Present / Past )

to + V1

to + be + V3

10

Pres. Perfect. Progress

have, has + been + Ving

have / has + been + being + V3

11

Past Perfect Progress

had + been + Ving

had + been + being + V3

12

Future Progressive

shall / will + be + Ving

shall / will + be + being + V3

13

Past Future

should / would + Inv.

should / would + be + V3

KINDS OF TENSES

The other examples of

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

P.V
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1. Allice writes a letter

A letter is written by Allice

2. Does Allice write a letter ?

Is a letter written by Allice ?

3. Who write a letter ?

Who is a letter written by ?

4. What does she write ?

What is written ?

5. He is not writing a letter

A letter is not being written by him

6. Is he writing a letter ?

Is a letter being written by him ?

7. Who is writing a letter ?

Who is a letter being written by ?

8. What is he writing ?

What is being written ?

9. Willy gave Leony

I.O

a present

Leony was given a present by Willy

D.O

A present was given to Leony by Willy

10 He wants, someone to take photographs

He wants, photographs to be taken

2. RELATIVE CLAUSE
A. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES : PERSONS AND THINGS
o It defines the thing it refers to --o It provides essential information about the noun
o There is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause
The Forms are as follows :
Subject

Object

Possessive

For persons

who
that

whom / who
that

whose

For things

which
that

which
that

whose

Using Subject Pronoun : Who, Which, and That

e.g

I thank the woman. She helped me

I thank the woman who helped me
I thank the woman that helped me

The man robbed you. He has been arrested

The man who robbed you has been arrested
The man that robbed you has been arrested
The book is mine. It is on the table
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The book which is on the table is mine

The book that is on the table is mine
This is the picture. It caused such a sensation
This is the picture which caused such a sensation
This is a picture that caused such a sensation
Note :

A subject pronoun cannot be omitted

Using Object Pronouns : whom(m), which, that

e.g

The man was Mr. John. I saw him

The man who(m) I saw was Mr. John
The man that I saw was Mr. John
He

introduced me to Mary. I met her before

He introduced me to Mary who(m) I met before
He introduced me to Mary that I met before
He introduced me to Mary I met before

The movie wasnt very good. We saw it last night

The movie which we saw last night wasnt very good
The movie that we saw last night wasnt very good
I plant a tree. I water It everyday
I plant a tree which I water everyday
I plant a tree that I water everyday
I plant a tree I water everyday
Notes :
whom

In informal

English, who is often used as an object pronoun instead of

An object pronoun can be omitted from adjective clause

The adjective clause pronouns are placed at the beginning of the clause
Place an adjective clause pronoun as close as possible to the noun it modifies

Pronoun Used As The Object Of A Preposition

e.g. :

She is the woman. I told you about her

She is the woman about whom I told you
She is the woman whom(m) I told you about
She is the woman that I told you about
She is the woman I told you about

The music was good. We listened to it last night

The music to which we listened last night was good
The music which we listened to last night was good
The music that we listened to last night was good
The music we listened to last night was good
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Using Possessive Pronoun : Whose

e.g

I know the man. His bicycle was stolen

I know the man Whose bicycle was stolen
The student writes well. I read her composition
The student whose composition I read writes well
Mr. Budi has a painting. Its value is inestimable
Mr. Budi has a painting whose value is inestimable

Notes

B.

: whose is used to show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive
pronouns used as adjectives ; his, her, its, their, etc.
Whose is connected to a noun. ( his bicycle ---- whose bicycle )
Both whose and the noun are placed at the beginning of the adjective clause.
Whose usually modifies people but it may also be used to modify things
whose cannot be omitted

NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE : PERSONS AND THINGS

o It doesnt define the thing it refers to. It simply provides additional information
o They are separated from their noun by commas
o The pronoun can never be omitted
o The construction is fairly formal and more common in written than in spoken
English.

The forms are as follows :

Subject

Object

Possessive

For Person

Who

Whom / who

Whose

For Things

Which

Which

Which

Using Subject Pronoun : Who, Which

o Budi, Who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town
o The train, which is usually very punctual, was late today
Note :

No other pronoun is possible

Using Object Pronoun : Whom, Who, Which

o David, who(m) everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent
o She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself
Notes :

- Whom is correct form, through who is sometimes used in conversation

- That is not used here and relative pronoun can never be omitted

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Using Possessive Pronoun : Whose

o Nancy, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job
o His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight

3. EXPRESSING REGRETS ABOUT A PAST ACTION

1.

Should have and ought to have

Suggests that the event did not happen. You regret about that
o You should have driven your car more carefully in the rain
( But you didnt )
o He ought to have stopped smoking. ( He didnt )

Should have ( shouldnt have ) and ought not to have ( oughtnt to have )
Suggests that the event happened
o You oughtnt to have bought such an expensive watch. ( But you did )
o He shouldnt have wasted his time when he was young. ( But he did )

Auxiliary

Uses
Advisability

Should
90 % certainty

Must

Strong necessity
Prohibition ( - )
95 % certainty

Present / Future
I should study tonight

Past
I should have studied last

She should do well on the test

night
She should have done well on

( future only, not present )

I must go to class today
You must not open the door
Mary isnt in class. She must be

the test
I had to go to class yesterday
Mary must have been sick

sick

yesterday

4. TALKING ABOUT PURPOSE OF DOING SOMETHING

Notes :

Sometimes you have to use so that ( not to + Infinitive ) to talk about the purpose
of doing something we use

so that :

When the purpose is negative ( so that .. wont / wouldnt )

o I hurried so that I wouldnt be late ( = because I didnt want to be late )
o Leave early so that you wont (or dont) miss the bus

II

With can and could ( so that .. can / could . )

o Hes learning English so that he can study abroad
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o We moved to Surabaya so that we could visit our friends more often

III

When one person does something so that another person does something else
o I gave him my address so that he could contact me
o He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him

5. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( IF CLAUSE )

Meaning Of
The
If Clause
True in the
Present /
Future
Untrue in the
Present /
Future
Untrue In The
Past

Verb Form in
the
If Clause

Verb Form In
The
Result Clause
Simple Present

Simple Present
Simple Future

EXAMPLES
a) If I have enough time, I write
to my parents every week
b) If I have enough time
tomorrow, I will write to
my parents

Simple Past

Past Future
(Would + Simple
form)

c) If I had enough time now,

I would write to my parents

Past Perfect

Would have +
Past Participle

d) If I had had enough time,

I would have written to my
parents yesterday

6. EXPRESSING UNFULFILLED WISH

VERB FORM IN
TRUE SENTENCE
a) She will not tell me

VERB FORM
FOLLOWING WISH
I wish (that) she would tell me

b) He isnt going to be here

I wish he were going to be here

c) She cant come tomorrow

d) I dont know Japanese

I wish she could come tomorrow

I wish I knew Japanese

e) It is raining right now

I wish it werent raining right now

A wish about

f) I cant speak Japanese

g) John didnt come

I wish I could speak Japanese

I wish John had come

The past

h) Linda couldnt come

I wish Linda could have come

A Wish about
Future
A wish about
Present

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Summary :
1

We can use wish with a past tense to express regret about the present
( to say that we would like something to be different )
e.g : I wish there werent so many people
Do you ever wish you could fly ?

We use would after wish

( There are so many people )

( You cant fly )

when we want something to stop happening,

or we want something different to happen

e.g

I wish you would be quiet. Im trying to do my homework

I wish he wouldnt leave his clothes lying all over the bathroom floor

3.

we often use were instead of was especially in a more formal style

e.g

I wish she werent so horrible to me

( but she is )

I wish I were taller

( but I am not )

THE USING OF AS IF / AS THOUGH

a) It looks like rain
Notice :
b) It looks as if it is going
to rain
In (a) : like is followed by a noun object
c) It looks as though it is In (b), (c) : as if / as though are followed by a clause
going to rain
In (d) : Like is followed by a clause. (informal English)
d) It looks like it is going A, b, c , d all have the same meaning
to rain
e)
f)
g)
h)

True Statement
He is not a child
She did not take a
shower with her
clothes on
He has met her
She will be here

Verb form after as if / as though

She talked to him as if he were a child
When she came in form the rainstorm, she
looked as if she had taken a shower with her
clothes on
He acted as though he had never met her
She spoke as if she wouldnt be here

Usually
the
idea
following as if & as
though is untrue. In
this case, verb usage is
similar to that in
conditional sentences.

7. ORDER OF ACTIVITIES AND HOW TO DO THEM

Notes :

An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase only when the subject
of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same

The Examples :
I ate breakfast and then I left for work
o Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast

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o I ate breakfast, before leaving for work

She completed her shopping and then she went home
o After completing her shopping she went home
o She went home after completing her shopping
You can improve your English if you practice regularly
o By practicing regularly, you can improve your English
o You can improve your English by practicing regularly

8.. GIVING REASONS

The Pattern :
Because

= Because + Clause ( with subject and verb )

Clause ( with subject and verb ) + Because + Clause

Since

= Since + Clause ( with subject and verb )

Clause ( with subject and verb ) + Since + Clause

Because of = Because of + noun / pronoun

Due to
Notes :

= Due to + noun / pronoun

Because and Since is used ;

1. To express the reason for a statement, or to express the answer of a why questions
2. To add a remark which gives your reason for stating a fact or opinion ,
after you have stated it.
Because of and Due to
o To state the reason for something. It must be followed by a noun phrase

Because

Since
As
As /
so long as

CONJUNCTION
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed
He went to bed because he was sleepy
Because the weather was cold ,
we stayed home
Since hes not interested in classical music,
he decided not to go to the concert
As she had nothing to do, she called up a
friend and asked her to go to movie with
her
As long as (so long as) youre not busy,
could you help me with this work ?

An adverb Cl. may precede or

follow the independent Cl ( , )
Introduce an adverb Cl. It is
followed by a subject & Verb
The reasons something thats
already known to the person .
As means Because
As long as means because
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Now that the semester is finished, Im

Now that

going to rest a few days and then take a trip

Inasmuch as the two government leaders

Inasmuch as
could not reach a agreement, the
possibilities for peace are still remote
PR E PO SITIO N
Because of the cold weather, we stayed
Home
Because of
We stayed home, because of the cold
weather
Due to the cold weather, we stayed home
Due to
TRANSITION
Andi didnt study. Therefore,
he failed the test
Therefore
Andi didnt study. He filed the test,
therefore
Andi didnt study. Consequently, he failed
Consequently
the test

Now that means because now.

Now that is used for present
and future situation
Inasmuch as means because and
usually found only in formal
writing and speech

Because of and Due to are

followed by noun or pronoun

Therefore and consequently

mean as a result In grammar,
they are called transitions (or
conjunctive
adverbs).
Transitions connect the ideas
between two verbs

9. EXPRESSING CONTRAST OR OPPOSING IDEAS

THOUGH
ALTHOUGH
EVENTHOUGH
DESPITE
IN SPITE OF

SUBJECT + , VERB
NOUN, PRONOUN
( THIS, THAT, WHAT ),
V.Ing

Notes :
After although we use A Subject + Verb :
o Although she smokes 40 cigarettes a day, she is quiet fit
o Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday
o I didnt get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications
After in spite of ( or despite ) we use a noun, a pronoun (this / that / what ) or verb
-ing
o In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday
o I didnt get the job despite my qualifications
o She wasnt well, but in spite of this she went to work
o Despite what I said last night, I still love you
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o Im not tired in spite of working hard all day

You can also in spite of / despite the fact (that) ..
o In spite of the fact (that) I was tired, I couldnt sleep
o Shes quiet fit despite the fact (that) she smokes 40 cigarettes a day
Sometimes we use though instead of although
o I didnt get the job though I had all the necessary qualifications
In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence
o The house isnt very nice. I like the garden though
( = but I like the garden )
o I see him every day. Ive never spoken to him though
( = but Ive never spoken to him )
Even though is a stronger form of although
o Even though I was really tired, I couldnt sleep.
Pay attention to the table bellow !
ADVERB CLAUSE

TRANSITIONS

WORDS
CAUSE AND
EFFECTS

OPPOSITION

CONDITON

because, since, as,

now that, as/so
long as, so (that)
even though,
although, though,
whereas, while

CONJUCTIONS

therefore,
consequently
nevertheless,
nonetheless,
however, on the
other hand

If, unless, only if,

even if,
whether or not
provided (that)
providing (that)
in case (that)
in the event (that)

so,
for
but ( anyway)
yet ( still )

otherwise

10

or (else)

PREPOSITIONS
because of,
due to
despite,
in spite of.

In case of,
In the even of

CAUSATIVE

( Ask Someone To Do Something )

1.

Make / Made ( Force )

S
I

Make
make

Someone
my sister

Verb Word
take

my books
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S
I
2. Get / Got

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Make
make

Something
my books

Verb Word
take

Get

Someone
my sister
Something
my books

To Infinitive
to take
Participle
taken

( by my sister )

( Ask )

S
I
S

get
Get

get

my books
( by my sister )

3. Have / Had ( Ask )\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

S
I
S
I
4

Have
have
Make
have

Someone
my sister
Something
my books

Verb Word
take
Participle
taken

Let

Someone
my sister
Something
my books

Verb Word
take
Verb Word
take

my books
( by my sister )

Let ( Allow )
S
I
S

get
Let

get

my books
( by my sister )

11. REPORTED SPEECH

Pay attention to the bellow patterns !
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

1. Simple Present
She said, I watch TV everyday

Simple Past
She said (that) she watched TV everyday

2. Present Continuous
She said, I am watching TV now

Past Continuous
She said she was watching TV then

Past Perfect
She said she had watched TV

Present Perfect
She said I have watched TV

4. Present Perfect Continuous

She said, Ive been watching TV
for one hour

Past Perfect Continuous

She said she had been watching TV
for one hour

Past Perfect
She said she had watched TV the previous day

Simple Past
She said, I watched TV yesterday

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6. Future
She said, I will watch TV tomorrow

Future Past
She said would watch TV the following day

Future past Continuous

She said she would have watching TV

Future Continuous
She said, I will be watching TV

8. Future Past
She said, I should watch TV
If I were you

Future Past Perfect

She said she would have watched TV
if she had been me

Be Going To ( Past )
She said she was going to watch TV

Be Going To (Present)
She said, I am going to watch TV

10 Must
She said, I must watch TV

Had To
She said she had to watch TV

11 Exclamation
She said, Watch TV !

She told me to watch TV

12 Question
She said, Do you watch TV ?

She asked (me) if I watch TV

Adverb of times / place

Indirect
This
Now
Ago
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
The day before yesterday
The day after tomorrow
Next week / year
Last week / year
A year , ago

That
Then
Before
That day
The day before
The next day / The following day
Two days before
In two days time
The following week / year
The previous week / year
A year before / the previous year

Tense
present
is / am / are
doesnt / dont
modals ( present )
past
was / were
didnt

Direct

Pronouns
you
I
we
me

past
was / were
didnt
modals ( past )
past perfect ( had + V3 )
had been
had not + V3
I / he / she / me / him / her / we / us
he / she
he / she
him / her

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us
my
your

us / them
his / he
my / his / her / our

12. PREFERENCES
Study the following patterns
PATTERN

EXAMPLES

S + Prefer + Noun + To + Noun

S + Prefer + Ving + To + Ving

I prefer apples to oranges

I prefer watching TV to studying

S + Like + Noun + Better than + Noun

S + Like + Ving + Better than + Ving

I like apples better than oranges

I like watching TV better than studying

S + Would rather + Have + N + Than + N

Lia would rather have an apple than

(have) an orange

S + Would rather + V1 + Than + V1

Id rather visit a big city than live there

S + Had better + V1 + Rather than + V1

Youd better do your homework rather than

play

S + Would prefer + To Inv + Rather than + V1

I would prefer to cook rather than sew
In a polite question would rather can be
followed by or to offer someone a choice

Would you rather have an apple or an orange

Notes :
A. You can use prefer to (inv) or prefer (Ving) to say what you prefer in general
I prefer tea to coffee
Tom prefers driving to traveling by train
Tom prefers to drive rather than travel by train
I prefer to live in the village rather than (live) in the city
B. Use would prefer to say what someone wants to (inv) in a particular situation.
You can say would prefer to (inv) or would prefer (Ving)
e.g. : Should we go by plane ?
Well, I would prefer to go by car or
Well, Id prefer going by car
e.g. : Would you prefer tea or coffee ? Coffee please
C. Would rather (V1), Would prefer to (Inv). After would rather we use the base form
E.g. : Should we go by plane ?
Well, Id prefer to go by car
Well, Id rather go by car

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D. When you want someone else to do something you can say I would rather you did
We use the past in this structure, but the meaning is present or future, not past
Id rather you cooked dinner now !
Do you mind if I smoke ? Id rather you didnt
E. Would like is followed by the infinitive
I would like to be rich
Would you like come to the party ?
F. You can also say : S + Would like + To have + Past participle
Wed like to have taken a vacation, but we didnt have enough money
Its too bad we didnt visit Tom. Id like to have seen him again
The same structure is possible after would love, hate, prefer
Id love to have gone to the party, but it was impossible
Poor Jim, I would hate to have been in his position
We went to a restaurant but I didnt enjoy it. Id prefer to have eaten at home

13. WORD FORMS

Look at the following chart for endings that can help you identify word forms
NOUNS
VERBS
-acy (-cy)
-age (damage)
-al
(
-ance (-ence)
(deterrence)
-ant (-ent)
-ate
-ate
-ation (vaccination)
-dom (freedom)
-ee (employee)
-eer (engineer)
-en
-en
-er (-or) (writer, orator)
-ese
-ess (-tress)
-ful
-hood (childhood)
-ian (-an) (vegetarian)
-ia
-ic (ics) (domestic)
-id
-ide
-in (-ine)

ADJECTIVES
-al (-ial, -ical )

ADVERBS
( economical)

-ant (-ent) (dominant)

-ate

-en
-ese
-ful (grateful)
-ian
-ic

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-ing (tightening)
-ion (emancipation)
-ism (opportunism)
-ist (receptionist)
-ite
-ity (mentality)
-let (-lette)
-ling (yearling)
-ment (government)
-ness (carelessness)
-ocracy (democracy)
-ry (-ary, -ery)
-ship (membership)
-ster (youngster)
-tion (-sion)
-tive (directive)
-y (-ie)

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-ing (tightening)

-ing

(elaboration)
-ed
-er
-ify (
-ize (economize)

-y
-ed
-er
-able (-ible)
-ile
-ish (childish)
-ive (-ative, -itive)
-less (careless)
-like (childlike)
-ly
-ous (-eous, -ious)
(dangerous)

Notes :

(employable)

-ly
(anxious)
-ward
-wise

-er, -or, and ee are endings used for people

-ism and asm are endings used for nouns
-ed is an ending for verbs and adjectives
-ly is an ending for most adverbs and some adjectives

14. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION

Here is a list of some kinds of preposition and the objectives that occur with them
At
Amazed at

amused at

puzzled at

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Angry at

delighted at

shocked at

Good at

pleased at

mad at

Hopeless at

disgusted at

terrible at

Interested in

successful in

disappoint in

Experienced in

fortunate in

mistaken in

Ashamed of

proud of

afraid of

Scared of

certain of

sure of

Convinced of

tired of

glad of

Dependent on

based on

In

Lucky in
Of

On
About
Angry about

interested on

keen on

worried about

annoyed about

Happy about

frightened about

depressed about

Excited about

pleased about

upset about

Sorry about

disturbed about

nervous about

Answerable to

opposed to

Annoyed by

disturbed by

bored by

Frightened by

convinced by

trouble by

Angry with

furious with

disappoint with

Busy with

happy with

disgusted with

Comfortable with

bored with

pleased with

Familiar with

annoyed with

satisfied with

Delighted with

content with

upset with

To
liable to

subject to

By

With

Concerned with

EXPLANATION TEXT
Definition and Purpose
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific and cultural phenomena.

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Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is
often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
General statement ;
stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation ;
stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant ; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection ; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
How Chocolate is made
Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of
chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating.
Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place
such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a
small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans.
Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the
chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavor. Different
beans from different places have different qualities and flavor. So they are often shorted and
blended to produce a distinctive mix. The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are
winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The
blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.
All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are
half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.
Note on the generic structure of this explanation sample.
Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if we see the generic structure
point, we will get the understanding which both the explanation and procedure text have similar
purposes. Both explain how to make or form something. However the procedure text will explain
how to form or make something completely by instruction way. That is why most of procedure text
is composed in command sentences. In the other hand, explanation text will show a knowledge
about how thing is formed.
The above example of explanation text has the following generic structure:
General statement; it is a statement which says about chocolate and how it is formed
Sequenced explanation; it is a series of explanation on how chocolate is formed before we
eat. First, the chocolate is coming from the cacao tree. Then it is fermented and ship to the
chocolate producer. The cacao bean then are roasted and winnowed.
Narrative Text

The purpose of narrative text

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A narrative text is designed to entertain, create, stimulate emotion, motivate, guide and
teach ; Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind,
which in turn finds a resolution
Generic structure
Orientation
It sets the scene and introduces the participants
( it answers the questions ; who, when, what, where )
Evaluation
A stepping back to evaluate the plight
( the information about the narrators point of view);
it is optional
Complication
A crisis or a problem arises.
It usually involves the main characters
Resolution
A solution to the problem
( for better or for worse ).
Main characters find ways to solve the problem
Expressing
Expressing Complaint

I want to complain about these shoes

Well, this is the most unsatisfactory service Ive ever found. I booked the room myself a
week ago

Im afraid... Its just not enough

What can you do about these rooms ?

Something must be done

Im sorry to say this, but this room is very dirty

Im afraid Ive got a complaint about ...

Would you mind not talking too loudly

I wish you wouldnt bother us

I am not at all satisfied with your ....

Asking for Suggestions

Do you think I ought to call the police ?

What do you think I should buy him for his birthday ?

Do you have any ideas about how I can sell my car ?

Should I try to talk with him about this matter again ?

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If you were me, what would you tell her ?

If you were in my situation, would you forgive him ?

What do you advise I pack for the trip ?

Do you have any advice for me ?

Can you give me some advise about something ?

How do you suggest I fix this broken window ?

Are you suggesting I give up jogging ?

What do you recommend I take, for a bad headache ?

Do you have any recommendatios about a good hotel in Gorontalo ?

Can you recommend a suitable drinking for dinner ?

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Offering Suggestions

I think youd better start looking for a new job ?

If I were you. Id stop writing her

It would probably be a good idea to send this by express mail.

Why dont you try calling her tonight ?

How about taking a bus instead of driving ?

Try ignoring her for awhile

Id say that youd better quit the team now

I dvise you to talk with your lawyer

My advice is to be careful in doing business with them

I suggest that we go out for dinner tonight

Let me suggest that we buy a new coppier

I recommend that you cancel your appoinment

My recommendation is that we begin the sales program in May

Asking for A Promise

Promise me that you will get me all the water that I can drink

Do you promise to take care of the bird if we get one ?

Make me a promise, wont you ?

I want you to promise that youll love forever

Is that a promise ?

Do you give me your word on that ?

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Do you swear that you wont forget me ?

Offering A Promise

I promise Ill do whatever you want.

I promise you that Ill try to be on time next time

I promise to love you endlessly

Its a promise.

I give you my word on that

You have my word on it.

I swear that my love is only for you.

Asking about Thoughts / feeling

How do you feel about it ?

What are you thinking about ?

You have something on your mind ?

What are you looking so serious about ?

Is something bothering you ?

Is there anything you want to talk about ?

Want to talk about it ?

Are you O.K. ?

Are you worried about something ?

Expressing Wonder

I wonder at her rudeness

I wonder how he can come here after what happened

I really wonder if he loves somebody younger

Im just wondering if she knows how much I love her

I wonder who she is

I was just wondering how to do it

I dont wonder after the treatment she had

Asking about possibility / probability

Is it possible to see mount Tilongkabila from here ?

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Is there any possibility of selling everything today ?

What possibility is there that they are still alive

Can you come to my house tomorrow afternoon ?

Will you be able to stop by the post office on the way home ?

Is there any chance they will meet and marry ?

What will probably happen to the main character ?

Stating Possibility

Maybe *

Theres a chance

Perhaps

Could be

Its possible

They may be

I might meet him

Its very like

Theres a big chance

Theres a good possibility

Work in pairs, Create possible questions and responses to the following situation !
Situations :

1. You are hiking with some classmates. You ask one of your classmates if the path will
continue to be as good as it is now
2. Youre asking friend what he / she will probably do to prepare for the final examination
3. Possible Questions
1.
2. .
3.
4.
4. Possible responses
1.

2.
3.

4. .

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