Oil & Gas Career Directory

Oil & Gas/Energy
Career Directory
Center for Workforce Information & Analysis
Fall 2012
Table of Contents
Pennsylvania Career Link Locations......................................................................................................................
Source Data and How To Use...............................................................................................................................
ii
Short-Term OTJ Training

SOC Code
Occupation Title
Pg.
43-3021
Billing & Posting Clerks & Machine Operators..................................................................................
43-5071
Shipping, Receiving & Traffic Clerks...............................................................................................
43-9061
Office Clerks.................................................................................................................................
47-2151
Pipelayers....................................................................................................................................
47-5081
Extraction Worker Helpers.............................................................................................................
49-9098
Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Worker Helpers........................................................................
53-3032
Heavy-Truck & Tractor-Trailer Drivers..............................................................................................
53-3033
Light or Delivery Service Truck Drivers............................................................................................
53-7051
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators...............................................................................................
53-7062
Laborers & Material Movers............................................................................................................
10
Moderate-Term OTJ Training

SOC Code
Occupation Title
Pg.
17-3031
Surveying & Mapping Technicians...................................................................................................
11
43-3031
Bookkeeping, Accounting & Auditing Clerks.....................................................................................
12
43-4051
Customer Service Representatives..................................................................................................
13
43-5061
Production, Planning & Expediting Clerks........................................................................................
14
43-6014
Secretaries....................................................................................................................................
15
47-2073
Construction Laborers...................................................................................................................
16
47-2071
Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators........................................................................
17
47-2073
Operating Engineers.....................................................................................................................
18
47-5011
Oil & Gas Derrick Operators...........................................................................................................
19
47-5012
Oil & Gas Rotary Drill Operators.....................................................................................................
20
47-5013
Oil, Gas & Mining Service Unit Operators........................................................................................
21
47-5021
Earth Drillers................................................................................................................................
22
47-5031
Blaster & Explosives Workers.........................................................................................................
23
47-5071
Oil & Gas Roustabouts..................................................................................................................
24
49-9071
General Maintenance & Repair Workers..........................................................................................
25
51-4023
Rolling Machine Operators & Tenders.............................................................................................
26
51-4031
Cutting, Punching & Press Machine Operators & Tenders.................................................................
27
51-4051
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders..................................................................................
28
51-9061
Inspectors, Testers, Samplers & Weighers......................................................................................
29
53-7071
Gas Compressor & Gas Pumping Station Operators.........................................................................
30
53-7072
Pump Operators...........................................................................................................................
31
53-7073
Wellhead Pumpers........................................................................................................................
32
Long-Term OTJ Training/Work-Related Experience

SOC Code
Occupation Title
Pg.
41-4011
Scientific & Technical Sales Representatives....................................................................................
33
41-4012
Sales Representatives...................................................................................................................
34
43-1011
Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers...................................................................
35
43-6011
Executive Secretaries & Administrative Assistants............................................................................
36
47-1011
Supervisors of Construction & Extraction Workers...........................................................................
37
47-2031
Carpenters...................................................................................................................................
38
47-2152
Plumbers, Pipefitters & Steamfitters...............................................................................................
39
47-4011
Construction & Building Inspectors.................................................................................................
40
49-1011
Supervisors of Installers, Mechanics & Repairers.............................................................................
41
49-3042
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics...............................................................................................
42
49-9051
Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers.....................................................................................
43
49-9052
Telecommunication Line Installers..................................................................................................
44
51-1011
Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers..............................................................................
45
51-4041
Machinists.....................................................................................................................................
46
51-8092
Gas Plant Operators.....................................................................................................................
47
51-8093
Petroleum Pump System Operators & Gaugers................................................................................
48
53-1031
Supervisors of Transportation & Vehicle Operators..........................................................................
49
Professional Degree
SOC Code
Occupation Title
Pg.
17-3011
Architectural & Civil Drafters.........................................................................................................
50
49-3031
Bus, Truck & Diesel Engine Mechanics............................................................................................
51
49-9041
Industrial Machinery Mechanics.....................................................................................................
52
51-4121
Welders, Cutters, Solderers & Brazers............................................................................................
53
Associate Degree
SOC Code
Occupation Title
Pg.
17-3022
Civil Engineering Technicians..........................................................................................................
54
19-4031
Chemical Technicians....................................................................................................................
55
Bachelors Degree
SOC Code
Occupation Title
Pg.
11-2012
General & Operations Managers.....................................................................................................
56
11-9021
Construction Managers.................................................................................................................
57
11-9041
Architectural & Engineering Managers............................................................................................
58
13-1051
Cost Estimators............................................................................................................................
59
13-2011
Accountants & Auditors.................................................................................................................
60
17-1011
Architects.....................................................................................................................................
61
17-1022
Surveyors.....................................................................................................................................
62
17-2051
Civil Engineers.............................................................................................................................
63
17-2071
Electrical Engineers.......................................................................................................................
64
17-2081
Environmental Engineers...............................................................................................................
65
17-2112
Industrial Engineers......................................................................................................................
66
17-2141
Mechanical Engineers...................................................................................................................
67
Pennsylvania CareerLink Locations

Mercer
Lawrence
Butler
Armstrong
Indiana
Beaver
Allegheny
Westmoreland
Washington
Fayette
Greene
WIA
County
CareerLink
Location
Lawrence
Lawrence County
102 Margaret St | New Castle, PA 16101
Mercer
Mercer County
217 West State St | Sharon, PA 16146
Armstrong
Armstrong County
77 Glade Dr | Kittanning, PA 16201
Tri-County
Butler
Butler County
112 Hollywood Dr Suite 101 | Butler, PA 16001
Indiana
Indiana County
300 Indian Springs Rd | Indiana, PA 15701
Fayette
Fayette County
135 Wayland Smith Dr | Uniontown, PA 15401
Westmoreland
Westmoreland
Alle-Kiski
1150 5th Ave | New Kensington, PA 15068
Fayette
Westmoreland Westmoreland County
151 Pavilion Lane | Youngwood, PA 15697
Allegheny
Allegheny East
2040 Ardmore Blvd | Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Allegheny
Allegheny West
Rte. 60 & Park Manor Dr | Pittsburgh, PA 15205
Three Rivers
Allegheny
CareerLink Affiliate
2600 East Carson St | Pittsburgh, PA 15203
Allegheny
Downtown Pittsburgh
425 6th Ave | Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Beaver
Beaver County
285 Beaver Valley Mall, Route 18 | Monaca, PA 15061
Greene
Greene County
4 West High St | Waynesburg, PA 15370
Southwest
Corner
Washington
Mon Valley
570 Galiffa Dr | Donora, PA 15033
Washington
Washington County
90 West Chestnut St | Washington, PA 15301
West Central
Phone
(724) 656-3165
(724) 347-9257
(724) 548-5693
(724) 431-4000
(724) 471-7220
(724) 434-5627
(724) 334-8600
(724) 755-2330
(412) 436-2225
(412) 809-3500
(412) 390-2327
(412) 552-7100
(724) 728-4860
(724) 852-2900
(724) 379-4750
(724) 223-4500
SOC Code
Source Data and How To Use

Occupational Title
Listing of alternative job titles directly associated with the above occupation as provided by employers.
Source: O*Net OnLine
Related Occupations
Occupations where the work environment, knowledge, training, educational requirements and skill sets are
similar to the above occupation. Source: O*Net OnLine
Nature of the Work

An overview of job duties, tasks and responsibilities associated with the above occupation, as well as the
equipment, tools, software, etc. to be used by those employed in this occupation (when applicable).
Source: BLS.Gov, Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
Pennsylvania Occupational Wage Data for the above occupation, produced by the Center for Workforce Information and Analysis.
Source: PA Workstats, Pennsylvania Occupational Wages, Statewide May 2011;
Pennsylvania Occupational Wages for above Workforce Investment Areas - May 2011
Pennsylvania 2008-2018 Long-Term Employment Projections for the above occupation, produced by the Center for Workforce
Information and Analysis.
Source: PA Workstats, Pennsylvania Occupational Employment, 2008-2018 Long-Term Projections Statewide;
Pennsylvania Occupational Employment, 2008-2018 Long-Term Projections for above Workforce Investment Areas
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Organized sets of principles and facts applying to
the above occupation, as defined by O*Net.
Source: O*Net Online
Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the

more rapid acquisition of knowledge applying to
the above occupation, as defined by O*Net.
Source: O*Net Online
ii
SOC Code: 43-3021
Billing & Posting Clerks & Machine Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Data Processor, Statement Clerk, Statement Distribution Clerk, Statement Services
Representative, Data Entry Clerk, Item Processing Clerk, Statement Processor, Reconciling Clerk, Billing Clerk
Related Occupations
Bank Teller, Medical Record Clerk, Receiving Clerk, Reservation Clerk, Statistical Clerk
Nature of the Work

Billing & posting clerks & machine operators use calculators and computers to prepare bills, invoices and itemized
statements for billing and record keeping purposes
Billing & posting clerks review purchase orders, sales tickets, hospital records, or charge slips in order to calculate
the total amount owed by a customer.
Billing machine operators print out the bill that is sent to the customer. After they are printed, the bills are
verified one last time by the billing clerks.
Computers and specialized billing software allow many clerks to automatically calculate charges and prepare bills
all in one step. However, many workers still keep paper records for reference purposes.
Regardless of the size of the organization, clerical workers are increasingly performing a broader variety of tasks
than they did in the past.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
Entry Level Wage 2011
$24,530
$23,000
$25,320
$22,480
$20,470
$22,830
Annual Average Wage 2011
$33,150
$30,490
$34,310
$28,860
$28,550
$31,250
Experienced Level Wage 2011
$37,470
$34,230
$38,800
$32,060
$32,590
$35,460
Estimated Employment 2008
23,820
660
2,940
600
410
740
Projected Employment 2018
22,420
610
2,740
570
390
710
Percent Change 2008-18
-5.88%
-7.58%
-6.80%
-5.00%
-4.88%
-4.05%
Annual Openings 2008-18
304
38
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Clerical
Economics & Accounting
English Language
Mathematics
Active Listening
Mathematics
Reading Comprehension
Speaking
Writing
SOC Code: 43-5071
Shipping, Receiving & Traffic Clerks

Common Employer Job Titles: Car Checker, Distributing Clerk, Express Clerk, Freight Clerk, Freight Forwarder,
Fuel Oil Clerk, Logistics Coordinator, Material Handler, Package Sorter, Paper Control Clerk, Receiving Clerk
Related Occupations
Mail Clerk, Production & Planning Clerk, Stock Clerk
Nature of the Work

Shipping, receiving & traffic clerks keep records of all goods that are shipped and received. Specific duties will
depend on the size of the establishment as well as the level of automation.
Shipping clerks are responsible for preparing and verifying all outgoing shipments. Some also move the goods
from the plant to the shipping dock.
Receiving clerks use the original orders and accompanying invoice to determine whether orders have been filled
correctly. They may route shipments to the proper department, stockroom or warehouse.
Traffic clerks maintain records on the destination, weight and charges of all incoming and outgoing freight.
Computers handle many shipping and receiving duties. However, clerks in smaller companies still maintain
records and prepare shipments by hand.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$22,790
$18,200
$21,500
$23,130
$23,660
$20,060
$32,760
$29,170
$31,930
$31,930
$30,870
$30,890
$37,740
$34,650
$37,140
$36,340
$34,480
$36,310
29,050
540
2,820
650
490
900
27,480
520
2,740
590
470
860
-5.40%
-3.70%
-2.84%
-9.23%
-4.08%
-4.44%
696
13
68
16
12
12
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Clerical
Customer & Personal Service
English Language
Production & Processing
Transportation
Active Listening
Mathematics
Speaking
Time Management
Writing
2
SOC Code: 43-9061
Office Clerks
Common Employer Job Titles: Administration Assistant, Administrative Assistant, Clerk, Office Manager,
Receptionist, Secretary, Office Assistant, Office Clerk, Customer Service Representative, Office Coordinator
Related Occupations
Billing Clerk, Court Clerk, Loan Clerk, Receptionist, Secretary, Typist & Word Processor
Nature of the Work

The daily responsibilities of general office clerks change constantly. Clerks may spend time filing, typing or
entering data. They also operate office equipment, prepare mailings, proofread copies and answer telephones.
Experienced office clerks are usually given additional responsibilities. In fact, they may be expected to monitor
and direct the work of others.
Specific job duties will depend on the experience level of the clerk as well as the type of office in which they are
employed.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$19,200
$19,420
$19,140
$18,470
$17,520
$18,160
$29,440
$28,010
$29,420
$27,260
$24,890
$26,100
$34,560
$32,300
$34,560
$31,660
$28,570
$30,070
163,680
4,590
19,900
3,590
2,230
5,250
166,250
4,680
20,130
3,660
2,280
5,440
1.57%
1.96%
1.16%
1.95%
2.24%
3.62%
3,261
93
388
74
46
115
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
Clerical
English Language
Mathematics
Active Listening
Social Perceptiveness
Speaking
Writing
3
SOC Code: 47-2151
Pipelayers
Common Employer Job Titles: Drain Layer, Drain Tiler, Fitter, Irrigation System Installer, Irrigation Technician,
Pipe Liner, Pipe Wrapping Machine Operator, Sewer Connector, Sewer Pipe Layer, Tile Conduit Layer
Related Occupations
Highway Maintenance Workers, Hunters & Trappers, Pipelayer Helpers, Plumbers, Pipefitters & Steamfitters
Nature of the Work

Pipelayers lay clay, concrete, plastic or cast-iron pipe for drains, sewers, water mains, and oil or gas lines. Before
laying the pipe, pipelayers prepare and grade the trenches either manually or with machines. After laying the
pipe, they weld, glue, cement or otherwise join the pieces together. They perform a combination of other tasks
including grade trenches or culverts, position pipe and seal joints.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$33,500
$33,510
$39,580
$46,610
$43,180
$52,690
$53,160
$48,010
$59,240
1,080
10
260
10
30
1,110
10
270
10
40
2.78%
0.00%
3.85%
0.00%
33.33%
26
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
Building & Construction

Mathematics
Mechanical
Active Listening
Equipment Selection
Learning Strategies
Monitoring
Quality Control Analysis
Speaking
4
SOC Code: 47-5081
Extraction Worker Helpers

Common Employer Job Titles: Blaster Helper, Derrick Hand, Jack Setter, Miner Assistant, Pneumatic Jack Operator,
Powder Carrier, Pumper Helper, Rotary Drill Helper, Roughneck, Shaft Mechanic, Tailer, Tunnel Mucker
Related Occupations
Derrick Operators, Roustabouts, Refractory Materials Repairers, Tank Truck & Ship Loaders
Nature of the Work

Extraction worker helpers repair and maintain automotive and drilling equipment, and observe and monitor
equipment operation during the extraction process in order to detect any problems. They are also responsible for
loading and organizing materials in order to prepare for use. After extraction activities are complete, they clean
up work areas and remove debris.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$24,680
$23,910
$26,940
$30,230
$32,910
$29,840
$33,010
$37,420
$31,280
1,010
1,040
2.97%
33
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
Law & Government

Mechanical
Public Safety & Security
Active Listening
Equipment Maintenance
Equipment Selection
Operation Monitoring
Repairing
Speaking
Troubleshooting
5
SOC Code: 49-9098
Installation, Maintenance & Repair Worker Helpers

Common Employer Job Titles: Automobile Mechanic Helper, Diesel Mechanic Helper, Facilities Maintenance
Technician, Laborer, Locksmith Helper, Millwright Helper, Power Washer, Service Planner, Trades Helper
Related Occupations
Control & Valve Installers & Repairers, Mechanical Door Repairers, Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics
Nature of the Work

Installation, maintenance & repair worker helpers provide assistance to more skilled workers involved in the
adjustment, maintenance, part replacement and repair of tools, equipment and machines. They perform duties
such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers such as cleaning the work area, machines and
tools, and holding materials or tools for other workers. Installation, maintenance & repair worker helpers may
also install or replace machinery, equipment, and new or replacement parts and instruments, using hand or power
tools. Some clean or lubricate vehicles, machinery, equipment, instruments, tools, work areas and other objects,
using hand tools, power tools and cleaning equipment.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$17,810
$18,740
$17,590
$17,550
$17,020
$16,900
$27,330
$28,220
$27,790
$26,180
$23,120
$22,340
$32,090
$32,950
$32,890
$30,490
$26,170
$25,060
6,740
180
520
240
100
320
6,790
190
520
230
110
330
0.74%
5.56%
0.00%
-4.17%
10.00%
3.13%
163
12
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
Engineering & Technology

Mathematics
Mechanical
Active Listening
Equipment Selection
Installation
Repairing
Troubleshooting
6
SOC Code: 53-3032
Heavy-Truck & Tractor-Trailer Drivers

Common Employer Job Titles: CDL Truck Driver, Class B Driver, Commercial Trailer Truck Driver, Construction
Driver, Dump Truck Driver, Highway Truck Driver, Livestock Trucker, Moving Van Driver, Over the Road Driver
Related Occupations
Bus Drivers, Transit & Intercity, Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators, Truck Drivers, Light or Delivery Services
Nature of the Work

Truck drivers are responsible for picking up and delivering a wide variety of merchandise. The length of their trips
depends on the final destination of the goods.
Long-Haul Truck Drivers transport goods from city to city. Employers may choose to use two drivers for trips that
last several days. Before leaving their home base, truck drivers inspect their vehicles to make sure that everything
is working properly and that necessary safety equipment is aboard.
After these truck drivers reach their destination or complete their operating shift, the U.S. Department of
Transportation requires that they complete reports detailing the trip, the condition of the truck and the circumstances
of any accidents. In addition, Federal regulations require employers to subject drivers to random alcohol and drug
tests while they are on duty.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$29,630
$26,940
$41,920
$37,920
$30,800
$27,910
$28,120
$30,070
$43,360
$38,230
$37,480
$44,010
$48,070
$43,410
$49,640
$43,400
$42,160
$50,970
77,960
1,700
5,170
3,260
1,840
3,230
82,860
1,760
5,480
3,500
1,990
3,430
6.29%
3.53%
6.00%
7.36%
8.15%
6.19%
1,873
36
123
82
48
77
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mathematics
Operation & Control
Speaking
Writing
Computers & Electronics

Geography
Law & Government
Mechanical
SOC Code: 53-3033
Light or Delivery Services Truck Drivers

Common Employer Job Titles: Bulk Delivery Driver, Courier, Delivery Driver, Escort Vehicle Driver, Food Service
Driver, Local Truck Driver, Mail Messenger Contractor, Order Runner, Package Delivery Driver, Route Deliverer
Related Occupations
Ambulance Driver, Bus Driver, Heavy-Truck & Tractor-Trailer Driver, Industrial Truck & Tractor Operator
Nature of the Work

Light or delivery services truck drivers deliver or pick up merchandise and packages within a specific area. This
may include short turnarounds to deliver a shipment to a nearby city, pick up another loaded truck or van, and
drive it back to their home base the same day. These services may require use of electronic delivery tracking
systems to track the whereabouts of the merchandise or packages.
Some local truck drivers have sales and customer service responsibilities. The primary responsibility of driver/
sales workers, or route drivers, is to deliver and sell their firms products over established routes or within an
established territory. They sell goods such as food products, including restaurant takeout items, or pick up and
deliver items such as laundry. Their response to customer complaints and requests can make the difference
between a large order and a lost customer. Route drivers may also take orders and collect payments.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$18,930
$17,120
$19,260
$16,820
$17,010
$17,080
$31,950
$32,340
$31,170
$28,190
$28,500
$27,700
$38,460
$39,940
$37,130
$33,880
$34,240
$33,000
43,210
1,010
4,550
1,130
670
1,560
42,970
1,000
4,520
1,120
680
1,530
-0.56%
-0.99%
-0.66%
-0.88%
1.49%
-1.92%
767
18
81
20
14
28
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Extent Flexibility
Far Vision
Reaction Time
Response Orientation
Spatial Orientation
Static Strength
Clerical
Geography
Mechanical
Transportation
SOC Code: 53-7051
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Forklift Operator, Material Handler, Fork Lift Operator, Truck Driver, Fork Truck
Driver, Lift Truck Operator, Forklift Driver, Fork Lift Technician, Spotter Driver, Fork Lift Driver
Related Occupations
Construction Equipment Operator, Crane & Tower Operator, Farm Equipment Operator, Hoist & Winch Operator
Nature of the Work

Industrial truck & tractor operators drive and control industrial trucks or tractors equipped to move materials
around a warehouse, storage yard, factory or construction site. A typical industrial truck, often called a forklift
or lift truck, has a hydraulic lifting mechanism and forks. Industrial truck and tractor operators also may operate
tractors that pull trailers loaded with materials, goods or equipment within factories and warehouses, or around
outdoor storage areas.
Industrial truck & tractor operators may perform other duties as well. Some operators tend machines that
automatically stack, load, package or cut materials. They may also hook tow trucks, using hitches and pins,
to other equipment. This may include plows, graders and rollers. They maintain their vehicles by making sure
that all parts are oiled and that the vehicles have enough fuel. If there are problems with equipment, forklift
operators talk with mechanics about them.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$24,560
$23,960
$24,070
$19,210
$22,940
$20,670

$33,590
$37,890
$35,240
$29,910
$30,550
$29,500
$38,100
$44,860
$40,820
$35,260
$34,350
$33,920
32,880
640
1,990
480
490
650
30,210
580
1,900
460
460
610
-8.12%
-9.38%
-4.52%
-4.17%
-6.12%
-6.15%
830
16
50
12
12
17
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
English Language
Mathematics
Transportation
Active Listening
Mathematics
Operation & Control
SOC Code: 53-7062
Laborers & Material Movers

Common Employer Job Titles: Material Handler, Warehouse Worker, Laborer, Loader, Receiving Associate,
Shipping & Receiving Materials Handler, Merchandise Pickup / Receiving Associate, Line Tender, Stock Replenisher
Related Occupations
Hand Packer & Packager, Janitor & Cleaner, Construction Laborer, Groundskeeping Worker
Nature of the Work

Laborers & material movers manually move materials or perform other unskilled general labor. These workers
move freight, stock and other materials to and from storage and production areas, loading docks, delivery
vehicles, ships and containers.
Their specific duties vary by industry and work setting. Specialized workers within this group include baggage
and cargo handlers, who work in transportation industries, and truck loaders and unloaders. In factories, they
may move raw materials or finished goods between loading docks, storage areas and work areas as well as sort
materials and supplies and prepare them according to their work orders.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$19,160
$18,180
$17,980
$17,890
$18,450
$19,050
$28,230
$27,690
$26,670
$25,820
$25,900
$27,050
$32,770
$32,440
$31,010
$29,780
$29,620
$31,060
110,730
3,020
9,230
2,500
1,240
4,960
103,040
2,790
8,790
2,290
1,170
4,600
-6.94%
-7.62%
-4.77%
-8.40%
-5.65%
-7.26%
3,544
97
295
80
40
159
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Equipment Selection
Installation
10
SOC Code: 17-3031
Surveying & Mapping Technicians

Common Employer Job Titles: Photogrammetrist, Cartographer, Photogrammetric Technician, Compiler, Stereo
Compiler, Geographic Information Systems Analyst, Geographic Information Systems Specialist
Related Occupations
Architects, Engineers, Landscape Architects, Environmental Scientists & Specialists, Social Scientists
Nature of the Work

Surveying & mapping technicians are responsible for measuring and mapping the earths surface. Surveyors
establish official land, airspace and water boundaries. They write descriptions of land for deeds, leases and
other legal documents; define airspace for airports; and take measurements of construction and mineral
sites. Other surveyors provide data about the shape, contour, location, elevation or dimension of land or land
features. Cartographers and photogrammetrists collect, analyze, interpret and map geographic information
using data from surveys and photographs. Surveying and mapping technicians assist these professionals by
collecting data in the field, making calculations and helping with computer-aided drafting. Collectively, these
occupations play key roles in the field of geospatial information.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$25,760
$22,040
$25,620
$23,880
$35,420

$38,610
$24,430
$41,730
$32,970
$43,890
$45,030
$25,630
$49,780
$37,520
$48,130
1,720
60
220
30
10
50
1,790
60
210
30
10
50
4.07%
0.00%
-4.55%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
40
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Writing
Active Learning
Geography
English Language
Design
Mathematics
11
SOC Code: 43-3031
Bookkeeping, Accounting & Auditing Clerks

Common Employer Job Titles: Accounting Clerk, Accounting Assistant, Accounts Payables Clerk, Account Clerk,
Accounts Payable Clerk, Accounts Receivable Clerk, Account Receivable Clerk, Accounting Associate
Related Occupations
Bank Teller, Medical Record Clerk, Receiving Clerk, Reservation Clerk, Statistical Clerk
Nature of the Work

Bookkeeping, accounting & auditing clerks are an organizations financial record-keepers. They update and maintain
accounting records, including those which tabulate expenditures, receipts, accounts payable and receivable, and
profit and loss.
Bookkeeping clerks, which are usually found in small establishments, handle all aspects of financial transactions.
They may also prepare bank deposits and balance receipts.
Accounting clerks perform duties that are more specialized in nature, such as posting transactions and computing
interest. Other tasks include reconciling computer reports with manually maintained journals.
Auditing clerks verify the records of transactions that are posted by other workers. They may correct any errors
themselves or note the problem and return the work for adjustment.
Computers and specialized accounting software allow clerks to post transactions and balance accounts electronically.
As a result, manual posting to general ledgers is becoming obsolete.
Regardless of the size of the organization, clerical workers are increasingly performing a broader variety of tasks
than they did in the past.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$23,630
$22,620
$14,580
$21,660
$20,880
$21,660
$36,140
$33,370
$34,820
$32,400
$31,570
$32,540
$42,400
$38,750
$39,930
$37,770
$36,920
$37,990
82,980
1,830
11,070
1,740
1,160
2,750
84,900
1,930
11,260
1,840
1,190
2,800
2.31%
5.46%
1.72%
5.75%
2.59%
1.82%
1,491
39
192
36
21
48
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Learning
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Learning Strategies
Mathematics
Clerical
English Language
12
SOC Code: 43-4051
Customer Service Representatives

Common Employer Job Titles: Customer Service Representative, Account Manager, Client Services Representative,
Account Representative, Customer Service Specialist, Customer Service Agent, Member Services Representative
Related Occupations
Computer Support Specialist, Information & Record Clerk, Insurance Sales Agent, Retail Salesperson, Teller
Nature of the Work

Customer service representatives are responsible for ensuring that their companys customers receive an adequate
level of service or help with their questions and concerns. These customers may be individual consumers or other
companies, and the nature of their service needs can vary considerably.
Some customer service representatives handle general questions and complaints, whereas others specialize in a
particular area. They communicate with customers through a variety of meanseither in person; by telephone,
e-mail or regular mail correspondence or fax; or even over the Internet. In handling customers complaints,
customer service representatives must attempt to resolve the problem according to guidelines established by the
company. In some cases, customer service representatives are required to follow up with an individual customer
until a question is answered or an issue is resolved.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$22,520
$22,090
$20,920
$23,880
$22,140
$20,330
$34,030
$32,680
$32,360
$33,390
$31,550
$31,070
$39,780
$37,980
$38,080
$38,150
$36,250
$36,440
100,840
1,820
14,990
2,580
1,200
3,220
112,250
2,010
17,390
2,920
1,280
3,680
11.31%
10.44%
16.01%
13.18%
6.67%
14.29%
3,949
71
657
106
41
136
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Learning
Active Listening
Monitoring
Service Orientation
Speaking
Clerical
English Language
Mathematics
13
SOC Code: 43-5061
Production, Planning & Expediting Clerks

Common Employer Job Titles: Production Scheduler, Planner, Production Planner, Production Manager,
Production Controller, Production Planning Manager, Scheduler, Master Scheduler, Production Control Coordinator
Related Occupations
Cost Estimator, Freight Handler, Order Clerk, Shipping & Receiving Clerk, Stock Clerk
Nature of the Work

Production, planning & expediting clerks keep the flow of work and materials running smoothly. They review
and deliver production schedules and work orders. Some confer with department supervisors to determine the
progress of work and monitor work progress to be sure that the stages of production are completed on time.
Clerks also compile reports on the progress of work and any problems that may have slowed down production.
Depending on the work setting, production and planning clerks may have a variety of other tasks. They may
schedule workers or estimate production costs, such as for labor or materials. They may route or deliver
parts to departments so that workers have the materials to meet quotas. Some keep track of the inventory in
departments or schedule the shipment of parts so that materials are available and shipped by vendors on time.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$29,820
$29,100
$30,440
$28,290
$32,540
$31,970
$46,470
$46,340
$46,610
$42,310
$41,620
$46,670
$54,790
$54,960
$54,700
$49,320
$46,160
$54,020
13,330
320
1,450
310
180
430
12,910
310
1,470
300
190
420
-3.15%
-3.13%
1.38%
-3.23%
5.56%
-2.33%
363
42
12
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Coordination
Management of Material Resources
Monitoring
Time Management
Clerical
Mathematics
Transportation
14
SOC Code: 43-6014
Secretaries
Common Employer Job Titles: Secretary, Administrative Assistant, Administrative Secretary, Office Assistant, Clerk
Typist, Administrative Technician, Department Secretary, Administrative Associate, Administrative Support Assistant
Related Occupations
Bookkeeper, Human Resource Specialist, Medical Assistant, Medical Research Technician, Office Manager
Nature of the Work

To complete their duties, secretaries must be familiar with a wide variety of office equipment, including fax machines,
photocopiers, telephone systems and personal computers.
Most secretaries schedule appointments, organize files, provide information, train staff, manage projects and produce
correspondence. Specific job duties will vary with experience and title.
Office work can lend itself to alternative or flexible working arrangements, such as part-time work or telecommuting
especially if the job requires extensive computer use.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$22,160
$20,220
$31,750
$29,070
$22,440
$20,760
$19,300
$18,440
$31,100
$29,440
$27,200
$27,300
$36,550
$33,490
$35,430
$33,780
$31,160
$31,730
94,060
1,980
12,680
2,240
1,340
2,230
85,480
1,840
11,810
2,050
1,250
2,100
-9.12%
-7.07%
-6.86%
-8.48%
-6.72%
-5.83%
1,498
32
202
36
21
36
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Administration & Management
Clerical
Computer & Electronics
English Language
Active Listening
Social Perception
Speaking
Time Management
15
SOC Code: 47-2061
Construction Laborers
Common Employer Job Titles: Laborer, Construction Laborer, Cement Finisher, Construction Worker, Helper,
Post Framer, Curb and Gutter Laborer, Drain Layer, Drop Crew Laborer, Punch Out Crew Member
Related Occupations
Forestry Worker, Groundskeeper, Highway Maintenance Worker, Logging Equipment Operator, Roustabout
Nature of the Work

Construction laborers perform tasks that are needed to make the work of skilled construction, maintenance and
production workers flow smoothly. They provide much of the physically demanding labor at construction sites.
They may operate hand and power tools like air hammers, earth tampers, cement mixers, small mechanical
hoists, survey and measure equipment and a variety of other equipment and instruments. They clean and
prepare sites, dig trenches, set braces to support the sides of excavations, erect scaffolding, clean up rubble and
debris and remove asbestos, lead and other hazardous waste materials. They also help assist other craft workers.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$21,850
$21,730
$22,280
$23,980
$21,560
$23,070
$34,600
$30,490
$37,560
$35,840
$30,480
$35,040
$40,980
$34,870
$45,210
$41,780
$34,940
$41,030
39,010
2,050
5,490
1,040
530
1,810
40,230
2,150
5,660
1,110
550
1,910
3.13%
4.88%
3.10%
6.73%
3.77%
5.52%
416
26
59
14
23
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Learning
Equipment Selection

Design
Mathematics
Mechanical
16
SOC Code: 47-2071
Paving, Surfacing & Tamping Equipment Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Asphalt Roller Operator, Concrete Finisher, Curb Machine Operator, Form Tamper,
Loader Operator, Mud Jack Operator, Road Mixer Operator, Steam Roller Operator, Tamping Machine Operator
Related Occupations
Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators, Pile-Driver Operators, Rail-Track Laying & Maintenance Operators
Nature of the Work

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators work with one or several types of power
construction equipment. They may operate excavation and loading machines equipped with scoops, shovels,
or buckets that dig sand, gravel, earth, or similar materials. In addition to operating the familiar bulldozer,
they operate trench excavators, road graders, and similar equipment. Sometimes, they may drive and control
industrial trucks or tractors equipped with forklifts or booms for lifting materials. They also may operate and
maintain air compressors, pumps, and other power equipment at construction sites.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$27,180
$30,440
$25,430
$23,240
$23,990
$35,870
$42,460
$42,080
$40,110
$33,020
$26,790
$49,560
$50,110
$47,910
$47,440
$37,910
$28,180
$56,410
2,280
50
80
120
90
130
2,330
50
80
120
90
130
2.19%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
51
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Judgment & Decision Making
Monitoring
Operation & Control

Mechanical
Public Safety and Security
Transportation
17
SOC Code: 47-2073
Operating Engineers
Common Employer Job Titles: Equipment Operator, Heavy Equipment Operator, Operating Engineer, Back Hoe
Operator, Loader Operator, Machine Operator, Motor Grader Operator, Track Hoe Operator, Excavator Operator
Related Occupations
General Construction Worker, Heavy Equipment Mechanic, Roustabout
Nature of the Work

Operating engineers generally use machines to move objects short distances, such as around a factory or
construction site. They use equipment to smooth or grade the ground. They may also dump, remove or spread
rock and earth. To run the machines, they move hand levers and foot pedals. They also operate switches and
turn dials.
Operating engineers may set up and inspect equipment. They often attach hoses, belts and other equipment to
tractors. They make adjustments to blades, buckets and booms. They use stakes and guidelines on the ground
to help them line up their equipment.
Operating engineers are unique because they know how to operate several different types of equipment, such
as cranes, bulldozers and hoists.
Bulldozer operators run tractors equipped with attachments, such as blades and cable winches. They dig out
dirt, trees and rocks in order to level the ground.
Crane and tower operators lift and move materials using booms and cables supported by towers. They watch
for hand signals or listen to radioed instructions from other workers.
Hoist and winch operators lift and pull loads with their equipment.
In addition to operating these machines, some engineers operate valves on air compressors or pumps at
construction sites.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$31,320
$31,030
$35,250
$30,630
$28,510
$30,190
$45,510
$41,660
$51,300
$44,530
$48,320
$47,780
$52,600
$46,980
$59,330
$51,480
$58,240
$56,570
16,580
730
1,840
1,070
200
630
17,100
770
1,920
1,110
210
670
3.14%
5.48%
4.35%
3.74%
5.00%
6.35%
373
18
44
25
15
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Equipment Selection
Operation & Control
Repairing

Mechanical
18
SOC Code: 47-5011
Oil & Gas Derrick Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Rotary Derrick Operator, Well Service Derrick Operator
Related Occupations
Operating Engineers, Rail Car Repairers, Rotary Drill Operators, Roof Bolters, Roustabouts
Nature of the Work

Oil and gas derrick operators inspect derricks for flaws, clean and oil derricks in order to maintain proper working
conditions and inspect derricks prior to being raised or lowered. They also listen to mud pumps and regularly
check for vibration and other problems to ensure that rig pumps and drilling mud systems are working properly,
and repair the pumps and mud tanks when they are not functioning properly.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$47,240
$29,820
$52,220
$38,030
$54,720
$42,140
110
30
10
50
110
30
20
50
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
0.00%
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Education & Training
English Composition
Mathematics
Mechanical
Active Listening
Coordination
Equipment Selection
Repairing
Troubleshooting
19
SOC Code: 47-5012
Oil & Gas Rotary Drill Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Equipment Operator, Heavy Equipment Operator, Operating Engineer, Back Hoe
Operator, Loader Operator, Machine Operator, Motor Grader Operator, Track Hoe Operator, Excavator Operator
Related Occupations
Continuous Mining Machine Operators, Derrick Operators, Loading Machine Operators, Operating Engineers
Nature of the Work

Rotary drill operators observe pressure gauges and move throttles and levers in order to control the speed of
rotary tables, and to regulate the pressure of tools at the bottom of boreholes. They also start and examine the
operation of slush pumps in order to ensure circulation and consistency of drilling fluid or mud in a well.
Rotary drill operators also use special tools to locate and recover lost or broken bits, casings, and drill pipes
from wells. They can also be responsible for maintaining records of footage drilled, location and nature of strata
penetrated, materials and tools used, services rendered, and time required.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$28,850
$27,600
$46,080
$35,810
$54,700
$39,920
1,070
30
120
280
20
1,120
30
120
290
30
4.67%
0.00%
0.00%
3.57%
50.00%
16
Knowledge Required
Skills Required

Mathematics
Mechanical
Personnel & Human Resources
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Instructing
Operation Management
Repairing
Troubleshooting
20
SOC Code: 47-5013
Oil, Gas & Mining Service Unit Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Cement Pump Operator, Derrick Hand, Driller, Fishing Tool Operator, Pulling Unit
Operator, Rigger, Service Unit Operator, Swabber, Well Cleaner, Wireline Operator, Work Over Rig Operator
Related Occupations
Crane & Tower Operators, Dredge Operators, Geological Sample Test Technicians, Marine Engineers
Nature of the Work

Service unit operators for oil, gas & mining operate controls that raise derricks and level rigs. They also observe
load variations on strain gauges, mud pumps and motor pressure indicators and listen to engines, rotary chains
and other equipment in order to detect faulty operations on unusual well conditions.
Service unit operators also direct drilling crews performing such activities as assembling and connecting pipe,
applying weights to drill pipes and drilling around lodged obstacles. They may also drive truck mounted units to
the well sites.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$28,140
$29,690
$27,050
$48,170
$42,230
$34,550
$58,190
$48,500
$38,310
860
180
20
250
10
70
920
190
30
280
10
80
6.98%
5.56%
50.00%
12.00%
0.00%
14.29
14
Knowledge Required
Skills Required

English Language
Mechanical
Active Listening
Coordinating
Instructing
Operation & Control
Repairing
Troubleshooting
21
SOC Code: 47-5021
Earth Drillers
Common Employer Job Titles: Auger Operator, Blast Hole Driller, Core Drill Operator, Drill Runner, Earth Auger
Operator, Jumper, Machine Driller, Stopper, Test Borer, Tunneling Machine Operator, Wagoner, Well Digger
Related Occupations
Crate & Tower Operators, Farm Equipment Mechanics, Paving, Surfacing & Tamping Equipment Operators
Nature of the Work

Earth drillers monitor drilling operations, checking gauges and listening to equipment to assess drilling
conditions and to determine the need to adjust drilling or alter equipment. They are responsible for selecting
the appropriate drill for the job, using knowledge of rock or soil conditions.
Earth drillers are responsible for regulating air pressure, rotary speed, and downward pressure, according to
the type of rock or concrete being drilled, as well as verifying depths and alignments of boring positions.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$29,270
$22,060
$44,140
$36,280
$51,570
$43,400
950
20
30
70
20
150
980
20
30
80
20
150
3.16%
0.00%
0.00%
14.29%
14.29%
0.00%
34
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mathematics
Mechanical
Active Listening
Repairing
Troubleshooting
22
SOC Code: 47-5031
Blasters & Explosives Workers

Common Employer Job Titles: Blast Setter, Bomb Technician, Charger, Demolition Expert, Explosives Detonator,
Fuse Cutter, Gun Perforator, Nitro Worker, Oil Well Shooter, Shaft Sinker, Shotblaster, Tunnel Worker, Well Shooter
Related Occupations
Petroleum Pump Systems Operators, Riggers, Signal & Track Switch Operators, Structural Iron & Steel Workers
Nature of the Work

Blasters & explosives workers place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace
earth, rock, or other materials. They may perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures.
Explosive workers insert, pack and pour explosives, such as dynamite, ammonium nitrate, black powder or slurries
into blast holes; then shovel drill cuttings, admit water to boreholes and tamp material to compact charges. They
tie specified lengths of delaying fuses into patterns in order to time the sequence of explosions.
Explosives workers examine blast areas to determine the amounts and kinds of explosive charges needed and to
ensure that safety laws are observed. They are responsible for placing safety cones around blast areas to alert
other workers of danger zones, and signal workers as necessary to ensure that they clear blast sites prior to
explosions.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$37,490
$48,590
$54,140
240
240
0.00%
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Law & Government
Mathematics
Transportation
Active Learning
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Equipment Management
Monitoring
Troubleshooting
23
SOC Code: 47-5071
Oil & Gas Roustabouts

Common Employer Job Titles: Cathead Operator, Connection Worker, Derrick Worker, Dumper-Bailer Operator,
Floor Hand, Gang Worker, Gun Perforator Loader, Oil Field Laborer, Rigger, Roughneck, Roustabout Pusher
Related Occupations
Control & Valve Installers & Repairers, Derrick Operators, Motorboat Mechanics, Rail Car Repairers
Nature of the Work

Roustabouts dismantle and repair oil field machinery, boilers, and steam engine parts, using hand tools and
power tools. They unscrew or tighten pipes, casing, tubing, and pump rods, using hand and power wrenches
and tongs and bolt together pump and engine parts.
They are also responsible for walking flow lines to locate leaks, using electronic detectors and making visual
inspections. They may be responsible for keeping the pipe deck and main deck areas clean and tidy, as well as
clean up spilled oil by bailing it into barrels.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$24,070
$21,640
$24,580

$35,930
$30,090
$36,500
$41,850
$34,320
$42,460
1,450
80
60
310
30
20
1,620
90
60
350
40
20
11.72%
12.50%
0.00%
12.90%
33.33%
0.00%
61
13
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
English Language
Mechanical
Physics
Transportation
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Equipment Management
Equipment Selection
Installation
Repairing
Troubleshooting
24
SOC Code: 49-9071
General Maintenance & Repair Workers

Common Employer Job Titles: Maintenance Technician, Maintenance Mechanic, Maintenance Supervisor,
Maintenance Electrician, Maintenance Engineer, Process Technician, Equipment Engineering Technician
Related Occupations
Carpenter, Electrician, Electronics Installer & Repairer, HVAC Mechanic
Nature of the Work

General maintenance & repair workers inspect and diagnose problems and determine the best way to correct
them, frequently checking blueprints, repair manuals and parts catalogs. They also perform routine preventive
maintenance and ensure that machines continue to run smoothly, building systems operate efficiently and the
physical condition of buildings does not deteriorate. Those in smaller establishments often do all the repairs
except for very difficult or large jobs. In larger workplaces, they may work only in a particular area or do general
maintenance.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$23,750
$22,600
$23,780
$20,580
$20,330
$23,190
$36,630
$35,600
$36,960
$33,550
$32,740
$37,020
$43,070
$42,100
$43,550
$40,040
$38,940
$43,930
65,710
2,090
6,720
1,580
910
2,050
66,250
2,070
6,680
1,580
920
2,090
0.82%
-0.96%
-0.60%
0.00%
1.10%
1.95%
217
17
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Equipment Selection
Installation

Design
Mechanical
25
SOC Code: 51-4023
Rolling Machine Operators & Tenders

Common Employer Job Titles: Mill Operator, Rolling Mill Operator, Roughing Mill Operator, Calender Operator,
Breakdown Mill Operator, Cold Mill Operator, Controller, High Frequency Mill Operator, Roll Form Operator
Related Occupations
Assembler & Fabricator, Computer Controlled Machine Operator, Machinist, Tool & Die Maker
Nature of the Work

Rolling machine operators & tenders use a variety of machines to produce metal and plastic items, which are
used in many consumer products.
They adjust and correct machine setups to reshape the products according to specified dimensions and tempers.
They may install additional equipment to the machine in order to fabricate the required product. They also
monitor machine cycles and mill operation to detect jamming. Typically, skilled setup workers are called upon
for major adjustments when a problem arises.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
$30,050
$33,370
$31,830
$38,650
$42,800
$38,270
$42,960
$47,510
2,590
250
West Central
West/Fay
$35,110
$24,830
$33,290
$40,190
$35,090
$37,880
$41,500
$42,730
$40,220
$40,180
480
330
260
80
2,290
200
430
300
220
70
-11.58%
-20.00%
-10.42%
-9.09%
-15.38%
-12.50%
54
10
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Installation
Mathematics
Operation & Control
Mathematics
Mechanical
26
SOC Code: 51-4031
Cutting, Punching & Press Machine Operators & Tenders

Common Employer Job Titles: Machine Operator, Press Operator, Set-Up Operator, Saw Operator, Slitter
Operator, Punch Press Operator, Die Setter, Adjuster, Die Cutter, Machine Setter
Related Occupations
Nature of the Work

Cutting, punching & press machine operators & tenders use a variety of machines to produce metal and plastic
items, which are used in many consumer products.
They load workpieces, plastic material or chemical solutions into machines and determine locations of cutting
lines, dimensions and tolerances required. They install, align and lock specified machine tools and adjust ram
strokes using hand tools. In addition, cutting, punching & press machine operators may examine workpieces for
defects and sort according to type of flaw. Typically, skilled setup workers are called upon for major adjustments
when a problem arises.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$24,040
$29,270
$26,110
$25,850
$25,440
$23,290
$33,300
$35,660
$33,920
$31,380
$34,070
$32,190
$37,930
$38,860
$37,820
$34,140
$38,380
$36,640
13,290
440
1,110
1,000
380
740
10,530
350
890
810
320
580
-20.77%
-20.45%
-19.82%
-19.00%
-15.79%
-21.62%
318
11
27
24
18
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mechanical
Physics
Equipment Selection
Installation
Mathematics
Operation & Control
27
SOC Code: 51-4051
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders

Common Employer Job Titles: Central Melt Specialist, Melt Room Operator, Melt Supervisor, Vessel Operator,
Automatic Furnace Operator, Control Room Operator, Direct Casting Operator, Electric Melt Operator
Related Occupations
Nature of the Work

Metal-refining furnace operators & tenders use a variety of machines to produce metal items, which are used
in many consumer products.
They load materials to be melted and refined to furnaces. They observe operations inside furnaces using
television screens to ensure that problems do not occur. They also adjust air and temperature gauges to
maintain required temperatures inside the furnace. In addition, metal-refining furnace operators & tenders may
draw samples from the furnaces for analysis and calculate types and amounts of materials needed to ensure
that materials meet specifications. Typically, skilled setup workers are called upon for major adjustments when
a problem arises.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$23,680
$25,430
$21,660
$21,510
$29,400
$21,800
$36,590
$36,740
$33,440
$30,060
$41,380
$31,750
$43,040
$42,390
$39,320
$34,330
$47,370
$36,720
2,240
330
30
150
2,050
300
40
140
-8.48%
-9.09%
33.33%
-6.67%
35
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
Mechanical
Physics
Equipment Selection
Operation & Control
28
SOC Code: 51-9061
Inspectors, Testers, Samplers & Weighers

Common Employer Job Titles: Inspector, Quality Inspector, Quality Technician, Quality Assurance Inspector,
Quality Control Inspector, Quality Auditor, Quality Assurance Auditor, Quality Control Supervisor
Related Occupations
Assemblers, Building Inspector, Compliance Office, Construction Inspector, Machine Operators
Nature of the Work

Inspectors, testers, samplers & weighers use a number of tools to monitor quality standards for manufactured
products. They may use sight, sound, feel, smell or taste to check products. Quality checks are involved at
every stage of the production process. Quality control inspectors, as they are otherwise known, may examine
raw materials, subassemblies or finished products.
After problems have been identified, quality control inspectors may reject defective items, send them for repair
or fix minor problems themselves. They record results, compute defect percentages and prepare reports.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$24,790
$28,680
$25,010
$25,700
$23,630
$23,210
$37,770
$42,540
$39,390
$39,210
$35,450
$37,610
$44,270
$49,470
$46,580
$45,970
$41,370
$44,820
23,270
630
2,070
850
350
910
20,430
540
1,870
840
310
810
-12.20%
-14.29%
-9.66%
-1.18%
-11.43%
-10.99%
345
31
13
13
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Operation & Control

Operations Analysis
Science

Design
English Language
Mathematics
Mechanical
29
SOC Code: 53-7071
Gas Compressor & Gas Pumping Station Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Gas Booster Engineer, Gas Engineer, Gas Operator, Gas Transfer Operator,
Station Engineer
Related Occupations
Gas Plant Operators, Packer & Packagers, Printing Machine Operators
Nature of the Work

Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators transmit, compress or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen,
hydrogen and natural gas. They are responsible for monitoring meters and pressure gauges to determine
consumption rate variations, temperatures and pressures. They adjust valves and equipment to obtain specified
performance levels.
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators respond to problems by adjusting control room equipment,
and/or instructing other personnel to adjust equipment at problem locations or in other control areas. They take
samples of gases and conduct chemical tests in order to determine gas quality and sulfur or moisture content, or
send samples to laboratories for analysis.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$43,600
$52,420
$56,830
250
20
30
260
20
30
4.00%
0.00%
0.00%
11
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Critical Thinking
Repairing
Troubleshooting
Mathematics
Mechanical
30
SOC Code: 53-7072
Pump Operators
Common Employer Job Titles: Pumper, Outside Operator, Pipeline Operator, Day Light Relief Operator,
Chemical Operator, Logistics Technician, Process Operator, Purification Operator, Tank Car Loader
Related Occupations
Utilities Operator, Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers, Meter Readers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, Steamfitters
Nature of the Work

Pump operators tend, control and operate pump and manifold systems that transfer gases, oil or other materials
to vessels or equipment. They maintain the equipment and regulate the flow of materials according to a
schedule set up by petroleum engineers or production supervisors. Gas compressor and gas pumping station
operators operate steam, gas, electric motor or internal combustion engine-driven compressors. They transmit,
compress or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen and natural gas. Wellhead pumpers operate
pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flows of oil or gas from extraction sites.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$24,460
$37,310
$41,180
$57,300
$49,550
$67,300
480
50
70
160
20
450
50
60
150
10
-6.25%
0.00%
-14.29%
-6.25%
-50.00%
19
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Monitoring
Critical Thinking
Operation & Control

Mechanical
31
SOC Code: 53-7073
Wellhead Pumpers
Common Employer Job Titles: Gauger, Head Pumper, Lease Attendant, Lease Operator, Multi-Skilled Operator,
Oilfield Plant and Field Operator, Oil Field Pumper, Oil Well Service Operator, Production Operator, Well Tender
Related Occupations
Gas Compressor & Gas Pumping Station Operators, Utility Meter Readers, Prepress Technicians & Workers
Nature of the Work

Wellhead pumpers monitor control panels during pumping operations in order to ensure that materials are being
pumped at the correct pressure, density, rate and concentration. They also operate engines and pumps in order
to shut off wells according to production schedules, and to switch flow of oil into storage tanks.
Wellhead pumpers perform routine maintenance on vehicles and equipment and repair gas and oil meters and
gauges. They may also supervise oil pumpers and other workers engaged in producing oil from wells.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$25,090
$23,910
$24,920
$36,430
$33,100
$29,370
$42,110
$37,690
$31,590
420
20
170
90
470
30
200
130
11.90%
50.00%
11.90%
44.44%
22
22
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Critical Thinking
Equipment Selection
Operation & Control
Repairing
Troubleshooting
Mathematics
Mechanical
32
SOC Code: 41-4011
Scientific & Technical Sales Representatives

Common Employer Job Titles: Sales Representative, Account Manager, Account Executive, Salesman, Sales
Consultant, Account Representative, Customer Account Technician, Inside Sales Person, Marketing Associate
Related Occupations
Buyers & Purchasing Agents, Insurance Sales Agents, Purchasing Managers, Real Estate Agents & Brokers
Nature of the Work

Sales representatives market their companys products to manufacturers, wholesale and retail establishments
and government agencies. They discuss customers needs, suggest how their merchandise or services can meet
those needs, show samples or catalogs and inform customers about prices and product availability. They may
also take orders and resolve any problems or complaints with the merchandise.
Obtaining new accounts is an important part of the sales representatives job. They also analyze sales statistics,
prepare reports and handle administrative duties. They must study literature about new and existing products
and monitor the sales, prices and products of their competitors.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$54,240
$51,030
$52,190
$40,120
$39,620
$52,980
$91,890
$78,470
$88,420
$72,550
$63,540
$116,090
$110,710
$92,190
$106,540
$88,760
$75,510
$147,650
17,010
190
2,350
250
240
240
17,380
170
2,280
250
250
240
2.18%
-10.53%
-2.98%
0.00%
4.17%
0.00%
413
52
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Chemistry
Design
English Language
Active Listening
Instructing
Negotiation
Persuasion
Speaking
33
SOC Code: 41-4012
Sales Representatives
Common Employer Job Titles: Sales Representative, Account Manager, Sales Manager, Account Development
Manager, Account Executive, Channel Sales Director, Marketing Representative, Distribution Sales Manager
Related Occupations
Buyers & Purchasing Agents, Insurance Sales Agents, Purchasing Managers, Real Estate Agents & Brokers
Nature of the Work

Sales representatives market their companys products to manufacturers, wholesale and retail establishments
and government agencies. They discuss customers needs, suggest how their merchandise or services can
meet those needs, show samples or catalogs and inform customers about prices and product availability. They
may also take orders and resolve any problems or complaints with the merchandise.
Depending on where they work, sales representatives have different job titles. However, these titles are often
used interchangeably.
Sales representatives are employed directly by a manufacturer or wholesaler.
Manufacturers agents are self-employed sales workers who contract their services to all types of manufacturing
companies.
Sales engineers, or industrial sales workers, sell technical products for manufacturers and wholesalers. Aided
by a laptop computer, they can answer technical and non-technical questions.
Sales representatives who lack technical expertise often work with a technical expert. The technical expert
will further explain the product and answer any questions or concerns.
Obtaining new accounts is an important part of the sales representatives job. They also analyze sales statistics,
prepare reports and handle administrative duties. They must study literature about new and existing products
and monitor the sales, prices and products of their competitors.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$35,610
$36,840
$35,250
$34,550
$27,650
$35,700
$64,760
$62,540
$66,630
$66,910
$55,720
$63,190
$79,340
$75,400
$82,320
$83,090
$69,760
$76,940
85,300
2,220
9,890
1,790
840
2,860
86,550
2,170
9,740
1,780
830
2,770
1.47%
-2.25%
-1.52%
-0.56%
-1.19%
-3.15%
2,007
49
218
39
18
63
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Management of Material Resources
Negotiation
Communications & Media

English Language
Mathematics
34
SOC Code: 43-1011
Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers

Common Employer Job Titles: Accounting Administrator, Accounts Receivable Manager, Billing Administrator,
Booking Supervisor, Call Center Director, Customer Service Director, Field Service Manager, Technical Coordinator
Related Occupations
General Manager, Storage & Distribution Manager, Training & Development Specialist, Transportation Manager
Nature of the Work

Supervisors of office & administrative support workers perform administrative tasks to ensure that their staffs
can work efficiently. Duties include allocating assignments, issuing deadlines, overseeing work and evaluating
each individuals performance.
Office and administrative support supervisors and managers usually interview and evaluate prospective clerical
employees. This includes helping to train new employees in organization and office procedures.
Managers often act as liaisons between the clerical staff and the professional, technical, and managerial staff.
Office and administrative support supervisors and managers also may have to resolve interpersonal conflicts
among the staff.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$34,630
$33,060
$35,040
$32,470
$31,600
$30,200
$53,290
$48,730
$53,900
$50,580
$48,040
$47,580
$62,620
$56,560
$63,320
$59,630
$56,260
$56,280
51,800
1,080
7,250
1,120
580
1,210
49,460
1,020
6,910
1,080
550
1,180
-4.52%
-5.56%
-4.69%
-3.57%
-5.17%
-2.48%
1,069
22
150
23
12
25
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Clerical
English Language
Management of Personnel Resources

Monitoring
Speaking
Time Management
35
SOC Code: 43-6011
Executive Secretaries & Administrative Assistants

Common Employer Job Titles: Administrative Assistant, Executive Assistant, Executive Secretary, Administrative
Secretary, Office Manager, Administrative Coordinator, Administrative Aide, Administrative Associate, Secretary
Related Occupations
Human Resource Assistant, Legal Secretary, Paralegals & Legal Assistant, Receptionists & Information Clerk
Nature of the Work

Executive secretaries & administrative assistants are responsible for a variety of administrative and clerical duties
necessary to run an organization efficiently.
They may supervise other clerical staff who perform the majority of the organizations clerical tasks. In addition,
they handle the more complex tasks, such as conducting research, preparing statistical reports and training
employees.
To complete their duties, secretaries must be familiar with a wide variety of office equipment, including fax
machines, photocopiers, telephone systems and personal computers.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$33,560
$28,930
$32,790
$33,280
$29,450
$30,820
$47,800
$46,290
$44,960
$47,400
$43,760
$44,660
$54,920
$54,970
$51,050
$54,460
$50,920
$51,580
42,950
650
6,180
610
320
840
43,880
670
6,380
640
340
870
2.17%
3.08%
3.24%
4.92%
6.25%
3.57%
776
12
118
12
16
Knowledge Required
Skills Required

Clerical
English Language
Active Listening
Speaking
Time Management
Writing
36
SOC Code: 47-1011
Supervisors of Construction & Extraction Workers

Common Employer Job Titles: Airport Maintenance Chief, Bricklayer Supervisor, Building Construction
Superintendent, Field Assembly Supervisor, Highway Maintenance Supervisor, Mine Captain, Quarry Supervisor
Related Occupations
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisor, Landscaping Supervisors, Material Mover Supervisors
Nature of the Work

Supervisors of construction & extraction workers coordinate and delegate the work tasks of a project and
ensure that they are being fulfilled adequately. They inform workers about company policies, provide employee
reviews and recommend disciplinary action. They also meet regularly with management to report any problems
and discuss possible solutions. In addition, many also perform the same work as other trades workers.
Computers are used to schedule procedures, monitor worker output, track materials, update inventory and
perform other supervisory tasks.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$44,010
$43,940
$49,980
$38,560
$40,710
$48,150
$66,410
$65,970
$68,560
$59,330
$67,650
$67,300
$77,620
$76,980
$77,850
$69,710
$81,120
$76,880
20,060
850
2,300
520
210
540
20,550
880
2,310
540
210
560
2.44%
3.53%
0.43%
3.85%
0.00%
3.70%
329
15
34
10
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Time Management

English Language
37
SOC Code: 47-2031
Carpenters
Common Employer Job Titles: Carpenter, Lead Carpenter, Assembler, Finish Carpenter, Construction Worker,
Custom Stair Builder, Installer, Production Worker, Trim Carpenter, Concrete Carpenter
Related Occupations
Bricklayer, Construction Helper, Stonemason, Tile Setter
Nature of the Work

Carpenters cut, fit and assemble wood and other materials in the construction of buildings, highways, bridges,
docks and industrial plants. They must be familiar with the local building codes.
Each task is somewhat different but the basic steps are the same. Blueprints and other instructions are used to
measure, mark and arrange materials. Carpenters then use hand and power tools to cut and shape materials.
When finished, carpenters check the accuracy of their final product and make any necessary adjustments.
Individuals with basic overall training are at a distinct advantage because they can switch from residential
building to commercial construction to remodeling work, depending on which offers the best opportunities.
Those employed outside of the construction industry perform a variety of installation and maintenance work.
In manufacturing firms, they may also assist in moving machinery.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$27,880
$23,020
$31,750
$24,380
$26,560
$25,450
$42,370
$36,770
$46,120
$37,580
$39,890
$38,540
$49,620
$43,650
$53,310
$44,170
$46,550
$45,080
55,080
1,610
6,000
1,690
480
1,530
55,670
1,660
6,020
1,750
490
1,550
1.07%
3.11%
0.33%
3.55%
2.08%
1.31%
803
27
84
30
24
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Equipment Selection
Installation
Mathematics
Operations Analysis

Design
Mathematics
38
SOC Code: 47-2152
Plumbers, Pipefitters & Steamfitters

Common Employer Job Titles: Pipe Fitter, Pipefitter, Welder, Steamfitter, Sprinkler Fitter, Equipment Service
Associate (ESA), Machine Repairman, Journeyman Pipe Fitter, Millwright, Pipe Welder, Journeyman Plumber
Related Occupations
Boiler Operator, HVAC & Refrigeration Mechanic, Industrial Machinery Repairer, Pipelayer, Sheet-Metal Worker
Nature of the Work

Plumbers, pipefitters & steamfitters install, maintain and repair many different types of pipe systems. Workers
generally specialize in one of these areas.
Plumbers install and repair the water, waste disposal, drainage and gas systems in homes and buildings. They
also install plumbing fixtures and appliances.
Pipefitters install and repair high and low-pressure pipe systems. They also install automatic controls used to
regulate these systems.
Steamfitters install pipe systems that move liquids or gases under high pressure.
Sprinkler-fitters install automatic fire sprinkler systems in buildings.
Depending on the type of project, many different materials and construction techniques are used. However,
all plumbers, pipefitters & steamfitters must be able to read building plans or blueprints, follow instructions,
lay out the job and work efficiently with the materials and tools of the trade.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$34,510
$39,390
$36,330
$35,100
$32,910
$31,740
$52,740
$57,250
$51,170
$54,360
$42,050
$48,810
$61,860
$66,170
$58,600
$63,990
$46,620
$57,340
15,030
890
2,460
160
130
490
15,410
920
2,500
170
140
500
2.53%
3.37%
1.63%
6.25%
7.69%
2.04%
348
21
55
11
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Learning
Active Listening
Installation
Instructing
Mathematics

Design
English Language
Mechanical
39
SOC Code: 47-4011
Construction & Building Inspectors

Common Employer Job Titles: Building Inspector, Engineering Technician, Construction Inspector, Engineer,
Associate Architect, Construction Project Supervisor, Inspector, Plumbing Inspector, Building Code Administrator
Related Occupations
Appraiser & Assessor, Carpenter, Electrician, Fire Inspector, Fire Investigator, Plumber, Safety Engineer
Nature of the Work

Construction & building inspectors check for structural quality and fire safety. There are many types of inspectors.
Electrical inspectors check electrical wiring and equipment to be sure they operate properly and safely.
Plumbing inspectors examine pipes, fixtures, water supply and waste systems.
Public works inspectors inspect sewers, dams, bridges and highways.
All inspectors decide if construction complies with building codes. When inspectors find problems, they issue
violations or stop-work orders. They notify owners, builders and city building agencies. Inspectors confer with
these groups to explain regulations and recommend changes in the construction.
Inspectors may investigate accidents to determine the causes. They then develop ways to prevent future
accidents. All inspectors maintain daily logs and inspection records. They also prepare reports.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$34,780
$36,020
$48,100
$51,020
$35,890
$37,650
$22,090
$32,990
$50,060
$48,000
$37,360
$43,180
$54,760
$58,520
$57,150
$53,170
$45,000
$48,280
5,690
180
1,040
110
40
230
6,250
170
1,060
110
40
250
9.84%
-5.56%
1.92%
0.00%
0.00%
8.70%
161
21
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Learning
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Mathematics

Design
40
SOC Code: 49-1011
Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers & Repairers

Common Employer Job Titles: Airport Maintenance Chief, Buildings and Grounds Superintendent, Chief Power
Dispatcher, Dock Supervisor, Facilities Manager, Lead Mechanic, Maintenance Supervisor, Millwright Supervisor
Related Occupations
Supervisors of Production, Transportation, Construction, Sales, Service, Professional & Clerical Workers
Nature of the Work

Supervisors of mechanics, installers & repairers coordinate and delegate the work tasks of a project and ensure
that they are being fulfilled adequately. They inform workers about company policies, provide employee reviews
and recommend disciplinary action. They also meet regularly with management to report any problems and
discuss possible solutions. Some also perform the same work as other trades workers.
perform other supervisory tasks. Organizational restructuring and downsizing have increased supervisor
responsibilities. As a result, on-the-job stress has also increased in certain fields.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$45,390
$43,210
$64,720
$67,430
$45,070
$44,400
$40,490
$43,360
$65,470
$63,590
$60,050
$60,340
$74,390
$79,540
$75,680
$73,190
$69,840
$68,830
14,920
550
1,490
450
230
530
14,760
550
1,460
450
230
540
-1.07%
0.00%
-2.01%
0.00%
0.00%
1.89%
350
13
35
11
13
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mechanical
Production & Producing
Critical Thinking
Installation
Time Management
41
SOC Code: 49-3042
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics

Common Employer Job Titles: Mechanic, Heavy Equipment Mechanic, Field Service Technician, Field Mechanic,
Equipment Technician, Field Technician, Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanic, Construction Equipment Mechanic
Related Occupations
Bus & Truck Mechanic, Construction Equipment Operator, Heating & Cooling System Mechanic, Locksmith
Nature of the Work

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics perform routine maintenance checks on diesel engines and on fuel, brake
and transmission systems to ensure peak performance, safety and longevity of the equipment. Maintenance
checks and comments from equipment operators usually alert mechanics to problems. With many types of
modern heavy and mobile equipment, mechanics can plug hand-held diagnostic computers into onboard
computers to diagnose any component needing adjustment or repair. After locating the problem, they rely on
their training and experience to use the best possible technique to solve the problem. If necessary, they may
partially dismantle the component to examine parts for damage or excessive wear. Then, using hand-held tools,
they repair, replace, clean and lubricate parts as necessary. In some cases, mechanics calibrate systems by
typing codes into the onboard computer. After reassembling the component and testing it for safety, they put
it back into the equipment and return the equipment to the field.
In addition to conducting routine maintenance checks, mobile heavy equipment mechanics perform a variety
of other repairs. They diagnose electrical problems and adjust or replace defective components. They also
disassemble and repair undercarriages and track assemblies. Occasionally, mechanics weld broken equipment
frames and structural parts, using electric or gas welders.
The technology used in heavy equipment is becoming more sophisticated with the increased use of electronic
and computer-controlled components. Training in electronics is essential for these mechanics to make engine
adjustments and diagnose problems. Training in the use of hand-held computers also is necessary, because
computers help mechanics diagnose problems and adjust the functions of components.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$33,520
$37,800
$36,640
$39,760
$31,430
$31,940
$46,910
$48,610
$49,920
$50,540
$58,090
$48,100
$53,600
$54,020
$56,560
$55,930
$71,420
$56,170
5,670
350
870
210
70
260
6,120
380
920
230
60
280
7.94%
8.57%
5.75%
9.52%
-14.29%
7.69%
156
22
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Equipment Selection
Installation
Repairing
Troubleshooting

Mathematics
Mechanical
42
SOC Code: 49-9051
Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers

Common Employer Job Titles: Lineman, Journeyman Lineman, Electrical Lineworker, Lineworker, Power Lineman
Related Occupations
Communications Equipment Mechanic, Electric Motor Repairer, Electrician Helper, Home Electronic Repairer
Nature of the Work

Electrical power-line installers & repairers first construct poles, towers and underground trenches to carry the
wires and cables. To do this, they use a variety of construction equipment. When these structures are completed,
line installers string cable along them. For poles or towers, they climb or use truck-mounted buckets to reach the
top. Next, they pull up cable by hand from large reels mounted on trucks. Then they set the line in place, and
pull it to get the correct amount of tension. Finally, line installers attach the cable to the structure using hand
tools. For electrical power lines, they bolt or clamp insulators onto the poles before attaching the cable. They lay
underground cable directly in the trench, or string it through pipes to protect it.
Line installers also set up service for customers. To do this, they string a piece of cable between the customers
building and the lines running on poles, towers or in trenches. They place wiring in houses, and check that
the signals are strong. Line installers may also install a variety of network equipment to maintain the strength
of transmissions. In addition, they install transformers, circuit breakers and switches to control and direct the
electrical current.
Line installers and repairers also maintain wires and cables. From time to time, they travel in trucks, helicopters
or planes to inspect them. Monitoring equipment can often detect errors on the network. When line repairers
identify a problem, they travel to its location. There, they repair or replace defective equipment. Bad weather
and other events can cause extensive damage to networks. Line installers & repairers must respond quickly to
these emergencies to restore service. Repair and installation work may require splicing, or joining, separate
pieces of cable.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$43,370
$52,080
$49,490
$57,940
$42,630
$59,080
$63,470
$63,500
$64,930
$58,270
$66,940
$69,160
$70,500
$68,420
$66,100
4,640
160
730
420
70
170
4,640
150
810
370
70
180
0.00%
-6.25%
10.96%
-11.90%
0.00%
5.88%
147
31
13
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mechanical
Transportation
Installation
Repairing
Troubleshooting
43
SOC Code: 49-9052
Telecommunications Line Installers

Common Employer Job Titles: Aerial Installer, Block Cableman, Broadband Technician, Cable Installers, Jointer,
Line Inspector, Line Installer, Network Cable Installer, Power Line Installer and Repairer, Reel Cart Operator
Related Occupations
Broadcast & Sound Engineering Technician, Electrician, Home Entertainment Equipment Installer, Radio Mechanic
Nature of the Work

Telecommunications line installers & repairers construct and maintain vast networks that provide communications
services. Line installers, or line erectors, install new lines and string cables along poles, towers and trenches.
Other duties may include setting up service for customers and installing a variety of network equipment. In
addition to installation, line erectors also maintain and repair telephone and television cable lines.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$37,220
$50,110
$31,820
$38,720
$40,000
$56,030
$62,190
$47,620
$57,060
$51,800
$65,430
$68,230
$55,510
$66,230
$57,700
9,420
400
980
800
140
490
9,130
380
950
820
130
500
-3.08%
-5.00%
-3.06%
2.50%
-7.14%
2.04%
245
10
25
23
14
Knowledge Required
Skills Required

Telecommunications
Equipment Selection
Installation
Repairing
Troubleshooting
44
SOC Code: 51-1011
Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers

Common Employer Job Titles: Assembly Supervisor, Casting Supervisor, Chemical Processing Supervisor,
Finishing Supervisor, Head Cook, Incinerator Plant General Supervisor, Machine Assembler Supervisor
Related Occupations
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisor, Supervisor of Construction Workers, Supervisor of Landscaping Workers
Nature of the Work

Supervisors of production & operating workers coordinate and delegate the work tasks of a project and ensure
that they are being fulfilled adequately. They inform workers about company policies, provide employee reviews
and recommend disciplinary action. They also meet regularly with management to report any problems and
discuss possible solutions. In addition, many also perform the same work as other trades workers.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$37,000
$38,290
$38,390
$39,140
$37,130
$35,720
$56,440
$57,730
$57,820
$58,550
$51,640
$52,770
$66,160
$67,450
$67,540
$68,250
$58,890
$61,300
30,790
950
2,080
890
670
1,340
27,460
850
1,870
810
630
1,200
-10.82%
-10.53
-10.10%
-8.99%
-5.97%
-10.45%
515
16
35
15
11
23
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mathematics
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Speaking
Time Management
45
SOC Code: 51-4041
Machinists
Common Employer Job Titles: Machinist, Tool Room Machinist, Machine Operator, Machine Repair Person,
Automation Technician, Gear Machinist, Maintenance Specialist, Set-Up Machinist, Utility Operator
Related Occupations
Computer Programmer, Metal Patternmaker, Metalworking Machine Operator, Tool & Die Maker, Welder
Nature of the Work

Machinists use tools, such as lathes and drill presses, to produce and repair precision metal parts. Thorough
planning and preparation must be completed before any parts are cut.
Many of todays machine tools are computer numerically controlled (CNC). They read computer programs and
run the production mechanism automatically. Workers who program these machines are often referred to as
numerical control machine tool programmers or CNC programmers.
CNC machines enable higher productivity and better quality parts. However, the quality of the product largely
depends on the operating program. New programs must be tested to ensure that machinery will function
properly and that output will meet specifications.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$28,900
$30,510
$28,500
$40,150
$39,390
$39,760
$30,000
$24,270
$31,060
$40,900
$35,680
$41,480
$45,780
$43,840
$45,390
$46,360
$41,380
$46,690
20,660
880
1,830
690
350
1,820
19,400
830
1,790
680
390
1,750
-6.10%
-5.68%
-2.19%
-1.45%
11.43%
-3.85%
319
14
28
11
10
28
Knowledge Required
Skills Required
Computer & Electronics

Design
Mathematics
Mechanical
Equipment Maintenance & Selection

Operation & Control
46
SOC Code: 51-8092
Gas Plant Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Dispatcher, Gas Operator, Gauger, High Pressure Operator, Liquefaction Plant
Operator, Oxygen Plant Operator, Regasification Plant Operator, Tank Terminal Gauger, Water Gas Operator
Related Occupations
Machine Setters, Petroleum Pump Systems Operators, Power Plant Operators, Stationary Engineers & Boiler Operators
Nature of the Work

Gas plant operators monitor equipment functioning, observe temperature, level and flow gauges and perform
regular unit checks, in order to ensure that all equipment is operating as it should. They also monitor transportation
and storage of flammable and other potentially dangerous products to ensure that safety guidelines are followed.
Gas plant operators record, review and compile operations records, test results and gauge readings such as
temperatures, pressures, concentrations and flows. They adjust temperature, pressure, vacuum, level, flow rate
and/or transfer of gas to maintain processes at required levels or to correct problem
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$43,670
$46,280
$42,270
$39,150
$55,890
$57,700
$49,840
$52,940
$62,000
$63,400
$53,620
$59,840
1,210
90
110
20
120
1,260
100
120
20
120
4.13%
11.11%
9.09%
0.00%
0.00%
39
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mechanical
Equipment Selection
Operation & Control
Troubleshooting
47
SOC Code: 51-8093
Petroleum Pump Systems Operators & Gaugers

Common Employer Job Titles: Absorption Plant Operator, Control Board Operator, Gasoline Plant Operator,
Houseman, Petroleum Plant Operator, Petroleum Supply Specialist, Pump System Operator, Refiner
Related Occupations
Bindery Workers, Gas Plant Operators, Power Plant Operators, Stationary Engineers & Boiler Operators
Nature of the Work

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators and gaugers monitor process indicators, instruments,
gauges and meters in order to detect and report any possible problems. They read automatic gauges at
specified intervals to determine the flow rate of oil into or from tanks, and the amount of oil in tanks, as well
as to verify that incoming and outgoing products are moving through the correct meters, and that meters are
working properly.
Petroleum pump system operators read and analyze specifications, schedules, logs, test results and laboratory
recommendations to determine how to set equipment controls to produce the required qualities and quantities
of products.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$40,860
$45,000
$50,450
$56,360
$56,990
$62,680
$64,120
$62,990
$68,800
1,830
60
460
150
10
20
1,870
60
450
160
20
20
2.19%
0.00%
-2.17%
6.67%
100.00%
0.00%
54
13
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mathematics
Mechanical
Critical Thinking
Operation & Control
Troubleshooting
48
SOC Code: 53-1031
Supervisors of Transportation & Vehicle Operators

Common Employer Job Titles: Auto Servicer, Boatswain, Crane Crew Supervisor, Dock Supervisor, Fleet
Manager, Hauling Contractor, Load-Out Supervisor, Material Handling Supervisor, Move Coordinator, Rig
Related Occupations
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisor, Supervisor of Construction Workers, Supervisor of Laborers
Nature of the Work

Supervisors of transportation & vehicle operators coordinate and delegate the work tasks of a project and
ensure that they are being fulfilled adequately. They inform workers about company policies, provide employee
reviews and recommend disciplinary action. They also meet regularly with management to report any problems
and discuss possible solutions. In addition, many also perform the same work as other trades workers.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$39,380
$58,360
$32,670
$44,210
$38,390
$39,160
$39,520
$55,220
$62,960
$54,470
$52,810
$58,770
$67,850
$66,500
$72,330
$62,510
$59,630
$68,390
9,210
240
870
280
170
450
9,520
240
910
300
180
460
3.37%
0.00%
4.60%
7.14%
5.88%
2.22%
219
22
10
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Instructing
Mathematics
Speaking

Mathematics
Transportation
49
SOC Code: 17-3011
Architectural & Civil Drafters

Common Employer Job Titles: Draftsman, Architectural Designer, Architectural Drafter, Architectural Intern,
Project Manager, Architectural Draftsman, CAD Technician, Civil Drafter, Computer-Aided Design Designer
Related Occupations
Cartographer, Designer, Architect, Engineer
Nature of the Work

Architectural drafters draw structural features of buildings and other structures. They may specialize by the
type of structure or material used.
Civil drafters prepare drawings and maps used in major construction or civil engineering projects.
Construction workers use the drawings prepared by the drafters to build buildings, structures and civil engineering
projects such as highways, bridges, pipelines, flood control projects and water and sewage control systems. The
drawings specify dimensions, materials to be used, and which procedures to follow.
Most drafters now use computer-aided drafting (CAD) systems to prepare drawings. This tool allows drawings
to be stored electronically so that revisions or duplications can be made easily. However, manual drafting may
still be used for certain applications.
As CAD technology advances and the cost continues to fall, it is likely that almost all drafters will use CAD
systems on a regular basis in the future.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$33,410
$31,840
$34,180
$22,130
$31,950
$40,530
$46,740
$48,590
$47,830
$39,670
$40,910
$46,460
$53,400
$56,960
$54,660
$48,440
$45,400
$49,430
5,820
110
1,010
160
40
130
5,320
90
850
130
40
110
-8.59%
-18.18%
-15.84%
-18.75%
0.00%
-15.38%
166
29
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Learning
Active Listening
Complex Problem Solving
Coordination
Mathematics

Design
Mathematics
50
SOC Code: 49-3031
Bus, Truck & Diesel Engine Mechanics

Common Employer Job Titles: Mechanic, Diesel Mechanic, Bus Mechanic, General Repair Mechanic, Diesel
Technician, Trailer Mechanic, Transit Mechanic, Truck Mechanic, Fleet Mechanic, Service Technician
Related Occupations
Aircraft Mechanic, Automobile Mechanic, Farm Equipment Mechanic, Heating & Cooling System Mechanic
Nature of the Work

Bus, truck & diesel engine mechanics are responsible for repairing and maintaining the diesel engines that
are found in transportation equipment, such as heavy trucks, buses, locomotives, bulldozers, cranes, road
graders, farm tractors and boats.
As more electronic components are used to control diesel engine operation, maintenance becomes more
complex. Many diesel mechanics use handheld computers to diagnose problems and adjust engine functions.
It is common for diesel mechanics to perform many different kinds of repairs. They use a variety of tools,
including power tools, machine tools, welding equipment, jacks and hoists. Common hand tools are used to
work on small parts and hard-to-reach places.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
$29,900
$28,750
$41,300
$37,270
$46,990
$41,530
12,120
270
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$34,860
$28,750
$29,890
$32,360
$46,590
$39,300
$36,490
$43,040
$52,450
$44,570
$39,790
$48,380
750
470
170
440
12,580
280
760
490
170
450
3.80%
3.70%
1.33%
4.26%
0.00%
2.27%
310
17
13
12
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Installation
Repairing
Troubleshooting
Mechanical
Transportation
51
SOC Code: 49-9041
Industrial Machinery Mechanics

Common Employer Job Titles: Maintenance Mechanic, Maintenance Technician, Engineering Technician, Master
Mechanic, Industrial Machinery Mechanic, Machine Adjuster, Industrial Electrician, Industrial Mechanic
Related Occupations
Aircraft Mechanic, Automobile Mechanic, Farm Equipment Mechanic, Mechanic & Repairer Helper, Millwright
Nature of the Work

Industrial machinery mechanics, also called industrial machinery repairers or maintenance machinists, are highly
skilled workers who maintain and repair machinery in a plant or factory. To do this effectively, they must be able
to detect minor problems and correct them before they become major problems. Computerized maintenance,
vibration analysis techniques and self-diagnostic systems are aiding in this task, but mechanics still need years
of training and experience to perform effectively.
After diagnosing the problem, the industrial machinery mechanic disassembles the equipment to repair or
replaces the necessary parts. Once a repair is made, mechanics perform tests to ensure that the machine is
running smoothly.
Because factories and other facilities cannot afford to have industrial machinery out of service for long periods,
mechanics may be called to the plant at night or on weekends for emergency repairs. Overtime is common
among industrial machinery mechanics about one-third work over 40 hours a week.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$32,900
$32,030
$45,570
$45,020
$35,030
$33,700
$32,120
$33,140
$47,550
$44,020
$44,300
$47,550
$51,910
$51,520
$53,810
$49,180
$50,400
$54,750
16,240
620
1,250
420
360
530
17,540
680
1,370
480
380
580
8.01%
9.68%
9.60%
14.29%
5.56%
9.43%
401
16
33
13
14
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Equipment Maintenance & Selection

Installation
Repairing

Mechanical
Physics
52
SOC Code: 51-4121
Welders, Cutters, Solderers & Brazers

Common Employer Job Titles: Butt Welders, Dig Welders, Getter Welders, Lap Welders, Metal Welders,
Oxyacetylene Torch Operators, Oxyacetylene Welders, Oxyhydrogen Welders, Underwater Welders
Related Occupations
Aircraft Mechanic, Metal & Plastic Processing Worker, Tool & Die Maker, Welding & Soldering Machine Operator
Nature of the Work

Welding is the most common way of permanently joining two or more metal parts. There are several different
types of welders, including manual, semi-automatic and automatic.
Manual welders control the entire welding process themselves.
Semi-automatic welders use machinery to help perform welding tasks.
Automatic welders monitor a welding machine, which is responsible for performing all welding tasks.
Both solderers and brazers join together components to assemble fabricated metal products. Solderers commonly
use a soldering iron, while brazers use a torch or welding machine and flux.
The work of arc, plasma and flame cutters is closely related to that of welders. Instead of joining metals, cutters
use heat or an electric arc to cut and trim metal objects. They also dismantle large objects, such as ships and
aircraft. Some operate and monitor cutting machines.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$27,830
$26,700
$26,620
$27,000
$27,410
$25,830
$37,530
$35,930
$36,700
$36,460
$35,580
$34,360
$42,380
$40,550
$41,740
$41,200
$39,660
$38,620
18,330
660
1,200
590
620
760
16,780
630
1,180
560
560
750
-8.46%
-4.55%
-1.67%
-5.08%
-9.68%
-1.32%
388
14
25
12
13
16
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Equipment Selection
Mathematics
Operation & Control
Building Construction
Mechanical
53
SOC Code: 17-3022
Civil Engineering Technicians

Common Employer Job Titles: Civil Engineering Designer, Engineering Assistant, Transportation Engineering
Technician, Civil Designer, Engineering Specialist, Civil Engineering Assistant, Construction Analyst
Related Occupations
Cost Estimators, Construction & Building Inspectors, Drafters, Surveyors, Cartographers, Photogrammetrists
Nature of the Work

Engineering technicians use the principles and theories of science, engineering and mathematics to solve technical
problems in research and development, manufacturing, sales, construction, inspection and maintenance. Their
work is more narrowly focused and application-oriented than that of scientists and engineers. Many engineering
technicians assist engineers and scientists, especially in research and development. Others work in quality
control, inspecting products and processes, conducting tests or collecting data. In manufacturing, they may assist
in product design, development or production. Although many workers who repair or maintain various types of
electrical, electronic or mechanical equipment are called technicians, those workers are covered in the handbook
section on installation, maintenance and repair occupations.
Engineering technicians who work in research and development build or set up equipment, prepare and conduct
experiments, collect data, calculate or record results and help engineers or scientists in other ways, such as
making prototype versions of newly designed equipment. They also assist in design work, often using computeraided design and drafting (CADD) equipment.
Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers plan and oversee the construction of highways, buildings,
bridges, dams, wastewater treatment systems and other structures. Some estimate construction costs and specify
materials to be used, and some may even prepare drawings or perform land-surveying duties. Others may set up
and monitor instruments used to study traffic conditions.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$33,350
$37,570
$34,180
$35,360
$27,230
$37,260
$47,440
$53,190
$46,210
$47,240
$33,570
$51,990
$54,490
$61,000
$52,220
$53,180
$36,740
$59,360
2,940
120
750
30
10
50
2,920
110
680
30
10
50
-0.68%
-8.33%
-9.33%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
57
15
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Writing

Mathematics
Design
54
SOC Code: 19-4031
Chemical Technicians
Common Employer Job Titles: Laboratory Technician (Lab Tech), Laboratory Analyst (Lab Analyst), Research
Technician, Analytical Lab Technician, Laboratory Tester (Lab Tester), Research and Development Technician
Related Occupations
Broadcast & Sound Engineering Technicians, Clinical Laboratory Technologists & Technicians
Nature of the Work

Chemical technicians work with chemists and chemical engineers, developing and using chemicals and related
products and equipment. Generally, there are two types of chemical technicians: research technicians who work
in experimental laboratories and process control technicians who work in manufacturing or other industrial
plants. Many chemical technicians working in research and development conduct a variety of laboratory
procedures, from routine process control to complex research projects. For example, they may collect and
analyze samples of air and water to monitor pollution levels, or they may produce compounds through complex
organic synthesis. Most process technicians work in manufacturing, testing packaging for design, integrity of
materials and environmental acceptability. Often, process technicians who work in plants focus on quality
assurance, monitoring product quality or production processes and developing new production techniques. A
few work in shipping to provide technical support and expertise.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$29,310
$33,480
$29,300
$26,660
$30,370
$26,830
$44,090
$46,920
$38,880
$39,100
$39,190
$35,510
$51,480
$53,640
$43,670
$45,320
$43,600
$39,850
4,620
240
460
80
60
250
4,740
220
460
80
50
250
2.60%
-8.33%
0.00%
0.00%
-16.67%
0.00%
166
15
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mathematics
Chemistry
English Language
Food Production
Operation & Control
Monitoring
Critical Thinking
55
SOC Code: 11-1021
General & Operations Managers

Common Employer Job Titles: Operations Manager, General Manager, Director of Operations, Plant Manager,
Store Manager, Facilities Manager, Plant Superintendent, Vice President of Operations, Warehouse Manager
Related Occupations
Administrative Services Manager, Chief Executive, Financial Manager, Legislator, Marketing & Sales Manager
Nature of the Work

General & operations managers duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations
and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified
in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing or administrative
services. In some organizations, the duties of general and operations managers may overlap the duties of chief
executive officers.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$55,810
$57,020
$59,840
$57,690
$49,200
$53,870
$111,730
$120,930
$115,110
$99,870
$91,680
$101,120
$139,690
$152,890
$142,740
$120,960
$112,920
$124,750
40,110
860
4,690
900
530
1,240
36,970
790
4,370
840
500
1,140
-7.83%
-8.14%
-6.82%
-6.67%
-5.66%
-8.06%
967
21
113
22
13
30
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Monitoring
Time Management

English Language
Law & Government
56
SOC Code: 11-9021
Construction Managers
Common Employer Job Titles: Project Manager, Construction Manager, Construction Superintendent, Estimator,
Concrete Foreman, Construction Area Manager, Construction Foreman, General Contractor, Job Superintendent
Related Occupations
Architect, Civil Engineer, Cost Estimator, Engineering Manager, Landscape Architect
Nature of the Work

Construction managers oversee the organization, scheduling and implementation of various construction
projects. They may have job titles such as constructor, construction superintendent, general superintendent,
project engineer, project manager, general construction manager or executive construction manager.
Managers evaluate possible construction methods and determine the most cost-effective plan. They coordinate
all construction activities and schedule the time required to meet established deadlines. They also oversee the
laborers and tradesman and are responsible for ensuring the safety of employees and the general public.
Meetings are held regularly with owners, trade contractors, architects and other design professionals to monitor
and coordinate all phases of the project.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$60,690
$63,810
$64,440
$62,580
$57,550
$51,510
$101,430
$102,690
$104,670
$82,900
$70,420
$90,920
$121,800
$122,130
$124,780
$93,060
$76,850
$110,630
10,270
590
1,630
130
30
300
11,280
610
1,700
140
40
310
9.83%
3.39%
4.29%
7.69%
33.33%
3.33%
259
11
32
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Instructing
Mathematics

Design
English Language
Mathematics
57
SOC Code: 11-9041
Architectural & Engineering Managers

Common Employer Job Titles: Engineering Manager, Project Engineer, Project Engineering Manager, Project
Manager, Director of Engineering, Civil Engineering Manager, Principal Engineer, Process Engineering Manager
Related Occupations
Systems Administrator, Computer Programmer, Mechanical Engineer, Nuclear Engineer
Nature of the Work

Engineering managers plan, direct or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or
research and development.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$83,330
$78,360
$91,880
$78,800
$62,400
$75,550
$127,660
$115,320
$135,820
$126,750
$99,440
$110,540
$149,820
$133,800
$157,800
$150,730
$117,950
$128,040
5,530
200
790
90
80
180
5,350
180
750
80
70
160
-3.25%
-10.00%
-5.06%
-11.11%
-12.50%
-11.11%
112
16
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Critical Thinking
Coordination
Tool Selection

Mathematics
Chemistry
Physics
58
SOC Code: 13-1051
Cost Estimators
Common Employer Job Titles: Estimator, Cost Estimator, Estimator Project Manager, Project Manager,
Construction Estimator, Cost Analyst, Design Consultant, Operations Manager, Sales Engineer
Related Occupations
Budget Analyst, Economist, Financial Analyst, Insurance Underwriter, Operations Research Analyst
Nature of the Work

Cost estimators compile and analyze data on all the factors that can influence project costs. Job duties vary
widely depending on the type and size of the project.
Within the construction industry, the cost estimation process begins with the decision to submit a bid. After
reviewing drawings and specifications, a visit is made to the proposed site. With the information gathered
on-site, the cost estimator determines equipment needs, sequence of operations and crew size. All of these
findings are included in the cost summary.
In manufacturing firms, cost estimators determine the costs associated with making a product. A job usually
begins with a request from management. Information is then gathered and analyzed by the cost estimator.
The cost of purchasing parts is compared with the cost of manufacturing them to determine which is cheaper.
Although computers cannot be used for the entire estimating process, they can be used for complex mathematical
calculations.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$39,050
$44,850
$42,470
$39,690
$34,820
$37,280
$60,170
$59,610
$61,040
$57,240
$69,010
$56,140
$70,730
$66,990
$70,320
$66,010
$86,110
$65,570
11,080
360
1,590
300
130
440
11,860
390
1,760
320
150
470
7.04%
8.33%
10.69%
6.67%
15.38%
6.82%
304
11
49
12
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Mathematics
Time Management
Writing
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Information Ordering
Mathematical Reasoning
Oral Comprehension
59
SOC Code: 13-2011
Accountants & Auditors

Common Employer Job Titles: Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Staff Accountant, Accounting Manager, Cost
Accountant, General Accountant, Accounting Officer, Business Analyst, Accounting Supervisor, Internal Auditor
Related Occupations
Actuary, Appraiser, Bank & Loan Officer, Financial Analyst
Nature of the Work

Accountants & auditors prepare, analyze and verify financial documents in order to provide information to their
clients.
Public accountants perform a broad range of accounting services for corporations, governments, nonprofit
organizations or individuals.
Management accountants record and analyze the financial information of the companies for which they work.
Other duties include budgeting, cost management and performance evaluation.
Government accountants & auditors maintain and examine the records of government agencies as well as
businesses and individuals whose activities are subject to government regulations.
Internal auditors verify the accuracy of an organizations records. They also check for mismanagement, waste
or fraud.
Computers are rapidly changing the nature of accounting work. Special software packages greatly reduce the
amount of time spent on tedious manual calculations.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$42,340
$44,890
$41,550
$42,280
$36,400
$37,390
$70,650
$73,710
$69,330
$66,010
$57,450
$61,600
$84,800
$88,110
$83,220
$77,880
$67,970
$73,700
55,770
1,170
9,910
790
510
1,410
58,530
1,250
10,330
850
550
1,450
4.95%
6.84%
4.24%
7.59%
7.84%
2.84%
1,256
29
217
20
13
29
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Critical Thinking
Monitoring
Systems Analysis

Law & Government
Mathematics
60
SOC Code: 17-1011
Architects
Common Employer Job Titles: Architect, Project Architect, Project Manager, Architectural Project Manager,
Principal, Design Architect
Related Occupations
Construction Managers, Engineers, Landscape Architects, Urban & Regional Planners, Interior Designers
Nature of the Work

Architects are responsible for designing these places, whether they are private or public; indoors or out; rooms,
buildings or complexes. Architects are licensed professionals trained in the art and science of building design
who develop the concepts for structures and turn those concepts into images and plans.
Architects create the overall look of buildings and other structures, but the design of a building involves far
more than its appearance. Buildings also must be functional, safe and economical and must suit the needs of
the people who use them. Architects consider all these factors when they design buildings and other structures.
Architects may be involved in all phases of a construction project, from the initial discussion with the client
through the final delivery of the completed structure. Their duties require specific skillsdesigning, engineering,
managing, supervising and communicating with clients and builders. Architects spend a great deal of time
explaining their ideas to clients, construction contractors and others. Successful architects must be able to
communicate their unique vision persuasively.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$55,530
$51,270
$46,800
$47,950
Average Annual Wage 2011
$82,620
$80,720
$71,280
$60,230
$96,160
$95,450
$83,520
$66,370
20
1,060
220
10
100

5,390
20
980
200
10
100
3.15%
0.00%
-7.55%
-9.09%
0.00%
0.00%
119
20
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Design
61
SOC Code: 17-1022
Surveyors
Common Employer Job Titles: City Surveyor, Engineering Technician, Geodesist, Land Examiner, Licensed Land
Surveyor, Mine Surveyor, Photogrammetric Engineer, Port Surveyor, Survey Coordinator, Topographical Surveyor
Related Occupations
Architects, Engineers, Landscape Architects
Nature of the Work

Surveyors measure distances, directions and angles between points on, above and below the Earths surface.
In the field, they select known survey reference points and determine the precise location of important
features in the survey area using specialized equipment. Surveyors also research legal records, look for
evidence of previous boundaries and analyze data to determine the location of boundary lines. They are
sometimes called to provide expert testimony in court regarding their work or the work of other surveyors.
Surveyors also record their results, verify the accuracy of data and prepare plots, maps and reports.
Wages & Employment
Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$35,070
$27,720
$32,730
$43,760
$40,010
$29,260
$53,570
$39,900
$53,570
$52,740
$49,410
$41,400
$62,820
$46,000
$63,990
$57,230
$54,110
$47,470
2,100
110
320
30
40
140
2,280
100
320
40
50
150
8.57%
-9.09%
0.00%
33.33%
25.00%
7.14%
83
10
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Coordination
Critical Thinking
Mathematics
Building and Construction

Design
Engineering and Technology
Geography
Law & Government
62
SOC Code: 17-2051
Civil Engineers
Common Employer Job Titles: Civil Engineer, Engineer, Project Engineer, Project Manager, Structural Engineer,
City Engineer, Civil Engineering Manager, Railroad Design Consultant, Research Hydraulic Engineer
Related Occupations
Broadcast & Sound Engineering Technicians, Clinical Laboratory Technologists & Technicians
Nature of the Work

Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems.
Their work is the link between scientific discoveries and the commercial applications that meet societal and consumer
needs.
Many engineers develop new products. During the process, they consider several factors. For example, in developing
an industrial robot, engineers specify the functional requirements precisely; design and test the robots components;
integrate the components to produce the final design; and evaluate the designs overall effectiveness, cost, reliability
and safety. This process applies to the development of many different products, such as chemicals, computers,
power plants, helicopters and toys.
In addition to their involvement in design and development, many engineers work in testing, production or
maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories, determine the causes of a components failure and
test manufactured products to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects.
Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges and
water supply and sewage systems. They must consider many factors in the design process from the construction
costs and expected lifetime of a project to government regulations and potential environmental hazards, such as
earthquakes and hurricanes. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, encompasses
many specialties. The major ones are structural, water resources, construction, transportation and geotechnical
engineering. Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions, from supervisor of a construction site
to city engineer. Others may work in design, construction, research and teaching.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$52,840
$56,960
$56,750
$40,050
$56,780
$47,930
$77,600
$77,400
$80,120
$71,600
$91,120
$71,120
$89,990
$87,610
$91,800
$87,380
$108,280
$82,710
12,150
390
2,810
250
80
220
13,030
370
2,760
240
80
230
7.24%
-5.13%
-1.78%
-4.00%
0.00%
4.55%
408
10
74
Knowledge Required
Skills Required

Mathematics
Design
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Operations Analysis
63
SOC Code: 17-2071
Electrical Engineers
Common Employer Job Titles: Electrical Engineer, Electrical Design Engineer, Project Engineer, Electrical Controls
Engineer, Test Engineer, Hardware Design Engineer, Circuits Engineer, Electrical Project Engineer
Related Occupations
Computer Programmer, Computer Support Specialist, Computer Systems Analyst, Network Systems Analyst
Nature of the Work

Electrical engineers design, develop, test and supervise the manufacture of electrical equipment. Some of this
equipment includes electric motors; machinery controls, lighting and wiring in buildings; radar and navigation
systems; communications systems; and power generation, control and transmission devices used by electric
utilities. Electrical engineers also design the electrical systems of automobiles and aircraft. Although the terms
electrical and electronics engineering often are used interchangeably in academia and industry, electrical
engineers traditionally have focused on the generation and supply of power, whereas electronics engineers
have worked on applications of electricity to control systems or signal processing. Electrical engineers specialize
in areas such as power systems engineering or electrical equipment manufacturing.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$59,330
$57,480
$60,030
$60,300
$54,200
$51,500
$86,610
$79,810
$87,200
$79,720
$70,800
$76,540
$100,250
$90,970
$100,790
$89,430
$79,110
$89,060
5,700
170
1,080
140
40
250
5,590
160
1,100
120
40
200
-1.93%
-5.88%
1.85%
-14.29%
0.00%
-20.00%
132
27
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Mathematics
Physics
Mechanical
Critical Thinking
64
SOC Code: 17-2081
Environmental Engineers
Common Employer Job Titles: Environmental Engineer, Sanitary Engineer, Environmental Analyst, Hazardous
Substances Engineer, Regulatory Environmental Compliance Manager, Environmental Remediation Specialist
Related Occupations
Agricultural Engineer, Chemical Engineer, Civil Engineer, Industrial Engineer, Geological Engineer
Nature of the Work

Using the principles of biology and chemistry, environmental engineers develop solutions to environmental
problems. They are involved in water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal and public health issues.
Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies in which they evaluate the significance
of the hazard, offer analysis on treatment and containment and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. They
design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They conduct research on proposed
environmental projects, analyze scientific data and perform quality control checks.
Environmental engineers are concerned with local and worldwide environmental issues. They study and attempt
to minimize the effects of acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions and ozone depletion. They also are
involved in the protection of wildlife.
Many environmental engineers work as consultants, helping their clients to comply with regulations and to clean
up hazardous sites.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$54,470
$81,630
$54,550
$63,250
$56,180
$49,010
$84,520
$182,630
$76,060
$96,260
$89,580
$70,520
$99,550
$233,130
$86,810
$112,760
$106,280
$81,280
2,910
50
390
150
40
50
3,200
50
400
160
40
50
9.97%
0.00%
2.56%
6.67%
0.00%
0.00%
114
12
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Law & Government
Mathematics
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Science
Writing
65
SOC Code: 17-2112
Industrial Engineers
Common Employer Job Titles: Industrial Engineer, Process Engineer, Engineer, Operations Engineer, Engineering
Manager, Manufacturing Specialist, Plant Engineer, Supply Chain Engineer, Tool Engineer, Production Engineer
Related Occupations
Electrical Engineer, Materials Engineer, Materials Scientist, Mechanical Engineer, Mining & Geological Engineer
Nature of the Work

Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of production people, machines,
materials, information and energy to make a product or to provide a service. They are mostly concerned with
increasing productivity through the management of people, methods of business organization and technology.
To solve organizational, production and related problems efficiently, industrial engineers carefully study the
product requirements, use mathematical methods to meet those requirements and design manufacturing and
information systems.
They develop management control systems to aid in financial planning and cost analysis, and design production
planning and control systems to coordinate activities and ensure product quality. They also design or improve
systems for the physical distribution of goods and services, as well as determine the most efficient plant
locations. Industrial engineers develop wage and salary administration systems and job evaluation programs.
Many industrial engineers move into management positions because the work is closely related to the work of
managers.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$54,640
$57,360
$58,340
$52,510
$49,860
$56,760
$78,470
$76,900
$80,750
$73,410
$70,090
$78,280
$90,390
$86,670
$91,960
$83,860
$80,210
$89,030
9,650
270
1,260
220
130
260
10,880
290
1,470
260
150
290
12.75%
7.41%
16.67%
18.18%
15.38%
11.54%
354
51
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Time Management

Mathematics
Mechanical
66
SOC Code: 17-2141
Mechanical Engineers
Common Employer Job Titles: Mechanical Engineer, Design Engineer, Product Engineer, Process Engineer,
Equipment Engineer, Design Maintenance Engineer, Systems Engineer, Commissioning Engineer
Related Occupations
Computer Engineer, Computer Systems Analyst, Engineering Managers, Engineering & Science Technicians
Nature of the Work

Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, test and manufacture tools, engines and machinery. Specific
duties will vary by industry and job function. In most mechanical engineering positions, computers are used
to perform complex modeling and simulation.
This is the broadest engineering discipline, extending across many specialties. As a result, mechanical engineers
may work in production operations, maintenance or technical sales.
Wages & Employment

Statewide
SW Corner
Three Rivers
Tri-County
West Central
West/Fay
$54,750
$45,870
$60,010
$52,800
$50,960
$55,510
$79,300
$66,430
$83,720
$72,200
$76,490
$73,630
$91,570
$76,710
$95,570
$81,900
$89,260
$82,680
9,290
150
1,380
200
170
280
8,870
140
1,310
180
180
240
-4.52%
-6.67%
-5.07%
-10.00%
5.88%
-14.29%
202
30
Skills Required
Knowledge Required
Active Listening
Critical Thinking
Instructing

Design
English Language
Mathematics
67

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Oil & Gas/Energy

Source Data and How To Use...............................................................................................................................

Short-Term OTJ Training

Billing & Posting Clerks & Machine Operators..................................................................................

Shipping, Receiving & Traffic Clerks...............................................................................................

Extraction Worker Helpers.............................................................................................................

Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Worker Helpers........................................................................

Heavy-Truck & Tractor-Trailer Drivers..............................................................................................

Light or Delivery Service Truck Drivers............................................................................................

Industrial Truck & Tractor Operators...............................................................................................

Laborers & Material Movers............................................................................................................

Moderate-Term OTJ Training

Surveying & Mapping Technicians...................................................................................................

Bookkeeping, Accounting & Auditing Clerks.....................................................................................

Customer Service Representatives..................................................................................................

Production, Planning & Expediting Clerks........................................................................................

Paving, Surfacing, & Tamping Equipment Operators........................................................................

Oil & Gas Derrick Operators...........................................................................................................

Oil & Gas Rotary Drill Operators.....................................................................................................

Oil, Gas & Mining Service Unit Operators........................................................................................

Blaster & Explosives Workers.........................................................................................................

Oil & Gas Roustabouts..................................................................................................................

General Maintenance & Repair Workers..........................................................................................

Rolling Machine Operators & Tenders.............................................................................................

Cutting, Punching & Press Machine Operators & Tenders.................................................................

Metal-Refining Furnace Operators & Tenders..................................................................................

Inspectors, Testers, Samplers & Weighers......................................................................................

Gas Compressor & Gas Pumping Station Operators.........................................................................

Long-Term OTJ Training/Work-Related Experience

Scientific & Technical Sales Representatives....................................................................................

Supervisors of Office & Administrative Support Workers...................................................................

Executive Secretaries & Administrative Assistants............................................................................

Supervisors of Construction & Extraction Workers...........................................................................

Plumbers, Pipefitters & Steamfitters...............................................................................................

Construction & Building Inspectors.................................................................................................

Supervisors of Installers, Mechanics & Repairers.............................................................................

Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics...............................................................................................

Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers.....................................................................................

Telecommunication Line Installers..................................................................................................

Supervisors of Production & Operating Workers..............................................................................

Gas Plant Operators.....................................................................................................................

Petroleum Pump System Operators & Gaugers................................................................................

Supervisors of Transportation & Vehicle Operators..........................................................................

Architectural & Civil Drafters.........................................................................................................

Bus, Truck & Diesel Engine Mechanics............................................................................................

Industrial Machinery Mechanics.....................................................................................................

Welders, Cutters, Solderers & Brazers............................................................................................

Civil Engineering Technicians..........................................................................................................

General & Operations Managers.....................................................................................................

Architectural & Engineering Managers............................................................................................

Accountants & Auditors.................................................................................................................

Pennsylvania CareerLink Locations

Source Data and How To Use

Nature of the Work

Wages & Employment