Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Pastes

Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Pastes
-A Study of an impression material-
Chung Suck Lee, D.D.S.

Severance Hospital
It is not necessary to explain how important the impression taking is in prosthetic works. By the
development of the dental sciences, several impression materials are using in every clinic and
those are improving day by day. On the other hand, a newly impression materials are studying and
testing in laboratories to materials themselves, but more convenient in taking impression.
Now we can get the following impression materials in the open markets, and use them for
taking impressions practically in our clinics: Those are,
1) modeling compounds
2) plaster of Paris
3) alginates
4) zinc oxide-eugenol impression pastes, and
5) others
To have the best impression in the practice of prosthetic works, it is sure, depend upon not only
the impression material itself, but the dentist
s skillful manuplations. And it is the most important
and fundamental procedure for a suitable and satisfactory construction, because the accurate and
fine impression will be based for such admirable works. For this step, he the dentist should study
the impression materials and how to conmaterials and how to use it better. Some of the dentists
insist the plaster wash on the previously taken impression with modeling compounds is the best,
and some others use the zinc oxide-eugenol impression pastes as their adequate impression
material.
I have clearly no idea, writing this article, to give some prejudices for anyone. I just thought it is
necessary to recognize its properties with the components before using. Or not, we couldn
t get
the best impression which we request effectively.
Here I would like to discuss about the zinc oxide-eugenol impression pastes only, particularly
about the properties of the materials, including the components and the setting times which should
be cared of using them.
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Famous products of zinc oxide-ougenol impression pastes are as follows :

1) S.S.W. Imp. Paste; by The S.S.White Dental Mfg. Co.
2) Kelly
s Imp. Improved; by Kelly-Burroughs Lab., Inc.
3) Kerr Imp. Paste; manufactured by Kerr Mfg.Co.
4) Others
Composition of the pastes

There are many kind of such products, zinc oxide and eugenol impression pastes in the markets,
and those are made with their own remedies. Most of the products did not unveil their
components.
The materials were in two forms :
1) powder and liquid;
The powder presumably containly zinc oxide and rosin and the liquid content being eugenol
and rosin.
2) pastes ;
The essential ingredients being the same except extended to as zinc oxide paste and eugenol
paste. The components, naturally, are not only zinc oxide and rosin or eugenol and rosin, but are
also made up of other materials such as accelerating substances, retarding substances that gave
more smoothness to the paste.
And the properties are varified according to each components and by manufacturers. Here, we
should know the quality of pastes before using.
Generally, for the example, the accelating substances are in pasteAwhose main components
are zinc oxide and rosin so whenever to reduce the setting time, then it is enough to increase the
quantity of pasteA
. However, in a few products such asKerr Impression Pastesare not so,
that is, the accelating substances are not in pasteA
, but in pasteB
.
Each product studied and made his charocteristic pastes, and the ingredients are usually not
announced. The menufacturer only gave aninstructionto use the product.
Some of the compositions of the Pastes are following : These are not included the materials to
paste form.
Rx I :
Powder(zinc oxide~80%, rosin~19%, magnesium chloride~1%)
Liquid(oil of cloves or eugenol~56%, gum rosin~16% olive oil~16%, liseed oil~6%, light
mineral oil~6%)
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Rx II :
Powder(zinc oxide~69.0%, white rosin~29.3%, zinc acetate~1.0%, zinc stearate~0.7%)
Liquid(eugenol~35%, olive oil~15%)
Rx III :
Powder(zinc oxide~70.25%, hydrogenated rosin~29.40%, zinc acetate~0.35%)
Liquid(eugenol~85%, olive oil~15%)
Method of use
In Korea, we can get some products which are consist of two tubes of pastes. Whereas no ZOE
impression material of powder and liquid found in markets yet, it is naturally omitted here.
Taking the same lot of pastes on the glass slab, Fig.3, those will be mixed and spatulated with a
stainless steel spatula, generally. In practice, we should control the mainpulation according to the
products and especially in Korea according to the over-dued products which has been
disintegrated.
After the moderate mainpulation, it will put on the tray and inserted in the month.. In other
words, the initial setting impressed. After the initial set, the material is not fluid enough to permit
the development of an exact mold. To removing the tray from the oral cavity, should be done
recognizeing the mean with the optimal moment to remove the impression. The satisfactory
impression with it might have request a good drill, however, it does not meanVery difficult
.
Setting Time
Zinc oxide can be made to react with eugenol to produce a reasonably hardness. By such a
chemical action, the impression is taken, and it will be with-drawn from the mouth after the final
setting.
Initial setting time represents the time at which the paste begins to set and can no longer be
manipulated.
Final setting time is the time, from the start of mixing until the Vicat needle either does not
penetrate the surface of the set paste perceptibly, or penetrates the mass in a minimum amount.
The setting time of this impression materials is not constant; it could be increase or reduced
1) by the zinc oxide/eugenol ratio
2) by spatulation time
3) by temperature
59
4) by addition of distilled water

5) by the products
6) by the date of manufactured
according to my experiences.
1) Of the Zinc oxide/Eugenol ratio :
Except for the material of III(Kerr Impression Paste) as the quantity of paste containing Zinc
oxide(paste A) is increased in the relation to the quantity of paste containing eugenol(paste
B) the final setting time is reduced, as it is aforementioned in this article. It might due to the
existence of accelerating substances in which side the paste of A or B. The setting time of
3:2 is reduced nearly half of 1:2
If the products are good, the ratio 3:2(A:B) might be satisfactory for clinical work in using
the products II & Others(For paste I the optimum proportion was 5:2)
2) Of spatulation time :
According to the report of Vieira *2, the spatulation time influenced to the initial and final
setting time : the more reduction in final setting time;, and the relationship varies inversely
between the mixing time and the initial setting time(in case of paste II, it is not so
influenced) The moderate spatulation time is one minute compare with 30 seconds or 2
minutes.
3) Of temperature:
There is a direct relation between increased temperature and the speed of solidation: Vieira
noteed in his article, i.e.,
As the temperature is raised, both the initial and final setting times are diminished:
. *2
In the material II(Kelly
s product) may be contained a thermoplastic substance moderately
for the plasticizing temperature. So the impression with the Kelly
s paste should be cooled
during the setting and immediately after the impression is made, as is done with modelling
compound.
4) Of humidity:
Humidity is one of the positive factor in the acceleration of setting time, according to the
report of Wallace and Hansen *4.
The humidity in the operating room, or on the slab, and the spatula might be concerned in
setting time. When water is added in small quantities, the setting time of zinc-phosphate
cements can be accelated. In using paste II, it will be advisable to add a little water. In these
60
tests, the stickness ended before the final setting time.

In brief, it is not advisable to add water or to use instruments affected by humidity, unless,
for the determined pastes,(the crucial quantity of 0.04c.c. of distilled water is added to 5gm.
of paste which has been prepared under the experimental conditions described and in a 3:2
zinc oxide/eugenol ratio)
5) Of components
Except the main components, there can be put in each quantities other materials such as
accelating substances, retarding substances, and binder substances, etc..
Those components will influenced the setting time, too. For example, to add a small amount
of metalic salts accelated the setting time.
6) particle size
The smaller grains will set quicker than others.
7) Of manufactured date
Whereas no products in Korea and no sufficient import of this impression materials from
foreign countries, we a re usually apt to use the products which were made quite long ago or
which were stocked roughly. At those cases, we should pay attention particularly. Or not, the
impression might be useless; because, as an example, the material would be begun to set(the
initial set) unexpectedly before inserting the tray into the patient
s mouth.
Control of the Setting Time.

Using the pastes, it is not as easily controlled by operators as in the setting time ofplaster of
Paris
. However it could be controlled by which above several factors affecting the setting time
within a certain limit.
Summary and Comments.

1) It is sure the zinc-oxide and eugenol impression materials are very adequate in the practical
prosthetic works. In other word, those impression materials are used as a corrective lining on
a preliminary impression in the practice of the restorative dentistry.
61
2) Those pastes are consist of two tubes(or powder and liquid): One tube is filled with a paste
containing the active ingredient, zinc oxide, and the other tube contains the eugenol in a
paste form, too.
An or both pastes are added some inert oils or inert substences.
3) It is necessary to know the properties of pastes before using, because there are other
materials such as accelating sustences, retarding substences, binder substences, and a
component for giving smoothness, except the main materials. And those are varified by their
components and their proportions of the materials and by their manufacturers.
4) The setting time of these pastes are controlable within certain limits by: The zinc oxide and
eugenol ratio, spaturation time, temperature, addition of distilled water, and products or
manufactured date etc..
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5) The two pastes are mixed together in the proportions, and the mixture is spread over the
preliminary impression. After the moderate manipulation, it will put on the tray and inserted
in the mouth.
6) The impression should be withdrawn after the paste has hardened by a chemical action of
zinc oxide and eugenol. Lack of stickiness does not mean the final setting. Final setting time
came later the lack of stickiness, in general.
7) The impression does not relax or yield. The pastes are superior in their constancy than
modeling compounds. In using the Kelly
s paste, the taken impression
should be cooled during the setting and immediately after the impression is made, as an
exception.
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-A Study of an impression material-

Chung Suck Lee, D.D.S.

Famous products of zinc oxide-ougenol impression pastes are as follows :

Composition of the pastes

4) by addition of distilled water

tests, the stickness ended before the final setting time.

Control of the Setting Time.

Summary and Comments.

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