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Physics 2 Formula Sheet

This document provides a summary of key formulas from special relativity and quantum mechanics. It includes formulas for length contraction, time dilation, relativistic momentum and energy in special relativity. In quantum mechanics, it lists the Schrodinger equation, energy levels for particles in boxes and harmonic oscillators, the de Broglie wavelength formula, and more. The summary is intended to provide the essential formulas and concepts from special relativity and quantum mechanics in a condensed format.

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James Krirk
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362 views

Physics 2 Formula Sheet

This document provides a summary of key formulas from special relativity and quantum mechanics. It includes formulas for length contraction, time dilation, relativistic momentum and energy in special relativity. In quantum mechanics, it lists the Schrodinger equation, energy levels for particles in boxes and harmonic oscillators, the de Broglie wavelength formula, and more. The summary is intended to provide the essential formulas and concepts from special relativity and quantum mechanics in a condensed format.

Uploaded by

James Krirk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORMULA SHEET FOR SPECIAL RELATIVITY

In the formulae below the primed reference frame S is moving with velocity +V with
respect to the unprimed reference frame S.
x ! Vt
x'+Vt'
m0c 2
2
x'=
x
=
TOTAL__
ENERGY
__E
=
m
c
+
K.E.
=
0
2
2
2
1! V 2
1! V 2
1! v 2
c
c
c
ct ! Vx c

ct'=

2
1! V

2
1" V

c!t'=

v x '=

v y '=

v z '=

1" V

1! v xV
v z 1! V
v xV

!E = !mc 2

c!t =

vx =

vy =

c2
2

c
c

vz =

p=

c2

The invariant quantity is


(!s) 2 = (c!t) 2 " (!x) 2

c2

c!t'+ V!x' c
1" V

vx ! V
1! v xV 2
c
v y 1! V

1" V

E 2 = p 2c 2 + m0 c 4

!x'+V!t'

!x =

c!t " V!x c

1!

2
1! V

c2

!x " V!t

!x'=

ct'+ Vx' c

ct =

v x '+V
1+ v x 'V

c2

c2

v y ' 1! V
1+ v x 'V
v z ' 1! V
1+

If (!s)2 >0, the events are time-like


If (!s)2 <0, the events are space- like

v x 'V

c2
c2
2

c2
c2

m0v
1! v

c2

"
$
1
Kinetic _ energy = m0c 2 $
2
$# 1! V

!1

c2

USEFUL NUMBERS : Speed of light c= 3 X 108 m/sec


1 amu=1.66 X 10-27 kg
1 eV=1.6 X 10-19 J
Mass of an electron =9.11 X 10-31 kg
Rest energy of an electron 0.511MeV
Plancks constant: h=6.626 X 10-34 J-s=4.136 X 10 -15 eV-s
!=1.054 X 10-34 J-s=6.582 X10-16 eV-s
WAVES BEHAVING AS PARTICLES
E=hf
p=E/c=h/"
Photoelectric effect

eV0=hf-#

Bremsstrahlung eVAC=hfMAX=hc/"MIN
Compton Scattering

"-"=h/mc [1-cos$]

Uncertainty Principal: !x!p x " ! / 2

!E!t " ! / 2

PARTICLES BEHAVING AS WAVES

de Broglie waves ! = h / p = h / mv
potential difference
Diffraction: Peaks occur when 2d Sin%=n"

= h / 2meV ab

where Vab is the

Rutherford Scattering formula:


Bohr model of the hydrogen atom:

h
L = mv n rn = n
2!
1 e2
vn =
! 0 2nh

the Rydberg constant

n 2h 2

2
=
n
a0
2
"me
hcR
13.60eV
En = ! 2 = !
n
n2

rn = ! 0

where R is

Blackbody Radiation :
Total radiation over all wavelengths I=&T4 (Stefan
Boltzmann Law) where &=5.67 X 10 -8 W/m2K4

"MAX T=2.90X 10-3 m.K

Emittance (intensity per wavelength)

I (! ) =

2"hc 2
hc

(Plancks radiation Law)

! 5 (e !kT # 1)

where k is the Boltzmann constant=1.38 X 10 -23J/K

QUANTUM MECHANICS IN ONE DIMENSION

! 2 " 2# (x,t)
"#
Schrodingers equation: !
+U
(x)
#
(x,t)
=
i!
2m "x 2
"t
For a free particle, Schrodingers equation becomes:

! 2 " 2# (x,t)
"#
!
=
i!
2m "x 2
"t

and the wave function for a free particle is

E
2mE
E
2mE
"i( t "
x)
"i( t +
x)
!
!
!
!
= Ae
+ Be

For particles in energy eigen states (also called stationary states) we can separate out the
time and space dependence. The space dependence is given by

! = Ae
!

i(

2mE
2mE
x)
"i(
x)
!
!
and time dependence by
+ Be

E
"i( t)
=e !

For a particle in a 1 dimensional box, the energy eigen values are

p n 2 n 2! 2 ! 2
En =
=
2m
2mL2
And the energy eigen functions are ! n

2
e
L

"i

En t
! Sin( n#x )

In the presence of a potential U0 the spatial part of the wave function of a particle with
E>U0 is written as

! = Ae

"i(

2m(E "U 0 )
!

x)

+ Be

+ i(

2m(E "U 0
!

x)

For a particle with E<U0, the spatial part can be written as

! = Ae

"(

2m(U 0 " E )
!

x)

+ Be

+(

2m(U 0 " E )
!

x)

TUNNELING:
Tunneling probability for a tunnel barrier of height U0 and width L

T=Ge-'L

where

G = 16

E "
E%
1
!
$
'
U0 # U0 &

and !

2m(U 0 " E)
!

HARMONIC OSCILLATOR;
2
Harmonic oscillator potential U=(kx where k=m)2
Energy levels En=(n+()!)
THREE DIMENSIONAL SCHROEDINGER EQUATION:

! 2 $" 2# " 2# " 2# '


"#
!
& 2 + 2 + 2 ) +U# = i!
2m &% "x
"t
"y
"z )(

For a particle in a 3 dimensional box, the energy levels are given by

2
nz 2 %
! 2! 2 " nx 2 ny
$ 2 + 2 + 2 ' where nx, ny, nz =1,2,3,..
E n x ,n y ,n z =
2m $ L x
Ly
L z '&
#

and the wave function is given by

n y "y
n z "z
n x "x
! n x ,n y ,n z (x,y,z) = C sin
sin
sin
Lx
Ly
Lz
HYDROGEN ATOM

En = !

me 4

=!
2
2 2
(4"# 0 ) 2! n

13.60eV
n2

Orbital angular momentum L=(*l(l+1))!, where l=0,1,2 (n-1)


Lz=ml! where ml=0, 1,2,.l
Probability that the electron is at a distance between r and r+dr is given by
P(r) dr=|+|2dV==|+|24,r2dr

Bohr radius

a0 =

4!" 0 ! 2
me 2

= 5.29X10 #11 meters

Electron spin angular momentum : S=*-! SZ=(!, spin quantum number


s=1/2
Total
! angular
! ! moment J=*j(j+1)! where j ranges from |l+s|..|l-s| and

J = L+S

Splitting in a magnetic field


Normal Zeeman effect: For magnetic quantum number ml, energy splitting
in a B field is given by U=-uzB=mlBB
where B is the Bohr magneton=e!/2m and ml=0, 1,2l
Spin splitting in a magnetic field is U=(2.00232) (e/2m)Sz=(2.00232) B(1/2)
where 2.00232 is the Lande g factor.
Hence the gyromagnetic ratio for spin angular momentum is twice as great
as for orbital angular momentum.
Selection rules for transitions: .l=1, .ml=0, 1
MANY ELECTRON ATOMS:
Z eff 2
n/1, 00l0(n-1), same rule for ml and ms. E n ! "
(13.6eV ) .
2
X_RAY SPECTRA:
K1, K2 etc are transitions to the 1s level
L1, L2 etc are transitions to the 2s level.
Moseleys law for the K1 x-ray lines
:

1&
#1
!E = (13.6eV )(Z " 1) 2 % 2 " 2 (
$2
1 '

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