SCIENCE

Quarter 3 - Module 1
TYPES OF VOLCANOES AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
 What I Need to Know
The Philippines is an archipelago of more than 7,100 islands. Most of these
islands are of volcanic origin. The Philippines is surrounded by plates (slabs of solid
rocks) where volcanoes usually formed, making it vulnerable to volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes. The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
In the previous grade level, you have learned the basic concepts
about
volcanoes. The lessons and activities covered in this module allow you to explore
more about this beautiful yet potentially destructive landform – volcano and volcanic
eruptions.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions.

What's In
Activity 1: Remember Me!
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Select the correct term from the word bank and write your
answer in the blank space provided.

lava vent conduit volcanic ash crater

1. opening in the Earth’s crust through which gases, ash and lava
escape
2. mixture of rock, mineral and glass particles erupted during
volcanic eruption
3. mouth of the volcano that surrounds the volcanic vent
4. underground passage where magma travels through
5. molten rock that erupts from a volcano and solidifies as it cools

B. Determine the external parts of a volcano using the telegraph Morse code and
write each term in the concept map.

Figure 1. Morse Code

(Source: Discovery World Organization)

1. •••−/ • / −• / − 3. −•−•/ −−− / −• / •

2. •••/••−/−−/−−/••/− 4. −•−• / •−• / •− / − / • / •−•

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 1.
3.

Parts of a
VOLCANO

2. 4.

Figure 2. External Parts of a Volcano

What's New

Activity 2: Picture Out!

Directions: Describe Mayon Volcano in the picture by filling in the correct answer in the
concept map below.

Figure 3. Mt. Mayon

(Picture Credits: USGS)

VOLCANO

State: What material(s)

What is the shape?
Active/Inactive? is/are released?

Figure 4. Concept Map of Volcano

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 Some of us may not have seen the actual Mayon volcano but have seen
photographs of this famous Philippine tourist spot. In the activity, you were able to describe
the external parts of the volcano. But how are volcanoes classified? Let us find out in the
next part of this module.

What is it?
A volcano is a vent that directly
connects magma to the surface of the
Earth. It is also described as a
mountain or hill, typically conical,
having a crater or vent through which lava,
rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are
being erupted from the Earth's crust.

The summit is the highest point of a

volcano. The crater, which is the mouth
of the volcano, is sometimes confused
with a caldera. A caldera is a large
depression formed when a volcano erupts
and collapses. The
conduit is the pipe or the channel that conveys the magma. The secondary pipes or
the branch pipes originate from the conduit. Figure 5. Parts of Volcano
Magma comes from a large underground (Credits: free-vector)
pool of molten rocks called the magma chamber or the magma reservoir.

Volcanoes are classified as active and inactive based on their behavior or

historical records of eruptions. The accounts of the eruption are documented and
analyzed based only on datable materials. Within the last 600 years, active
volcanoes have
erupted, and accounts
of these eruptions were
recorded by man within the
last 10,000 years based
on the analyses of material
from young volcanic
deposits. They are likely to
erupt again. Mt. Mayon
in the Philippines is an
active volcano. An
inactive
volcano being dormant
is sometimes called a
"sleeping volcano" that
Figure 6. Classification of Volcanoes based on Periodicity of Eruptions
(Source: https://smoothknowledge.com/2017/10/21/periodicity-of-eruption/)

has not erupted for a very long time but may erupt at a future time.

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 Some volcanoes are classified as extinct. They are not expected to erupt in the
future like the ancient Mt. Kenya in Africa.

What are the different types of volcanoes?

Volcanoes are classified based on shape as follows:

Composite volcanoes or
stratovolcanoes are large,
nearly perfect sloped
structures formed by alternate
solidification of both lava and
pyroclastic deposits formed
from multiple eruptions. This type
of volcano is commonly found
in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
One perfect example is Mayon Figure 7. Composite Cone Volcano Figure 8. Mayon Volcano
(Credit: mohammedshrine.org) (Photo Credit: vigattintourism.com)
Volcano.

A shield volcano is very big in

size, formed by
the accumulation of lava that oozes
out from the volcano. Since
non-viscous lava can flow
freely, a broad and slightly
domed structure that
resembles a warrior's shield is
formed. They are not
as dangerous as that size
Figure 10. The Mauna Loa
might make it seem because Figure 9. Shield Cone Volcano (Photo Credits: townandtourist.com)
(Credits: mohammedshrine.org)
the
eruption of lava out of shield volcanoes is not accompanied by pyroclastic material
(bursts of gas and particles). An example of this type of volcano is Mauna Loa in
Hawaii.

A cinder cone volcano, also

known as a scoria cone, is the
simplest type of volcano. It is
formed when explosive activity
throws magma into the air,
which cools into cinders and
settles around the volcano's
opening. The eruption contains little
lava, as the magma
Figure 12. Paricutin
hardens and breaks into pieces Volcano
Figure 11. Cinder Cone
during the explosion. As a Volcano
result, cinder cone volcanoes
tend to be smaller than other types of volcanoes. An example of this type is Paricutin
Volcano in Mexico, the Lava Butte, and Sunset Crate.

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What are the different types of volcanic eruptions?

Volcanoes erupt differently. Volcanologists classify eruptions into several

different types. Some are named for particular volcanoes where the type of eruption is
common; others are for the resulting shape of the eruptive products or the place where
the eruptions occur. They are generally classified as wet or dry depending on the magma's
water content. Here are some of the most common types of eruptions.

Volcanoes are described according to the style of the eruption as follows:

a. Phreatic or hydrothermal
It is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks
come in contact with water. It is short-lived,
characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a
more enormous eruption. The Taal Volcano in
Batangas has this type of eruption.
Figure 13. Taal Volcano
b. Phreatomagmatic (Photo Credits: USGS)

A violent volcanic eruption due to the contact

between water and magma and can be very
explosive. The water can be from groundwater,
hydrothermal systems, surface runoff, a lake, or the sea.
As a result, a large column of very fine ash and high-
speed and sideway emission of pyroclastics called
base surges are observed.
Figure 14. Surtsey Volcano in Iceland
(Photo Credits: curiousatlas.com)
c. Strombolian
A periodic weak to violent eruption
characterized by fountain lava, the explosions
usually occur every few minutes at regular or
irregular intervals. The bursts of lava, which can reach
hundreds of meters, are caused by the bursting
of large bubbles of gas, which travel upward in
the magma-filled conduit until they reach the open
air like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
They are one of the least violent explosive
eruptions, although they can still be very
dangerous if lava flows reach inhabited areas. Figure 15. Irazu Volcano
(Photo Credits: USGS)

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 d. Vulcanian
This type of eruption results from the
fragmentation and explosion of a lava plug in a
volcanic conduit or from the rupture of a lava
dome (viscous lava that piles up over a vent).
Vulcanian eruptions create powerful explosions in
which material can travel faster than 350
meters per second (800 mph) and rise several
kilometers into the air. They produce tephra, ash
clouds, and pyroclastic dense currents (clouds of hot
ash, gas, and rock that flow almost like fluids).
An example is the Paricutin Volcano in
Mexico. Figure 16. Paricutin Volcano
(Photo Credits: USGS)

Vulcanian eruptions may be repetitive and go on for days, months, or years,

or they may precede even larger explosive eruptions.

e. Plinian
It is described as an excessively explosive and
violent type of eruption where gases boiling out of gas-
rich magma generate massive and nearly
continuous spurting blasts that core out the
magma conduit and rip it apart. The eruption
columns of gases and volcanic fragments that can rise to
50 km (35 miles) high at speeds of hundreds of meters
per second resemble a gigantic rocket blast directed
vertically upward. Plinian eruption
clouds can rise into the stratosphere and are Figure 17. Pinatubo Volcano
(Photo Credits: USGS)
sometimes continuously produced for several hours.
Ash from the eruption column can drift or be blown hundreds or thousands of miles
away from the volcano, just like the Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales. Lightning
strikes caused by a buildup of static electricity are commonly seen close to Plinian ash
clouds, adding one more terror element to the eruption.

Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent.
The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is referred to as a 'glowing avalanche.'
This happens when freshly erupted magma forms hot pyroclastic flows with temperatures
of up to 1,200 degrees Celsius.

Volcanic eruptions are one of Earth's most dramatic and violent agents of change.
Not only can powerful explosive eruptions drastically alter land and water forms for tens of
kilometers around a volcano, but tiny liquid droplets of sulfuric acid erupted into the
stratosphere can change our planet's climate temporarily.

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 What's More?
Activity 3: Check Me!
Directions: Indicate a check () mark for the following volcanoes in the Philippines to
identify the active from inactive volcanoes. Refer to the number of historical records of eruptions.

Number of Historical
Last
Volcano Record of Eruptions Erupted ACTIVE INACTIVE
1. Mayon in Albay 48 2018
2. Musuan in Bukidnon 2 1887
3. Mount Cabaluyan 0 -
4. Mount Camiguin 1 1857
5. Mount Cocoro 0 -
6. Mount Hibok-Hibok 6 1902
7. Mount Iraya 1 1454
8. Mount Kanlaon 26 2006
9. Mount Makaturing 2 1858
10. Mount Pinatubo 3 1993
11.Mount Pulung 0 -
12. Mount Smith 6 1924
13. Mount Taal 34 2020
14. Mount Tamburok 0 -
15. Mount Urot 0 -
(Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, accessed September 30, 2013)

What I Have Learned?

Activity 4: Find Me, Buddy!
Directions: Search and encircle the terms associated with volcanoes found in the word bank.
WORD SEARCH
Word Bank
ASH LAVA
MAIN VENT
MAGMA
CRATER

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Activity 5A: Complete Me!\

Direction: Use the word bank to fill in the blank spaces and complete the paragraphs below.
Word Bank
composite steep lava volcano Earth’s
crust ash magma hardened
gases

A is an opening in the crust where liquid rock called

escapes onto the surface. Scientists call this a volcanic eruption. Once on the surface, the
magma is called and can flow for many miles. Not all eruption is the
same. Different types of volcanoes erupt in different ways. Some volcanoes erupt with lots of flowing
lava; others erupt explosively with hot and cinders.

The most explosive volcanoes are known as volcanoes. They explosively

erupt with high amounts of ash, and deadly . Cinder cones are usually less than
1000 feet tall and have very sides. Although small, they can do damage with a high amount
of and cinder materials. Shield volcanoes are made of lava
from past eruptions. The lava spreads out to form new and covers a large
area with gently sloping sides.

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 Assessment
Direction: Read each statement carefully and circle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. What type of volcano is commonly found in the Pacific Ring of Fire?
A. Cinder volcano C. Shield volcano
B. Scoria cone D. Stratovolcano
2. The semi-molten rock underneath a volcano is called .
A. Geyser C. Lava
B. Lahar D. Magma
3. A volcano that is said to be dormant is classified as
.
A. Active C. Inactive
B. Extinct D. Tectonic
4. What part of a typical volcano is described as the opening through which
volcanic materials are ejected?
A. Vent C. Crater
B. Flank D. Ash layer
5. Which of the following is NOT a type of volcano base on shape?
A. Composite C. Shield
B. Vulcanian D. Cinder
6. Which type of volcano has broad summit areas, which makes it resemble a
warrior's shield?
A. Composite C. Cinder cone
B. Shield D. Inactive

7. What type of volcano has a steep conical hill of volcanic debris deposited around
a volcanic vent?
A. Extinct C. Cinder cone
B. Composite D. Shield
8. Which of the following volcanoes is inactive or dormant?
A. Mt. Apo C. Mt. Urot
B. Mt. Iraya D. Mt. Hibok-hibok

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9. What type of volcanic eruption results from the fragmentation and explosion of a plug of
lava in a volcanic conduit, or from the rupture of a lava dome?
A. Plinian
B. Strombolian
C. Vulcanian
D. Phreatomagmatic
10. Which one is NOT a common sign that a volcano is about to erupt?
A. Occurrence of volcanic tremors
B. Crater glow due to the presence of magma at or near the crater
C. Rocks falls and landslide from the summit after days of heavy rains
D. Change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash

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Answer Key Gr9Q3Module1

What's In
What’s More
Activity 1: Remember Me! Activity # 3 Check Me!
A.
1. vent
2. volcanic ash
3. crater
4. conduit
5. lava

B.
1.vent
2.summit
3.cone
4.crater

Whats New

Activity 2: Picture Out!

Box #1- active
Box #2-cone shape
Box #3- ash, lava

Activity 5: Complete Me!

What I have learn
Activity 4: Find Me Buddy!
A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust where a liquid rock called magma escapes
onto the surface. Scientist calls this a volcanic eruption. Once on the surface, the
magma is called lava and can flow for many miles. Not all eruption is the same. Different
types of volcanoes erupt in different ways. Some volcanoes erupt with lots of flowing lava; others
erupt explosively with hot ash and cinders.

The most explosive volcanoes are known as composite volcanoes. They explosively erupt
with high amounts of ash, and deadly gases. Cinder cones are usually less than 1000 feet
tall and have very steep sides. Although small, they can do damage with a high amount of
ash and cinder materials. Shield volcanoes are made of hardened lava from past
eruptions. The lava spreads out to form a new crust and covers a large area with gently
sloping sides.

What I can do
Activity 6: Let's Know It!

1. phreatomagmatic eruption
2. volcanic earthquake
3. Total evacuation in the high-risk area in Taal Volcano, no airspace around
Taal Volcano, and intensive monitoring of volcanic activity.

Assessment

1. d
2. d
3. d
4. b
5. d
6. c
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. c

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References
Printed Materials

Department of Education, (2014). Unit 3: Earth and Space, Science Learner's

Module 9
(pp 163-179).Pasig City, Philippines

Department of Education, (2014). Unit 3: Earth and Space, Science Teacher's

Guide Module 9
Pasig City, Philippines

Online Resources

Morse Code Source:https://www.discoveryworld.org/about/blog/discover_at_home/morse-

code/

Parts of Volcano
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/part-volcano_10107691.htm

Classification of Volcanoes based on Periodicity of Eruptions

Source: https://smoothknowledge.com/2017/10/21/periodicity-of-eruption/

Types of volcano
Source: http://istic.venet.wigeg.mohammedshrine.org/ash-cinder-volcano-diagram-
shield-volcano.html

Different types of volcanoes

https://owlcation.com/stem/4-Different-Types-of-Volcanoes-Cinder-Cones-Lava- Domes-
Shield-and-Composite-Volcanoes

Types of Volcanic eruption https://geology.com/volcanoes/types-of-

volcanic-eruptions/ https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/eruptions.html

Surtsey Volcano in Iceland

Source: http://www.curiousatlas.com/surtsey-newest-island-world/

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the- philippines

Volcanoes Types and Parts

https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Volcano-Types-and-Parts-Information- and-Diagram-
1812740

DOST-PHIVOLCS Taal Volcano Report

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/taal-volcano-bulletin-menu/9685- taal-volcano-
bulletin-24-january-2020-8-00-a-m

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 Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land
Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos, Ilongos, All
Here the breezes gently Blow, Here Linger with love and care of them are proud and true
the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset Region IX our Eden Land
The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX Region IX
Our.. Eden...
Here the Badjaos roam the seas Hardworking people Abound, Every valleys Land...
Here the Samals live in peace Here and Dale Zamboangueños, Tagalogs,
the Tausogs thrive so free With the Bicolanos,
Yakans in unity

My Final Farewell
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, And Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh, And in
were it brighter, fresher, or more blest the still evening a prayer be lifted on high From thee, 0
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. my country, that in God I may rest.

On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight, Pray for all those that hapless have died,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, Scaffold or For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried, For
open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried
T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain

I die just when I see the dawn break, An d when the dark night wra ps the grav eyar d ar oun d
Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if With only the de a d in their v igil to se e
color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Brea k n ot my re pos e or the m ystery prof oun d
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake An d perch anc e thou m ayst he ar a sa d hy mn res oun d
To dye with its crimson the waking ray. 'T i s I, O m y c ountry, raising a s ong unt o thee.

My dreams, when life first opened to me, An d ev en my grav e i s rem em ber ed n o m ore
My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, Were Unmar k' d by nev er a cr os s nor a ston e
to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea From Let the pl ow sw ee p through it, the s pade turn it o'er
gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; No blush That m y ash es m ay c arpet earthly fl oor,
on thy brow, no tear in thine eye. Bef ore int o nothi ngne ss at l ast they ar e bl own.

Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, All The n will obliv i on brin g to m e no care
hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight; All hail As ov er thy v ales an d plai ns I swe ep;
! And sweet it is for thee to expire ; Throbbing an d cle ans e d in thy s pac e an d air
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire; With col or an d light, with s ong an d l ame nt I fare, Ev er re
And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night. pe ating the f aith that I ke ep.

If over my grave some day thou seest grow, In My F atherlan d a dor' d, that s adn es s to m y s orrow le n ds
the grassy sod, a humble flower, Bel ov e d Fili pin as, h ear now my la st good - by!
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so, I giv e thee all: par ents an d kin dre d an d frien ds
While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below For I g o wher e no slav e bef ore the oppr ess or ben ds,
The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power. Where faith c an nev er kill, an d God reign s e' er on hi gh!

Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Let Farew ell to y ou all, from my s oul torn a way,
the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Let the Frien ds of my chi ldh ood in the h om e di s poss es se d! Giv e
wind with sad lament over me keen ; And if on my than ks that I rest from th e weari some da y!
cross a bird should be seen, Farew ell t o thee, t oo, swe et frien d that lig htene d my way; Bel ov
Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes. e d cre atur es al l, farewell ! In death ther e is rest !

I Am a Filipino, by Carlos P. Romulo

I am a Filipino–inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain future. I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the East and the West. The East,
As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task–the task of meeting my with its languor and mysticism, its passivity and endurance, was my mother,
responsibility to the past, and the task of performing and my sire was the West that came thundering across the seas with the
my obligation to the future. Cross and Sword and the Machine. I am of the East, an eager participant in
I sprung from a hardy race, child many generations removed of ancient its spirit, and in its struggles for liberation from the imperialist yoke. But I
Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries the memory comes rushing back to also know that the East must awake from its centuried sleep, shake off the
me: of brown-skinned men putting out to sea in ships that were as frail as lethargy that has bound his limbs, and start moving where destiny awaits.
their hearts were stout. Over the sea I see them come, borne upon the I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge shall I give that I
billowing wave and the whistling wind, carried upon the mighty swell of may prove worthy of my inheritance? I shall give the pledge that has come
hope–hope in the free abundance ringing down the corridors of the centuries, and it shall be compounded of
of new land that was to be their home and their children’s forever. the joyous cries of my Malayan forebears when first they saw the contours
I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of heroes–seed that of this land loom before their eyes, of the battle cries that have resounded in
flowered down the centuries in deeds of courage and defiance. In my every field of combat from Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices of my
veins yet pulses the same hot blood that sent Lapulapu to battle against people when they sing:
the first invader of this land, that nerved Lakandula in the combat against “I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall not rest until freedom shall
the alien foe, that drove Diego Silang and Dagohoy into rebellion against have been added unto my inheritance—for myself and my children and
the foreign oppressor. my children’s children—forever.”
The seed I bear within me is an immortal seed. It is the mark of my
manhood, the symbol of dignity as a human being. Like the seeds that
were once buried in the tomb of Tutankhamen many thousand years ago,
it shall grow and flower and bear fruit again. It is the insignia of my
race, and my generation is but a stage in the unending search of my
people for freedom and happiness.
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