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Basic Anatomic & Nuclear Physics

This document is a lecture on the structure of atoms and atomic nuclei. It discusses the basic subatomic particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons and electrons. It also covers atomic mass units, atomic number, mass number, electron binding energies and early atomic models developed by scientists like Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr. Sample problems are provided to calculate mass defect and binding energy for different isotopes like lithium-7 and uranium-235. The lecture aims to introduce foundational concepts in atomic and nuclear physics.

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Hazwani Azhar
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47 views

Basic Anatomic & Nuclear Physics

This document is a lecture on the structure of atoms and atomic nuclei. It discusses the basic subatomic particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons and electrons. It also covers atomic mass units, atomic number, mass number, electron binding energies and early atomic models developed by scientists like Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr. Sample problems are provided to calculate mass defect and binding energy for different isotopes like lithium-7 and uranium-235. The lecture aims to introduce foundational concepts in atomic and nuclear physics.

Uploaded by

Hazwani Azhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL

PHYSICS
(BMB 34103)
Lecturer : SITI AFIFAH MOHSHIM
(STAM)
Lecture 1.1 : STRUCTURE OF ATOM AND
NUCLEUS ATOMIC MASS AND ENERGY UNITS

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TOPIC 1

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TOPIC 1.1

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1.1 STRUCTURE OF ATOM AND NUCLEUS


Atoms are composed of three types of
particles : protons, neutrons, and electron.
The electron is constantly spinning around
the center of the atom (called the nucleus).

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1.1 ATOMIC MASS AND ENERGY UNITS


The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an
atom, most often expressed in unified
atomic mass units (amu).
amu is a unit of mass used to express
atomic and molecular masses.
atomic mass atomic weight
unified atomic mass unit (amu) = dalton (Da) = universal mass unit
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1.1.1 Early Models Of Atom

Who had been discover the atom?


1) Isaac Newton
a) The atom was a tiny, hard, indestructible sphere

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1.1.1 Early Models Of Atom

Who had been discover the atom?


2) JJ Thomson
a) Suggested a model of the atom as a volume of
positive charge with electrons embedded
throughout the volume (the seeds in a
watermelon) See figure.
b) Plum Pudding Model

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1.1.1 Early Models Of Atom

Who had been discover the atom?


3) Rutherford
a) Performed a critical experiment (Geiger
Marsdens) showing that Thomson's model
couldn't be correct.

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Rutherford atomic model

1.1.1 Early Models Of Atom


Who had been
discover the atom?
4) Neils Bohr
When the atom was
excited the electron
could jump to a higher
level.
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1.1.1 Early Models Of Atom


Spectra

When the electron


came back down, it
released energy in
the form of light

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1.1.2 Atomic Number


Symbol

Meaning

Explanation

Atomic Number

Number of the proton in the


nucleus (or the number of
electrons outside the
nucleus).

Neutron Number

Number of the neutron in the


nucleus

Mass Number

Number of the nucleons


(neutrons and protons) in the
nucleus

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1.1.2 Atomic Number

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1.1.2 Atomic Number


Elemental Symbol
No of Protons
3
9
(equal to Z)
No of Neutrons
4
10
(equal to A-Z)
No of Electrons
(equal to Z
3
9
modified by charge
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1.1.2 Atomic Number


Example 1.1 :
Consider the isotope F19.
(a) What is the name of this element?
(b) How many protons are in this isotope?
(c) How many neutrons are in this isotope?

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1.1.3 Composition of Structure


Nucleus
It contains two kinds of fundamental particles:
protons (+ve charge) and neutrons (no
charge)

Atom

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1.1.3 Composition of Structure


Charge & Mass; Atomic Masses
MASSES

Conversion Factors :
PARTICLE

10-27kg

1 amu = 1.660559 x
1 amu = 931.5 MeV/c2
1 Newton = 1 kg m/sec2
1 Joule = 1 Newton-meter
1 MeV = 1.6022 x 10-13 joules
The rest energy of a particle is given
by
E = mc2
E = rest energy
m = mass
c = speed of light ~ 2.99792x108 m/s

kg

amu

MeV/c2

Proton

1.6726 x 10-27

1.007276

938.28

Neutron

1.6750 x 10-27

1.008665

939.57

Electron

9.109 x 10-31

5.486 x 10-4

0.511

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1.1.4 Electron Binding Energies


And Energy Levels
Binding Energy
Binding energy is defined as the amount of
energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to
completely separate its nuclear particles
(nucleons).
The loss in mass, or mass defect, is due to
the conversion of mass to binding energy
when the nucleus is formed.

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1.1.4 Electron Binding Energies


And Energy Levels
Binding Energy
Mass Defect = [ Z (mp + me) + (A Z) mn ] - matom

Binding energy can be calculated using :


Binding Energy (BE) = (Mass Defect)

931.5MeV

1amu

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1.1.4 Electron Binding Energies


And Energy Levels
Example 1.2 :

Calculate the mass defect for lithium7. Given the mass of lithium-7 is
7.016003 amu.

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1.1.4 Electron Binding Energies


And Energy Levels
Electron Binding Energy
Electron binding energy, or ionization
potential, is the energy required to remove an
electron from an atom, molecule, or ion, and
also the energy released when an electron
joins an atom, molecule, or ion.

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1.1.4 Electron Binding Energies


And Energy Levels
Energy Levels of Atoms
The electrons near the nucleus are the lowest
energy level and would have the greatest
binding energy.

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1.1 STRUCTURE OF ATOM AND


NUCLEUS ATOMIC MASS AND ENERGY
UNITS
Exercise :
Calculate the following in
relation to Uranium-235.
One Uranium-235 atom
has a mass of
235.043924 amu.

235
92

a. Mass defect
b. Binding energy

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