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Part D. COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Major Changes
In the previous edition, conformal mapping was distributed over several sections in the
first chapter on complex analysis. It has now been given greater emphasis by consolidation
of that material in a separate chapter (Chap. 17), which can be used independently of a
CAS (just as any other chapter) or in part supported by the graphic capabilities of a CAS.
Thus in this respect one has complete freedom.
Recent teaching experience has shown that the present arrangement seems to be
preferable over that of the 8th edition.

CHAPTER 13 Complex Numbers and Functions

SECTION 13.1. Complex Numbers. Complex Plane, page 602
Purpose. To discuss the algebraic operations for complex numbers and the representation
of complex numbers as points in the plane.
Main Content, Important Concepts
Complex number, real part, imaginary part, imaginary unit
The four algebraic operations in complex
Complex plane, real axis, imaginary axis
Complex conjugates
Two Suggestions on Content
1. Of course, at the expense of a small conceptual concession, one can also start
immediately from (4), (5),
z
x  iy,

i 2
1

and go on from there.

2. If students have some knowledge of complex numbers, the practical division rule
(7) and perhaps (8) and (9) may be the only items to be recalled in this section. (But I
personally would do more in any case.)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.1, page 606
2. Note that z
2  2i and iz
2  2i lie on the bisecting lines of the first and
second quadrants.
4. z1z2
0 if and only if
Re (z1z2)
x2 x1  y2 y1
0

and

Im (z1z2)
y2 x1  x2 y1
0.

Let z2  0, so that x  y  0. Now x  y is the coefficient determinant of

our homogeneous system of equations in the unknowns x1 and y1, so that this system
has only the trivial solution; hence z1
0.
8. 23  2i
10. 9, 16
2
2

244

2
2

2
2

2
2

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12.
14.
16.
18.

245

z1/z2
7/41  (22/41)i, z
1/z
2

(z
1
/
z
2
)

7/41  (22/41)i

5/13  (12/13)i, 5/13  (12/13)i
3x 2y  y 3, y 3
Im [(1  i)8z 2]
Im [(2i)4z 2]
Im [24z 2]
32xy

SECTION 13.2. Polar Form of Complex Numbers. Powers and Roots,

page 607
Purpose. To give the student a firm grasp of the polar form, including the principal value
Arg z, and its application in multiplication and division.
Main Content, Important Concepts
Absolute value z, argument , principal value Arg 
Triangle inequality (6)
Multiplication and division in polar form
nth root, nth roots of unity (16)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.2, page 611
2. 2(cos _12  i sin _12), 2(cos (_12)  i sin (_12))
1
4. _1

_


2 (cos arctan _1  i sin arctan _1)
4

16

6. Simplification shows that the quotient equals 3. Answer: 3(cos   i sin ).
8. Division shows that the given quotient equals
_
22
7
_
i.
41

41

Hence the polar form is

_
1
2
7
_
7




72 (cos arctan _
41 22
22  i sin arctan 22 ).
10. 3.09163, 3.09163. Of course, the problem should be a reminder that the principal
value of the argument is discontinuous along the negative real axis, where it jumps
by 2.
12.  since the given value is negative real.
14. (1  i)12
(2i)6
26i 6
26i 2
26. Hence the principal value of the argument
is .
Alternatively, Arg (1  i)
_14. Times 12 gives 3, so that the principal value of
the argument is , as before.
16. i
18. 2  23

i
20. 12i
22. 1, i, (1  i)/2


24. The three values are
5
(cos   i sin )
3
5
(cos (  _32)  i sin (  _32))
3


5 (cos (  _43)  i sin (  _43))
3

where 
_13 arctan _43.

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26. Team Project. (a) Use (15).

(b) Use (10) in App. 3.1 in the form
cos _12

_ (1 

1

cos ),
2

sin _12

_ (1 

1

cos ),
2

multiply them by r
,

r
cos _12

_1

r cos )
,
2 (r 

r
sin _12

_1

r cos )
,
2 (r 

use r cos 
x, and finally choose the sign of Im z
in such a way that
sign [(Re z
)(Im z
)]
sign y.
(c) 2

(1  i), (5  3i), (4  7

i)
2
28. z
2i, 5  12i, z
(1  i), (2  3i) by (19)
30. z 2
4i, z
(1  i)2
. One of the two factors is
(z  (1  i)2

)(z  (1  i)2

)
z 2  22

z  4
and the other is
(z  (1  i)2

)(z  (1  i)2

)
z 2  22

z  4.
The product equals z 4  16.
2
32. z
x

 y 2
 x, etc.
SECTION 13.3. Derivative. Analytic Function, page 612
Purpose. To define (complex) analytic functionsthe class of functions complex analysis
is concerned withand the concepts needed for that definition, in particular, derivatives.
This is preceded by a collection of a few standard concepts on sets in the complex plane
that we shall need from time to time in the chapters on complex analysis.
Main Content, Important Concepts
Unit circle, unit disk, open and closed disks
Domain, region
Complex function
Limit, continuity
Derivative
Analytic function
Comment on Content
The most important concept in this section is that of an analytic function. The other
concepts resemble those of real calculus. The most important new idea is connected with
the limit: the approach in infinitely many possible directions. This yields the negative
result in Example 4 andmuch more importantlythe CauchyRiemann equations in
the next section.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.3, page 617
2. Closed annulus bounded by circles of radii 1 and 5 centered at 1  4i
4. Open vertical strip of width 2
6. Open half-plane extending from the vertical line x
1 to the right

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247

8. Angular region of angle  /2 symmetric to the positive x-axis

10. We obtain
1
x
Re 

1,
2
z
x  y2

x x 2  y 2,

1 2
1
 (x   )  y 2.
4
2

This is the exterior of the circle of radius _12 centered at _12.

12. 3x 2  3y 2  6x  i(6xy  6y  3); the value is 3  9i.
14. The given function is (multiply by 1  z
)
1  x  iy


(1  x)2  y 2
which shows Re and Im . The value at the given z is 1.6  0.8i.
16. No, since r 2(cos 2)/r 2
cos 2
18. Yes, since (r 2/r) cos  * 0 as r * 0.

10
20z
20. (1  
)

2
2
z 1
(z  1)2
22. 0. This is the case in which a linear fractional transformation (Mbius transformation)
has derivative identically zero. We shall discuss this in Sec. 17.2. The given function
equals 2i.
2z
2z 2
2iz
24. 2  3
3
(z  i)
(z  i)
(z  i)
26. Team Project. (a) Use Re (z)
[ (z) 
(
z
)
] /2, Im (z)
[(z) 
(
z
)
]/2i.
(b) Assume that lim z*z0 (z)
l1, lim z*z0 (z)
l2, l1  l2. For every   0 there
are 1  0 and 2  0 such that
(z)  lj 

when

0 z  z0 j,

j
1, 2.

Hence for 
l1  l2/2 and 0 z  z0 , where  1,  2, we have

l1  l2
[(z)  l2]  [(z)  l1]
 (z)  l2  (z)  l1 2
l1  l2.
(c) By continuity, for any   0 there is a  0 such that (z)  (a)  when
z  a . Now z n  a for all sufficiently large n since lim zn
a. Thus
(z n)  (a)  for these n.
(d) The proof is as in calculus. We write
(z)  (z 0)
 
(z 0)
.
z  z0
Then from the definition of a limit it follows that for any given   0 there is a  0
such that   when z  z 0 . From this and the triangle inequality,
(z)  (z 0)
z  z 0
(z 0)    z  z 0
(z 0)  z  z 0,
which approaches 0 as z  z 0 * 0.
(e) The quotient in (4) is x/z, which is 0 if x
0 but 1 if y
0, so that it has
no limit as z * 0.
z
)  zz



(z  z)(z


z

(z  z)  (z)
(f) 


z   z


z
.
z
z
z

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When z
0 the expression on the right approaches zero as z * 0. When z  0 and

z
x, then 

z

x and that expression approaches z  z
. When z  0 and
z
iy, then 

z

iy and that expression approaches z  z
. This proves the
statement.
SECTION 13.4. CauchyRiemann Equations. Laplaces Equation, page 618
Purpose. To derive and explain the most important equations in this chapter, the
CauchyRiemann equations, a system of two PDEs, which constitute the basic criterion
for analyticity.
Main Content, Important Concepts
CauchyRiemann equations (1)
These equations as a criterion for analyticity (Theorems 1 and 2)
Derivative in terms of partial derivatives, (4), (5)
Relation of analytic functions to Laplaces equation
Harmonic function, harmonic conjugate
Comment on Content
(4), (5), and Example 3 will be needed occasionally.
The relation to Laplaces equation is basic, as mentioned in the text.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.4, page 623
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.

No
Yes when z  1, i
No
Yes
Yes when z  0
(z)
iz 2/2
(z)
1/z
(z)
Arg z  i ln z
No
(z)
cos x cosh y  i sin x sinh y
cos z (to be introduced in Sec. 13.6)
a
3, e 3x sin 3y
a
b
0, v
const
Team Project. (a) u
const, ux
uy
0, vx
vy
0 by (1), v
const, and

u  iv
const.
(b) Same idea as in (a).
(c)

ux  ivx
0 by (4). Hence vy
0, uy
0 by (1),
u  iv
const.

SECTION 13.5. Exponential Function, page 623

Purpose. Sections 13.513.7 are devoted to the most important elementary functions in
complex, which generalize the corresponding real functions, and we emphasize properties
that are not apparent in real.

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249

Basic Properties of the Exponential Function

Derivative and functional relation as in real
Euler formula, polar form of z
Periodicity with 2 i, fundamental region
e z  0 for all z

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.5, page 626

20.086, 20.086
ie2

4.11325i, 4.11325
e
23.1407, 23.1407
i, 1
exp (x 3  3xy 2)(cos (3x 2y  y 3)  i(sin (3x 2y  y 3))
x
y
y
12. e1/ z
exp ( 
)
2
2 )(cos 
2
2  i sin 
2
x y
x y
x  y2
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.

14.
16.
18.
20.
22.

2
e i/4
5 exp (i arctan _43)
z
_13(ln 4  2n i), n
0, 1,
No solutions
Team Project. (a) e1/z is analytic for all z  0. ez
is not analytic for any z. The last
function is analytic if and only if k
1.
(b) (i) e x sin y
0, sin y
0. Answer: On the horizontal lines y
n,
n
0, 1, . (ii) e
x 1, x  0 (the right half-plane).
z
(iii) ez

e x
iy
e x(cos y  i sin y)

e x
(
c
o
s

y




i

s
i
n

y
)


e
.
Answer: All z.
(d)

ux  ivx

u  iv, hence ux
u, vx
v. By integration,

u
c1(y)e x,

v
c2(y)e x.

By the first CauchyRiemann equation,

ux
vy
c 2
e x,

thus

c1
c 2

(

d/dy).

thus

c 1

c2.

By the second CauchyRiemann equation,

uy
c 1
e x
vx
c2 e x,

Differentiating the last equation with respect to y, we get

c 1
c 2

c1,

hence

c1
a cos y  b sin y.

Now for y
0 we must have

u(x, 0)
c1(0)e x
e x,

c1(0)
1,

v(x, 0)
c2(0)e
0,

c2(0)
0.

a
1,

Also, b
c 1
(0)
c2(0)
0. Together c1(y)
cos y. From this,
c2 (y)
c 1
(y)
sin y.
This gives (z)
e x(cos y  i sin y).

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SECTION 13.6. Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions, page 626

Purpose. Discussion of basic properties of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, with
emphasis on the relations between these two classes of functions as well as between them
and the exponential function; here we see on an elementary level that investigation of
special functions in complex can add substantially to their understanding.
Main Content
Definitions of cos z and sin z (1)
Eulers formula in complex (5)
Definitions of cosh z and sinh z (11)
Relations between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
Real and imaginary parts (6) and Prob. 3

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.6, page 629

4. The right side is
cosh z1 cosh z2  sinh z1 sinh z2
1 z1
1

 (e  e
z1)(ez2  e
z2)   (ez1  e
z1)(ez2  e
z2).
4
4
If we multiply out, then because of the minus signs the products ez1e
z2 and e
z1ez2
cancel in pairs. There remains, as asserted,
2 _1 (e z1z2  e
z1
z2)
cosh (z  z ).
4

6.
8.
10.
12.

Similarly for the other formula.

Special case of the first formula in Prob. 4.
sin 1 cosh 1  i cos 1 sinh 1
1.2985  0.63496i
cosh 3
6195.8
The two expressions are equal because of (14) or (15). We thus obtain, for instance,
sin (2  i)
sin 2 cosh   i cos 2 sinh 
10.541  4.8060i.

14. sinh 4 cos 3  i cosh 4 sin 3
27.017  3.8537i

16. We obtain
sin z
sin z c
o
s

z

tan z


.
cos z
cos z2
Hence the denominator is (use cosh2 y
sinh2 y  1 to simplify)
cos2 x cosh2 y  sin2 x sinh2 y
cos2 x  sinh2 y.
Insert sin z and cos z into the numerator and multiply out. Then for the real part of
the product you get
sin x cos x cosh2 y  cos x sin x sinh2 y
sin x cos x
and for the imaginary part, using sin2 x  cos2 x
1, you get
sin2 x cosh y sinh y  cos2 x cosh y sinh y
cosh y sinh y.

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251

18. cos x sinh y
0, x
_12  2n, cosh y
100, cosh y  _12e y for large y, e y  200,
y  5.29832 (agrees to 4D with the solution of cosh y
100).
Answer: z
_12  2n  5.29832i.
20. (a) cosh x cos y
1, (b) sinh x sin y
0. From (b) we have x
0 or y
n.
Then y
(2n  1) and x
0 from (a). Answer: z
(2n  1)i.
22. (a) sin x sinh y
0, y
0 or x
n (parallels to the y-axis)
(b) cos x sinh y
0, y
0 or x
_12(2n  1), where n
0, 1, 2,
24. From (7a) we obtain
cos z2
cos2 x  sinh2 y
cos2 x  cosh2 y  1.
Hence cos z2  sinh2 y from the first equality, and cos z2  cosh2 y from the second
equality. Now take the square root.
The inequality for sin z is obtained similarly.
SECTION 13.7. Logarithm. General Power, page 630
Purpose. Discussion of the complex logarithm, which extends the real logarithm ln x
(defined for positive x) to an infinitely many-valued relation (3) defined for all z  0;
definition of general powers zc.
Comment on Notation
ln z is also denoted by log z, but for the engineer, who also needs logarithms log x of base
10, the notation ln is more practical; this notation is widely used in mathematics.
Important Formulas
Real and imaginary parts (1)
Relation of the principal value to the other values (3)
Relations between ln and the exponential function (4)
Functional relation in complex (5)
Derivative (6)
General power (8)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 13.7, page 633
_1 ln 8  _1  i
2
4
ln 5.001  0.02i (approximately)
ln 100   i
4.605  3.142i
1  _12 i
2n i, n
0, 1,
1  2n i, n
0, 1,
ln 5  (arctan _34  2n)i, n
0, 1,
sin 3
16. ln e 3i  i arctan (  )  2ni
0  3i  2n i; see also (4b).
cos 3

2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.

18. e2i
20. ee i
ee
15.154

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22. i 2 i
e2 i Ln i
e2 ii /2
e
,

(2i)i
ei Ln 2i
ei(ln 2 i/2)
e
 /2[cos (ln 2)  i sin (ln 2)]

24. e(1i)Ln(1
i)
e(1i)(ln 2

 i/4)

exp (ln 2

 i/4  i ln 2
 /4)
 /4

2

e (cos (_14  ln 2

)  i sin (_14  ln 2

))

2.8079  1.3179i.
Note that this is the complex conjugate of the answer to Prob. 25.
26. e(1
2i)Ln (
1)
e(1
2i) i
e i2
e2
28. We obtain
exp (_13 Ln (3  4i))
exp (_13(ln 5  i arctan _43))
3

5
[cos (_13 arctan _43)  i sin (_13 arctan _43)]

1.6289  0.5202i.
30. Team Project. (a) w
arccos z, z
cos w
_12(eiw  e
iw). Multiply by 2eiw to
get a quadratic equation in eiw,
e2iw  2zeiw  1
0.
A solution is eiw
z  

z2  1, and by taking logarithms we get the given formula
arccos z
w
i ln (z 
(b) Similarly,

2
z

 1).

1
z
sin w
 (eiw  e
iw),
2i
2izeiw
e2iw  1,
e2iw  2izeiw  1
0,
eiw
iz 



z 2 
1.

Now take logarithms, etc.

(c) cosh w
_12(ew  e
w)
z, (ew)2  2zew  1
0, ew
z  

z2  1. Take
logarithms.
2
 1 . Take logarithms.
(d) z
sinh w
_12(ew  e
w), 2zew
e2w  1, ew
z  z

eiw  e
iw
e2iw  1
sin w

(e) z
tan w

i 
,
iw

iw
i
e e
e2iw  1
cos w
iz
e2iw
 ,
iz

iz
iz
1
i
w
 ln 
 ln 
iz
iz
2i
2

(f) This is similar to (e).

SOLUTIONS TO CHAP. 13 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS,
page 634
2. 529

e
0.2630i, 5e0.9273i
16. (2i)6
64
18. 3/58  (7/58)i

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253

(2  3i)
10

e
i arctan 3
3.1623 e
1.2490i

i arctan (1/2)
e
8
e i/4
4, 4i
(6  2i)
(z)
e
3z
(z)
cos 2z
No
e
x/2 sin _12 y. Problems 3639 are in principle of the same kind as Probs. 3135. We
have included them here as a reminder that in using real or imaginary parts of an
analytic function we are dealing with harmonic functions (to whose applications a
whole chapter (Chap. 18) will be devoted, perhaps as the most important aspect of
complex analysis from the viewpoint of the engineer and physicist).
40. sin 3 cosh 4  i cos 3 sinh 4
20233  141941i. This is a reminder of the growth
of the complex sine, as opposed to the sine in calculus whose absolute value never
gets greater than 1 for all real x.
42. cosh 2
3.7622
44. We obtain
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.

sin 1 cos 1  i sinh 1 cosh 1



0.2718  1.0839i.
cos2 1  sinh2 1