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    Formula Sheet PDF

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    Karthy Ganesan
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    Formula Sheet PDF

    Uploaded by

    Karthy Ganesan
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    fs

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    fs

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    116 views4 pages

    Formula Sheet PDF

    Uploaded by

    Karthy Ganesan
    fs

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 4

    WATER OPERATOR EXAM FORMULA SHEET Rev.

    6/2010
    Page 1 of 3
    CONVERSION FACTORS

    1 foot = 12 inches
    1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
    1 gallon = 8 pints
    1 gallon = 8.34 pounds
    1 gallon = 3.785 liters
    1 liter = 1,000 milliliters
    1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
    1 cfs = 448 gpm
    1 gpm = 1,440 gpd
    1 MGD = 1.55 cfs
    1 psi = 2.31 feet
    1 foot = 0.433 psi
    (pi) = 3.14
    W/W = weight/weight

    1 minute = 60 seconds
    1 hour = 60 minutes
    1 day = 86,400 seconds
    1 day = 1,440 minutes
    1 day = 24 hours
    1 % = 10,000 ppm
    1 mg/L = 1 ppm
    1 cubic foot = 62.38 pounds
    1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet
    1 gallon = 8 pints
    1 MGD = 694.4 gpm
    1 gpg = 17.12 mg/L
    Sp. Gr = specific gravity
    W/V = weight/volume

    cfs = cubic feet per second


    gpm = gallons per minute
    gpd = gallon per day
    MGD = million gallons per day
    mg/L = milligrams per liter
    ppm = parts per million
    psi = pounds per square inch
    fps = feet per second
    cu ft = ft3 = cubic feet
    sq ft = ft2 = square feet
    gpg = grains per gallon
    1 gpd = 2.63 mL/min
    Specific gravity (water) = 1.00
    1 ac-ft = 43,560 cu ft

    TEMPERATURE

    Fahrenheit (F) = (1.8 x C) + 32


    Celsius (C) = 0.56 x (F - 32)
    CIRCUMFERENCE, AREA & VOLUME

    Circumference (C, ft) = x diameter (D, ft)


    Area of a rectangle (A, sq ft) = (length, ft) x (width, ft)
    Area of a circle (A, sq ft) = 0.785 x (diameter, ft)2
    2
    Area of a circle (A, sq ft) =
    Volume of a rectangle (V, cu ft) = (length, ft) x (width, ft) x (height, ft)
    Volume of a rectangle (V, gal) = (length, ft) x (width, ft) x (height, ft) x 7.48 gal/cu ft
    Volume of a cylinder (V, cu ft) = 0.785 x (diameter, ft)2 x (height, ft)
    Volume of a cylinder (V, gal) = 0.785 x (diameter, ft)2 x (height, ft) x 7.48 gal/cu ft
    CHLORINATION

    Chlorine dose (mg/L) = chlorine demand (mg/L) + chlorine residual (mg/L)


    Total chlorine residual (mg/L) = free chlorine residual (mg/L) + combined chlorine residual (mg/L)
    POUNDS, DOSAGE & FLOW

    Feed (lbs/day)

    Dose (mg/L) = Feed (lbs/day) flow (MGD) (8.34 lbs/gal)


    Flow (MGD) = Feed (lbs/day) dose (mg/L) (8.34 lbs/gal)

    Dose
    (mg/L)

    Feed (lbs/day) = dose (mg/L) x flow (MGD) x (8.34 lbs/gal)


    Feed (lbs/day) = dose (mg/L) x flow (MGD) x (8.34 lbs/gal) % purity (decimal)

    8.34
    lbs/gal
    Flow
    (MGD)

    WATER OPERATOR EXAM FORMULA SHEET Rev. 6/2010


    Page 2 of 3
    FLOW

    Flow (Q, gpm) = volume (V, gal) time (t, min.)


    Flow (Q, gps) = velocity (v, fps) x area (A, sq ft) x (7.48 gal/cu ft)
    Flow (Q, cfs) = velocity (v, fps) x area (A, sq ft)
    DETENTION TIME

    Detention time (DT, min) = volume (V, gal) flow (Q, gpm)
    PERCENT

    Percent (%) = part whole x 100


    Part = whole x percent 100
    FLUORIDATION

    Fluoride Feed Rate (lbs/day) =

    Dose (mg/L) x Capacity (MGD) x (8.34 lbs/gal)___


    Available Fluoride Ion (AFI) x chemical purity (decimal)

    Fluoride Feed Rate (gpd) = Dose (mg/L) x Capacity (gpd)


    18,000 mg/L
    Dose (mg/L) = Fluoride Feed rate (lbs/day) x Available Fluoride Ion (AFI) x chemical purity (decimal)
    Capacity (MGD) x (8.34 lbs/gal)
    Dose (mg/L) = Solution fed (gal) x 18,000 mg/L
    Capacity (gpd)

    Chemical
    Sodium Fluoride
    Sodium Fluorosilicate
    Fluorosilicic Acid

    Formula
    NaF
    Na2SiF6
    H2SiF6

    Available Fluoride Ion


    (AFI) Concentration
    0.453
    0.607
    0.792

    Chemical
    Purity
    98%
    98%
    23%

    MISC

    Potassium Permanganate dose (mg/L) = 1(Iron concentration mg/L) + 2(Manganese concentration mg/L)
    Alkalinity = mL of H2SO4 x 1,000
    mL of sample
    Hardness = mL of EDTA x 1,000
    mL of sample

    -1-

    WATER OPERATOR EXAM FORMULA SHEET Rev. 6/2010


    Page 3 of 3
    CHEMICAL DOSES

    Chemical Feed Setting (mL/min) = (Flow, MGD)(Alum Dose, mg/L)(3.785L/gal)(1,000,000 gal/MG)


    (Liquid Alum, mg/mL)(24 hr/day)(60 min/hr)
    Calibration of a Dry Chemical Feeder (lbs/day) = Chemical Applied, lbs
    Length of Application, day
    Calibration of Solution
    Chemical Feeder (lbs/day) = (Chem Conc, mg/L)(Vol pumped, mL)(1,440 min/day)
    (Time pumped, min)(1,000 mL/L)(1,000 mg/g)(454 g/lb)
    FILTRATION

    Filtration or Backwash Rate (gpm/sq ft) =

    Flow, gpm
    Surface area, sq ft

    Unit Filter Rate Volume (UFRV) = (Filtration Rate, gpm/sq ft)(Filter Run, hr)(60 min/hr)
    Backwash Water, gal = (Backwash Flow, gpm)(Backwash Time, min)
    Backwash, % = (Backwash Water, gal)(100%)
    (Water Filtered, gal)
    CORROSION CONTROL

    pHs = A + B + log(Ca2+) + log (Alk)


    Langlier Index = pH - pHs
    COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

    Polymer, lbs = (Polymer Solution, gal)(8.34 lbs/gal)(Polymer, %)(Sp Gr)


    100%
    DISINFECTION

    Hypochlorite Flow, gpd = (Container area, sq ft)(Drop, ft)(7.48 gal,cu ft)(24 hr/day)
    (Time, hr)
    Feed Rate, gal/day = (Feed Rate, lbs /day)(Feed Dose, mg/L)
    Feed Solution, mg/L
    Feed Rate, lbs/day = Feeder Setting, lbs/day
    24 hr/day
    CT, mg/L-min = (Vol, gal)(T10)(Free Chlorine Residual, mg/L)
    Flow, gpm
    Free Chlorine Residual, mg/L = (CT, mg/L-min)
    T10, min
    -2-

    HORSEPOWER

    Q (gpm) =

    (3956) HP
    Head (ft) (Sp.Grav)

    HP = Voltage x Current x Efficiency


    746

    SPECIFIC GRAVITY & DENSITY

    Density = weight of substance


    volume of substance
    Specific gravity = density of substance
    density of water
    Specific gravity =
    weight of substance
    weight of an equal volume of water
    Weight of substance = Sp. Gr. X weight of water

    -3-

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