Bibi and Ali

Anim. Plant Sci. 23(2):2013

The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 23(2): 2013, Page:J.469-474
ISSN: 1018-7081

MEASUREMENT OF DIVERSITY INDICES OF AVIAN COMMUNITIES AT TAUNSA

BARRAGE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, PAKISTAN
F. Bibi and Z. Ali*
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.
*
Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Corresponding author email: dralizulfiqar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to measure bird species diversity at Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary from 2009 to 2011.
The objective of the study was to identify avian diversity and main threats to them in the sanctuary. Data were collected
by direct census method. In total, 58,598 bird species belonging to 53 families and 171 species were recorded. Density of
the birds was 6.9 birds per hectare. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) was 3.39, whereas Simpsons Diversity Index
(D) was 0.93. According to local occurrence status, there were 12 species ranked as very abundant, 19 abundant, 62 very
common, 16 common and 41 fairly common. There were, however, 7 species, in each category, recorded as uncommon,
rare and very rare. Seasonal occurrence observed for different bird species revealed; year- round residents 42%, summer
breeders 7%, winter migrants 38% and passage migrants 13%. Five dominant species with their relative abundance
included; Fulica atra (13.3), Bubulcus ibis (12.28), Egretta garzetta (11.46), Aythya ferina (8.9) and Corvus splendens
(5.8). A decreasing population trend in 14 species was found by regression analysis. Main threats identified to survival of
birds were; habitat degradation, pesticide usage and illegal hunting. The species richness and composition are important
parameters for stability and functioning of an ecosystem, therefore, there is urgent need to protect avian diversity by
protecting natural habitat of the area.
Key words: Avian diversity, seasonal occurrence, diversity index, Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary.
ecological conditions of the area affected by changes and
variation of the environment. In looking for patterns
among bird communities, the relative distribution
(evenness) of birds in adding up their species richness,
diversity indices were calculated for avifauna by
combining two years observation. The Shannon-Wiener
diversity index is a heterogeneity measure that
incorporates species richness and evenness (Hollenbeck
and Ripple, 2007). Relative to other diversity indices,
such as Simpsons index, it is considered sensitive to the
addition of rare species (Krebs, 1989). The aim of the
study was to measure bird species diversity at Taunsa
Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary, by measuring the species
richness, evenness, Simpson index and Shannon-Weiner
Diversity Index.

INTRODUCTION
Pakistan harbors a wide range of ecosystems
which in turn catches the attention of a diverse avifauna
to exploit their resources (Khan et al., 1996). More than
650 species of birds have been reported in the country
and their occurrence in three zoogeographical zones
(Oriental, Palaearctic and Ethopian region) is unique in
the world (Grimmett et al., 2001; Mirza and Wasiq,
2007). Species diversity is an important component of the
health of an ecosystem. Among species, birds have an
important place because they are visible and highly
valued by humans. Birds, furthermore, play an
informational role in attracting public attention to natural
habitat. The abundance and diversity of avian species,
therefore, in a specific habitat could serve as a useful
barometer of the ecological status of that habitat.
Ecologically, birds are of tremendous importance as they
are important pollinators and play a key role in seed
dispersal. Indus flyway, for instance, provides food and
shelter for millions of migratory and resident birds.
The Indus River is one of the major routes of
migratory birds. Taunsa barrage, therefore, has been
declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary. This sanctuary forms an
important wintering area for water bird and breeding area
for several species, while staging area for certain cranes
and water birds (Omer and Saeed, 2006). The birds are
bio-indicators of ecosystem, as they represent the

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area: The study was conducted at Taunsa Barrage
Wildlife Sanctuary, situated in district Muzaffargarh at
River Indus in Southern Punjab, falls between 30 30
latitudes and 7050 longitudes; with an altitude of 137m.
It is one of the most important wetland sites in this region
and one of 42 wildlife sanctuaries of the Punjab,
Pakistan. Its status as a Ramsar site (Ramsar site # 817)
lends its international recognition as a designated wetland
site of ecological importance. Initially, 16,000 hectares
were included in the protected area (Omer and Saeed,

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J. Anim. Plant Sci. 23(2):2013

2006). Since its declaration, the Sanctuary has been renotified many times; the last on December 10, 2004, with
its total area of 2,834 hectare, that reduced to 43% of the
original area. The climate of Taunsa Barrage is dry
subtropical with relative humidity of 25 to 85%, and
annual rainfall of 200 to 450 mm. The average
temperature observed in January was 4.5C to 5.5C,
whereas in June it ranged from 42C to 45C (Shelly,
2011). The dominant forest vegetation observed along
river side includes, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica,
Prosopis cineraria, Cynodon dactylon, Panicum
antidotale, Pisum arvense and Populus euphratica in
association with Tamarix dioica (Bibi et al., 2013). The
site forms a very important wintering area for waterbirds,
support fisheries worth up to 5 million annually. The
study site provides excellent opportunities for scientific
research and education.

Where, H = Diversity Index; Pi = is the proportion of

each species in the sample; lnPi = natural logarithm of
this proportion
The presence of one individual of a species is
not necessarily indicative of the species being present in a
large number. The value of Shannon Weiner Diversity
Index usually falls between 1.5 and 3.5, only rarely it
surpasses 4.5. A value near 4.6 would indicate that the
numbers of individuals are evenly distributed between all
the species.
Simpson Index (D): It measures the probability that two
individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong
to the same species. Simpson gave the probability of any
two individuals drawn from noticeably large community
belonging to different species. It has been measured by
the given formula:

METHODOLOGY

D = 1-{n (n1)

N (N 1)}

n=the total number of birds of a particular species

N= the total number of birds of all species
The correlation between birds species and time period
(years) was investigated by simple linear regression trend
line. Population trend line series was ran by using bird
density as the dependent variable, while months
independent variables.

Point Count: Points were selected at upstream and

downstream of Taunsa Barrage to observe, count and
identify bird species with the help of binocular and
spotted scope (Haldin and Ulfvens, 1987). Field
observations were performed from 2009 to 2011 with 30
days interval. Surveys were carried out early in the
morning from 06:30 to 10:00 h and in the late afternoon
from 04:00 to 06:00 h. Unscrupulous observations were
also added to the list to prevent missing of any species
during the survey period. Surveys were conducted on foot
and by boat. Photography of birds was done by using
Nikon Digital SLR camera with 300 and 500 zoom
lenses.

Local Occurrence Status: For describing frequency of

occurrence and comparative abundance, the terms
described by Bull (1974) were followed. The bird species
found more than 1000 individuals per day in the locality
were termed as very abundant, those between 200 to 1000
individuals were termed as abundant, and those found
between 51 to 200 individuals were termed as very
common, whereas those found between 21 to 50
individuals were considered as common species. Bird
species, similarly, were termed as fairly common having
population seven to 20 individuals per day, whereas those
observed between one to six individuals were named as
uncommon. Correspondingly, birds with one to six
individuals per season were described as rare. On the
other hand, bird species having infrequent occurrence
were termed as very rare species.

Species Evenness and Richness: Species diversity

increases with the complexity of habitat. This diversity
considers both the richness and evenness of species.
Evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of
different species making up the richness of an area. This
evenness is an important component of diversity indices
(Hill, 1973; Turchi et al., 1995; Leinster and Cobbold,
2012) and expresses evenly distribution of the individuals
among different species.
Shannon-Weiner Index: Species evenness, richness, and
diversity indices as Shannon-Weiner (Shannon and
Weaver, 1949) and Simpson Index (Simpson, 1949) were
used to evaluate the bird species diversity. ShannonWeiner Index assumes that individuals are randomly
sampled from an independent large population and all the
species are represented in the sample. Shannon diversity
is very widely used index for comparing diversity
between various habitats (Clarke and Warwick, 2001). It
was calculated in order to know the species diversity in
different habitat (Hutchison, 1970) based on the
abundance of the species by the following formula: H =
- [ Pi ln Pi ]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary has a rich
diversity of birds, with a combination of water birds,
raptors, forest, mountain and desert dwellers. In total,
58,598 birds belonging to 53 families and 171 species
were recorded.
Evenness of birds species compares the
similarity of the population size of each of the species
which recorded in 2009 to 2010 was 0.3 and 3.33 in 2009
to 2011; while species richness was n =165 in 2009 to

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J. Anim. Plant Sci. 23(2):2013

2010 and n =170 in 2010 to 2011. Shannon-Weiner

diversity index value encountered avifauna was estimated
to be 3.03 in 2009 to 2010 and 3.33 in 2010 to 2011.
Simpson's Diversity Index is a calculation of variety
which takes into records both richness and evenness. It
has been a useful tool to understand the profile of
biodiversity across study area. This diversity index value
encountered avi-fauna was estimated to be 0.928 was
same in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011. Density of birds
recorded 5.7 birds per hectare in 2009 to 2010 and 6.26
birds per hectare in 2010 to 2011 (Table 1).

authors (Robert, 1991, 1992; Mirza and Wasiq, 2007;

Grimmett et al., 2008). It might need a decade to observe
full range of species of the birds. The Shannon-Weiner
Diversity Index which specifies the comparative
occurrence of many species; was used to associate
species abundance and relative richness amongst species
(Whittaker, 1977; Barbour et al., 1998). As the value of
Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (2009 to 2011)
calculated was near to 4.6, which predicts that the
numbers of individuals of all species were evenly
distributed in study area. Ali (2006) recorded 127 species
(6972 individuals) of birds from TBWS, with ShannonWeiner Diversity Index value 3.99 that support present
findings. Species recorded in 2008 at Taunsa Barrage
Wildlife Sanctuary was 110 belonged to 45 families
while with 66 resident species, 8 breeding resident, 34
winter visitor and only two summer visitors (Ali et al.,
2011). In total 129 birds species comprised of three
endemics, two globally threatened and 21 palaearctic
migrants were identified (Aynalem and Bekele, 2008).
Relative abundance of birds was also calculated,
and Table 2 shows the most dominant species of the birds
in the area. The relative abundance of bird species might
be related to the availability of food, habitat condition
and breeding season of the species.

Table 1: Diversity of avian-fauna of Taunsa Barrage

Wildlife Sanctuary.
Diversity Index
Years
Results
Shannon Weiner Index
H
2009-2011
3.39
2009-2010
3.31
2010-2011
3.33
Simpson Index
D
2009-2011
0.934
2009-2010
0.928
2010-2011
0.928
Species evenness
E
2009-2011
0.3088
2009-2010
0.699
2010-2011
0.71
Census Index (birds per hectare)
C.I
2009-2011
6.902
2009-2010
6.26
2010-2011
5.74
Species richness
r
2009-2011
171
2009-2010
165
2010-2011
170
Note: H= Shannon-weiner diversity Index; D= Simpson
Diversity Index; E= Evenness; C.I = Census Index; r=
Species richness

Table 2: Five dominant species of birds recorded at

TBWS 2009 to 2011.
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5

Scientific and common name

Fulica atra (Eurasian Coot)
Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret)
Egretta garzetta (Little White
Egret)
Aythya ferina (Common Pochard)
Corvus splendens (House Crow)

Relative
Abundance
0.13311
0.12287
0.11469
0.089
0.058

The divergent seasonality of rainfall and

seasonal variation in the plenty of food resources end
result in seasonal changes in the species abundance of
birds (Gaston et al., 2000; Karr and Roth, 1971). The
allocation and abundance of numerous bird species are
determined by the composition of the vegetation that
forms a major element of their habitats. As vegetation
changes along multifaceted biological and environmental
gradients, a particular bird species can appear, increase or
decrease in number, and vanish as the habitat changes
(Lee and Rotenberry, 2005).
In regression analysis, there were 157 species
with increasing trend that represents the number of
species increasing with the change in years. However, in
14 species namely Little Cormorant (Microcarbo niger),
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Gadwall (Anas strepera),
Garganey (Anas querquedula), Red-crested Pochard
(Netta rufina), White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus),

As Simpson Diversity Index has swift

convergence to limit diversity value for minor sample
size, therefore, is principally suitable for rapidly
evaluating regions for conservation (Lande et al., 2000).
The observed 110 species during 2008 at Taunsa Barrage
Wildlife Sanctuary belongs to 45 families including 66
resident species, 8 breeding resident, 34 winter visitor
and only two summer visitors (Ali et al., 2011). The
commonly applied diversity indices form ratios of
absolute to the highest range possible (Peet, 1975). The
result showed that estimated avian diversity from 2009 to
2012 (171 species) was greater than previously conducted
studies in 2002 (Ali, 2006) and 2008 (Ali et al., 2011).
Therefore, it could never approach near possible
occurrence data of species published in books of various

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Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Common Buzzard

(Buteo buteo), Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus),
Merlin (Falco columbarius), Greater Painted-snipe
(Rostratula benghalensis) and Black Drongo (Dicrurus
macrocercus) a decreasing trend was found. As
ecosystem stability depends on species richness and
composition, therefore a decline in birds diversity will
lead to successive changes in properties of natural
environment. Ecosystem management, however, need to
improve understanding of the consequences of decline in
avian diversity.
The species that best fit in the trendline included
Recurvirostra avosetta, Eremoptrrix grisea, Lanius
vittatus, Streptopelia tranquebarica and Sylvia curruca.
Local occurrence status (Table 3) of birds species of
Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary was recorded as
shown below.

In present study, maximum observed species

were Phalaerocorax carbosinensis (4395), Fulica atra
(2440), Anas crecca (998), Larus michahellis (952) and
Haematopus ostralegus (938). The top five maximum
counted bird species in 2001 to 2002 were Pelecanus
crispus (1244), Phoenicopterus roseus (1242), Larus
michahellis (1018), Phalaerocorax carbosinensis (785)
and Larus ridibundus (723) (Ali, 2006). The most
observed species of birds in 2008 to 2009 includes
Bubulcus ibis (5240), Egretta garzetta (3150), Egretta
alba (1670), Hirundo rustica (702) and Riparia
paludicola (660) (Ali et al., 2011).
In the same way in 2009 to 2011 least observed
species of birds were Buteo buteo (n1), Haliaeetus
leucoryphus, Aquila rapax, Aquila heliacal, Sterna
hirundo, Alcedo atthis, Tyto alba two individuals in each
respectively. However, least observed species in 2001 to
2002 were Circus aeruginosus, Haliaeetus leucoryphus,
Buteo buteo, Aquila rapax, Perdix perdix, Falco
babylonicus, Gallinula chloropus, Gallinago gallinago,
Eudynamys scolopacea, Saxicola caprata, Lanius
vittatus, Falco concolor, Sylvia deserti and Lanius
vittatus only one individual in each (Ali, 2006).
Correspondingly, the least observed bird species during
2008 to 2009 included Anhinga melanogaste, Circus
aeruginosus, Accipiter badius, Aquila nipalensis, Falco
tinnunculus, Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Recurvirostra
avosetta, Charadrius alexandrinus, Calidris minuta,
Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa nebularia, Tringa glareola,
Sterna acuticauda, Psittacula eupatria, Eudynamys
scolopaceus, Athene brama, Alcedo atthis, Dinopium
benghalense, Dendrocopos assimilis, Calandrella
brachydactyla, Calandrella raytal, Anthus rufulus,
Motacilla cinerea, Pycnonotus leucogenys, Phoenicurus
ochruros, Saxicola torquatu, Orthotomus sutorius, Sylvia
curruca, Cinnyris asiaticus, Oriolus oriolus, Lanius
schach and Dendrocitta vagabunda two individuals in
each species, respectively (Ali et al., 2011).

Table 3: Categories of occurrence status of avian

diversity recorded at TBWS.
Status
Very abundant
Abundant
Very common
Common
Fairly common
Uncommon
Rare
Very rare

Number of species
12
19
62
16
41
7
7
7

Seasonal occurrence of avifauna of TBWS

recorded during 2009 to 2011 was found as summer
breeder 7%, winter migrant 38%, year round resident
42%, and 13 % passage migrant Biologist believes that
food abundance has an important determinant of winter
abundance and distribution of migratory birds, including
shorebirds (Hockey et al., 1992).

Threats to Avifauna Observed at the Site: Following

threats has been observed at TBWS for the avifauna
(Table 4).
Threats
Habitat destruction
Hunting and fishing
Poverty
Unawareness
Grazing

High

Intensity
Medium

Low

Habitat destruction: The harvesting and utilization of

the natural resources by human beings is the leading
cause of habitat destruction. The expansion of
agricultural fields in the close vicinity of TBWS is

Figure 1: Seasonal occurrence of birds of TBWS.

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causing much severe structural threats to biodiversity

especially by creating disturbance to avifauna. The
construction of dams, towns and agriculture development
are the main cause of habitat destruction.

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Hunting and fishing: Fishing practices and unlawful

hunting by local community creates interruption in
feeding and breeding of birds. For instance drowning of
ducks in fishing nets has already been reported by Scott
(1989). Hunting causes a severe disturbance in wildfowl
and due to these disturbances ducks especially and other
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were non poor. These communities were heavily depends
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Unawareness: Peoples of TBWS were mostly illiterate
(64%) and only 17% (Primary to metric level) was
literate. Due to high illiteracy rate local communities
were unaware about the importance of wild fauna and
flora and have no idea about sustainable management.
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Grazing: The main human induced factors include
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area. Livestock grazing has been an important issue for
the management of TBWS. As the local community of
TBWS was totally (100%) dependent on sanctuary for
livestock grazing. Over grazing, results in flushing of
nests by rain due to availability of less hay material for
nesting birds. Unavailability of hay causes exposure
which allows the birds of prey to approach the eggs or
chicks of breeding birds (Khan, 1992). Free roaming of
livestock in the sanctuary area was a great threat for the
survival of birds species.
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is a major decline in 14 avian species in the area. The
main identified causes of this decline were habitat
destruction, unawareness and poverty of the local
communities. For the stability and proper functioning of
the ecosystem, species richness and composition occupies
a prominent place. There is an urgent need, therefore, to
safeguard avian diversity by protecting natural habitat of
the protected area.

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