Angiosperm Phylogeny

Flowering Plant Systematics

woody, vessels lacking; dioecious; flw T58, A, G58; 1 ovule/carpel; embryo sac 9-nucleate; 1 species (New Caledonia)

aquatic, herbaceous; cambium absent; aerenchyma; flw T412, A3; embryo sac 4-nucleate
seeds operculate, perisperm; mucilage; alkaloids (no benzylisoquinolines)

r
a

woody, vessels solitary; flw T>10, A, G ca.9; embryo sac 4-nucleate

tiglic acid, aromatic terpenoids

d
e

lvs opposite, interpetiolar stipules; nodes swollen

flw small T03, A15, G1, 1 apical ovule/carpel
woody; pollen uniporate
aromatic terpenoids

sesquiterpenes

ethereal oils in spherical idioblasts

(pellucid dots)

e
a
r
l
y

A
N
I
T
A

benzylisoquinoline alkaloids;
embryo sac 8-nucleate

n
g
i
o
s
p
e
r
m
s

nodes trilacunar

woody; lvs opposite; flw with hypanthium, staminodes frequent

often valvate anthers; carpels with 1 ovule; embryo large

Magnoliids

woody; pith septate; lvs two-ranked; ovules with obturator

endosperm ruminate

features as in
Early Angiosperms

infl spadix with spathe; lvs axils with mucilaginous intravaginal squamules
ovules atropous, with epidermal perisperm and copious endosperm; idioblasts with ethereal oils
mostly herbs and aquatics; rhizomatous; hydrophilous; intravaginal squamules
flw G apocarpous; placentation often laminal; endosperm helobial; embryo large/green

Monocots

stem with ring of bundles

fr a follicle; East Asia

Ca oxalate
raphides

endosperm
nuclear
helobial,
nectaries

atactostele (scattered bundles)

no secondary thickening
mostly herbaceous
pollen monosulcate
sieve tube plastids with
protein crystals
sympodial branching
vascular bundles in stem scattered
lvs parallel-veined, entire
no glandular teeth
flw pentacyclic, P 3-merous, A opp. P
filaments narrow
anthers broadly attached,
septal nectary; single cotyledon
adventitious roots

woody; vessels absent

eustele; nodes
sieve tube plastids
with starch grains
lvs simple, persistent, entire
flw parts free, strobilar,
perfect, P parts varying,
often in threes,
weakly differentiated,
stamen with broad filaments
pollen monosulcate
G apocarpous (style short in most)
nectaries absent
embryo very small
aromatic terpenoids

herbaceous; lvs two-ranked, leaf base sheathing

single adaxial prophyll; swollen nodes

often twining vines; lvs often reticulate

ovary often inferior, style short, branched; steroid sapogenins/alkaloids
some woody (with terminally tufted leaves)
flw spadix

when present

septal

often geophytes (bulbs, tubers, rhizomes)

flw tepals sometimes spotted, nectaries at tepals; many seeds, seeds coat (testa) cellular
phytomelan lacking; fructans in stems, chelidonic acid, steroid saponins
often geophytes; anomalous sec. growth
capsule or berry
seed coat obliterated or with phytomelan
monopodial, woody; lvs pinnately pseudocompound, reduplicate-plicate
intense primary growth, large apical meristem
infl with spathe; alkaloids
mostly herbaceous; epidermis siliceous; mostly mycorrhiza absent
lvs grassy; flw often anemophilous, minute, chaffy, without nectaries
flw often irregular; few fertile stamens
infl thyrsus of scorpioid cymes
phenylphenalenones

Commelinids
UV-fluorescing cell walls
(ferulic/coumaric acids)
silicic acid in leaves

rhizomatous, large-leafed herbs; pseudostem: central infl

flw irregular/monosymmetric, septal nectaries
G inferior, A often strongly modified/reduced
seeds arillate; silicic acid

cuticular waxes often in rodlets

aggregated into scallops

aquatic, herbaceous; lvs whorled, no pellucid dots; vessels lacking; monoecious

flw T910, A, G1, 1 apical ovule/carpel, pollen inaperturate, pollen tube branched; hydrophilous
lvs often divided; flw whorled, P single or multiple whorls
G apocarpous/paracarpous, superior; berberines
woody; flw 45-merous, nectary: disk, A epipetalous, G syncarpous
pollen colporate; endosperm helobial; triterpenoids
mostly woody; flw tepals often 4-merous
A epitepalous, connectives sometimes with apical appendage

u
d
i
c
o
t
s

woody; vessels lacking; idioblasts in cortex; flw tepals missing, A

G>5 laterally connate with abaxial nectaries; fr aggregate of follicles

axial
nectary
common

mostly woody; unisexual, dioecious; lvs evergreen, stomata cyclocytic

flw tepals uniform or missing; pregnan pseudoalkaloids

benzylisoquinolines absent

pollen tricolpate
flw K/C/P opp A
filaments rather narrow
anthers basifixed
nodes trilacunar
stomata anomocytic
ethereal oils absent

unisexual, dioecious; lvs toothed, sec. veins palmate

flw tepals small to lacking
ellagic acid
mostly woody; lvs veins proceed to apex & teeth; flw K5, persisting
mostly A, G mostly slightly connate
seeds often with aril; fr often both ventrally/dorsally dehiscent
lvs with glandular teeth; often hypanthium, apically unfused carpels, stigma decurrent
fr mostly dry, dehiscent
myricetin, flavonols
often tendrillar vines; lvs often divided and with glandular teeth
A epipetalous, 2 ovules per carpel; raphides, pearl glands
berries

ellagic acid tannins

stipules;
nodes
3:3

c
o
r
e

cork origin deep-seated

endosperm lacking
resinous, lignans/neolignans, harman alkaloids

flw small, G often 3-merous, nectary: intrastaminal disk

seeds often with aril (red-orange)
infl cymose

o
s
i
d
s

lvs often compound, pulvini (sleep movement)

flw A5 or multiple, branched style common
mucilage cells; oxalates

lvs margins toothed

flw G often tricarpellate

a
b
i
d
s

u
d
i
c
o
t
s

flw often papilionaceous: wing, standard, keel, mostly G1

mostly A10; fr a pod; symbiosis with root nodule bacteria
diverse alkaloids, NP amino acids, lectins (in Fabaceae)
lvs mostly simple with stipules
flw K valvate (and hypanthium) persisting
carpels with 1 ovule, stigma dry; dihydroflavonols

N fix

embryo large,
endosperm scanty

lvs mostly alternate

flw often unisexual, G mostly inferior
parietal placentation; cucurbitacins
lvs undivided; flw small, unisexual
anemophilous, thus T reduced or lacking, G mostly inferior
infl spikes or catkins; fr 1-seeded, mostly nuts
ectomycorrhiza; tannins, dihydroflavonols

flw pentacyclic
parts alternating
G connate
K + C (free)
(A polyandrous)
pollen tricolporate
trihydroxyl-flavonoids

lvs with glandular teeth

flw A obdiplostemonous, nectary on filament
stems jointed at nodes; ethereal oils, ellagic acid
lvs opposite, colleters (glandular hair on adaxial surface of petiole base)
stipules small (if any); cork deep seated
flw K valvate, persisting, A incurved in bud, ovary inferior; ovules many
endosperm scanty; scaly bark; flavonols, myricetin
woody
K + C, stylodia free
hypanthium, nectary disk
trees; lvs spiral; extrafloral nectaries
staminate flw: A = and opposite C
bark bitter, anthraquinones

M
a
l
v
i
d
s

mostly woody (silica/silicified)

lvs alternate, odd-pinnately compound
flw often imperfect, intrastaminal disk; ethereal oils
vessel elements: scalariform perforations; mucilage cells
lvs margins toothed, stipules cauline
flw small, A = and opposite K, ovules 1-2/carpel

embryo
large

bark fibrous; hairs often stellate

flw K often valvate
petals contorted, A often ; mucilage
cyclopropenoid fatty acids, flavones

endosperm
scanty

Liverworts

lvs alternate; flw often 4-merous

often clawed petals, A often many, 2K
hypogynous (often gynophore); infl racemose
myrosin cells, glucosinolates
woody; parasites / semiparasites; without mycorrhiza
lvs margin entire; flw A epipetalous
perianth often simple, valvate, persisting
polyacetylenes, triterpene sapogenins, silicic acid

Mosses
Hornworts
Lycophytes

Ferns

(incl. horsetails)

woody; lvs stomata cyclocytic,

petiole bundles annular; fr fleshy
calcium oxalate as crystals

Palmferns

Ginkgo

Ephedra
Welwitschia
Gnetum
Conifers

Seed Gymnosperms
Plants

mostly herbaceous; without mycorrhiza

G often unilocular with central placentation,
pollen colpate, surface spiny
betalains or anthocyanins (latter, e.g., in Caryophyllaceae)

ANITA grade

Magnoliids
Angiosperms

mostly woody; lvs mostly undivided, hydathode teeth

flw often 4-merous, K much smaller than C, persisting,
intrastaminal disk, G inferior; fr drupaceous
diverse iridoids

Monocots
Fabids
Rosids

Malvids

lvs teeth, theoid; nodes unilacunar

flw 5-merous, pentacyclic
nonhydrolyzable tannins, ellagic acid, hydroquinones

Lamiids
Campanulids

A
s
t
e
r
i
d
s

Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol.

Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology

Heidelberg University
Im Neuenheimer Feld 364
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany

mostly sympetalous
nectary gynoecial
ovules unitegmic
endosperm cellular
iridoids common

Prof. Dr. Hartmut H. Hilger

Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS)

Institute of Biology Plant Morphology and Systematics
Freie Universitt Berlin
Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

late
sympetaly

lvs spiral, simple; nodes unilacunar

flw petals plicate; K persisting
diverse alkaloids, no iridoids

A=C,
epipetalous
polyandry
rare,
G(2)

a
m
ii
d
s

lvs opposite; nodes 1:1; flw mostly monosymmetric

A often 2(+2); ethereal oils in gland-headed hairs
6-oxygenated flavones, rosmarinic acid,
oligosaccharides: cornoside, verbascoside (acetoside)
lvs roughly hairy; nodes unilacunar
infl scorpioid; mostly 4 ovules
isokestose, higher inulins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids

infl
cymose
ellagic acid
lacking

woody; lvs serrate;

flw 1-2 ovules/carpel, C free, K slightly connate
fr drupe with broad stigma

Myrsinaceae and Theophrastaceae again included in Primulaceae by APG III

Thanks to Christoph Dobe, Ray F. Evert, Marc Gottschling, Richard G. Olmstead, Peter H. Raven, Douglas E. Soltis, Peter F. Stevens, Maximilian Weigend, Michael Wink

Bryophte
Phylogeny
Poster

flw often monosymmetric

plunger pollination (long style)
nodes trilacunar
inulin, sesquiterpenes, secoiridoids

G inferior

a
m
p
a
n
u
l
i
d
s

mostly woody; infl racemose, C free

anthers basifixed, nectary disc

fr usually

- hypothetical tree based on molecular phylogenetic data (Feb. 2014); branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale
- position of many characters on tree unclear; if a character is marked as being a potential synapomorphy at a node/for a clade,
this does not mean that all members of that clade possess that character; * orders added as of APG III (2009)
- this poster depicts only the largest and most important of the currently accepted approx. 450 families (according to APweb 2014);
for family characteristics see: Kubitzki K, ed. (1990 ff).
- References: APG III (2009); Judd W et al. (2007); Simpson M (2010); Soltis DE et al. (2005/2011/2014);
Stevens PF (2014) APweb www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb; Watson/Dallwitz (2009) delta-intkey.com/angio/

Tracheophte
Phylogeny
Poster

lvs opposite, colleters

flw corolla convolute in bud
indole alkaloids; iridoids

early
sympetaly
flw small
embryo
short

________________________________________________________________________________________

Angiosperm
Phylogeny
Poster

woody; dioecious
flw small, C valvate, G unilocular; fruit indehiscent
iridoids (aucubin), gutta

1few-seeded

Asterids

woody, evergreen; nodes 1:1

flw polysymmetric, anthers basifixed
woody (except Apiaceae)
lvs often divided; nodes usu. multilacunar
infl mostly umbel; drupe or schizocarp
(Apiaceae: mericarp/carpophore)
woody; infl racemose, flw 4-merous,
filaments stout, capsule septicidal
lvs opposite, often basally connate
nodes 3:3; buds with scales
flw often monosymmetric
K persistent in fruit; secoiridoids

A mborellales*
N ymphaeales *

Amborellaceae
Cabombaceae

Hydatellaceae

Austrobaileyales

Austrobaileyaceae

Chloranthales*

Chloranthaceae

Canellales

Canellaceae

Winteraceae

Aristolochiaceae
Hydnoraceae

Piperaceae
Saururaceae

Piperales
Laurales

Calycanthaceae
Gomortegaceae

Magnoliales

Annonaceae
Degeneriaceae

Acorales

Acoraceae

Nymphaeaceae

Schisandraceae (incl. Illiciaceae)

Hernandiaceae
Lauraceae

Monimiaceae
Siparunaceae

Eupomatiaceae
Himantandraceae

Magnoliaceae
Myristicaceae

Alismatales

Alismataceae (incl. Limnocharitaceae) Juncaginaceae

Aponogetonaceae
Butomaceae
Posidoniaceae
Araceae
Hydrocharitaceae Potamogetonaceae

Petrosaviales*

Petrosaviaceae

Dioscoreales
Pandanales

Burmanniaceae Dioscoreaceae

Nartheciaceae

Cyclanthaceae

Velloziaceae

Liliales

Alstroemeriaceae
Colchicaceae

Asparagales
Arecales

Trimeniaceae

Pandanaceae
Corsiaceae
Liliaceae

Ruppiaceae
Scheuchzeriaceae
Zosteraceae

Taccaceae

Melanthiaceae
Petermanniaceae

Philesiaceae
Smilacaceae

Amaryllidaceae ( incl. Agapanthaceae , Alliaceae) Iridaceae

Asparagaceae ( incl. Agavaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Ruscaceae)
Hypoxidaceae Lanariaceae Orchidaceae Tecophilaeaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae ( incl. Asphodelaceae , Hemerocallidaceae)
Arecaceae

Poales

Bromeliaceae Eriocaulaceae Poaceae Restionaceae

Xyridaceae
Cyperaceae Juncaceae Rapateaceae Typhaceae (incl. Sparganiaceae)

Commelinales

Commelinaceae

Zingiberales

Cannaceae
Costaceae

Ceratophyllales

Ceratophyllaceae

Ranunculales
Sabiales
Proteales

Berberidaceae
Circaeasteraceae

Trochodendrales*

Trochodendraceae

Buxales*

Buxaceae Didymelaceae

Gunnerales

Gunneraceae Myrothamnaceae

Dilleniales

Dilleniaceae

Saxifragales

Altingiaceae Daphniphyllaceae
Cercidiphyllaceae
Grossulariaceae
Crassulaceae
Haloragaceae

Vitales*

Haemodoraceae

Heliconiaceae
Lowiaceae

Pontederiaceae

Marantaceae
Musaceae

Eupteleaceae
Lardizabalaceae

Strelitziaceae
Zingiberaceae

Menispermaceae
Papaveraceae

Ranunculaceae

Sabiaceae
Nelumbonaceae

Platanaceae

Proteaceae

Hamamelidaceae
Paeoniaceae
Saxifragaceae

Vitaceae

Zygophyllales*

Krameriaceae

Celastrales

Celastraceae (incl. Hippocrateaceae, Brexiaceae, Parnassiaceae)

Lepidobotryaceae

Oxalidales

Brunelliaceae
Cephalotaceae

Malpighiales

Achariaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Rafflesiaceae
Ochnaceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Hypericaceae
Passifloraceae

Clusiaceae
Linaceae

Phyllanthaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Malpighiaceae Picrodendraceae

Fabales

Zygophyllaceae

Connaraceae
Cunoniaceae

Elaeocarpaceae
Oxalidaceae
Huaceae
Podostemaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Salicaceae
Violaceae

Fabaceae Polygalaceae Quillajaceae Surianaceae

Rosales

Barbeyaceae
Cannabaceae

Dirachmaceae

Elaeagnaceae
Moraceae
Rhamnaceae

Cucurbitales

Anisophyllaceae
Begoniaceae

Coriariaceae
Corynocarpaceae

Fagales

Betulaceae
Fagaceae

Casuarinaceae Juglandaceae

Geraniales

Francoaceae

Rosaceae
Ulmaceae
Urticaceae (incl. Cecropiaceae)
Cucurbitaceae
Datiscaceae

Myricaceae
Nothofagaceae

Geraniaceae

Tetramelaceae

Rhoipteleaceae
Ticodendraceae

Ledocarpaceae

Melianthaceae

Myrtales

Combretaceae
Myrtaceae
Penaeaceae (incl. Oliniaceae)
Lythraceae (incl. Punicaceae, Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae)
Melastomataceae (incl. Memecylaceae)
Onagraceae
Vochysiaceae

Crossosomatales

Crossosomataceae Stachyuraceae
Strasburgeriaceae
Geissolomataceae
Staphyleaceae

Picramniales*

Picramniaceae

Sapindales

Anacardiaceae
Burseraceae

Huerteales*

Dipentodontaceae

Meliaceae
Nitrariaceae
Gerrardinaceae

Malvales

Bixaceae
Cistaceae
Dipterocarpaceae

Brassicales

Bataceae
Brassicaceae
Capparaceae

Santalales

Balanophoraceae
Loranthaceae

Misodendraceae
Olacaceae

Berberidopsidales*

Aextoxicaceae

Berberidopsidaceae

Caryophyllales

Simaroubaceae

Petenaeaceae

Tapisciaceae

Malvaceae (incl. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae)

Cytinaceae
Muntingiaceae
Sarcolaenaceae
Neuradaceae
Sphaerosepalaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Caricaceae

Cleomaceae
Koeberliniaceae

Limnanthaceae
Moringaceae
Resedaceae

Aizoaceae
Amaranthaceae

Caryophyllaceae
Didiereaceae
[incl. Chenopodiaceae] Droseraceae
Basellaceae
Drosophyllaceae
Cactaceae
Frankeniaceae

Cornales

Cornaceae
Curtisiaceae

Ericales

Actinidiaceae
Balsaminaceae
Clethraceae
Ebenaceae

Ericaceae
Fouquieriaceae
Lecythidaceae
Myrsinaceae

Eucommiaceae

Garryales

Rutaceae
Sapindaceae

Opiliaceae
Schoepfiaceae
Santalaceae (incl. Viscaceae)
Molluginaceae
Nepenthaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Plumbaginaceae

Grubbiaceae
Hydrangeaceae

Salvadoraceae
Tovariaceae
Tropaeolaceae

Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Simmondsiaceae
Talinaceae
Tamaricaceae

Loasaceae
Nyssaceae

Polemoniaceae
Sarraceniaceae
Primulaceae
Styracaceae
Roridulaceae
Theaceae
Sapotaceae
Theophrastaceae

Garryaceae (incl. Aucubaceae)

Gentianales

Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae)

Loganiaceae
Gentianaceae Gelsemiaceae Rubiaceae

Solanales

Convolvulaceae (incl. Cuscutaceae)

Solanaceae (incl. Nolanaceae)
Hydroleaceae
Montiniaceae
Sphenocleaceae
Acanthaceae
Lamiaceae
Orobanchaceae
Plantaginaceae
Bignoniaceae
Lentibulariaceae Paulowniaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Byblidaceae
Martyniaceae
Pedaliaceae
Stilbaceae
Gesneriaceae Hydrostachyaceae Oleaceae Phrymaceae Verbenaceae

Lamiales
Boraginales

Boraginaceae
Codonaceae
Ehretiaceae (+ Lennoaceae) Cordiaceae

Aquifoliales

Aquifoliaceae

Asterales

Asteraceae Goodeniaceae Pentaphragmataceae

Calyceraceae
Menyanthaceae
Rousseaceae
Campanulaceae (incl. Lobeliaceae)
Stylidiaceae

Escalloniales*

Wellstediaceae
Heliotropiaceae

Cardiopteridaceae

Hydrophyllaceae
(Namaceae)

Stemonuraceae

Escalloniaceae

Bruniales*

Bruniaceae

A piales

Apiaceae
Griseliniaceae
Pennantiaceae
Araliaceae Myodocarpaceae Pittosporaceae

Paracryphiales*

Paracryphiaceae

Dipsacales

Adoxaceae
Caprifoliaceae

Columelliaceae (incl. Desfontainia)

Diervillaceae
Dipsacaceae

Linnaeaceae
Morinaceae

Valerianaceae