Clean Oil Guide

The importance of
Oil Maintenance

100 m
Grain of salt

1 m
Tobacco smoke
3 m
Bacteria

8 m
Coal dust

70 m
Human hair

40 m
Naked eye visibility

25 m
Pollen

Contents

Page Chapter

Page Chapter

24 Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE)

3 0 Introduction

25 Oil analysis log book

5 1 Oil contamination control

26 Testing for varnish

5 Wear and tear in oil systems

26 Membrane Patch Colorimetric (MPC)

6 Particle contamination

26 Fourier Transform Infrared

8 Water contamination
Spectroscopy (FTIR)

9 Oil degradation

26 Ultra Centrifuge test (UC)

10 Acid contamination

28 4 Oil cleaning methods

11 2 Oil sampling

28 Filter types

11 Where to take an oil sample

30 Glass fibre based pressure filter

12 How to take an oil sample

31 Cellulose based offline filter

15 3 Oil sample analysis

32 5 Basic filtration definitions

15 A good oil analysis report will

32 Nominal filtration
answer key questions

32 Absolute filtration

15 At a minimum an oil analysis

32 Beta values
should include
33 Dirt holding capacity

16 Analysis methods and frequencies

33 Filter by-pass valve

17 Viscosity

34 6 Installation methods

17 Absolute/Dynamic viscosity

34 Full-flow filtration

17 Kinematic viscosity

34 Offline filtration

18 Particle counting
36 7 Economy

18 Automatic particle count (ISO 11500)

37 8 Ordering a filtration system

18 Manual particle count (ISO 4407)

37 Offline filter sizing

19 ISO classification table

20 AS / NAS classes

38 9 CJC Oil Maintenance Systems

21 Evaluation of particle count

39 10 Handling of oil and oil systems
and machine lifetime

39 New oil in containers

22 Moisture level

39 Oil in the system

22 Karl Fisher

40 11 Recommendations for buying oil

23 Acid number and base number

40 Oil test certificates and test sampling

24 Element analysis

40 Claims

24 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
41 Sampling of new oil

24 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)

42 12 Appendix

Introduction

Introduction
Maintenance is the largest single controllable expense in a
manufacturing plant. With as many as 80% of all machine
failures related to contamination in the oil, pro-active methods
are saving industries considerable costs every year.
This booklet offers an introduction to the problems with
insufficient oil cleanliness, the causes and the remedy of the
problems. All the information presented is generally known
and accepted. It was compiled and published by people within
the company C.C.JENSEN A/S. We invite you to take advantage
of the experience we have gathered over the past 60 years
with oil maintenance within various types of applications. The
perfect oil cleaning system will control the level of all types of
contamination.
For further information, we recommend that you visit
www.cjc.dk.

Oil
contamination
control

Oil Contamination Control

The best way to control the oil contamination is to stop the
contaminants from entering the system in the first place.
This entails making sure that all machine components are
clean when installed and that the oil systems are thoroughly
flushed before taken into operation. Furthermore the oil
system should be as well sealed from the environment as
possible with intact seals and gaskets as well as high quality
tank breathers including fine particle and moisture retention
(desiccant and/or bladder type breathers).
The oil should be pre-filtered before coming in contact with
any machine component preferably by continuous filtration in
the lube room / storage area or at least when transferred to
the machines in operation.
Good oil contamination control also includes maintenance
procedures for topping up with oil, replacing parts, taking oil
samples etc.

Wear and tear in oil systems

Any machine using oil for power transmission, lubrication or

combustion will be affected by the condition of the oil. The
oil comes into contact with all components in the system and
should be considered very important as blood is important in
the human body.

5 m
Oilgroove

Oilgroove
Force

Roller
1 m

Figure 1: Lubricating a journal bearing

Source: Vsteras PetroleumKemi AB
5

Oil
contamination
control

Particle Contamination
Solid particles account for the majority of all failures in an oil
system.
The most harmful are clearance size particles of similar size
or slightly bigger than the dynamic tolerance between the
moving parts in the oil system (figure 1, on page 5).
Dynamic tolerances in an oil system are extremely fine.
Figure 2 indicates the finest tolerance found in different types
of components.

Dynamic oil film

Component
Journal, slide and sleeve bearings

Oil film
thickness in
micron (m)
0.5-100

Hydraulic cylinders

5-50

Engines, ring/cylinder

0.3-7

Servo and proportional valves

1-3

Gear pumps

0.5-5

Piston pumps

0.5-5

Rolling element bearings / ball bearings

0.1-3

Gears
Dynamic seals

0.1-1
0.05-0.5

Figure 2: Dynamic oil film

Source: Noria Corporation

1 m = 1/1000 mm or same size as tobacco smoke.

When tiny abrasive particles such as sand and dust get into
the oil system they flow with the oil into critical machine
components and are wedged in the fine clearances. This
leads to micro cracks being initiated in the surface of e.g. a
ball bearing. The load and stress cycles will spread subsurface
cracks resulting in degradation of the metal and releasing large
spalls (figure 3, on page 7).
6

Oil
contamination
control

1. Particle trapped

2. Cracking initiated

3. Load & stress crack spreads

4. Surface fails + created particles

Figure 3: Fatigue Wear

Excessive amounts of particles stresses the additive package in

the oil. The detergents and dispersants may get depleted if the
particle contamination is not taken under control.
How clean the oil needs to be in terms of particle contamination
depends on how sensitive the machine components are and
how high the penalty for a failure is, i.e. involved costs for
replacement parts, downtime cost, safety liability etc.
Recommendations for targeting the required oil cleanliness, see
page 21.
7

Oil
contamination
control

Water Contamination
Water accounts for a major part of mechanical failures. In
some heavily water contaminated oil systems e.g. in the
paper industry, water is the predominant cause of failing
components.
Water reduces the lubricity of the oil, due to the lower
viscosity and poor load capacity of water. When water is
exposed to the high pressures found in load zones in e.g.
bearings and gears, the water droplets collapse (implode). The
resulting micro-jets create micro-pitting in metal surfaces and
can even result in metal-to-metal contact when water vapor
pushes the oil away momentarily.
Free hydrogen ions in the water can further worsen the
situation, since they migrate into machine components making
steel brittle and prone to crack.
Water also results in corrosion and erosion leading to pitting
damage (see figure 28 in appendix, page 42).
Furthermore, water acts as a catalyst for oil degradation,
speeding up the oils tendency to oxidize and form resins,
sludge and varnish.

Figure 4:
Micro pitting

Water can be found in oil as dissolved, emulsified or free

water. How much water a specific oil can dissolve or keep
suspended in emulsions depends on the base oil, additive
package, temperature and pressure. Some oils are designed
to keep large amounts of water in suspension e.g. engine lube
oils. In order to ensure long oil life and for optimum protection
of machine components it is recommended not to have
emulsified or free water in oil.
For a typical mineral based oil this means less than 100 ppm of
water (0.01%).
Unfortunately many oil analysis reports state water content
very inaccurately as <0.1%, which means less than 1000
ppm. To know the total water content ask for a Karl Fisher
Titration test, see more on page 22.

Oil
contamination
control

Oil Degradation
Oxidation
Sludge
Varnish

Oil degradation products or soft contaminants are a

widespread problem in most industries. They are precursors of
deposits often referred to as varnish which are known to cause
problems in both hydraulic and lube oil systems.
When oil degrades due to elevated temperatures, water or
chemical contamination e.g. copper, the composition and
functional properties of the oil are changed, resulting in the
following products being formed:
Acids
Polymerized compounds which are dissolved
in warm oil (referred to as sludge or resins)
Varnish precipitating out as deposits on colder
machine components

Varnish products are forming a sticky layer on metal surfaces

and will easily blog fine tolerances, making e.g. directional
control valves seize. Hard particles of all sizes get caught in the
sticky layer, creating a sandpaper like, grinding surface which
radically speeds up machine wear.
Further consequences of varnish can be ineffective oil coolers,
clogged oil passes or inline pressure filters, poor lubrication of
bearings etc.

Figure 5:
Varnish on
valve plunger

Whether oil degradation products will cause problems in a

specific oil system depends on how sensitive the machine
components are.
Sludge and varnish can be removed from oil please see
separate section Oil cleaning methods at page 28.
9

Oil
Conamination
control

Acid Contamination
Acid can be found in oil as by-products of oil degradation,
combustion of gas or fuel, hydrolysis of Ester-based fluids etc.
The amount of acid in oil should be limited, since acid will
cause chemical corrosion of machine components and shorten
the lifetime of the oil, just to mention a few of the unwanted
effects.
Acid number, also referred to as AN or TAN, is measure by
titration with a strong base/alkaline and given in amount of
potassium hydroxide in milligrams required to neutralize the
acid in one gram of oil (mg KOH/g). See more on page 23.
Acid numbers should not be allowed to increase more than
+0.5 AN higher than that of new oil, and if +1 AN is spotted
immediate action is required (i.e. if new oil has 0.5 AN, then
1.0 AN is alert and 1.5 AN is alarm value).
Acid can be neutralized or removed from oil in different ways.
The obvious is to use the alkalinity of the oil to neutralize
incoming acid. This is done in gas and diesel engine lube oil
utilizing high base numbers (BN or TBN).
The rule of thumb is to replace the lube oil if the BN falls
below 30% of that of the new lube oil.
Acid formed by hydrolysis in Ester-based fluids (HFD fluids)
used in e.g. turbine control systems, can cause much harm.
Acid numbers twenty times higher than that of new oil, which
have been seen, result in severe acid corrosion of system
components. In such fluids the acids
number can be lowered and maintained
using a neutralizing catalyst such as Ion
exchange resin, Fullers earth or Aluminum
Oxides. C.C.JENSEN has such ion exchange
medium in combination fine filters in the
portfolio.
Figure 6:
Oil with high AN/TAN has poor lifetime

10

Oil
sampling

Oil Sampling
The purpose of oil sampling is to utilize the oil as a messenger
telling how the machine is doing. This can prompt pro-active
actions in order to achieve the highest level of machine
performance and reliability at the lowest possible cost. The
initial samples serve to establish benchmarks and to identify
the machines with critical levels. The routine sampling is
done to document that goals are met and can also provide
indications of abnormal wear that needs to be addressed.
The quality of analysis results depends first on correct
sampling and handling of the sample, secondly on the quality
of the laboratory performing the analysis. The importance of
the knowledge about where and how to take a sample is
paramount and requires special attention.

Where to take an oil sample

Referring to figure 7, preferably derive the oil from a upwards

pointing pipe or bend with turbulent flow to produce a
representative sample. Sampling points fitted on the lower
perimetre of a pipe tend to allow depositing of particles in the
sampling valve.
Correct

Wrong

Figure 7:
Pipe cross section
with sampling valves
Source:
Vsteras
PetroleumKemi AB

The best place to sample in order to see how machine

components are doing, is downstream from the machine
before any filtration and before the oil is returned to the
system tank. This will show the undiluted result of any wear
being created in the machine.
The best guarantee of clean oil in the system is to sample from
the most contaminated part of the oil system the bottom
drain of the system tank.
This bottom drain is typically where the offline/kidney lube
filtration system is connected, so a satisfying oil analysis result
taken from between the pump and the filter housing of an
offline filter, is the best guarantee that the oil and the system
is clean.
11

Oil
sampling

If no offline filter system is installed, a vacuum type sampling

pump is a valid option. In such case the sample should be
drawn 10 cm (4 inches) off the lowest part of the tank (see
page 14).

Sump
Sampling
Point

Pump
5 times
Flush
min.
1L

To take an oil sample, the following is required:

a certified particle free glass or hard plastic bottle
(100-200 mL)
a cloth
an open oil container of approx. four litre (one US gallon)

Please read the following instructions carefully before taking

the oil sample.

Steps 4

Steps 1-3

How to take an oil sample

- between the pump and the offline filter

Steps for oil sampling

Step 8-10

Step 7

Step 5-6

Ensure the oil system is under stable operation condition

12

Max.
80%
Dont
touch
glass

1. Place the oil container beneath the sampling valve

2. Open and close the valve five times and leave it open
3. Flush the pipe by draining one litre (one US quart) into
the container
4. Open the sample bottle while keeping the cap in your
hand to avoid contaminating it
5. Place the bottle under the oil flow without touching
the sampling valve or the drain pipe
6. Fill the bottle to approximately 80% full.
7. Place the cap on the bottle immediately after taking
the sample.
8. Close the sampling valve.
9. Fill in label and stick it onto the sampling bottle.
10. Pack the sampling bottle in plastic bag and cardboard
container, and send via mail or courier.

All samples must be clearly marked with number, place of

sampling, date and oil type/make (see example at page 13)
Figure 8:
Oil sampling between the pump and offline filter

Oil
sampling

Samples should only be collected with the machine operating

at normal working temperature. When sampling for particle
counting following, the method is very important.

Figure 9: CJC Oil Sampling Label

Remember that you can

never make a sample any better / cleaner,

than the oil in the system,

but it is easy to make it worse!

13

Oil
sampling

How to take an oil sample

- using a vacuum pump
Vacuum
pump

Sump

Follow the instructions that came with the pump kit.

The illustrations below show the CJC Oil Sampling Kit.

Step 1

Vacuum pump

Steps for oil sampling

Step 3

Step 2

1. Cut a suitable piece of tube off the roll. Use new tube
every time. Push the tube into the pump head. Always
flush tube with 2 L oil before taking the sample
2. Fit the bottle by screwing it unto the pump head
3. Create a vacuum in the bottle by a few pump strokes,
and fill the bottle to approximately 80%
4. Close the lid

Step 4

Max.
80%

Figure 10:
Oil sampling
with a vacuum pump

14

Lower the free end of the plastic tube to 10 cm (4 inches)

above the lowest part of the tank, in the center of the tank.
Be careful not to let the tube touch the walls or the bottom
of the reservoir.
Strapping the sample tube to a rod may help to position the
tube. Utilizing a fixed pitot tube installed one third above the
tank bottom can also be recommended.
When you have sealed the bottle, make sure that the label is
filled in with all the information as per example on page 13.

Oil sample
analysis

Oil Sample Analysis

How much life remains in an oil can be seen by looking at
the base oil and additive package during an oil analysis. As a
rule of thumb, the additive level in used oil has to be at least
70% of the additive level of new oil (Ref. Noria Corporation). It
is therefore vital to sample every incoming oil drum/batch to
establish the base line. This will also help to prevent a faulty oil
batch being used.
Determining whether to replace oil on the basis of time or
operation hours is expensive and unnecessary. Basing oil
changes on condition is best and this is where oil analysis can
help.

A good oil analysis report will answer key questions:

Is the oil suitable for further use? That is, are base oil
properties and additives still intact?
What is the condition of the machine? Has a critical
wear situation developed?
What level of contaminants is evident? Are seals,
breathers and filters operating effectively?
Is oil degradation speeding up? Could a severe varnish
problem occur soon?

At a minimum, an oil analysis should include:

Viscosity
Particle counts
Moisture/water content in ppm
Acidity level
Element analysis (wear and additive level)

Figure 11:
Degraded hydraulic oil compared to new oil
Source: C.C.JENSEN A/S

It is recommended that the analyses are performed

by an independent laboratory with expert
knowledge of lubricants as well as the specific
application the oil is used for.

15

Oil sample
analysis

Other analysis may also be important, depending on the

application. In oil systems prone to varnish problems (e.g., gas
turbines and hydraulic control systems), a varnish potential test
is recommended.
Diesel engine lube oils require testing for fuel dilution, soot,
base number (BN), and so on. Different applications will
demand different types of oil analyses. This booklet will focus
on the five analyses performed most frequently.

Analysis methods and frequencies

Before establishing a trend, it is important to have a baseline

sample of the fresh new oil. This will be used as reference for
later comparison e.g. verifying if the additive package is still
intact.
In the implementation phase of a condition monitoring system,
analyses must be made frequently, at least every three months,
but even better once per month in order to establish a trend.
A useful trend consists of minimum of five progressive samples
taking from the same oil system under the same operating
conditions.
Every oil system should have a log where analysis results are
registered. The logbook must also contain information about
oil type, oil changes, break-downs, targeted ISO cleanliness
code and oil analysis results.

16

Oil sample
analysis

Viscosity
Viscosity is the single most important property of a lubricant.
It separates machine surfaces under load, rotation and other
stress factors. Changes in viscosity as small as 15% in either
direction can cause malfunction and severe machine wear.
A viscosity measurement is performed at 40C unless other
requests have been made. Engine lube oils are often tested at
100C. As viscosity varies with temperature, the temperature at
which the viscosity is measured should always be reported.
Absolute/Dynamic viscosity (cP) is measured as the resistance
measured when a spindle is stirred in the oil in a fluid container
(heated to 40C or 100C). Absolute/Dynamic viscosity in cP is
found after 5 minutes at the selected speed and temperature.
Kinematic viscosity (cSt) can be calculated by dividing dynamic
viscosity with the density of the oil. Kinematic viscosity can also
be measured by using a U shaped calibrated glass tube a
viscometer.

Start mark
Stop mark

Figure 12:
Viscometer measures
kinematic viscosity (cSt)

Note that, according to DIN 51519, the viscosity

may deviate by 10%; that is, ISO VG 320 may be
in the range 288-352 cSt.
For viscosity index, Kinematic viscosity at
40C and 100C is plotted into ASTM Standard
Viscosity/Temperature Charts for Liquid
Petroleum Products (ASTM D 341).

Figure 13:
Equipment to test
dynamic viscosity (cP)

17

Oil sample
analysis

Particle Counting

ISO 11/10/6

Since particle contamination of oil is one of the main reasons

for a machine to break down, monitoring the level of hard
contaminants is vital. The ISO 4406/1999 method for coding
the level of contamination of solid particles is a classification
system that converts a given particle count into an ISO class. It
is not a test method.
The test methods used most frequently for counting particles
are:

ISO 18/17/15

Automatic particle count (according to ISO 11500)

The contamination level of a liquid sample is determined
by automatic particle counting, using the light extinction
principle.
Automatic particle counters: 4, 6 and 14 m
(some types also larger micron sizes)

ISO 13/12/7

Manual particle count (according to ISO 4407)

Particles are counted manually with the use of membranes
(pore size max 1,5 micron) and an optical microscope.
Particle sizes using manual counting: 2, 5 and 15 m
ISO 20/18/13

According to ISO 4407, counts at 5 and 15 m are equivalent

to 6 and 14 m when using an automatic particle counter
calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.

ISO 15/13/8
Figure 14:
Test membranes
and microscopic
photographs of various
contamination levels
ISO 24/23/20
18

Oil sample
analysis

ISO Classification Table

A typical sample from new bulk oil contains in every 100 mL of oil:
450,000 particles 4 micron
120,000 particles 6 micron
14,000 particles 14 micron

Number of particles per 100 ml fluid after their size ranges

More than

Till

ISO Class

8,000,000

16,000,000

24

4,000,000

8,000,000

23

2,000,000

4,000,000

22

1,000,000

2,000,000

21

500,000

1,000,000

20

Some laboratories give the particle

counting per millilitre in stead of per
100 millilitre (mostly USA).

250,000

500,000

19

130,000

250,000

18

64,000

130,000

17

32,000

64,000

16

Note: The ISO class is a logarithmic

scale; that is, a double in particle
counts leads the ISO class to increase
by one.

16,000

32,000

15

8,000

16,000

14

4,000

8,000

13

2,000

4,000

12

1,000

2,000

11

500

1,000

10

250

500

130

250

64

130

32

64

In the ISO classification table

(on the right), this oil sample has a
contamination class of 19/17/14.

Figure 15: Contamination classes according to the

ISO 4406/1999 standard

19

Oil sample
analysis

AS / NAS Classes

The American standard NAS 1638 has been changed to AS4059

(issue E), which is considered to be a significant advance
because it presents data in terms of cumulative counts (>X m)
rather than interval mode (X-Y m), introduces a cleaner
(Class 000,) and extends the size range to smaller sizes (>4 m)
for increased sensitivity.
Correlation tables are available to compare ISO with AS/NAS or
other methods of particle counting.
Size
ISO 4402 *
ISO 11171 **
SIze Code

Maximum contamination limits (Particles/100 mL)

>1 m

>5 m

>15 m

>25 m

>50 m

>4 m(c)

>6 m(c)

>14 m(c)

>21 m(c)

>38 m(c)

Class 000

195

76

14

Class 00

390

152

27

Class 0

780

304

54

10

Class 1

1,560

609

109

20

Class 2

3,120

1,220

217

39

Class 3

6,520

2,430

432

76

13

Class 4

12,500

4,860

864

152

26

Class 5

25,000

9,730

1,730

306

53

Class 6

50,000

19,500

3,460

612

106

Class 7

100,000

38,900

6,920

1,220

212

Class 8

200,000

77,900

13,900

2,450

424

Class 9

400,000

156,000

27,700

4,900

848

Class 10

800,000

311,000

55,400

9,800

1,700

Class 11

1,600,000

623,000

111,000

19,600

3,390

Class 12

3,200,000

1,250,000

222,000

39,200

6,780

ISO 4402 or Optical Microscope.

Particle size based on longest dimension
** ISO 11171 or Electron Microscope.
Particle size based on projected area equivalent diameter
Figure 16: AS4059 Cleanliness Coding System

20

Oil sample
analysis

Evaluation of particle count and machine lifetime

In figure 27, on page 42 you can find the Life Extension Table. The table describes
the expected increase in lifetime when the oil cleanliness is improved. Each quadrant
represents a machine type:

top left quadrant is for hydraulic components and diesel engines

top right quadrant is for rolling element bearings
lower left quadrant is for machines incorporating journal bearings e.g. turbines and turbos
lower right quadrant is for gear boxes and other components not covered by other quadrants

If, for example, the current oil cleanliness in a gear box is found to be ISO 22/20/17
and the oil is cleaned to an ISO cleanliness code of 16/14/11, it can be expected that the
lifetime of the gear is prolonged 2.5 times. For every oil-filled system, a cleanliness goal
should be specified. This is the basic requirement to ensure reliability at the lowest
possible price.
Figure 17 & 18 show the recommended ISO cleanliness levels in hydraulic, lube oil and
gear systems. New oil is typical contaminated with particles to ISO 19/17/14.
ISO Code

Description

Suitable for

ISO 14/12/10

Very clean oil

All oil systems

Dirt/year
8.5 kg *

ISO 16/14/11

Clean oil

Servo & high pressure hydraulics

17 kg *

ISO 17/15/12

Light contaminated oil

Standard hydraulic & lube oil systems

ISO 19/17/14

New oil

Medium to low pressure systems

ISO 22/20/17

Very contaminated oil

Not suitable for oil systems

34 kg *
140 kg *
> 589 kg *

Figure 17: Contamination guide for hydraulic and lube oil systems

ISO Code

Description

Suitable for

Improvement factor

Dirt/year

ISO 14/12/10

Very clean oil

All oil systems

200%

8.5 kg *

ISO 16/14/11

Clean oil

Critical gear systems

150%

17 kg *

ISO 17/15/12

Light contaminated oil

Standard gear systems

100%

34 kg *

ISO 19/17/14

New oil

Non critical gear systems

75 %

140 kg *

ISO 22/20/17

Very contaminated oil

Not suitable for gear systems

50%

> 589 kg *

Figure 18: Contamination guide for gear oil systems

*) The amount of dirt passing the pump per year, if the oil passes with a capacity of 200 ltr/min,
8 hours a day, 230 working days per year

21

Oil sample
analysis

Moisture Level
Most laboratories start with a water screening test called the
crackle test. Here, a drop of the tested lubricant is applied
to a hot plate (160C). The moisture in the oil will evaporate,
causing it to crackle. This test is mainly an indication of water
in oil, and no sign of crackles normally means less than 0.1
percent (1000 ppm) water in the tested oil. If the crackle test
shows signs of moisture, then a more accurate test method is
needed.
Karl Fisher (KF) titration is accurate to below 10 ppm moisture
in oil (ASTM D 6304) and is based on a reaction of iodine
with water in a Karl Fischer reagent. The iodine is generated
electrolytically, at the anode, and reacts with water in the
sample. Iodine is consumed as long as water is present, and
excess iodine indicates the endpoint of titration. Based on this
principle, water can be determined directly by the quantity of
electricity required for electrolysis.
Water determination by KF may be volumentric or
coulometric, direct or indirect. The result is given in ppm.
Direct KF titration of oils containing high additive levels is not
recommended, as these might have side reactions with the KF
reagent and thereby give a false indication of increased water
content.
The indirect or oven KF method works by passing a stream of
dry air through the heated sample. The released moisture is
transferred from the
oven to the titration
chamber.

22

Figure 19:
Equipment used for
the indirect Karl Fisher
method

Oil sample
analysis

Acid Number and Base Number

The Acid Number (AN/TAN) is a measurement of the acidic
level in industrial lubricants; e.g., hydraulics and gear oils. The
acidity is determined by titration and is given as the amount of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) used to neutralize the acids in one
gram of oil, according to ASTM D 664. The result is given in mg
KOH/gram.
Increasing AN often indicates degradation of the oil (varnish).
Certain additives like sulphur will give a high initial AN level
in the fresh oil; e.g., 1 mg KOH/g. It is therefore important to
know the fresh oil baseline to monitor increasing AN in the
used oil.

Rule of thumb:
Caution: AN new + 0,5 mg KOH/g
Critical: AN new + 1,0 mg KOH/g

For engine lube oils the Base Number (BN/TBN)

is measured, because these oils contain additives
(detergent/dispersant package) used to neutralize
the acidity generated as a by-product of the
combustion process; e.g., sulphuric acid.
BN is monitored to ensure that the level of the acidneutralizing additives is acceptable. The titration
with potassium hydroxide gives a result in mg KOH/
gram.

Rule of thumb:
Caution: BN new minus 50 percent
Critical: BN new minus 70 percent
Figure 20:
Equipment for testing acidity

23

Oil sample
analysis

Element Analysis
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) is used to determine the
level of additive elements, wear metals and contamination in
lubricant. The trend is of highest importance, so it is vital to
have a baseline showing the additive package in the new oil.
How it works:
Superheating the sample turns oil and its elements into lightbulbs which emit atomic light. The light is analyzed to see
which wavelengths are present and of which intensity. The
wavelengths correspond to a specific element (for example,
iron) and the intensity defines the concentration (given in
ppm). The concentration of a given element/metal is the total
of both very fine particles and chemically dissolved metals in
the oil.
Two standard methods are used:

Plasma
Figure 21:
Illustrations
show ICP.
Source: Plasma Gas
Noria Corp

Inductively Coupled Plasma

(ICP according to ASTM D 5185).

Here the sample is nebulized to form an

aerosol. When the aerosol reaches the
plasma, the droplets are very small,
typically 3-5 microns. Consequently, wear
particles larger than 5 microns cannot be
detected by this method.

Induction
Coil
Torch

The Rotating Disc Electrode

(RDE according to ASTM D 6595).
In this instrument the oil is vaporized
and excited using a high-voltage discharge between an electrode and a
rotating carbon disc. RDE detects and
quantifies elements up to approx.
10 microns in size.
Figure 22:
Illustrations show RDE, Source: Noria Corp
24

High
Voltage
Electrode
Spark
Arc-Spark

Rotating
Disc

Oil
Sample

Oil sample
analysis

AES is one of the most frequently used oil analyses but,

because the sample needs to be fully vaporized, the detection
of particles larger than 5-10 microns is almost impossible.
Wear spalls from heavily loaded gears (adhesive wear) will
not be detected unless some other test is performed. Larger
wear particles can be monitored by means of particle counts,
ferrous density or magnetic indicators in the oil.

Oil Analysis Log Book

Example of hydraulic oil analysis including new oil baseline,

caution and critical levels

Oil analysis log book

Parameter

Baseline

Caution

Critical

Particle count
ISO 4406

15/13/10
(pre-filtered)

17/15/12

19/17/15

Viscosity (cSt)

32

low 29
high 35

low 25
high 38

Acidity
(AN, mg KOH/g)

0.5

1.0 - 1.5

above 1.5

Moisture
(KF in ppm)

100

200 - 300

above 300

Elements (in ppm)

Fe

10 - 15

above 15

Al

20 - 30

above 30

Si

10 - 15

above 15

Cu

30 - 40

above 40

300

220

150 and less

Zn

200

150

100 and less

Oxidation (FTIR)

above 10

Ferrous Density
(PQ, WPC, DR)

15

above 20

25

Oil sample
analysis

Testing for Varnish

Many types of analysis can indicate degradation of the oil
for example, acid number (AN) and viscosity increase but at
C.C.JENSEN, we have found the following give a very detailed
picture of the varnish problem:
1. A Membrane Patch Colorimetric test (MPC according
to ASTM D 7843) shows sludge/resin/varnish present in
the oil by discolouration of the white cellulose patch (0.45
micron pore size). This indicates oil degradation products also
dissolved in the oil, which may or may not result in varnish
on machine components (depending on the oil temperature).
The colour of the deposits on the membrane is measured by a
spectrophotometer. The darker the colour and the higher the
number (typically up to 100), the more the oil is prone to form
varnish deposits.
Test MPC is developed for turbine oils, and is not recommended
for oils with high particle contamination, as any particles will
influence the colour of the membrane and thereby the colour,
even though it may not be varnish.
2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR according to
ASTM E 2412). The FTIR spectra is generated by measuring the
degree of infrared absorption in the area 4000-500 cm-1 when
passing infrared light through an oil sample. It is a cost-effective
analysis that detects oil degradation/varnish, as well as other
contaminants, such as glycol, fuel, soot, wrong oil type, etc.
Oil degradation products like aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic
acids all contain carbon-oxygen double bonds (carbonyl groups).
These carbonyl groups absorb infrared light in the 1740 cm-1
region of the infrared spectra. As degradation increases, the
absorbance peak will increase in this region. Deviations are seen
between oil types, additives, type of degradation, etc. Thermal
breakdown of base oil is not significant at 1740 cm-1; instead, a
peak is seen at 1640-1600 cm -1 (nitration peak).

26

Oil sample
analysis

Like most other analyses, FTIR is most valuable if the trend is

monitored.
3. Ultra Centrifuge test (UC) uses centrifugal force to extract
the sludge and varnish precursors, driving them to the bottom
of the test tube. The density/size of the concentrated material
is then compared to a visual sediment-rating scale giving a
number of 1 8 (8 being the worst).
The UC test shows the actual varnish and insoluble
contaminants in the oil. Any oil degradation seen in this test
will result in varnish as deposits on system components.
The UC test is not recommended for oil highly contaminated
with particles, because it masks the result, nor for Ester or
Glycol based fluids, since specific gravity plays a role in the UC
test.
UC and MPC tests are very useful tools to trigger an action e.g.
install a filter or change the oil.

Figure 23: UC Analysis and MPC Test Result

27

Oil
cleaning
methods

Oil Cleaning Methods

Several oil cleaning methods are available:
Method

Cleaning action

Cellulose based offline filter

Reduces the content of solid particles, water and oil degradation

products. Ion exchange medium can be added to reduce acidity

Glass fibre based pressure filter

Reduces the content of solid particles

Electrostatic filter

Reduces the content of solid particles, and oil degradation products

Centrifugal separator

Reduces the content of solid particles with a density higher than

that of oil as well as water

Vacuum filter

Reduces the content of air and water

Figure 24: Oil cleaning methods

All the above technologies are commercially available. However the glass fibre
based pressure filter and the cellulose based offline filter, are often preferred due
to their superior efficiency and economy. Both of these oil filter techniques work
best under constant conditions, i.e. steady flow and pressure.
The cellulose based depth filter is often placed in a separate offline circuit also called kidney loop filtration, and with such stable conditions, it retains the majority
of contaminants found in the oil. The glass fibre based pressure filter could be
installed in an oil cooling circuit or as a full-flow last chance filter upstream of
the oil system.

Filter types

The best method for capturing and retaining fine particles as well as water and
varnish is by installing an offline filter. An offline filter should operate continuously,
circulating the oil volume in the system many times per day. With a low pressure
and low flow rates a dense filter medium with very fine filtration can be selected
(< 3 micron filtration).
The cellulose based offline filter is like a maze where the oil passes through
several layers of cellulose. The largest particles are retained on the surface of the
filter insert whereas the smaller particles enter the filter insert and are retained
within the filter material, this ensures a high dirt holding capacity. This type of
28

Oil
cleaning
methods

filter can also be installed in a by-pass circuit, throttling the pressure of the system
pump. Using a cellulose based offline filter also enables removal of water, by
absorption or coalescing, and removal of oil degradation products such as sludge/
varnish from the oil.
Varnish can be removed from oil systems through the detergent/dispersant
additives in the oil, but the oil needs to be clean from particles, water and sludge
before the additives are free to do the varnish cleaning job. Since sludge and
varnish precipitate out of cold oil, typically between 10 - 40C (50 - 100F), cooling
the oil in the offline filtration circuit combined with a cellulose based depth filter is
highly effective.
The CJC Offline Oil Filters removes oil degradation products such as sludge and
varnish through polar attraction to the filter medium. A combination of adsorption
and absorption fills each cellulose fibre with oil degradation products until the
insert is completely saturated. The CJC Filter Inserts can hold up to 4 kgs (8 lbs)
of varnish depending on type.
Conventional inline pressure filters are typically glass fibre based, because they
need to operate under high pressure and high flow conditions, while creating as
little restriction as possible. The filter element is pleated in order to increase the
surface area and reduce the pressure drop.
Since they are installed after the main system pump, they often live a tough
life with cyclic flows and many stops and starts, which is very harmful for the
efficiency of any filter. Capturing and retaining fine silt particles is therefore very
difficult, which is why most of these inline filters have a rating of 10 30 micron.
However, many already captured particles will be released again when the filter is
exposed to pressure shocks at stop/start.
The glass fibre based pressure filter is capable of removing solid particles only
and due to the relatively small filter depth and volume, it has a restricted dirt
holding capacity.
See illustrations on pages 30-31.
Modern oil systems often combine the two cleaning systems, where the
offline filter removes the contamination and the inline pressure filter
serves as security or last chance filter before critical components.

29

Oil
cleaning
methods

Glass Fibre Based Pressure Filter

Element housing
O-Ring
End cap
seal

Filter
element

Filtered oil
returned
to oil circuit

Core
Unfiltered oil
entry under
high pressure

Medium
support

Support
layer

Outer filter casing

Pleat
support
band

Function

Oil
flow

End cap
Trapped particles

Filter medium
Support layer

Pressure filters have a limited dirt holding capacity,

usually between 1 and 100 grams, which results
in filter element replacement at short intervals in
order to ensure efficient filtration.
Typical filtration rating on inline pressure filters are
5 50 micron.
Conventional glass fibre based inline pressure filters do not absorb water, nor retain oil degradation
products such as sludge and varnish.

30

Filter
medium
layer

Oil
cleaning
methods

Cellulose Based Offline Filter

Filter Insert
Made of corrugated wood cellulose discs rotated at 90
to the next and bonded together. This gives a series
of connected surfaces with corrugations running northsouth and east-west.

Filtered oil returned

to the oil circuit
Unfiltered oil enters
under pressure

Filter housing

Function
The CJC Offline Oil Filter has a large dirt holding
capacity of approximately 4 L solids, up to 2 L of water
and 4 L oil degradation products (varnish). The CJC
Offline Oil Filters typically only need replacing every
12 months.

Particles pass
through the
filter maze until
they are trapped

The CJC Offline Oil Filter will filter effectively down

to 3 m absolute and remove water and oil degradation products (oxidation products, resin, sludge and
varnish) from the oil, continuously cleaning machine
components and the whole oil system.

31

Basic
filtration
definitions

Basic Filtration Definitions

Nominal filtration ratings are estimated values, indicating a
particulate size range at which the filter is claimed to remove a given
percentage. There is no standard for this, so consequently, different
products/makes cannot be compared. Operating pressure and
concentration of contaminants will affect the retention efficiency of
filters with nominal rating.
Absolute filtration ratings describe the pore size, indicating the
largest size of particle which can pass through the filter. The filter
needs to apply to a standard test method intended for filter usage.
The rating of a cellulose based offline filter is often 3 m absolute or
less. The rating of a glass fibre based pressure filter varies according
to the requirements of the system component(s) to be protected.
Beta values describe filter efficiencies at given particle sizes. The
value is written x, where the x represents the particle size in
question and (beta) is the efficiency e.g. 3 = 200, which means
that one out of 200 particles of 3 micron in size will pass through the
filter (0.5% passes through and 99.5% are retained in one pass).
In order to find the Beta value a standardized Multipass test ISO
16889 is used, and the Beta value is calculated by the following
formula.


number of particles upstream > x (NU)
x =

number of particles downstream > x (ND)
This Multipass test is performed under controlled laboratory
conditions and does not take into account some of the challenges an inline pressure filter will see in most oil systems, such
as air bubbles,
Contaminant
vibrations, pressure pulses from
Filter efficiency
N
stop-start etc.
D

X =
Test filter

32

Figure 25: Multipass test

Source: ISO Standards

NU

NU
ND

E=

X - 1
X

x 100

Basic
filtration
definitions

Dirt holding capacity is the quantity of contamination

retained by the filter insert when the saturation pressure is
reached. This is measured in weight or volume. How much oil
contamination a filter insert is capable of retaining is of highest
importance for the cost of operating over a period of time.
While most conventional pleated pressure filter inserts can
retain less than hundred grams of dirt (<0.2 lbs), they may be
fairly inexpensive to replace. However, if the cost of removing
1 kg or pound of oil contamination is calculated, these
conventional pressure filter inserts will suddenly appear quite
expensive.
A good quality cellulose based offline filter insert can retain up
to several kgs/lbs of dirt, so even though the purchase price
is higher, the calculated cost for removing one kg or pound
of contamination will be considerable lower than that of a
pleated pressure filter insert, giving lower lifetime costs.
The cost of removing 1 kg or lb of dirt
Cost of filter insert in your currency
Dirt holding capacity in kg or lbs

Filter type
Cost of element/insert
Dirt holding capacity
Cost per kg/lb removed dirt

= cost for removing 1 kg or lbs of dirt

Example 1

Example 2

Glass fiber based

pressure filter insert
35 / $ 50
0.085 kg / 0.18 lbs
412 / $ 278

Cellulose based
offline filter insert
200 / $ 300
4 kg / 8 lbs
50 / $ 40

The filter by-pass valve is a safety device which reduces the

pressure when the pressure drop over the filter gets too high.
It eliminates the filtration function by by-passing the full flow
filter which means the oil flow then completely or partially
passes by - and not through - the filter. A leaking by-pass valve
has a devastating effect on the filter efficiency value.
(Figure 26).

Figure 26:
By-pass valve

33

Installation Methods

Full-flow filtration
The total system flow passes through the filter.
Only pressure filter elements are applicable here.

Offline filtration
An installation method where the filtration unit operates
in a separate kidney loop circuit, enabling the use of dense
filter inserts.

34

Oil system diagram

Installation
methods

Installation
methods

Contaminants can pass the

filter when by-pass valves
cannot close completely
after they have opened.

FLOW

If the inline
filter is not changed
regularly it will clog
and allow particles
to pass through the
by-pass valve.

In-line
filter

System
pump

FLOW

H2O

SUMP

Contaminated
Millipore
membrane.
Sample taken
before offline
filtration.

Millipore
membrane. Sample
taken after offline
filtration.

Offline Oil Filter

35

Economy

Economy
Before investing in a filtration system, a cost benefit study
should be carried out. The involved costs can be divided into
two groups:

Purchase costs: costs directly related to the purchase of
a filtration system, i.e. purchase price and installation costs.
Operational costs:costs for keeping the filtration system
unit in operation, i.e. replacement of filter inserts, energy
consumption and repairs.

Purchase Costs + Operational Costs = Total Investment

The total investment has to be lower than the savings obtained

through clean oil.

Savings: the reductions in maintenance costs, the
minimizing of lost production hours, prolonged service
intervals, longer oil lifetime, extended component life, etc.

In most applications the payback period or the Return Of

Investment for a CJC Offline Oil Filter is typically from a few
weeks up to some month, but rarely more than one year.
In industries where any downtime is very costly e.g. steel
production, the payback period can be a few hours. This means
that if the improved oil condition leads to e.g. just 3 hours of
additional production, the filtration system has paid for itself.
Because the operation cost of the filter solution also plays a
role in the total investment, it is relevant to look at how much
oil contamination the filter is capable of retaining the socalled dirt holding capacity.
Most conventional pressure filters can retain less than hundred
grams of dirt (less than 0.2 lbs), so they will need to be
replaced more often than a good quality cellulose based offline
filter capable of retaining several kg or lbs of dirt.
The cost of removing 1 kg (or pound) of dirt from the oil is a
good factor for comparing different filter makes and help to
find the lowest cost of ownership (the total investment).
36

See the calculation of the cost for removing 1 lb dirt on page 33.

Ordering
a filtration
system

Ordering a Filtration System

In the quote for a filtration system from any supplier the
following should be included:

Operational costs of the filter over a period of min.

5 years (power, filter inserts, spares etc.)
Obtainable fluid system cleanliness level
(e.g. ISO 17/15/12 and 200 ppm water)
Control procedure confirming that the cleanliness
level has been achieved (e.g. oil samples)

Offline oil filter sizing

When sizing an offline oil filter the following basic information

about the oil system should be specified:
Oil volume in the system (tank volume)
Oil type (ISO VG)
Oil temperature: Normal operation and minimum
temperatures (ambient)
Oil contamination problem:

particles

oil degradation products, sludge and varnish

water (ingress or accumulated)
Type of application (indoor/clean, outdoor/dirty,
severe ingress etc.)
Machine operating hours per day
Available power supply

This information will help your local distributor to size the

correct CJC Oil Filter for your oil system.
Aside from continuous filtration of the oil in machines, drums
or bulk tanks, the CJC Offline Oil Filters can also be utilized
for filling and topping up with oil, thus ensuring that only clean
oil enters the system.

37

CJC Oil
Maintenance
Systems

CJC Oil Maintenance Systems

CJC HDU Fine Filter

Dry oil with limited water content

(accumulated over time)
Hydraulic, lube and gear oils also EAL,
Glycols or Ester based fluids
Retains particles and varnish
Water removal by absorption (free,
emulsified and some dissolved water)
Reduce acidity level utilizing ion exchange inserts

CJC PTU Filter Separator

Water contaminated oil and diesel

Hydraulic, lube and gear oils up to ISO VG 150
Retains particles and varnish
Free water is removed by separation (coalescing)
Suitable for oil with good demulsibility (not engine
oil, Ester based fluids etc.)

CJC Desorbers

Water contaminated oil even with strong

emulsions
Hydraulic, lube and gear oils up to ISO VG 1000
(depending on Desorber type)
Removes both free, emulsified and dissolved water
Suitable for most oils even engine oil, paper
machine oil, EAL, etc.

CJC Desorbers do not retain particles and varnish, thus

a separate CJC HDU Fine Filter is recommended.

CJC Varnish Removal Unit

38

Dry oil with limited water content

Retains varnish very effectively
Suitable for systems with servere varnish production
e.g. gas turbines

Handling of oil
and oil systems

10

Handling of Oil and Oil Systems

New oil in containers
New oil should be considered contaminated until a
sample has been analyzed
Oils containing additives that are not necessary for
the application are to be considered contaminated
New oil should always be introduced to the system
via a filter, preferably a 3 m absolute filter
Do not mix oils without previously investigating
compatibility
Keep lubricating products in closed containers to
avoid ingress of contaminants

Oil in the system

Observe the oil regularly during operation in order to
discover any sudden appearance of water, air or other
contaminants. Using fresh oil as a reference may be
helpful
Check the oil after machine malfunctions or other
incidents which might affect the oil
Always observe maximum cleanliness and accuracy
during sampling
Systems should be sealed as much as possible. All
permanent openings should be equipped with venting
filters (preferably desiccant breathers). All systems
should be equipped with permanent filter installations
When changing the oil, the tank and the system should
be emptied completely and the tank should be cleaned
manually of settlings, sludge etc. (this can be avoided by
installing CJC Offline Oil Filters)
When replacing seals, only oil-resistant materials should
be used. Compatibility with the oil should be checked.
Never apply new additives without consulting the oil
supplier/consultant. Ask for written confirmation of the
measures to be taken
Always use independent analysis resources with high
quality control and repeatability

39

11

Recommendations
for buying oil

Recommendations for Buying Oil

When buying oil in bulk, buyers have a right to set specific
certified requirements to ensure the quality.
Below find some examples of requirements and test for the
quality of the oil, emphasizing oil cleanliness.

Oil test certificates and test sampling

The results of an oil test of the batch should be presented to

the buyer. A sample should be taken during the filling of the
first batch. Samples should be marked with the trademark,
batch number and size of the consignment. The oil should
be analyzed by an independent laboratory and the analysis
should include the data described in the oil analysis section of
this booklet.

Claims

If the oil supplied does not fulfill requirements, returning

the consignment might be considered. If the problem can be
corrected, new samples must be approved. The supplier must
pay all costs, including machinery failure and downtime.

40

Recommendations
for buying oil

11

Sampling of new oil

Samples must be drawn from each manufactured batch. The

analysed sample must be a representative sample of the
manufactured batch. Test records must be available for the
buyer for at least five years.
An analysis certificate must be delivered together with the
ordered oil and include at least the following items:

Visual inspection
Viscosity @ 40C
Density
Total Acid Number of finished product
Air bubble separation time
Contaminants, gravimetric or ISO cleanliness code

For wind turbine oils, foaming at 50C could be included.

The oil must be delivered by tanker trucks, epoxy-painted
drums or 20-litre cans. The buyer must indicate the type of
container for each individual case. The container must be
of first class quality and the type generally used in the oil
trade. The container must be marked with the buyers trade
description, the suppliers trade designation, net content and a
continuous manufacturing batch number.

41

12

Appendix

Appendix
Life Extension Table - Cleanliness Level, ISO Codes
24/22/19
23/21/18
22/20/17

21/19/16 20/18/15 19/17/14 18/16/13 17/15/12 16/14/11 15/13/10

14/12/9

2 1.6
1.8 1.3
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.3
1.3 1.2
1.2 1.05

>10
8
>10
7
9
6
7
5
5
3.5
4
3
3
2.3
2
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2

21/19/16

3
2.3
2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2

2
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1

20/18/15

4
3
3
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2

2.5
2
2
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1

19/17/14

6
3.5
4
3
3
2.3
2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2

3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1

7
4.5
5
3.5
4
3
3
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2

18/16/13
17/15/12
16/14/11
15/13/10

Hydraulics and
Diesel Engines

Rolling Element
Bearings

Journal Bearings
and Turbo
Machinery

Gearboxes and
others

3.5
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1

8
5.5
7
4.5
5
3.5
4
3
3
2.3
2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2

4
3.5
3.5
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1

>10
7
9
5
7
5
5
3.5
4
3
3
2.3
2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3

5
4
4
3.5
4
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2

13/11/8

6 >10 7
5
10 5.5
5 >10 7
4
9 5.5
5 >10 7
4
8 5.5
4
9
6
3.5
7 4.5
3
7 4.6
2.5 5.5 3.7
2.5
6
3
2
4 2.5
2
4 3.5
1.8 3.7 3
1.7
3
2
1.5 2.3 1.8
1.6
2 1.8
1.4 1.9 1.5
1.2 1.8 1.5
1.1 1.6 1.3

12/10/7
>10
>10
>10
10
>10
10
>10
9
>10
8
8
6
6
4.5
4
3
3
2.3
2.5
2

>10
8.5
10
8
9
7
8
6
6
5
5
3.5
4
3.5
2.5
2.2
2
1.8
1.8
1.6

Figure 27: Life Extension Table, cleanliness level

LEM - Moisture Level

Life Extension Factor

Current
moisture
level, ppm

50,000

12,500

6,500

4,500

3,125

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

782

25,000

6,250

3,250

2,250

1,563

1,250

1,000

750

500

391

10,000

2,500

1,300

900

625

500

400

300

200

156

5,000

1,250

650

450

313

250

200

150

100

78

2,500

625

325

225

156

125

100

75

50

39

1,000

250

130

90

63

50

40

30

20

16

500

125

65

45

31

25

20

15

10

260

63

33

23

16

13

10

100

25

13

1% water = 10,000 ppm. | Estimated life extension for mechanical systems utilizing mineral-based fluids
Example: By reducing average fluid moisture levels from 2,500 ppm to 156 ppm, machine life (MTBF)
is extended by a factor of 5

Figure 28: Life Extension Method, moisture level

42

10

Clean Oil Guide

2015 C.C.JENSEN A/S
Ver. 007 | 02.2015
English version
Published by:
C.C. JENSEN A/S
Svendborg, Denmark
Revision & layout:
C.C.JENSEN A/S,
Marketing Department
Svendborg, Denmark
Print:
Tryk Team
Svendborg, Denmark
Sources:
Chemistry in electrical apparatuses
Lars Arvidsson
Vsteras PetroleumKemi AB
C.C.JENSEN A/S

Manufacturing & Headquarters

C.C.JENSEN A/S

Lvholmen 13 | DK - 5700 Svendborg | Denmark

Tel. +45 6321 2014 | Fax: +45 6222 4615
sales@cjc.dk | www.cjc.dk

C.C.JENSEN Subsidiaries and Sales Offices

Belgium
C.C.JENSEN Belgium
Tel.: +32 484 25 36 96
ccjensen.be@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.be

France
C.C.JENSEN France
Tel: +33 3 59 56 16 58
ccjensen.fr@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.fr

Italy
KARBERG & HENNEMANN srl
Tel: +39 059 29 29 498
info@cjc.it
www.cjc.it

United Kingdom
C.C.JENSEN LTD.
Tel.: +44 1 388 420 721
filtration@cjcuk.co.uk
www.ccjensen.co.uk

Benelux
C.C.JENSEN Benelux B.V.
Tel.: +31 182 37 90 29
ccjensen.nl@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.nl

Germany
KARBERG & HENNEMANN
GmbH & Co. KG
Tel: +49 (0)40 855 04 79 0
kontakt@cjc.de
www.cjc.de

Poland
C.C.JENSEN Polska Sp. z o.o.
Tel.: +48 22 648 83 43
ccjensen@ccjensen.com.pl
www.ccjensen.pl

USA
C.C.JENSEN INC.
Tel.: +1 770 692 6001
ccjensen@ccjensen.com
www.ccjensen.com

Chile
C.C.JENSEN S.L. Limitada
Tel.: +56 2 739 2910
ccjensen.cl@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.cl
China
C.C.JENSEN Filtration
Equipment (Tianjin) Co. Ltd.
Tel: +86 10 6436 4838
ccjensen.cn@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.cn
Denmark
C.C.JENSEN Danmark
Tel: +45 7228 2222
ccjensen.dk@cjc.dk
www.cjc.dk
Your Local CJC Distributor

Greece
C.C.JENSEN Greece LTD.
Tel.: +30 210 42 81 260
ccjensen.gr@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.gr
India
C.C.JENSEN India
Tel.: +91 4426241364
ccjensen.in@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.in
Ireland
C.C.JENSEN Ireland
Tel.: +353 86 82 71 508
ccjensen.ie@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.ie

Spain
C.C.JENSEN Ibrica, S. L.
Tel.: +34 93 590 63 31
ccjensen.es@cjc.dk
www.cjc.dk
Sweden
C.C.JENSEN AB
Tel.: +46 8 755 4411
ccjensen.se@cjc.dk
www.ccjensen.se
United Arab Emirates
C.C.JENSEN Middle East
Tel: +971 4 447 2886
ccjensen.uae@cjc.dk
www.cjc.ae

We are represented
globally by distributors.
Find your nearest distributor
on our website:
www.cjc.dk
- or give us a call.