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    Common Mistakes and Misconceptions

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    Dom
    This document summarizes common mistakes and misconceptions in biology related to cell structure, cell membranes, biological molecules, enzymes, and cell and nuclear division. Some examples include mistaking cisternae for cristae in cell structure, thinking that ions can pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane core, and incorrectly stating that DNA replication occurs between meiosis I and II rather than before meiosis I. The document provides corrections to these and other misconceptions.

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    Common Mistakes and Misconceptions

    Uploaded by

    Dom
    186 views2 pages
    This document summarizes common mistakes and misconceptions in biology related to cell structure, cell membranes, biological molecules, enzymes, and cell and nuclear division. Some examples include mistaking cisternae for cristae in cell structure, thinking that ions can pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane core, and incorrectly stating that DNA replication occurs between meiosis I and II rather than before meiosis I. The document provides corrections to these and other misconceptions.

    Original Description:

    Biology for A levels.

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    This document summarizes common mistakes and misconceptions in biology related to cell structure, cell membranes, biological molecules, enzymes, and cell and nuclear division. Some examples include mistaking cisternae for cristae in cell structure, thinking that ions can pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane core, and incorrectly stating that DNA replication occurs between meiosis I and II rather than before meiosis I. The document provides corrections to these and other misconceptions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    186 views2 pages

    Common Mistakes and Misconceptions

    Uploaded by

    Dom
    This document summarizes common mistakes and misconceptions in biology related to cell structure, cell membranes, biological molecules, enzymes, and cell and nuclear division. Some examples include mistaking cisternae for cristae in cell structure, thinking that ions can pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane core, and incorrectly stating that DNA replication occurs between meiosis I and II rather than before meiosis I. The document provides corrections to these and other misconceptions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Common Mistakes & Misconceptions in Biology

    Cell Structure and Cell Membrane

    Cisterna crista
    Cisterna = lumen of RER or Golgi Apparatus
    Crista (cristae= plural) = infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane
    Wrong

    Correct

    Ions are polar..

    Ions are charged hence they cannot pass through the


    hydrophobic core of the Cell Surface Membrane.

    Nucleolus contains rRNA

    Nucleolus synthesizes rRNA (which forms part of


    ribosome), but it itself is made of DNA (coiled around
    histones)

    Fatty acid/ hydrocarbon tails


    interact with hydrophobic
    bonds

    Fatty acid/ hydrocarbon tails interact with hydrophobic


    interactions

    Ribosomes
    membrane

    Ribosomes do not have membranes

    have

    one

    Facilitated diffusion uses only


    channel
    proteins.
    Active
    transport uses only carrier
    proteins.

    Facilitated diffusion uses both channel protein and


    carrier proteins. The carrier protein can change
    conformation without ATP hydrolysis.
    Active transport uses only carrier proteins which can
    change conformation only upon ATP hydrolysis.
    (Campbell 8th edition pg 135). Once, Cambridge question goes
    against this rule (see 2006/P2/Q1) but you still have to answer the
    question based on diagram.

    Passage
    of
    small,
    hydrophobic
    molecules
    through the phospholipid
    bilayer is called diffusion

    Passage of small, hydrophobic molecules through the


    phospholipid bilayer is called simple diffusion

    Exocytosis is the same as


    active transport

    Exocytosis is a type of bulk transport requiring vesicles,


    while active transport uses carrier proteins.

    Biological Molecules
    Wrong

    Correct

    Cellulose is a protein OR
    collagen is a polysaccharide

    Cellulose is a polysaccharide AND collagen is a (fibrous)


    protein

    Collagen is made up of triple


    helix

    Tropocollagen is made up of triple helix.

    Globular protein is globular in


    shape

    Globular protein is spherical in shape. Use synonyms!

    Enzymes

    Active site can only be used when describing enzymes.


    For other proteins eg. Receptors, pumps, transcription factors, use allosteric sites / binding
    sites.

    Failure to name the types of bonds affected when subjected to denaturation agents/ factors.
    E.g. Candidates must mention hydrogen/ionic bonds when high temperature is applied,
    ionic bonds when pH is changed or heavy metals added, hydrophobic interactions when
    organic solvents added and disulphide bonds when a reducing agent is added.

    Denaturation has two meanings:


    For proteins: disruption of tertiary structure, causing the protein to lose its 3D conformation
    For DNA : breaking of hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs causing the
    two DNA strands to separate
    Cell and Nuclear Division

    Chromatids separate to become chromosomes


    Chromatids are no longer called chromatids after they separate from the centromere
    Wrong

    Correct

    Chromosomes are pulled to opposite


    ends of the cells by spindle fibres

    Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of


    the cells by spindle fibres

    Centromere split

    Centromere divide

    Chromosome replicate

    DNA replicate (so each chromosome is now


    seen comprising of two sister chromatids)

    Mitosis
    has
    chromosomes

    no

    homologous

    Homologous chromosomes are already in cells


    irregardless of whether they are undergoing
    cell and nuclear division. All humans have 23
    pairs of homologous chromosomes.

    Diploid number = amount of DNA

    Diploid number is the total number of


    chromosomes. DNA amount is twice in a
    chromosome with 2 sister chromatids
    compared to a chromosome that does not have
    sister chromatids.

    DNA replication occurs in the


    interphase between meiosis I and II

    DNA replication occurs once only in the


    interphase before meiosis I

    Organism is sterile because gametes


    have odd number of chromosomes

    Organism is sterile because the organism itself


    have odd number of chromosomes and/or have
    even number of chromosomes that do not
    occur in homologous pairs

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