Laser Beam Welding

Laser beam welding (LBW) is a welding technique used to join multiple pieces of
metal through the use of a laser. The beam provides a concentrated heat source,
allowing for narrow, deep welds and high welding rates. The process is frequentl
y used in high volume applications using automation, such as in the automotive i
ndustry. It is based on keyhole or Penetration mode welding.
Operation[edit]
Like electron beam welding (EBW), laser beam welding has high power density (on
the order of 1 MW/cm2) resulting in small heat-affected zones and high heating a
nd cooling rates. The spot size of the laser can vary between 0.2 mm and 13 mm,
though only smaller sizes are used for welding. The depth of penetration is prop
ortional to the amount of power supplied, but is also dependent on the location
of the focal point: penetration is maximized when the focal point is slightly be
low the surface of the workpiece
A continuous or pulsed laser beam may be used depending upon the application. Mi
llisecond-long pulses are used to weld thin materials such as razor blades while
continuous laser systems are employed for deep welds.
LBW is a versatile process, capable of welding carbon steels, HSLA steels, stain
less steel, aluminum, and titanium. Due to high cooling rates, cracking is a con
cern when welding high-carbon steels. The weld quality is high, similar to that
of electron beam welding. The speed of welding is proportional to the amount of
power supplied but also depends on the type and thickness of the workpieces. The
high power capability of gas lasers make them especially suitable for high volu
me applications. LBW is particularly dominant in the automotive industry.[1][2]
Some of the advantages of LBW in comparison to EBW are as follows:
- the laser beam can be transmitted through air rather than requiring a vacuum
- the process is easily automated with robotic machinery
- x-rays are not generated
- LBW results in higher quality welds
A derivative of LBW, laser-hybrid welding, combines the laser of LBW with an arc
welding method such as gas metal arc welding. This combination allows for great
er positioning flexibility, since GMAW supplies molten metal to fill the joint,
and due to the use of a laser, increases the welding speed over what is normally
possible with GMAW. Weld quality tends to be higher as well, since the potentia
l for undercutting is reduced.[3]
Equipment[edit]
Automation and CAM[edit]
Although laser beam welding can be accomplished by hand, most systems are automa
ted use a system of computer aided manufacturing based off of computer aided des
igns. [4][5][6] Laser welding can also be coupled with milling to form a finishe
d part.[7]
Recently the RepRap project, which historically worked on fused filament fabrica
tion, expanded to development of open source laser welding systems. [8] Such sys
tems have been fully characterized and can be used in a wide scale of applicatio
ns while reducing conventional manufacturing costs. [9]
Lasers[edit]
The two types of lasers commonly used are solid-state lasers (especially ruby la
sers and Nd:YAG lasers) and gas lasers.
The first type uses one of several solid media, including synthetic ruby (chromi
um in aluminum oxide), neodymium in glass (Nd:glass), and the most common type,
neodymium in yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG).
Gas lasers use mixtures of gases such as helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (C
O2 laser) as a medium.
Regardless of type, however, when the medium is excited, it emits photons and fo
rms the laser beam.
Solid state laser[edit]
Solid-state lasers operate at wavelengths on the order of 1 micrometer, much sho
rter than gas lasers, and as a result require that operators wear special eyewea
r or use special screens to prevent retina damage. Nd:YAG lasers can operate in
both pulsed and continuous mode, but the other types are limited to pulsed mode.
The original and still popular solid-state design is a single crystal shaped as
a rod approximately 20 mm in diameter and 200 mm long, and the ends are ground
flat. This rod is surrounded by a flash tube containing xenon or krypton. When f
lashed, a pulse of light lasting about two milliseconds is emitted by the laser.
Disk shaped crystals are growing in popularity in the industry, and flashlamps
are giving way to diodes due to their high efficiency. Typical power output for
ruby lasers is 10 20 W, while the Nd:YAG laser outputs between 0.04 6,000 W. To deli
ver the laser beam to the weld area, fiber optics are usually employed.
Gas laser[edit]
Gas lasers use high-voltage, low-current power sources to supply the energy need
ed to excite the gas mixture used as a lasing medium. These lasers can operate i
n both continuous and pulsed mode, and the wavelength of the CO2 gas laser beam
is 10.6 m, deep infrared, i.e. 'heat'. Fiber optic cable absorbs and is destroyed
by this wavelength, so a rigid lens and mirror delivery system is used. Power o
utputs for gas lasers can be much higher than solid-state lasers, reaching 25 kW
.[10]
Fiber laser[edit]
In fiber lasers, the gain medium is the optical fiber itself. They are capable o
f power up to 50 kW and are increasingly being used for robotic industrial weldi
ng.
Laser beam delivery[edit]
Modern laser beam welding machines can be grouped into two types. In the traditi
onal type, the laser output is moved to follow the seam. This is usually achieve
d with a robot. In many modern applications, remote laser beam welding is used.
In this method, the laser beam is moved along the seam with the help of a laser
scanner, so that the robotic arm does not need to follow the seam any more. The
advantages of remote laser welding are the higher speed and the higher precision
of the welding process.

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Laser beam welding (LBW) is a welding technique used to join multiple pieces of

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