IAJPS 2016, 3 (5), 462-472

V.Vijay Kumar et al

CODEN (USA): IAJPBB

ISSN 2349-7750

ISSN: 2349-7750

INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Available online at: http://www.iajps.com

Research Article

EVALUATION OF HYPO LIPIDEMIC AND ANTIOXIDENT

PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF
RUELLIATUBEROSA LINN ON MITHIONINE AND TRITON
INDUCED MODELS IN WISTER ALBINO RATS
K. Sravanthi, R. Brahma Reddy, V. Vijay Kumar*
Department of Pharmacology, Nalanda Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kantepudi,
Sattenapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Abstract:
In this modern world we are exposed to various factors which disturb homeostasis of our body physiology, leads
to the development of various disease as its end point. Among the various diseased conditions less percentage of
diseases were cured, in case of the remaining disease conditions only their symptoms are reduced instead of
complete cure. Eg:AIDS, Cancer, Diabetic mellitus, Hypertension and hytperlipidmia. Among the various
dreadful diseases, Hyperlipidimia is one the major disease affecting all age of people having a mortality rate of
about 5% of all human deaths and 80% diseases caused do to this hyperlipidmia. The present synthetic Anti
hyperlipidimic drugs produce undesirable side effects and treatment is cost effective. The plants selection in the
present study was done on basis of it easy availability and phytochemical constituents to screen their
therapeutic potential. The plant Plumeria acuminata Linn contain alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenol and
other constituents. The Methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa Linn possess phytochemicals with reported
antioxidant activity, the formulation was screened for anti-oxidant activity by catalase assay and has significant
free radical scavenging activity. Studies lead to the conclusion that herbal extract of the whole plant Ruellia
tuberosa Linn could be used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, as they are found to be potent and safe in preclinical study. However elucidation of exact mechanism of action of beneficial effects of these formulations
needs further investigation. More randomized controlled trials in large patient populations have to be carried
out before determining the status of these drugs in the therapy of hyperlipidemia.
Keywords: Hyperlipidimia, Plumeria acuminata, Methanolic extract, Ruellia tuberosa, Anti hyperlipidimic
drugs.

Corresponding Author:
V. Vijay Kumar,
Department of Pharmacology,
Nalanda Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Kantepudi, Sattenapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India.
E-Mail: vijay127@gmail.com

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Please cite this article in press as V.Vijay Kumar et al, Evaluation of Hypo Lipidemic and Antioxident
Properties of Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Ruelliatuberosa Linn on Mithionine and Triton Induced
Models in Wister Albino Rats, Indo Am. J. Pharm. Sci, 2016; 3(5).

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IAJPS 2016, 3 (5), 462-472

INTRODUCTION:
Herbal Medicine sometimes referred to as
Herbalism or Botanical Medicine, is the use of
herbs for their therapeutic or medicinal value. An
herb is a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal,
aromatic quality. Herb plants produce and contain a
variety of chemical substances that act upon the
body. Herbalists use the leaves, flowers, stems,
berries, and roots of plants to prevent, relieve, and
treat illness. Many plant components are now
synthesized in large laboratories for use in
pharmaceutical preparations. For example,
vincristine (an antitumor drug), digitalis (a heart
regulator), and ephedrine (a bronchodilator used to
decrease respiratory congestion) were all originally
discovered through research on plants [1]. The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4
billion people, 80% of the world population,
presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of
primary health care. Herbal medicine is a major
component in all indigenous peoples traditional
medicine and a common element in Ayurveda,
homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional oriental, and
Native American Indian medicine. WHO notes that
of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines,
about 74% are used in modern medicine in ways
that correlated directly with their traditional uses as
plant medicines by native cultures. Major
pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting
extensive research on plant materials gathered from

V.Vijay Kumar et al

ISSN 2349-7750

the rain forests and other places for their potential

medicinal value [2].
Hyperlipidemia:
Hyperlipidemia a broad term, also called hyper
lipoproteinemia, is a metabolic disorder,
specifically characterized by alterations occurring
in serum lipid and lipoprotein profile due to
increased concentrations of Total Cholesterol (TC),
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C),
Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
(VLDL-C) and Triglycerides (TG) with a
concaminant decrease in the concentrations of High
Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) in the
blood circulation. It is a common disorder in
developed countries and is the major cause of
coronary heart disease. It results from
abnormalities in lipid metabolism or plasma lipid
transport or a disorder in the synthesis and
degradation of plasma lipoproteins. The term
dyslipidaemia now a days is increasingly being
used to describe abnormal changes in lipid profile,
replacing the
old
term hyperlipidaemia.
Hyperlipidemia means abnormally high levels of
fats in the blood. These fats include cholesterol and
triglycerides. These are important for our bodies to
function but when they are high, they can cause
heart disease and stroke. Hyperlipidemia is
manifested as hypercholesterolemia and/or
hypertriglycerolemia [4-9].

Fig 1: Schematic diagram of cholesterol transport in the tissues, with sites of action of the main drugs
affecting lipoprotein metabolism

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Table 1: Classification of hyperlipidemias [10]

Fredrickson classification of hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipo
Proteinemia

Synonyms

Problems

Labs
description

Treatment

Burger-gruetz syndrome,
Primary Hyperlipoproteinemia, or
Familial
Hyperchylomicronemia

Decreased
lipoprotein lipase
(LPL) or altered
Apo

Elevated
chylomicrons

Diet control

Type II a

Polygenic hypercholesterolemia or
Familial hypercholesterolemia

LDL receptor
deficiency

Elevated LDL
only

Bile Acid,
sequestrants,
statins, niacin

Type II b

Combined hyperlipidemia

Decreased LDL
receptor and
Increased Apo-B
Defect in Apo-E
synthesis
Increased VLDL
production and
Decreased
elimination
Increased VLDL
production and
decreased LPL

Elevated LDL,
VLDL and
Triglycerides

Statins, Niacin
Gemfibrozil

increased IDL

Drug of choice
Gemfebrozil

Increased VLDL

Drug of choice
Niacin

Increased LDL
and
chylomicrons

Niacin
Gemfebrozil

Type I

Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia

Type III
Type IV

Endogenous Hyperlipidemia

Type V

Familial hypertriglyceridemia

Plants With Anti Hyperlipidemic Activity

Plants are considered as a main source of highly
effective convential drugs for treatment of
Hyperlipidemia. Advantage over the hypolipidemic
agents is no side effects associated with these
Plant

herbal medicines. Because of the perceived

effectiveness, minimal side effects in clinical
experience and relatively low cost, herbal drugs are
widely prescribed even when their biologically
active compounds are unknown[11,12].

Coriandrum sativum

Umbelliferae

Leaves, Seeds

Trichila connaroids
Curcuma longa
Nardostachys jatamansi

Meliaceae
Zingiberaceae
Valerianaceae

Leaves
Tuber
Whole Plant

Achyranthus aspera

Fabaceae

Aerial Parts

Cassia tora

Caesalpiniaceae

Seeds

Phaseolus aconitifolius

Fabaceae

Seeds

Pterocarpus marsupium
Adenocalymma alliaceum

Fabaceae
Bignoniaceae

Heart wood
Flower

Phyllanthus niruri

Euphorbiaceae

Whole plant

Terminalia arjuna
Arinica montana
Inula racemosa
Averrhoa bilimbi
Acacia polyantha

Combretaceae
Compositae
Arteraceae
Oxalidaceae.
Mimosaceae
Zingiberaceae

Bark
Flower
Root
Fruit
Heartwood

Synonyms
Coriander plant,
Chinese parsley,
Gagnep.
Haldi, turmeric
Indianspikenard, Jataamaansii
Burweed
Chaff-flower
Sickle pod
moth bean,
Vigna aconitifolia
Malabar Kino, Benga
Wild garlic,
Stonebreaker
Nela Nelli
Arjuna, vellamatta
Mountain flower
Pushkara, Pushkaramola
Cucumber tree
White cutch tree

Rhizomes

Kulanjn, Greater galangal

Convolvulacaae
Caesalpiniaceae
Ranunculaceae

Root
Leaves ,seeds
Root

Elephant creeper
Caksu bankullthi
Nirbisi

Alpinia galangal
Argyreia nervosa
Cassia absuslinn
Delphinium denudatum

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Family

Part

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Fig 4: Ruellia tuberosa plant.

in Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra
Plant Profile
Ruellia tuberosa Linn is a low-growing perennial
Pradesh. The root was separated from adulterants,
herb with tuberous roots, growing to a height of a
shade dried and powdered coarsely. It was packed
foot or more. Leaves are opposite, elliptic, short
in air-tight container up to the completion of study.
petioled, abruptly narrowed at the base, with
Extraction of Plant Material
undulate margins and up to 12 cm long. Flowers
About 80 g of air dried powdered plant materials
are showy, with funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corolla, up
was taken in Soxhlet apparatus and extracted with
to 5 cm across, and mauve or light bluish purple.
petroleum ether for up to discoloration of solution.
Fruit is a pod with 7 to 8 seeds, bursting open and
After 72 h, the powder was taken out and dried.
hurtling the seeds when it gets wet. It is found in
Then it was packed again and extracted with
open waste places in the Philippines.
methanol till the colour disappeared. The
methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa leavas
concentrated under reduced pressure using rotaMATERIALS AND METHODS:
evaporator. The concentrated extract was stored in
Collection of Plant Material
Leaves of the Ruellia tuberosa was collected near
refrigerator at 10C up to the completion of
from Kondapalli in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.
pharmacological studies.
The root was authenticated by Dr. S.Satyanarayana
RESULTS:
Table 2: Priliminary phyto chemical analysis Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa leaves
S.No.

Phytochemical constituents

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Carbohydrates
Alkaloids
Steroids & sterols
Glycosides
Saponins
Flavanoids
Tannins
Proteins & amino acids
Phenols
Terpenoids

+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve

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Table 3: Effect of Methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa on acute toxicity in mice

S.N

Head
Response

Body

Tail

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Alertness
Grooming
Touch response
Torch response
Pain response
Tremors
Convulsion
Righting reflux
Gripping strength
Pinna reflux
Corneal reflux
Writhing
Pupils

Before
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Present
Present
Absent
Normal

After
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Present
Present
Absent
Normal

Before
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Present
Present
Absent
Normal

After
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Present
Present
Absent
Normal

Before
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Present
Present
Absent
Normal

After
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Absent
Absent
Normal
Normal
Present
Present
Absent
Normal

14
15

Urination
Salivation

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

6
17

Skin colour
Lacrimation

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Normal
Normal

Table 4: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa lipid profiles in Methionine induced
hyperlipidemic animals.

Group

Dose
(mg/k
g)

Normal control

Saline
(5ml/k
g))

Hyperlipidemic
control

Saline
(5ml/k
g)

TC
(mg/dl)

TG
(mg/dl)

HDL
(mg/dl)

LDL
(mg/dl)

VLDL
(mg/dl)

Atherogenic
index

15 D
59.60
0.99

30 D
82.51
0.34

15 D
30.75
2.52

30 D
119.9
1
0.85

15 D
41.17

0.47

30 D
37.01

0.57

15 D
13.6 1

0.67

30 D
6.33

1.76

15 D
6.27

0.98

30 D
23.87

0.17

15 D
0.20

0.03

30 D
0.50

0.01

96.6

3.80a

113.5
1
0.59a

62.27
1.21a

173.9
0
1.22

36.33
1.48

26.07
0.61

45.79
4.54
a

0.21
0.0
9a

0.84
0.01

12.9
1
0.17a

34.67
0.2a

52.6
0
0.88a

145.0
0
1.52b

53.21
0.68

43.00
1.15

14.12
0.02
b

0.05
0.0
9b

0.52
0.08

9.67

0.08b

29.00
0.3b

131.3
0
0.91

54.67
0.88

41.27
0.73

6.43
1.24
b

0.02
0.0
1b

0.48
0.12

11.6
7
0.0
8ns

26.27
0.17

14.0
0
0.5
7b,g
15.6
7
0.8
8b.h

55.00
0.9

42.63
0.56

24.36
0.15
b

-0.17
0.0
2b

0.50
0.08

7.23
0.3
1b

26.87
0.2a

25.3
3
1.85b

METHANOLIC
EXTRACT OF
TECTONA
GRANDIS
METHANOLIC
EXTRACT OF
TECTONA
GRANDIS

100

Atrovastatin

10

200

56.38
0.88b

84.22
0.52b

,e

,e

47.46
0.5b,f,

82.79
0.91b

,j

47.46
0.59c

54.38
0.90c

b,h

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74.07

1.71b

94.61

2.56b

34.08
1.6b

134.8

1.08b

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IAJPS 2016, 3 (5), 462-472

V.Vijay Kumar et al

150

Normal control
hyperlpidemic control

a
a

mg/dl

100

b
50

ISSN 2349-7750

METG (100 mg/kg)

METG (200 mg/kg)
Atrovastatin (10 mg/kg)

15

y
da

30

y
da

Days

Fig 2: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa ON TC level in Methonine induced animals.
200

Normal control

a
b

mg/dl

150

Hyperlipidemic control
METG (100 mg/kg)
METG (200 mg/kg)

100

Atrovastatin (10 mg/kg)

a

50

15

y
da

30

y
da

Days

Fig 3: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa ON TG level in Methonine induced animals.

60
b

Normal control
b

40

Hyperlipidemic control
METG (100 mg/kg)

mg/dl

METG (200 mg/kg)

a

Atrovastatin (10 mg/kg)

20

15

y
da

30

y
da

Days

Fig 4: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa HDL level in Methonine induced animals.

60

Normal control

Hyperlipidemic control
METG (100 mg/kg)

40

mg/dl

b
b

20

b
b

METG (200 mg/kg)

Atrovastatin (10 mg/kg)

da
y
30

15

da
y

Days

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V.Vijay Kumar et al

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Fig 5: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa LDL levels in Methonine induced animals.

40

Normal control

a
b
b

mg/dl

30

Hyperlipidemic control

METG(100 mg/kg)
METG(200 mg/kg)

20

Atrovastatin (10 mg/kg)

a

10

ns

15

y
da

30

y
da

Days

Fig 6: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa VLDL level in Methonine induced animals
Table 5: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa SGOT level in Methonine induced animals
GROUPS

Control

Hyperlipidic
control

76.33

133.7

Methonalic extract
of
Ruellia tuberosa
100mg/kg
113.0

7.965

5.667

24.00 ns

(n=6)
SGOT(U/L)

Methonalic extract
of
Ruellia tuberosa
200mg/kg
98.67

Atrovastatin

14.67 ns

11.33 ns

10mg/kg
182.7

SGOT
250

U/L

200
150
100
50

va
st
at
in

\k
g
()
g

T
G

at
ro

00
m
g
(1

T
G

(2
00
m

ic

er
lip
id

R
O

yp

O
N
T
C

\k
g
)

GROUPS

Fig 6: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa SGOT level in Methonine induced animals

Table 6: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa in Methonine induced animals SGPT level
GROUPS

Control

HYPERLIPIDIC
MODEL

(n=6)

SGPT(U/L)

Methonalic
extract of
Methonalic extract
of Ruellia
tuberosa
100 mg/kg

Methonalic extract
of Methonalic
extract of Ruellia
tuberosa

74.00

83.33

45.33

200mg/kg
44.00

2.082

6.173a

2.028b

1.155b

Atrovastati
n
10mg/kg

87.33
6.642 ns

Fig 7: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa SGPT level in Methonine induced animals

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SGPT
100

U/L

80
60
40
20
0

)
)
L
el
in
kg
kg
at
od
RO
g/
g\
st
m
NT
c
va
0m
0m
i
O
0
o
0
d
r
1
C
(2
pi
at
G(
G
rli
ET
ET
pe
M
M
hy
GROUPS

Table 7:.Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa Methonine induced animals Creatinine level
GROUPS

Control

HYPERLIPIDIC
MODEL

(n=6)

SGPT(U/L)

Methonalic extract
of Methonalic
extract of Ruellia
tuberosa
100mg/kg

Methonalic extract
of Methonalic
extract of Ruellia
tuberosa
200mg/kg

Atrovastati
n
10mg/kg

0.5333

0.5333

0.6000

0.5333

0.4667

0.03333

0.03333a

0.0 ns

0.03333 ns

0.03333 ns

Fig 8: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberose Creatinine level in Methonine induced animals
CREATININE
0.8

U/L

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

OL
TR
N
O

pe
Hy

el
od

ic

dm
pi
rli

)
kg
g\

0m
10

G(
ET
M

)
kg
g\

m
00
(2
G
ET

ro
At

in
at
st
a
v

GROUPS

Table 8: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa in Methonine induced animals ALP level
GROUPS
(n=6)

ALP(U/L)

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Control

16.7
3.480

HYPERLIPIDIC
MODEL

176.0
27.50a

Methonalic extract
of Methonalic
extract of Ruellia
tuberosa

Methonalic extract
of Methonalic
extract of Ruellia
tuberosa

100mg/kg

200mg/kg

89.00
8.737b

88.33
8.570b

Atrvostati
n
10mg/kg

99.33
8.950c

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Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

250

U/L

200
150
100
50
0

L
g)
g)
tn
ic
\k
\k
ta
RO
im
g
g
T
d
os
i
m
m
N
v
p
0
0
rl
ro
CO
10
20
at
pe
G(
G(
T
T
hy
E
E
M
M
GROUPS

Fig 9: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa ALP level in Methonine induced animals

LIVER

units/min/mg protein

150

100

50

L
ic
0)
0)
in
at
im
20
10
RO
t
(
(
d
s
(
T
G
a
N
G
pi
ET
ov
rli
ET
r
CO
e
t
M
M
p
a
hy
GROUPS

KIDNEY
600

400

200

O
N
TR
O
hy
L
pe
rl
ip
id
m
ic
M
E
TG
(1
00
)
M
E
TG
(2
00
)
at
ro
va
st
at
in

mg of GSH consumed/min/mg of protein

Fig 10: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa SOD level in Methonine induced animals

GROUPS

Fig 11: Effect of Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa GPX level in Methonine induced animals

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Table 9: Effect of total cholesterol in Triton Induced model on triglycerides

Normal
65.511.26
Hyperlipidemic

98.722.28a

Atorvastatin

391.09b

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa s100mg

39.61.08b

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa 200mg

36.71.4b

Table 10: Effect of total cholesterol in Triton Induced model on HDL

Normal
21.281.42
Hyperlipidemic

43.561.0a

Atorvastatin

29.31.13b

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa 100mg

34.581.29b

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa 500mg

30.311.17b

Table 11: Effect of total cholesterol in Triton Induced model on LDL

Normal

36.121.0

Hyperlipidemic

97.211.52a

Atorvastatin

52.711.18b

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa s100mg

67.912.0b

Methonalic extract of Ruellia tuberosa 200mg

53.521.19b

CONCLUSION:
The Methanolic herbal extract at two different
doses was evaluated for antihyperlipidemic
activity, in the present study. The Methanolic
extract of Ruellia tuberosa whole leaves was
subjected to phytochemical screening to find the
chemical constituents present. The extract revealed
the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids,
phytosterols, proteins & aminoacids, tannin,
saponins and flavonoids. The extract was also
studied for anti-hyperlipidemic activity with
Methionine induced hyperlipidimic model and
Triton X 100 induced hyperlipidemic model which
mimics hyperlipidemia in experimental animals.
The effect of the Methanolic extract of the Ruellia
tuberosa on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL,
HDL and VLDL levels were studied. Both the dose
levels of Methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa
showed significant anti hyperlipidemic activity as
compared to the control group. The herbal extracts
at dose level of 100 mg/kg b.w and 200 mg/kg b.w
reduced the blood lipids level significantly. The
200 mg/kg was found to be more potent than lower
dose in reducing lipid levels. The Methanol extract
reduced the total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL,
and increased Body weight level in hyperlipidemia
induced rats which are less significant compared to
the standard and more significant compared to
positive control.
The Methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa Linn
possess phytochemicals with reported antioxidant

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activity, the formulation was screened for antioxidant activity by catalase assay and has
significant free radical scavenging activity. Studies
lead to the conclusion that herbal extract of the
whole plant Ruellia tuberosa Linn could be used
for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, as they are
found to be potent and safe in pre-clinical study.
However elucidation of exact mechanism of action
of beneficial effects of these formulations needs
further investigation. More randomized controlled
trials in large patient populations have to be carried
out before determining the status of these drugs in
the therapy of hyperlipidemia.
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