CE342Chapter1 Handouts PDF

CE 342
FUNDAMENTALS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
CHAPTER 1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF CONRETE
ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Unlike steel, the mechanical properties of
concrete in compression and tension differ
from each other.
Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in
Compression
Tension
tension.
Compression
Tension
Mechanical Properties of Concrete

The tensile strength of concrete is on the order
of 1/10 1/20 of its compressive strength.
In order to improve its tensile properties, steel
reinforcing bars are placed inside plain
concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is the result of the
combination of plain concrete and reinforcing
steel.
This combination of concrete and steel has
favorable mechanical properties both in
compression and in tension.
In a reinforced concrete member, compressive
forces are mainly resisted by the concrete,
while the steel reinforcement is responsible for
resisting the tensile forces.
Reinforced Concrete
Load
Load
Reinforcement
Sudden Fracture
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete
Steel
- Strong in compression
- Weak in compression (buckling)
- Weak in tension (cracking)
- Strong in tension
- Creep and shrinkage
- No creep and shrinkage
- No corrosion
- Corrosion
- Good fire resistance
- Poor fire resistance
Reinforced Concrete
As engineers, the most important mechanical
properties of concrete for us are its
compressive strength, tensile strength, and
modulus of elasticity.
Normally, the compressive strength of
concrete is determined by testing, and the
tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are
expressed in terms of the compressive
strength.
Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

Concrete
The term concrete strength is usually used to
indicate the uniaxial compressive strength of
concrete.
The compressive strength of concrete is defined as
the strength of 28 days old specimens tested under
monotonic uniaxial compressive load.
Testing of cylindrical samples with 15 cm diameter
and 30 cm height is standard.
Cube specimens of 15 cm15 cm15 cm are also
being used.

Concrete
f
c
cylinder
0.85 0.80 f c cube

Concrete
Cylinder Specimen

Concrete
Cube Specimen

Concrete
There are three failure modes for cylinders.
a) Under axial compression concrete fails in shear.
b) The separation of the specimen into columnar pieces
by what is known as splitting or columnar fracture.
c) Combination of shear and splitting failure.
Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

Water/Cement Ratio:
Typically: 0.35 0.45
Smaller w/c ratio stronger concrete

Age of concrete:
Concrete Strength by Age
Stress as a percentage of ultimate
Concrete is a time-dependent
material and its strength increases
as it gets older.
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Age of concrete (days)
Age of
Concrete
7 days
14 days
Strength
Ratio
0.67
0.86
28 days 3 months 6 months

1.00
1.17
1.23
1 year
2 year
5 year
1.27
1.31
1.35

Speed of loading:
Higher the loading rate, higher the measured
strength will be.
Stress as a
percentage
of ultimate
Strain rate =
0.001/100days
0.001/hr
0.001/min
Concrete strain

Size of specimen:
Smaller the specimen, higher the measured
strength will be.
In a bigger specimen, the chance of having defects
(viods, local cracks, etc.) is higher.
Stress-Strain Characteristics of Concrete
Stress-Strain Characteristics of Concrete

Concrete Classes and Strengths (TS 500, Table 3.2)
Characteristic
Concrete Compressive Strength
Classes
fck28
fck28
(MPa)
(kgf/cm2)
Equivalent Cube (15

cm) Compressive
Strength
Characteristic
Tensile Strength
(MPa)
(kgf/cm2)
fctk
(MPa)
Modulus of
Elasticity at 28
days
fctk
Ec
Ec
(kgf/cm2) (MPa) (kgf/cm2)
C16
16
160
20
200
1.4
14
27 000
270 000
C18
18
180
22
220
1.5
15
27 500
275 000
C20
20
200
25
250
1.6
16
28 000
280 000
C25
25
250
30
300
1.8
18
30 000
300 000
C30
30
300
37
370
1.9
19
32 000
320 000
C35
35
350
45
450
2.1
21
33 000
330 000
C40
40
400
50
500
2.2
22
34 000
340 000
C45
45
450
55
550
2.3
23
36 000
360 000
C50
50
500
60
600
2.5
25
37 000
370 000
Tensile Strength of Concrete
Several methods of determining the concrete

tensile strength (fct):

i.
Direct-Tension Test:
The most direct way of measuring the tensile

strength.
Not a practical test.
fct
P
P

ii. Split-Cylinder Test:
15cm 30cm
cylinder specimen
f cts
2P
LD

iii. Modulus of Rupture Test:
Four-point bending (two-point loading)

Three-point bending (third point loading)
f ctf
6M
b h2
L/2
L/2
f ct
Direct tension test
f ctf
Modulus of rupture test
cts
Split cylinder test
f ctf f cts f ct
Relationship Between Compressive and

Tensile strength of concrete is proportional to
the square-root of the compressive strength.
The proportionality constant depends on many
factors, such as the conrete strength and the
test method used to determine the tensile
strength.
Relationship Between Compressive and

The following relations can be used as a rule
of thumb:
Direct tensile strength : f ct 0.35 f c
Split tensile strength : f cts 0.50 f c
( f c in MPa)
( f c in MPa)
Flexural tensile strength : f ct 0.64 f c
( f c in MPa)
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Modulus of elasticity is defined as the slope of
the stress-strain curve.
However, because concrete is not a linear
material, there is no unique way of
determining the modulus of elasticity of
concrete.
The three methods that are commonly used are

1.
2.
3.
Initial modulus
Secant modulus
Tangent modulus
Point A corresponds to a
stress level of 0.5fc.
Point B corresponds to a
stress level of 0.4-0.5fc.

Even though the modulus of elasticity of
concrete depends on many variables, the
following relationship can be used to calculate
the modulus of elasticity using the known
value of compressive strength of concrete.
Ec 3250 f c 14.000 ( f c in MPa)
Behavior of Concrete
under Triaxial Stresses
Strength and ductility of concrete under
triaxial compressive stresses are greater than
those under uniaxial compression.
Tests have shown that :

f cc f c 4 2
2 : lateral comp. stress
Time Dependent
Deformation of Concrete: Shrinkage
Shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of
concrete during hardening and drying.
shrinakge
to
Time
Time Dependent
The amount of shrinkage depends on the
amount of water evaporates from concrete
mixture.
Therefore, shrinkage is a function of:
Temperature of the environment,
Humidity of the emvironment,
Surface area of the member, and
The water content of the concrete mixture.
Time Dependent
Shrinkage causes cracking when structural members
restrain each other against volume changes.
Also, shrinkage becomes important for long walls and
slabs with large areas.
concrete column
concrete slab
Large area of slab:

Large volume changes due
to shrinkage
Restrain by walls
Cracking of slab
concrete column
construction joint
Solution is to place
construction joints in
slab.
Time Dependent
Deformation of Concrete: Creep
Creep is the time-dependent deformation of concrete
that occurs under constant compressive load.
Time Dependent
Deformation of Concrete: Creep
Different from shrinkage, creep occurs only if
the member is loaded (in compression).
Creep depends on:
Age of concrete: Creep is less for older concrete.
w/c ratio of the mixture: Creep increases with w/c
ratio.
Humidity of the environment: Creep is less when
humidity is high.
The level of sustained stress
Time: Creep rate decreases with time.
Time Dependent Deformation of Concrete
f can be as high as 2-3 times i.

Therefore to calculate the long-term deflection,
modulus of elasticity has to be reduced by 1/2-1/3.
c 2 c1
Placing reinforcement in the

compression zone (in
addition to the tension
reinforcement) will reduce
the creep deformation.
with
compression
steel
without
compression
steel

Use the following rule of thumb in
design of compression members:
Limit the axial load carried by the column to
0.75No (creep limit). Above this value,
creep failure is possible.
N o : axial load capacity of the column
Mechanical Properties of Steel Reinforcement

Plain bars (very limited use anymore)
Deformed bars (better bond to concrete than plain bar)
Mechanical Properties of Steel

Reinforcement
Manufacturing process:
Hot-rolled bars: Mechanical properties will depend
on the chemical composition.

Manufacturing process:
Cold-worked bars: Subjected to mechanical
processing .
Molecular structure changes during cold-working.
Strength increases, but the strain capacity (ductility)
decreases.Therefore, the Turkish Seismic Code
prohibits the use of cold-worked bars in seismic force
resisting members.

Welded Wire Fabric:
Produced by welding small diameter wires in two
orthogonal directions.
Widely used in slabs and walls.

Bar sizes:
Bar Designation
Diameter (mm)
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
26
In North America
Bar Designation
Diameter (in.)
#5
5/8
#8
8/8
#12
12/8

f y : yield strength
f su : ultimate strength
y : yield strain
su : ultimate strain (strain capacity)
Es 200.000 MPa (2 10 6 kgf/cm 2 )

Bar types and properties:
Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Steel (TS 500 Table 3.1)
Reinforcing Steel
Mechanical Properties
Welded Wire Fabric
Hot Rolled
S220a S420a
Cold Worked
S500a
S420b
S500bs
S500bk
Yield Strength (MPa)
220
420
500
420
500
500
Ultimate Strength (MPa)
340
500
550
550
550
550
Yield Strain (%)
18
12
12
10
Ultimate Strain (%)
18
10
10
10
Mechanical
Properties of
Steel
Reinforcement

Steel bars can not prevent cracking of concrete.
Rebars are placed inside concrete to keep the crack
width at acceptable levels.
All economically-designed reinforced concrete
members will have hairline cracks.
Non-Metallic Reinforcement for Concrete
Non-Metallic Reinforcement for Concrete
Non-Metallic Reinforcement for

Concrete
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement
Fibers in resin
Fiber types
Carbon fibers (CFRP)
Glass fibers (GFRP)
Aramid fibers (AFRP)
Resin keeps the fibers together. It does not provide

strength.
Used in applications where corrosion is a problem.
High strength (~500-2000 MPa)
Low modulus of elasticity (20-50% of Esteel)
Extremely brittle

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CE 342

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Mechanical Properties of Concrete

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Mechanical Properties of Concrete

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

- Weak in compression (buckling)

- Weak in tension (cracking)

- Creep and shrinkage

- No creep and shrinkage

- Good fire resistance

- Poor fire resistance

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

0.85 0.80 f c cube

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

Concrete Strength by Age

Stress as a percentage of ultimate

Age of concrete (days)

28 days 3 months 6 months

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Stress-Strain Characteristics of Concrete

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Stress-Strain Characteristics of Concrete

Equivalent Cube (15

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tensile Strength of Concrete

Several methods of determining the concrete

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tensile Strength of Concrete

The most direct way of measuring the tensile

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tensile Strength of Concrete

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tensile Strength of Concrete

Four-point bending (two-point loading)

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tensile Strength of Concrete

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Relationship Between Compressive and

ATILIM UNIVERSITY - CIVIL ENGINEERING

Relationship Between Compressive and

Flexural tensile strength : f ct 0.64 f c