Conjugación verbal. Adjetivo.

Genitivo sajón

Inglés

TO BE [=ser, estar…]
Como todos los verbos auxiliares, para hacer la negativa se le añade NOT y para la interrogativa basta con
cambiar el orden (en lugar de Sujeto + Verbo, ponemos Verbo + Sujeto?).

Simple Present

I am (I'm) I'm not Am I?

You are (You're) You aren't Are you?
He/She/It is (He's/ she's/ It's) He/she/it isn't Is he/she/it?
We are (We're) We aren't Are we?
You are (You're) You aren't Are you?
They are (They're) They aren't Are they?

Simple Past

I was I wasn't Was I?

You were You weren't Were you?
He/She/It was He/She/It wasn't Was he/she/it?
We were We weren't Were we?
You were You weren't Were you?
They were They weren't Were they?

THERE BE [=haber impersonal: "hay", "había"…]

Simple Present

There is There isn't Is there?

There are There aren't Are there?

Simple Past

There was There wasn't Was there?

There were There weren't Were there?

Nota: funciona igual que el verbo TO BE, pero colocando el pronombre impersonal «there» como sujeto, tanto
en tiempos compuestos:
"There has been enough money"
como con verbos modales:
"There must be a reason".

TO HAVE (GOT) [=tener]

Simple Present

I have (I've) got I haven't got Have I got?

You have (You've) got You haven't got Have you got?
He/She/It has (He's) got He/She/It hasn't got Has he/she/it got?
We have (We've) got We haven't got Have we got?
You have (You've) got You haven't got Have you got?
 They have (They've) got They haven't got Have they got?

TO HAVE [verbo principal = tomar, comer...]

Simple Present

I have I don't have Do I have?

You have You don't have Do you have?
He/She/It has He/She/It doesn't have Does he/she/it have?
We have We don't have Do we have?
You have You don't have Do you have?
They have They don't have Do they have?

Simple Past

I had I didn't have Did I have?

You had You didn't have Did you have?
He/She/It had He/She/It didn't have Did he/she/it have?
We had We didn't have Did we have?
You had You didn't have Did you have?
They had They didn't have Did they have?

EXPRESIONES CON «BE» y «HAVE»

• En inglés, las expresiones «tener X años, hambre, sed, frío, calor, cuidado, miedo…» se forman con BE +
adjetivo:
«be X years old, hungry, thirsty, cold, hot, careful, afraid…»

• También la hora se expresa con BE:

What's the time? / What time is it?
It is [hour] o'clock
It is (a) quarter past [hour]
It is half past [hour]
It is (a) quarter to [hour]
It is [minutes past [hour]
It is [minutes] to [hour]

• Igualmente se expresa con BE el tiempo atmosférico:

What's the weather like?
It's hot / warm / nice / cool / cold / sunny / cloudy / windy / raining / snowing …

• En inglés, los verbos de las comidas se forman con HAVE + el nombre de la comida:
«have breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea, supper»

• Otras expresiones con HAVE: «have a shower, …a bath, …a walk, …a rest, …a look, …a cigarette, …a
drink»

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES y POSESIVOS

Los pronombres personales pueden ser de SUJETO (siempre son sujeto de un verbo y es la única función
que pueden cumplir) y de OBJETO (directo, indirecto, preposicional).
Los posesivos pueden ser ADJETIVOS (van siempre delante de un nombre, como cualquier adjectivo) y
PRONOMBRES (sustituyen a un nombre con adjetivo posesivo; nunca llevan artículo. Ej: "my books" --->
"mine"; no *the mine, ni *mines).

personal pronouns possessive

 subject object adjectives pronouns
I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its its
we us our ours
you you your yours
they them their theirs

REGLAS DEL PLURAL

• Regla general: añadir una -S al singular: book --> bookS, tree --> treeS

• Si el nombre acaba en: -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, añadimos -ES:
bus .... busES, class .... classES, dish .... dishES, match .... matchES,
box .... boxES, tomato .... tomatoES

• Si el nombre acaba en -y precedida de consonante, la -Y se cambia por -I y añadimos -ES:

candy .... candIES
(si la -y va precedida de vocal, se sigue la regla general: boy .... boyS)

• Si el nombre termina en -f o -fe, se cambia por -V y se añade -ES:

thief .... thieVES, wife .... wiVES
(pero si acaba en -ff, sigue la regla general: cliff .... cliffS)

Plurales especiales:
man .... men
woman .... women
child .... children
person .... people
ox .... oxen
foot .... feet
tooth .... teeth
goose .... geese
mouse .... mice
louse .... lice
fish .... fish
sheep .... sheep

• police, clothes, scissors, trousers… son siempre plural

• news, advice, information, furniture…son incontables y por tanto singular.

WH- QUESTIONS
What?
Which?
Who (Whom, Whose)?
When?
Where?
Why?
[How (much/many?, long?, far?, often?, …)?]

CAN / COULD
Como todos los verbos modales,CAN va siempre seguido de INFINITIVO sin TO y no varía en las terceras
personas. Su pasado es COULD. No tiene más tiempos.

• Funciones:
1. ABILITY: (=know how to; be able to)
He can speak Russian very well.
I can't touch the ceiling.

2. PERMISSION: (=be allowed to)

Can I go out tonight?

3. POSSIBILITY: (=be possible)

In Scotland, it can rain any time.

4. REQUESTS: Can you tell me the time, please?

Nota: Con algunos verbos de sensación o entendimiento (stative verbs) se emplea en lugar del presente
contínuo: I can hear a noise (*I'm hearing a noise)
Yes, I can understand you now (*I'm understanding…)

GRADOS DEL ADJETIVO

• Positivo: se usa el adjetivo en sí; expresa la cualidad pura y simple. (Ex: intelligent, shy, clever, useful)

• Comparativo de:
a) Igualdad: as ........ as ........ (Ex: as intelligent as, etc)
b) Inferioridad: less ....... than ........ (Ex: less intelligent than, etc)
c) Superioridad: (dependiendo del número de sílabas que tiene el adjetivo)

>2: more ...... than ....... (Ex: more intelligent than)

<2: -er ....... than ....... (Ex: shier than)
=2: Si acaba en -y, -er: -er than ....... (Ex: cleverer than)
Si acaba en -re, -ful: more ...... than ....... (Ex: more useful than)

•Superlativo: (también depende del número de sílabas del adjetivo)

>2: the most ....... (Ex: the most intelligent)
<2: the ......-est (Ex: the shiest)
=2: Si acaba en -y, -er: the ......-est (Ex: the cleverest)
Si acaba en -re, -ful: the most ....... (Ex: the most useful)

«-ING FORM»

• Se forma añadiendo al infinitivo la terminación "-ing".

a) Si el infinitivo termina en -e, se suprime la -e:
make > making.
b) Si el infinitivo termina en -y, sigue la regla general:
try > trying.
c) Si el infinitivo acaba en consonante precedida de una sola sílaba tónica, se duplica la consonante:
run > running.
d) Si el infinitivo acaba en -ie, se cambia por -y:
die > dying

• Funciones de la '-ing form':

a) Gerundio: Se utiliza en los tiempos continuos (I'm reading)
y cuando el verbo va precedido de preposición (It's for sawing wood).
b) Present participle: equivale a una oración de relativo (The boy talking to the teacher...).
b) Verbal noun: Se utiliza para formar un nombre a partir de un verbo: meeting, jogging...
c) Verbal adjective: Para formar un adjetivo a partir de un verbo: loving thing, stinking rat...

WANT + TO INF
Este verbo siempre va seguido de infinitivo [no de gerundio como parece indicar el 'to', ya que en este caso no
es una preposición sino un indicador de infinitivo]:
Ex: I want to finish this work today.

• Cuando aparece el objeto en la oración, sigue la siguiente estructura:

Sujeto + Want + Objeto + To + Infinitivo
She wants him to come with us.

LIKE + TO INF / GERUND

Sujeto + Like + To + Infinitivo (Indica apetecer o querer hacer alguna cosa):

I like to see him now.
Sujeto + Like + Gerundio (Significa gustar hacer algo -habitualmente-):
I like watching TV.

Nota: La primera estructura suele ir en condicional (aunque generalmente se traduce en presente):

What would you like to have?

SAXON GENITIVE

Fundamentalmente se utiliza para indicar posesión.

Esquema general:
Poseedor + 'S + cosa poseída
That is Francho's room.

• Excepción:
Si el poseedor está en plural y acaba en -s, pondremos simplemente el apóstrofe ( ' ):
The teachers' room is over there.
Ojo: Si el nombre está en singular, pero terminado en -s, se continua poniendo 'S y se pronuncia /iz/:
James's car /'dzeimziz ca:/

VERBOS COMUNES

•TIEMPOS SIMPLES

1. Simple Present

También se llama «presente habitual» porque expresa una acción que sucede habitualmente o con una
determinada frecuencia.
(+) Sujeto + Infinitivo (para la 3º persona, se añade al infinitivo -[e]s, siguiendo lasmismas reglas del plural).
(?) Sujeto + Don't/Doesn't + Infinitivo
(?) Do/Does + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

• Adverbios de frecuencia con el Present Simple:

Always
Normally
Usually [--> construcciones que equivalen a nuestro verbo "soler" en presente]
Often
Sometimes
Occasionally
Seldom
Hardly ever
Never

Notas:
a. Estos adverbios se colocan siempre delante del verbo principal.
b. Si el verbo principal es To Be, el adverbio irá detrás de él.
c. En otros tiempos verbales en los que puede aparecer más de un verbo auxiliar, los adverbios irán detrás del
primer auxiliar.

2. Simple Past

Se utiliza para expresar acciones terminadas en el pasado.

(+) Sujeto + Infinitivo + ED (o 2ª forma de los verbos irregulares)
(-) Sujeto + Didn't + Infinitivo
(?) Did + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Nota:
AGO siempre va asociado al Simple Past para indicar el tiempo que "hace" que ocurrió una acción:
They were here three years ago.

3. Simple Future

Se utiliza para expresar predicciones o acciones que ocurrirán en el futuro y que obedecen a un plan o
programa establecido de antemano.
(+) Sujeto + Shall/Will/'ll + Infinitivo.
(-) Sujeto + Shan't/Won't + Infinitivo.
(?) Shall/Will + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Nota:
El auxiliar WILL se puede utilizar en todos los casos, pero SHALL se sigue utilizando para la primera persona
(singular y plural).

4. Simple Conditional

Su utilización prácticamente coincide con la del castellano.

(+) Sujeto + Should/Would/'d + Infinitivo.
(?) Sujeto + Shouldn't/Wouldn't + Infinitivo.
(?) Should/Would + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Nota: El auxiliar WOULD se puede utilizar en todos los casos, pero SHOULD se sigue utilizando para la
primera persona (singular y plural).

TIEMPOS CONTINUOS

1. Present Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar:

• una acción que está ocurriendo ahora;
• futuro inmediato;
• intención por parte del sujeto.
(+) Sujeto + Am/Are/Is + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Am not/Aren't/Isn't + Gerundio.
(?) Am/Are/Is + Sujeto + Gerundio?

2. Past Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar una acción que estuvo ocurriendo durante un determinado periodo de tiempo en el
pasado; muchas veces equivale al pretérito imperfecto del castellano.
(+) Sujeto + Was/Were + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Wasn't/Weren't + Gerundio.
(?) Was/Were + Sujeto + Gerundio?

3. Future Continuous
Se utiliza para expresar una acción que ocurrirá durante un cierto periodo de tiempo en el futuro.
(+) Sujeto + Shall/Will/'ll + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Shan't/Won't + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Shall/Will + Sujeto + Be + Gerundio?

4. Conditional Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar una acción condicional que se prolonga durante un cierto periodo de tiempo.
(+) Sujeto + Should/Would/'d + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Shouldn't/Wouldn't + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Should/Would + Sujeto + Be + Gerundio?

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS

1. Present Perfect

No coincide con el pretérito perfecto del castellano. Se refiere a acciones relacionadas con el presente, bien
porque empezaron en el pasado y llegan hasta el presente ("up to now") o bien aunque terminaron en el
pasado, cobran importancia en el presente (experiencias, cambios o diferencias entre el pasado y presente…)

(+) Sujeto + Have/Has + Participio pasado.

(?) Sujeto + Haven't/Hasn't + Participio pasado.
(?) Have/Has + Sujeto + Participio pasado?

Notas:
1. FOR se utiliza para expresar el tiempo que lleva ocurriendo algo («durante» tanto tiempo o «desde hace»
tanto tiempo).
Sujeto + Have/Has + Participio pasado + For + Periodo de tiempo.
I haven't smoked a cigarette for three months.

2. SINCE se utiliza para expresar un momento determinado en el pasado en el que comienza la acción.
Sujeto + Have/Has + Participio pasado + Since + Punto en el pasado.
I've played tennis since 1991.

3. JUST se utiliza para expresar una acción que acaba de ocurrir en este momento.
Sujeto + Have/Has + Just + Participio pasado.
Mary Flower has just arrived.

4. STILL NOT se utiliza para expresar una acción que aún no se ha completado, pero que se esperaba que ya
lo hubiese hecho; es enfático.
Sujeto + Still + Haven't/Hasn't + Participio pasado.
They still haven't brought my book back.

5. ALREADY se utiliza, en oraciones afirmativas, para expresar una acción ya acabada, o acabada antes de
lo previsto.
Sujeto + Have/Has + Already + Participio pasado.
He has already finished his work!

6. YET se utiliza para sustituir a "already" en las oraciones interrogativas.

Sujeto + Haven't/Hasn't + Participio pasado + Yet
YET en las oraciones negativas tiene un significado similar a "still", pero no es enfático.
Have/Has + Sujeto + Participio pasado + Yet?
Ejemplos: Have they phoned yet? ?No, I'm afraid that they haven't phoned yet.

2. Past Perfect

Indica una acción pasada que terminó antes que otra, también pasada. Equivale al Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto
o al Pretérito Anterior del castellano.
(+) Sujeto + Had + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Hadn't + Participio pasado.
(?) Had + Sujeto + Participio pasado?

3. Future Perfect

Se refiere a una acción que habrá finalizado en un determinado momento en el futuro.

(+) Sujeto + Shall/Will/'ll + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Shan't/Won't + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Shall/Will + Sujeto + Have + Participio pasado?

4. Conditional Perfect

Se refiere a una acción que podría haber ocurrido en el pasado, pero que no ocurrió.
(+) Sujeto + Should/Would/'d + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Shouldn't/Wouldn't + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Should/Would + Sujeto + Have + Participio pasado?

CONJUGACIÓN DE UN VERBO REGULAR

TO WORK

Present Simple
I work - I don't work - Do I work?
You work - You don't work - Do you work?
He works - He doesn't work - Does he work?
(las personas del plural tienen la misma forma que la segunda del singular)

Simple Past
I worked - I didn't work - Did I work?
You worked - You didn't work - Did you work?
He worked - He didn't work - Did he work?

Simple Future
I shall work (I'll work) - I shan't work - Shall I work?
You will work (You 'll work) - You won't work - Will you work?
He will work (He'll work) - He won't work - Will he work?

Conditional Simple
I should work (I'd work) - I shouldn't work - Should I work?
You would work (You'd work) - You wouldn't work - Would you work?
He would work (He'd work) - He wouldn't work - Would he work?

Present Continuous
I am working - I'm not working - Am I working?
You are working - You aren't working - Are you working?
He is working - He isn't working - Is he working?

Past Continuous

I was working - I wasn't working - Was I working?

You were working - You weren't working - Were you working?
He was working - He wasn't working - Was he working?

Future Continuous
I'll be working - I shan't be working - Shall I be working?
You'll be working - You won't be working - Will you be working?
He'll be working - He won't be working - Will he be working?

Conditional Continuous
I'd be working - I shouldn't be working - Should I be working?
You'd be working - You wouldn't be working - Would you be working?
He'd be working - He wouldn't working - Would he be working?

Present Perfect
I've worked - I haven't worked - Have I worked?
You've worked - You haven't worked - Have you worked?
He's worked - He hasn't worked - Has he worked?

Past Perfect
I had worked - I hadn't worked - Had I worked?
You had worked - You hadn't worked - Had you worked?
He had worked - He hadn't worked - Had he worked?

Future Perfect
I'll have worked - I shan't have worked - Shall I have worked?
You'll have worked - You won't have worked - Will you have worked?
He'll have worked - He won't have worked - Will he have worked?

Conditional Perfect
I'd have worked - I shouldn't have worked - Should I have worked?
You'd have worked - You wouldn't have worked - Would you have worked?
He'd have worked - He wouldn't have worked - Would he have worked?

AUXILIARES "SOLOS"

1. Short answers:
Son respuestas cortas a una pregunta y equivalen al castellano «Sí» o «No».
YES, S + Aux / NO, S + AuxN'T (El sujeto es siempre un pronombre)
Do you like swimming? ?Yes, I do.
Can you speak french? ?No, I can't
• A un imperativo se responde con «I WILL» o «I WON'T»
Give my regards to John. ?I will.
Don't tell anyone! ?I won't.

2. Reply questions:
Se utilizan para mostrar interés o sorpresa por lo que se ha dicho.
Aux + S? / AuxN'T + S? (El sujeto es siempre un pronombre)
?Joe: Look, it's snowing!
?Peter: Is it?
-----
?Pat: I don't like football at all!
?Mary: Oh, don't you?

3. Tag questions:
Son coletillas interrogativas al final de una frase
y equivalen al castellano «…,¿no?» «…,¿verdad?»
------------ V ------------- , Aux + S? (El sujeto es siempre un pronombre).
+ ? (El auxiliar negativo siempre va contraído).
?+

You can drive, can't you?

Joe will come with us, won't he?
Mary doesn't like fish, does she?
Michael hasn't got a car, has he?
4. Agreeing («Yo también», «Yo tampoco»)
(+) SO + Aux + S
(?) NEITHER / NOR + Aux + S (En estos casos, el sujeto puede ser un nombre).
We go shopping twice a week. ?So do I.
They phoned yesterday. ?So did my girlfriend.
I can't sing very well. ?Neither can we.

5. Disagreeing ("Pues yo sí", "Pues yo no")

(+) S + Aux!
(-) S + AuxN'T!
I won't go. ?I will!
I like football. ?I don't!

PASIVAS

Las oraciones pasivas, como en castellano, se utilizan para recalcar el objeto del verbo, bien por no ser
importante el sujeto o por ser desconocido.

¿Cómo transformar una oración activa en pasiva? Hay dos formas:

• la "pasiva directa":
Activa: Sujeto + Verbo activo + O.D. + TO + O.I.
---->>
Pasiva: Sujeto + Verbo pasivo + TO + O.I. [+ by + Complemento agente]

El sujeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la pasiva, el cual se suprime cuando se
trate de un pronombre y siempre que se sobreentienda.
El objeto directo de la activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
El verbo activo pasa a forma pasiva, colocando el verbo BE en el tiempo en que estaba el verbo de la oración
activa seguido por su participio.
El objeto indirecto (precedido por TO), no varía.

The postman brought your letter to me yesterday.

--> Your letter was brought to me [by the postman] yesterday.
Suprimimos el complemento agente por sobreentenderse o por no tener importancia.

• Y la "pasiva indirecta":

Activa: Sujeto + Verbo activo + O.I. + O.D.

---->>
Pasiva: Sujeto + Verbo pasivo + O.D. (+ by + Complemento agente).

Esta es la forma más común en inglés, aunque nos resulte extraña, porque en castellano no existen las
oraciones pasivas con objeto directo.
El sujeto y el verbo sufren los mismos cambios que en el caso anterior.
El objeto indirecto de la activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
El objeto directo no varía.

The postman brought me your letter yesterday.

--> I was brought your letter [by the postman] yesterday.

CONDICIONALES

Tipo 1: Probable
Indica que la condición es muy probable que se cumpla.
IF + Simple Present , .............. Simple Future.
If you don't shup up, I'll kill you.
Tipo 2: Hypothetical
Establece una hipótesis; es la puramente condicional.
IF + Simple Past , ..................... Simple Conditional.
If you were here, I would give you a kiss.

Tipo 3: Impossible
Indica que la condición no se cumplió en el pasado, por lo tanto propone una acción imposible.
IF + Past Perfect , .................... Perfect Conditional.
If I had known that, I would have told you.

Tipo 4: Otros casos

Hay muchas variantes, pero estas son las más comunes:

IF + Simple Present , .............. Simple Present.

If you heat ice, it turns into water.

IF + Simple Present , .............. Imperative.

If you go out, fetch me the paper.

IF + Past Perfect , ................... Simple Conditional.

If I had found it, I would give it to you.

Notas:
1. IF y WHETHER no se pueden utilizar indistintamente; WHETHER introduce condiciones contrapuestas o
que se excluyen mutuamente.
I'll tell you, whether you want or not.

2. Una oración negativa con IF se puede transformar en una afirmativa, poniendo UNLESS. (IF+
not=UNLESS).
If you don't study harder, you won't pass ??> Unless you study harder, you won't pass.

3. Las construcciones I WISH y IF ONLY (+ S + Simple Past / Past Perfect) tienen su mejor equivalente en el
castellano "ojalá" (o en el aragonés "sisquiera").
I wish you were here!
If only they came in time!
I wish she hadn't seen you.

OBLIGATION AND ADVICE

1. Obligation
Para indicar una obligación podemos utilizar dos verbos.
Must (Mustn't) + Infinitivo [= Deber]
(Es una obligación "moral" que se asume por el propio sujeto)
I must stop at the traffic lights.
Have to (Don't have to/Haven't got to) + Infinitivo [= Tener que]
(Implica una imposición externa)
You have to make these exercises before leaving.

2. Advice
Para dar consejos se pueden utilizar varias estructuras gramaticales:
Sujeto + Should (Shouldn't) + Infinitivo
Sujeto + Ought to (Oughtn't)+ Infinitivo
Sujeto + Had better (not) + Infinitivo (Se utiliza sólamente para referirse a momentos concretos y
generalmente en el presente).
Everybody should / ought to be more careful with the environment.
There are few of them…: you'd better buy it now.

3. Absence of obligation
Para indicar que no hace falta hacer algo ("no cal", en aragonés) se utiliza la siguiente estructura:
Sujeto + Needn't + Infinitivo
You needn't make your reservations: I'll do it for you.

PREFIJOS

•Prefijos que se añaden a adjetivos para formar otros adjetivos.

1. IN-: independent, incredible...
a) im- (delante de p y m): imposible, immoral
b) ir- (delante de r): irregular, irracional...
c) il- (delante de l): illegal, illogical...
2. DIS-: dishonest, disagreable...
3. UN-: unhappy, unlikely...

•Prefijos que se añaden a verbos para formar otros verbos.

1. UN-: undo, uncover...
2. DIS-: disapprove, dislike...
3. DE-: decode, defrost...
4. MIS-: mislead, misunderstand...
5. MAL-: maltreat, malfunction...
6. OVER-: overdo, overcook...
7. UNDER-: underpay, undercharge...
8. FORE-: forego, foretell...
9. EN-: enrich, encourage…
a) em- (delante de p y b): empower, embitter…

SUFIJOS

•Sufijos que se añaden a verbos y nombres para indicar quién realiza la acción.
1. -ER: writer, runner...
a) -or: actor, director...
b) -ar: beggar, liar...
2. -ANT: informant, applicant...
3. -IST: artist, typist...
4. -EE (el que recibe la acción): employee,refugee
5. -EER: mountaineer, engineer...

•Sufijos que se añaden a un verbo o adjetivos para formar un nombre.

1. -TION: attention, description...
2. -ATION: justification, information…
3. -ING: saving, mailing...
4. -AL: arrival, disposal...
5. -ITY: similarity, curiosity…
6. -ACY: accuracy, privacy…

•Sufijos que se añaden a un nombre para formar un adjetivo.

1. -FUL: beautiful, useful...
2. -LESS: careless, breathless...
3. -Y: hairy, crunchy...
4. -LY: friendly, brotherly...
5. -ISH: reddish, girlish...
6. -LIKE: childlike, lifelike…

•Sufijos que se añaden a adjetivos para hacer nombres abstractos.

1. -NESS: friendliness, usefulness...
2. -HOOD: neigbourhood, childhood...
3. -SHIP: friendship, township...
4. -DOM: kingdom, freedom...
•Sufijos que se añaden a nombres o verbos para formar adjetivos.
1. -OUS: dangerous, famous...
a) -ious: ambitious, furious…

ADJETIVOS VERBALES
1. -ED (participio de pasado como adjetivo verbal; sufre la acción del verbo): bored, tired...
2. -ING (participio de presente como adjetivo verbal; causa la acción del verbo): boring, tiring, loving…

ORACIONES DE RELATIVO

Como en castellano, hay dos tipos básicos: especificativas (defining) y explicativas (non-defining)

1. Non-defining
Son oraciones que nos dan más datos sobre un nombre, pero que se pueden eliminar sin que la oración
pierda sentido. En castellano van entre comas; en inglés, no siempre.

- Sujeto Objeto Compl. del Nombre

Persona who who(m) whose
Cosa which which of which [whose]

This is Mr. Jones, whose son writes comic poetry.

2. Defining
Son oraciones que no se pueden eliminar sin que la oración principal pierda su sentido, por no poder
determinar claramente el nombre al que complementan.

- Sujeto Objeto Compl. del Nombre

[who/ whom]
[who]
Persona THAT whose
THAT
Ø
[which]
[which]
Cosa THAT of which [whose]
THAT
Ø

Where's the girl that sells the tickets?

He is a man [Ø] people like at first sight.

Notas
1. El relativo se puede omitir sólo en las oraciones 'defining' y siempre que cumpla la función de objeto de su
oración (el sujeto no puede omitirse nunca).
2. 'Whom' debe utilizarse siempre que vaya detrás de una preposición; en los demás casos (excepto en inglés
formal) suele utilizarse 'who'.

BE LIKELY TO + INF

Esta expresión, siempre seguida de infinitivo, indica que lo más probable es que la acción se lleve acabo.
The library is likely to be closed now.
La mejor forma de traducirlo es como impersonal:
" Es probable que…" y colocar el sujeto de BE LIKELY como sujeto del verbo en infinitivo: "…la biblioteca esté
cerrada ahora."

ANTICIPATORY IT
Cuando el sujeto (u objeto) de una oración es una subordinada, colocamos un 'it' como sujeto (u objeto) y
dejamos la subordinada al final de la oración.
It worried me a bit [that she didn't phone]. (subject)
We find it very difficult [to understand this lesson]. (object)

HABITUAL ACTIONS

Para indicar una acción que se repite reiteradamente a lo largo de un espacio de tiempo, podemos utilizar
varias estructuras.

•Sujeto + USUALLY + Present simple (Si la acción se "suele" hacer en el presente).

I usually have breakfast at 8 o'clock.

•Sujeto + USED TO + Infinitivo (indica que la acción "solía" hacerse en el pasado y ya no se hace).
When I was a child I used to go to church with my parents.

•Sujeto + WOULD + Infinitivo (también referido al pasado; equivalente a 'used to').

As a student, I would study seven hours every day.

EQUIVALENCIAS DEL «SE» CASTELLANO

1. Pronombre reflexivo: cuando la acción recae sobre el mismo sujeto (de tercera persona =himself, herself,
itself, themselves)
He's shaving himself.

2. Uso léxico: parte de un verbo pronominal en castellano, que no se traduce en inglés.

She went away without a word.
Finally, they repented.

3. Pronombre recíproco: la acción repercute sobre los dos sujetos (=each other) o más de dos (=one
another):
They love each other.
They were hitting one another in a mess.

4. Objeto indirecto de 3ª persona (=to him, to her, to it, to them), en combinación con un objeto directo
también de 3ª persona [es el "se lo, se los" del castellano o el "le'n, les ne" del aragonés]:
We gave it to him.
Mary introduced her to them.

5. Pasiva refleja: no existe en inglés; se traducirá por una pasiva normal.

A lot of books have been sold. (=Se han vendido un montón de libros)

6. Impersonal: expresiones del tipo «Se dice que…» «Se puede hacer fácilmente» «Allí se vive muy bien…»;
habrá que sustituirlas por otras expresiones impersonales inglesas equivalentes: «It is said that…»
«You/anyone can do it easily» «People there live very well/Life is very nice there»

7. Traducción por un posesivo: en castellano se emplea un «SE de interés» cuando en inglés se utiliza un
adjetivo posesivo con partes del cuerpo, prendas de vestir, etc
He broke his leg.
She ripped her skirt

REPORTED SPEECH (Estilo Indirecto)

Hay dos formas de repetir lo dicho por otra persona: el estilo directo, que repite literalmente las palabras
(generalmente, poniendo dos puntos —:— o una coma —,— y lo que dijo la persona "entre comillas"), y el
estilo indirecto, mediante una oración subordinada con "que" y efectuando luego algunos cambios.
Básicamente los cambios (shift back) se producen cuando el 'reporting verb' está en pasado.
1. Cambios en las oraciones enunciativas (Statements):

• Cambios en los tiempos verbales:

Simple present ............... Simple past
Simple past ...................... Past perfect
Past perfect .................... Past perfect
Present continuous ......... Past continuous
Past continuous .............. Past perfect continuous
Future ............................. Conditional simple
Conditional simple ......... Conditional perfect
Will ............. Would
Shall ........... Should
Can ........... Could
May ........... Might
Must ........... Had to

• Cambios en los pronombres:

I ............ He/She
My ........ His/Her
We ....... They
You ....... He/She/We/Us/I/They
Your ...... His/Her/Their

• Cambios en otras palabras y expresiones referenciales (lugar o tiempo):

today ....................... that day
yesterday ................. the day before / the last day / the previous day
tomorrow ................. the next day / the following day / the day after
last week ................. the week before / the previous week / the last week
next week ................ the following week / the next week
a month ago ............ a month before
here ........... there / that place (or a specified place)
now ............ then / in that moment
this .............. that
these ...........those

2. Cambios en las órdenes (Commands)

En lugar del verbo 'said', colocamos 'ordered' o 'told', seguido de:

(object) to + infinitivo.
He said to me, "Buy bread" ............. He ordered me to buy bread.
He ordered us: "Don't disturb me!"…………He ordered us not to disturb him.

3. Cambios en las preguntas (Questions)

a) Yes/No questions (interrogativas totales)

Sustituimos el verbo 'said' por 'asked' + IF
Ojo: la subordinada tiene el orden normal de las enunciativas:
S + V (y no el de las interrogativas, V + S?)
She said, "Can you do it?" ................ She asked me if I could do it.

b) Wh-questions (interrogativas parciales)

Sustituimos el verbo 'said' por el 'asked' y cambiamos el orden de pregunta por el de enunciado:
He said, "Where will we go tonight?" ...... He asked where we would go tonight.

CONNECTORS AND MODIFIERS

1. Indicar o estar de acuerdo con hechos:

in fact (= actually, really)
in effect
of course (= naturally)

2. Exponer causas y resultados:

therefore
in this way
for this reason
on this basis
as a result

3. Construir un argumento:
in the first place
first of all
secondly
what's more

4. Expresar una opinión o punto de vista:

in my opinion
in my view
personally

5. Dar ejemplos:
for example
for instance

6. Incisos:
you know
you see
let me see
I mean

7. Modificar lo anteriormente dicho:

however (= still)
nevertheless (= all the same, even so)
yet
it's true

8. Modificar lo que estás diciendo:

up to a point
more or less
at least
especially
above all
even worse
in general
on the whole

9.Expresar duda o certeza:

surely.......?
really?
no doubt

10. Sugerir que eres sincero:

frankly
honestly
to be honest
to tell the truth
11. Sacar conclusiones:
anyway
in any case
as it is
after all

12. Algunas expresiones temporales usuales:

at first
in the end
finally
in the meantime (= meanwhile)
now and then

13. Miscelánea:
and so on
really
by the way
that reminds me

VERBOS IRREGULARES

Infinitive Past Participle Meaning

ARISE AROSE ARISEN ELEVARSE
AWAKE AWOKE AWAKED DESPERTARSE
BE WAS/WERE BEEN SER, ESTAR…
BEAR BORE BORN(E) LLEVAR
BEAT BEAT BEATEN GOLPEAR
BECOME BECAME BECOME LLEGAR A SER
BEGIN BEGAN BEGUN EMPEZAR
BEHOLD BEHELD BEHELD CONTEMPLAR
BEND BENT BENT DOBLAR
BESET BESET BESET ACOSAR
BET BET BET APOSTAR
BID BADE BIDDEN ORDENAR
BIND BOUND BOUND ATAR
BITE BIT BITTEN MORDER
BLEED BLED BLED SANGRAR
BLOW BLEW BLOWN SOPLAR
BREAK BROKE BROKEN ROMPER
BREED BRED BRED CRIAR
BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT TRAER
BUILD BUILT BUILT CONSTRUIR
BURN BURNT BURNT QUEMAR
BURST BURST BURST REVENTAR
BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT COMPRAR
CAST CAST CAST LANZAR
CATCH CAUGHT CAUGHT COGER
CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN ELEGIR
CLING CLUNG CLUNG AGARRARSE
COME CAME COME VENIR
COST COST COST COSTAR
CREEP CREPT CREPT ARRASTRARSE
CUT CUT CUT CORTAR
DEAL DEALT DEALT TRATAR
DIG DUG DUG CAVAR
DO DID DONE HACER…
DRAW DREW DRAWN ESTIRAR
DREAM DREAMT DREAMT SOÑAR
DRINK DRANK DRUNK BEBER
DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN CONDUCIR
 DWELL DWELT DWELT MORAR
EAT ATE EATEN COMER
FALL FELL FALLEN CAER
FEED FED FED ALIMENTAR
FEEL FELT FELT SENTIR
FIGHT FOUGHT FOUGHT LUCHAR
FIND FOUND FOUND ENCONTRAR
FLEE FLED FLED HUIR
FLING FLUNG FLUNG ARROJAR
FLY FLEW FLOWN VOLAR
FORBID FORBADE FORBIDDEN PROHIBIR
FORECAST FORECAST FORECAST PRONOSTICAR
FOREGO FOREWENT FOREGONE RENUNCIAR
FORESEE FORESAW FORESEEN PREVER
FORETELL FORETOLD FORETOLD PREDECIR
FORGET FORGOT FORGOTTEN OLVIDAR
FORGIVE FORGAVE FORGIVEN PERDONAR
FORSAKE FORSOOK FORSAKEN ABANDONAR
FREEZE FROZE FROZEN HELAR
GET GOT GOT(TEN) OBTENER…
GIVE GAVE GIVEN DAR
GO WENT GONE IR
GRIND GROUND GROUND MOLER
GROW GREW GROWN CRECER
HANG HUNG HUNG COLGAR
HAVE HAD HAD HABER, TENER
HEAR HEARD HEARD OIR
HIDE HID HIDDEN ESCONDER
HIT HIT HIT PEGAR
HOLD HELD HELD SOSTENER
HURT HURT HURT HERIR
KEEP KEPT KEPT MANTENER
KNOW KNEW KNOWN SABER…
LAY LAID LAID PONER HORIZONTAL
LEAD LED LED DIRIGIR
LEAN LEANT LEANT APOYAR(SE)
LEAP LEAPT LEAPT SALTAR
LEARN LEARNT LEARNT APRENDER
LEAVE LEFT LEFT DEJAR, IRSE
LEND LENT LENT PRESTAR
LET LET LET PERMITIR
LIE LAY LAIN ESTAR HORIZONTAL
LIGHT LIT LIT ENCENDER
LOSE LOST LOST PERDER
MAKE MADE MADE HACER
MEAN MEANT MEANT SIGNIFICAR
MEET MET MET REUNIRSE…
PAY PAID PAID PAGAR
PUT PUT PUT PONER
QUIT QUIT QUIT ABANDONAR
READ READ READ LEER
RID RID RID LIBRARSE DE
RIDE RODE RIDDEN MONTAR
RING RANG RUNG LLAMAR
RISE ROSE RISEN LEVANTARSE
RUN RAN RUN CORRER
SAW SAWED SAWN SERRAR
SAY SAID SAID DECIR
SEE SAW SEEN VER
SEEK SOUGHT SOUGHT BUSCAR
SELL SOLD SOLD VENDER
SEND SENT SENT ENVIAR
 SET SET SET COLOCAR
SHAKE SHOOK SHAKEN SACUDIR
SHEAR SHEARED SHORN ESQUILAR
SHED SHED SHED DEJAR CAER
SHINE SHONE SHONE BRILLAR
SHOOT SHOT SHOT DISPARAR
SHOW SHOWED SHOWN MOSTRAR
SHRINK SHRANK SHRUNK ENCOGER
SHUT SHUT SHUT CERRAR
SING SANG SUNG CANTAR
SINK SANK SUNK HUNDIR
SIT SAT SAT SENTAR
SLAY SLEW SLAIN MASACRAR
SLEEP SLEPT SLEPT DORMIR
SLIDE SLID SLID DESLIZAR
SLING SLUNG SLUNG TIRAR
SLIT SLIT SLIT RAJAR
SMELL SMELT SMELT OLER
SOW SOWED SOWN SEMBRAR
SPEAK SPOKE SPOKEN HABLAR
SPEED SPED SPED ACELERAR
SPELL SPELT SPELT DELETREAR
SPEND SPENT SPENT GASTAR
SPILL SPILT SPILT DERRAMAR
SPIN SPUN SPUN GIRAR
SPIT SPAT SPAT ESCUPIR
SPLIT SPLIT SPLIT DIVIDIR
SPOIL SPOILT SPOILT ESTROPEAR
SPREAD SPREAD SPREAD EXTENDER
SPRING SPRANG SPRUNG BROTAR
STAND STOOD STOOD ESTAR VERTICAL
STEAL STOLE STOLEN ROBAR
STICK STUCK STUCK ADHERIR(SE)
STING STUNG STUNG PICAR
STINK STANK STUNK APESTAR
STRIDE STRODE STRIDDEN DAR ZANCADAS
STRIKE STRUCK STRUCK GOLPEAR
STRIVE STROVE STRIVEN ESFORZARSE
SWEAR SWORE SWORN JURAR
SWEEP SWEPT SWEPT BARRER
SWELL SWELLED SWOLLEN HINCHAR
SWIM SWAM SWUM NADAR
TAKE TOOK TAKEN TOMAR
TEACH TAUGHT TAUGHT ENSEÑAR
TEAR TORE TORN RASGAR
TELL TOLD TOLD DECIR, CONTAR
THINK THOUGHT THOUGHT PENSAR
THROW THREW THROWN LANZAR
THRUST THRUST THRUST EMPUJAR
TREAD TROD TRODDEN PISAR
WAKE WOKE WOKEN DESPERTAR
WAYLAY WAYLAID WAYLAID ACECHAR
WEAR WORE WORN LLEVAR, USAR
WEAVE WOVE WOVEN TEJER
WEEP WEPT WEPT LLORAR
WIN WON WON GANAR
WIND WOUND WOUND ENROLLAR
WITHDRAW WITHDREW WITHDRAWN RETIRAR(SE)
WITHHOLD WITHHELD WITHHELD APLAZAR
WITHSTAND WITHSTOOD WITHSTOOD RESISTIR
WRING WRUNG WRUNG TORCER
WRITE WROTE WRITTEN ESCRIBIR
 FALSE FRIENDS

English Castellano Error Castellano English real

Actually Incluso Actualmente Nowadays
Abuse Insultos Abuso Imposition
Actual Verdadero Actual Present
Airy Bien ventilado Aire Air
Anticipation Esperanza Anticipación Advance
Ally Aliado Allí There
Amply Bastante Amplio Spacious
Apparition Fantasma Aparición Appearance
Arena Estadio Arena Sand
Ability Capacidad Habilidad Cleverness
Adorn Embellecer Adornar To decorate
Balloon Globo Balón Ball
Billet Alojamiento Billete Ticket
Bland Suave Blando Soft
Brace Refuerzo Brazo Arm
Bone Hueso Bono Voucher
Bale Paca Bala Bullet
Bare Desnudo Bara Gibe
Burly Membrudo Burla Uproar
Bully Matón Bulla To armour
Blind Cegar Blindar Pump
Bomber Bombardero Bomba Panties
Brag Fanfarronada Braga File
Carpet Alfombra Carpeta Bald
Calve Parir Calvo Letter
Cart Carro Carta Obligation
Compromise Arreglo Compromiso Lecture
Conference Congreso Conferencia Exorcism
Conjure Hacer juegos de manos Conjuro Elbow
Code Código Codo Tail
Cole Colza Cola Comma
Come Venir Coma Composer
Compositor Cajista Compositor Expensive
Care Custodia Caro Annoyance
Disgust Repugnancia Disgusto Dowry
Dote Adorar Dote Disappointment
Deception Engaño Decepción To designate
Design Diseñar Designar Fact
Date Fecha Dato To defend
Defender Defensor Defender To return
Devoluc Transmitir Devolver Doubt
Dude Petimetre Duda Conditionally
Eventually Con el tiempo Eventual To publish
Edit Dirigir Editar To throw
Echo Repetir Echar To educate
Educated Culto Educar Vessel
Embarkation Embargue Embarcación Seizure
Embargo Embargar Embargo Resultant
Emergent Recién desarrollado Emergente To make
Elaborate Trabajo Elaborar Publishing
Editor Director Editor Polite
Educate Enseñar Educado Voter
Elect Elegir Elector Literary imitation of old
Fable Fábula Fabla Bassoon
Fagot Atar en haces Fagot Lighthouse
Faro Faraón Faro Annoyance
Fastidious Delicado Fastidio Fierce
Fiery Ardiente Fiera Flower
 Floor Suelo Flor Inn
Fond Cariñoso Fonda Failure
Fracas Riña Fracaso Sentence
Fraise Frisa Frase Smoke
Fume Humo Fumar Cover
Fund Fondo Funda Full dress
Gala Fiesta Gala Scale
Game Juego Gama Cat
Gate Puerta Gato People
Gentle De buena familia Gente Broken stone
Grab Coger Grava Grease
Grass Hierba Grasa Pleasant
Grate Chimenea Grato Cocked dish
Guise Capa de Guiso Staple
Grape Uva Grapa Fume
Hum Zumbido Humo Coal
Hull Cáscara Hulla Oven
Horn Cuerno Horno Hiccups
Hip Cadera Hipo Hermitage
Hermit Ermitaño Ermita To occupy
Habit Costumbre Habitar Opposite
In front of Delante de Enfrente de Language
Idioms Frase hecha Idioma Not to known
Ignore No hacer caso Ignorar Princess
Infant Niño Infanta Bad
Informal Desenvuelto Informal Insult
Injure Herir Injuria Inspector
Inspect Revisar Inspector Insolent
Insole Plantilla Insolente To bring in
Introduce Presentar Introducir Envious
Invidious Odioso Envidioso Travelling
Itinerant Ambulante Itinerante Righteous
Justiciary Justicial Justiciero To swear
Juror Jurado Jurar Joined
Junto Camarilla Junto Juice
Jug Jarro Jugo Fair
Joust Torneo Justo Gardener
Jardiniere Jarrón Jardinero Grimace
Jest Broma Gesto Iota
Jot Tilde Jota Cave
Kale Col rizada Cala Snail
Karakul Astracán Caracol East coast
Levant Marcharse Levante To tie [up]
Liar Mentiroso Liar File
Lime Escalar Lima Wolf
Lob Lombriz para cebo Lobo Wolf AB
Lobate Lobulado Lobato Lobe
Lobule Lobulillo Lóbulo Location
Locality Recordar lugares Localidad Canvas
Lone Solitario Lona Mourning
Lute Laúd Luto Place
Local De tu zona Local Book shop
Library Biblioteca Librería Reading
Lecture Debate Lectura Sea
Mar Estropear Mar To chew
Mask Enmascarar Mascar Mass
Massive Macizo Masivo Material
Mattery Importante Materia Main
Mayor Alcalde Mayor Mallet
Mazo Confusión Mazo Meander
Meandrous Sinuoso Meandro Doctor
Medic Alfalfa Medico Haberdashery
 Mercery Sedería Mercería Thousand
Milled Molinero Millar Moments
Momentous Trascendente Momentos To move
Mover Promovedor Mover To move
Movie Película Mover Wood
Madeira Vino de madera Madera Bad
Male Macho Malo Hand
Mane Crin Mano Gentle
Manse Rectoría Mango Tablecloth
Mantle Manto Mantel Mean
Miserable Triste Miserable Stamp
Mark Nota Marca To look at
Mire Vena Mirar Smaller
Minor Sin importancia Menor New
Notice Aviso Noticia Mentionate
Nominate Proponer Nominado List
Nominee Candidato Nómina Noble
Nobly Con generosidad Noble Knot
Nude Desnudo Nudo Notification
Notify Avisar Notificación To snow
Never Nunca Nevar Otter
Nutria Capa Nutria Officer
Official Agente Oficial To leave
Omit Suprimir Omitir Operation
Operative En vigor Operativo Adornment
Ornament Adorno Ornamento Present
Obsequies Funeral Obsequio Eighth
Obtave Obtava Octavo Shoulder
Omber Tresillo Hombro Attack
Offence Delito Ofensa Eleven
Once Una vez Once Witticism
Ocurrente Suceso Ocurrencia To produce
Operate Manejar Operar Usual
Ordinary Corriente Ordinario Relatives
Parent Padres Parientes To prepare
Prevent Impedir Prevenir Battery
Pile Montón Pila Sentence
Phrase Sintagma Frase Spade
Pale Pálido Pala Teacher
Professor Catedrático Profesor To own
Posse Pelotón Poseer To pay
Pager Localización Pagar Bread
Pane Cristal Pan Tights
Panties Calzoncillos Panties/medias Motionless
Parade Desfile Parado Grass
Past Por delante de Pasto Shortage
Penury Miseria Penuria Foot
Pie Tarta Pie Pillage
Pillar Columna Pillar To prick
Pinch Pellizco Pinchar Whistle
Pit Hoyo Pito Feather
Plum Ciruela Pluma Tactful
Politic Prudente Político Stern
Pope Papa Papa Popular
Populace Pueblo Popular Still
Quiet Reservado Quieto To call up
Quit Dejar Quitar Removal
Quite Totalmente Quite Fifteen
Quince Membrillo Quince Quota
Quote Citar Cuota Assessnrent
Qualification Título Calificación Quarter
Quarto Tamaño Cuarto Perhaps
 Quiz Concurso Quizá To Want
Quire Mano Quise Dirty
Quarry Presa Guarro Gist
Quid Libra Quid Calm
Qualm Escrúpulo Calma To achieve
Realize Darse cuenta de Realizar Net
Red Rojo Red Branch
Ram Carnero Rama Anglerfish
Rape Colza Rape Container
Recipient Destinatario Recipiente Imprisoned
Recluse Solitario Recluso Collector
Recollect Recordar Recolector Claim
Reclamation Recuperación Reclamación Collection
Recollection Recuerdo Recolección To remember
Record Registro Recordar Present
Regale Entretener Regalo To notice
Remark Comentario Remarcar Curly
Rice Arroz Rizo Sword
Spade Pala Espada Merely
Simply Sencillamente Simplemente Sabre
Sable Cebellina Sable Living
Sale Venta Sala Wild
Salvage Salvamento Salvaje Feeling
Sensibly Con cordura Sensible Willow
Sauce Salsa Sauce Stage
Scenery Paisaje Escenario Schoolgirl
Scholar Sabio Escolar Shotgun
Scope Libertad Escopeta Secret
Secrete Secretar Secreto Feeling
Sensible Sensato Sensible Lid
Tape Cinta Tapa Block
Tablet Pastilla Tableta Cake
Tart Ácido Tarta To have
Tenner De diez (libras) Tener Attempt
Tentative Indeciso Tentativa Token
Testimonial Recomendación Testimonial Ticket
Thicket Matorral Ticket Throw
Tirade Diatriba Tirada To throw
Tire Causar Tirar Local
Topic Tema Tópico Storm
Torment Tormento Tormenta Cough
Toss Sacudida Tos Customary
Usually Normalmente Usual Ultimatum
Ultimate Último Ultimatum Unit
United Unido Unidad Useful
Until Hasta Util To poke
Urge Impulso Hurgar Use
User Usuario Usar Customary
Usual Acostumbrado Usual A
Un In Un Chamberpot
Urinal Urinario Orinal Front
Ulterior Ulteriores Anterior Use
Us Nos Uso Connection
Unlace Desenlazar Enlace Varied
Various Diversos Vario Empty
Vacant Libre Vacante Vaccine
Vacuum Vacío Vacuna Balance
Valance Cenefa Balance Fortune
Venture Aventura Ventura Dress
Vest Camiseta Vestido Curate
Vicarious Indirecto Vicario Victory
Victor Vencedor Victoria Life
 Vital
Imprescindible Vital
Viva Cheer
Examen Viva
Vote Can
Votación Bote
Vulgar Common
Ordinario Vulgar
Zest Basket
Ánimo Cesta
a