CARPENTRY AND JOINERY

WOOD
CARPENTRY
JOINERY
RELATED ITEMS/MATERIALS

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WOOD
Wood is the hard fibrous tissues found in the trunk and
branches of the tree that lies between the pith and the
bark. Wood is a natural material with variations in
colours, texture and figure. These variations are
influenced by the natural growing process.

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DEFINITION OF
TERMS
1. Lumber - the term applied
to wood/log after it is
sawed into boards, planks,
etc.
2. Rough lumber - the term
applied to not planed or
undressed lumber.

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DEFINITION OF
TERMS
3. Surfaced or dressed - is a
planed lumber with at least
one smooth side.
4. S2S, S4S - are dressed
lumber wherein the number
connotes the number of
smooth sides.
S2S means smooth on
two sides and S4s for four
sides.
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DEFINITION OF
TERMS
5. Slab - Rough lumber cut
tangent to the annual rings
with at least one flat surface.
6. Timber - Piece of lumber 5
or 13 cm or larger in its
smallest dimension.

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DEFINITION OF
TERMS
7. Plank - wide piece of lumber
4 cm to 13 cm thick.
8. Board - less than 4 cm thick
with at least 10 cm wide.
9. Flitch - Thick piece of
lumber.

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CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
1. Mode of growth
a. Exogenous trees that grows larger by the
addition of layer on the outer surface.
b. Endogenous

2. Density
a. Softwoods (conifers) -350 kg/cu.m.700kg/cu.m.
b. Hardwoods (angiosperms & monocotyledons) 450 kg/cu.m.-1250kg/cu.m.
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CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
3. Leaves The leaves of the tree are
either
a. Needle shape sample are
pine trees
b. Broad shape sample is
mahogany
4. Shade or colour
a. White
b. Yellow
c. Red
d. Black, etc.

CLASSIFICATION
OF WOOD
5. Grain
a. Straight
b. Cross
c. Fine
d. Coarse
6. Nature of surface when
sawed
a. Plain
b. Grained
c. Figured or marked
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METHODS OF SAWING
THE LOG
Lumbering is the term applied to
the operations performed in
preparing
the
wood
for
commercial purposes. Logging is
the process or operation of
cutting trees, hauling and
delivering of wood to the saw
mill. Sawing is the operation of
cutting logs into commercial sizes
for lumber.
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METHOD AND MANNER OF SAWING

1. Plain or bastard sawing
2. Quarter or rift sawing
a. Radial
b. Tangential
c. Quarter tangential
d. Combined radial
and tangent

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DEFECTS IN WOOD
Defects are irregularities found in
wood. Defects occurring in timber
are grouped into the following five
divisions:

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DEFECTS IN WOOD
1. Conversion - During the process of converting timber to commercial form the
following may occur:

a. Chip work - this defect is indicated by the marks or signs placed by the chips on
the finish surface of timber.

b. Diagonal grains - improper sawing of lumber

c. Torn grain - when as small depression is made on the finished surface due to
falling of some tool.

d. Wane - presence of the original rounded surface on the finished surface.

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DEFECTS IN WOOD
2. Defects due to fungi - Fungi
attack timber when these
conditions are present:
a. The timber moisture
content is above
25%
on a dry-weight basis
b. The environment is
warm enough
c. Air is present

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DEFECTS IN WOOD
Wood with less than 25%
moisture (dry weight basis) can
remain free of decay for
centuries. Similarly, wood
submerged in water may not be
attacked by fungi if the amount
of oxygen is inadequate.
Fungi timber defects are:
Blue stain Brown rot Dry rot
Heart rot Sap stain Wet rot
White rot
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DEFECTS IN WOOD
3. Insects the following
are the insects which are
usually responsible for the
decay of timber:
a. Beetles
b. Marine borers
c. Termites
d. Carpenter Ants

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DEFECTS IN WOOD
4. Natural forces - There are two
natural forces responsible for
causing defects in timber:
i. Abnormal growth
a. Heart shakes
b. Wind or cup shakes
c. Star shakes

ii. Rupture of tissues

a. Knot

5. Seasoning - Defects due to

seasoning are the number one
cause for splinters and slivers.
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 Burl wood

Knotty pine

SEASONING OF LUMBER
By nature, trees contain moisture in their cell
layers. This moisture has to be expelled
thoroughly in order to preserve the wood from
shrinkage or decay.

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SEASONING OF LUMBER
The methods of seasoning lumber are:
1. Natural or air seasoning - is considered as one of the
best method of seasoning lumber although the period
involved is relatively longer.

2. Artificial seasoning - is a process wherein the lumber

is stacked in a drying kiln and then exposed to steam
and hot air. Wood from this process undergoes quick
drying and is classified as quite inferior in quality as
compared to those lumber seasoned by the natural or
air seasoning method.
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SEASONING OF LUMBER
The artificial seasoning methods employed are:
a. Forced air drying
b. Kiln drying
c. Radio frequency dielectric drying

Good seasoning is the first consideration for a

successful preservation of wood. Wood does not
decay naturally through age, nor will it decay if it is
kept constantly dry or continuously submerged in
water.
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DURABILITY AND SERVICE LIFE

There are four recommended methods to protect woodframe structures against durability hazards and thus
provide maximum service life for the building. All require
proper design and construction.
1. Control moisture using design technique to avoid decay.
2. Provide effective control of termites and insects.
3. Use durable materials such as pressure treated or naturally
durable species of wood where appropriate.
4. Provide quality assurance during design and construction and
throughout the building service life using appropriate
maintenance practices.
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MOISTURE CONTROL
Wood is a hygroscopic material, which means it
naturally absorbs and releases water to balance
its internal moisture content with the surrounding
environment. The moisture content of wood is
measured by the weight of water as the
percentage of the oven-dry weight of the wood
fiber.

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1.
2.
3.
4.

COMMON CAUSES OF DECAY IN WOOD

Alternative moisture and dryness
Fungi and moulds
Insects and worms
Heat and confined air

PROCESS OF PRESERVING WOOD

1. External - the wood is coated with preservative (as
paint) which penetrates the fiber.
2. Internal - a chemical compound is impregnated at a
pressure to permeate the wood thoroughly.

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TYPE/SPECIFIC USE
1. Strength - stresses/modulus of
elasticity.
a. Piling
b. Trusses, purlins, rafters, post,
beams, studs, joists, etc.
c. Stair stringers and treads.
d. Heavy duty flooring including
parquetry.
e. Weather boarding, fascia and
roof boarding.
f. Panelling
g. Cabinet making and furniture

2. Aesthetic

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PROCESSING/FABRICATION
1. Lumber
2. Plywood
3. Plyboard 4.Particle board
5.MDF 6.HDF 7.Woodwool 8.Engineered wood 9.Laminates
RELATED MATERIALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Bamboo
Rattan
Runo
Weave Materials
Formica and laminates materials
Solid surface materials
Gypsum
Ficem boards
RELATED WORKS

1.
2.

Dryworks ( Gypsum boards)

Fit out (Cabinetry)
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MEASUREMENT
Length of lumber is produced and
available in lengths of feet in even
numbers. (8, 10, etc.)
Dimensions although given in inches
ex. 2x4 is the nominal dimension,
when measured the actual size will
not be exact. After sawing the size is
smaller due to bite of saw tooth.

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MEASUREMENT
Board foot (BF) is the unit of measure
used in computing the volume of
lumber despite the introduction of
metric measure. One board foot
simply means one square foot by one
inch thick or 144 cubic inches. Board
foot is found by dividing the product
of thickness time the width and
length by 12.
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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF LUMBER

Green building minimizes the impact of environmental
footprints of a building. Wood is the only major building
material that is renewable and uses the suns energy to
renew itself in a continuous sustainable cycle. Studies
shows manufacturing wood uses less energy and results
in less air and water pollution than steel and concrete.

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CARPENTRY
Carpentry is the art or trade of a
carpenter. Construction with wood
is known as carpentry. Specifically,
it is the art of shaping and
assembling structural woodwork.

A carpenter is a skilled craftsperson

who
performs
carpentry.
Carpenters work with wood to
construct, install and maintain
buildings, furniture, and other
objects.

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TYPES AND OCCUPATION

A formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and false
work used in concrete construction.
A finish carpenter is one who does finish carpentry; that
is cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking model
building, instrument making, parquetry, joinery and other
carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of
error are important. Some large scale construction may
be an exactitude and artistry that it is classed as finish
carpentry.
A trim carpenter specializes in molding and trim, such as
door and window casings, mantels, baseboards and other
type of ornamental works. Cabinet installers are also
referred as trim carpenters
A ship carpenter specializes in ship building, maintenance
and repair techniques and carpentry specific to nautical
needs.
A luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed
instruments.

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WOOD JOINERY
Methods of connecting
wood
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves
joining together pieces of wood, to create
furniture, structures, toys and other items. Some
wood joints employ fasteners, bindings or
adhesives while others only use wood elements.
The characteristic of wooden joints- strength,
flexibility, toughness, etc.- derive from the
properties of jointing materials and from how
they are used in the joints. Different joinery
techniques are used to meet different
requirements. For example the joinery used to
build a house is different from that used to make
puzzle toys, although some concepts overlap.
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WOOD JOINERY
Methods of
connecting wood
Wood joinery is simply the method by
which two pieces of wood are
connected. In many cases, the
appearance of a joint becomes at least
as important as its strength.

Joinery is the heart of fine

woodworking. Without the ability to
connect pieces of wood with an
attractive and strong joint, every wood
working project would need to be
carved out from a single piece of wood.
Once mastered, each of the common
wood working joints can be used on
numerous types of project.
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Traditional Joinery
Many traditional wood joinery
techniques use the distinctive
material properties of wood, often
without resorting to mechanical
fasteners or adhesives. While every
culture in which pieces of wood are
joined together to make furniture or
structures has a joinery tradition,
wood joinery technique have been
especially well documented in the
Chinese, European and Japanese
traditions.
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Properties of Wood
Many wood joinery techniques either
depend upon or compensate for the fact
that wood is anisotropic: its material
properties are different along different
dimensions. Joining wood parts together
must take this into account, otherwise
the joint is destined to fail.
In modern woodworking heating and air
conditioning cause major changes in the
moisture content of wood. All
woodworking joints must take this into
account and allow for the resulting
movement.
JOINT MATERIALS
1. Nails
2. Bolts
4.Pegs
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3.Adhesives/Glue

TYPES OF JOINTS

The eight basic types of joints are:

1. Butt joint
2. Dado
3. Rabbet
4. Lap joint
5. Dovetail
6. Mortise and Tendon
7. Miter
8. Tongue and groove
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 Veneer & finger joint

Engineered t & g

 Wood floors

 Pocket hole

steel plates & bracket

Woodwool

lattice work

Main door

interior door

Door fabrication (Main door & interior door of Rockwell)

 Formworks

T &G V-cut ceiling and false beams at NDV Project

 Ceiling of chapel at NDV project

Roof frame of kiosk at NDV project

Ceiling around open court at NDV project.

 Ceiling of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church

Interior ceiling

Exterior ceiling

ONE ROCKWELL

 Binangonan church

 Amara and Terazzas

 Amara and Terazzas

 Amara and Terazzas

Discovery Primea

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