444 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS 2-37, What happens to uvasfonner when tis fst connected toa powerline? Ca any thing be done to mitigate this problem? 2-48. What is» potential tansforer? How is it used? 2-19. Whats a current wansformer? How is it used? 2-20. A Gstbaon tansformer is ated a 18 KVA, 20,000480 Vand 60 Fz. Can this {consformnc safely supply 15 KVA to 415-V load at 50 Hz? Why or why not? 2-21, Why does one hear a hum when standing near a large power transformer? PROBLEMS 2-1. A 100-EVA. 8000/277-V distribution transformer has te following resistances and reactances: Re=50 He 60 Re 50K. ‘The excitation branch impedances ar. transformer, (6) Find the equivalent cccit ofthis transformer rofere to the low-voltage side () Find the per-it equivalent cireuit of this eanstoniner, () Assume tat his tansformer is supplying rae load s¢ 277 V and 085 PF lap. ging. What is this tansformer's input voltage? What is its vollage repletion? (2) Witat ae the copper losses and core losses in thi transformer under the eondi- tions of part (c)? fe) Whats the transformer's efficiency under the conditions of pat (c)? ‘A single-phase power system is shown in Figure P2-1, The power source feeds 4 1ODAVA, 14/2 4-RV transformer through a feeder impedance of 38.2 + 140.0, The \ransformer’s equivalent series impedance referred tits low-voltage vie is 0.10 440.0. The load on the transformer is 90 kW at 0.80 PF lagging and 2300 V. y= 0005.9 X= 0.006 0 y= 10k0. siven referred to the high-voltage side ofthe 22. 3820 joa, 9100 joaon sane meant t Sots Fever “Te PL tei (ansmiston tne) Nicuee Pa “The cieut of Problem 2-2, (a) What isthe voitage atthe power source ofthe system? (2) Whats the voltage regulation of the wansformer? (0) How efficient isthe overall power systern?TRANSFORMERS 145 12-3. Consider simple power system consisting ofan ideal voltage soure, an ideal step- ‘up transformer, a transmission lite, an ideal step-down transformer, anda load. The voltage ofthe source is Vz = 48020" V. The impedance of the transmission fine is Zoe = 3+ j4-0, and the impedance ofthe load is Zga 30 + j40 0 (a) Assume that the traneformers are not present in the circuit. What isthe load ‘voltage and efficiency of the system? (6) Assume that tansformee 1 is 1:5 step-up transfocrer, and transforms 2is step-down transformer, What isthe load voltage and efficiency of the system’? (e) What transformer turns ratio would be required to reduce the tensmission ine losses to 1% of the total power produced by the generator? 24, ‘The secondary winding of real transformer has «terminal volage of») = 282.8, sin 377 V, The turns ratio ofthe transformer is 100;200 (a = 0.50). Ifthe secondary current of the transformer is /(@) = 7.07 sin (3778 ~ 36.87") A, whats the primary ccorrent of this transformer? What are its voltage regulation and efficiency? The im ‘pedances of this tansformer referred tothe primary side are 200 Ro: 800 Xue ‘When travelers from the USA and Canada visit Europe, they encounter a different power distribution system, Wall voltages in North Ametica are 120 V rms at 60 Hz, ‘while typical wall voltages in Burope are 230 V at 50 Hz. Many travelers carry small step-upistep-down wansformers so that they can use tir appliances in the countries that they ate visting. typical transformer might be rated at 1 KYA ond 115/230 V. Its 300 tuzns of wire on the 115-V side anc 1000 turns of wire on the 230-V side, The magnetization curve fortis transformer is shown in Figare P22, tnd can be found in file p22 -mac at this book's website. 25, 0012 Lot | 0010! nn Faux, Wo 0.0008 ana 300 sd D259 SD AOD AO MME, A + tons Ficure p22 Mageetzaon curve for the tasformer of Problem 2.146 ELECTRIC MIACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS (2) Suppose that this transformers coanected to 120-Y, 60H power source with > zo load connected to the 240-V side, Sketch the mignetization current ry Rout low inthe transformer, (Use MATLAB to plot the euren acutely, itis available.) What is th ems amplitude of the magnetization current? What percentage of fll-toad current isthe magnetization cutvent? (2) Now suppose that this transformer is connected to a240-V, 5O-H power source with no load connected the 120-V side, Sketch th rugpetzaton current thot JRosld flow inthe transformer (Use MATLAB to plot the core acutely it itis evalable.) What i the us amplitude ofthe mageetization curent? Wear Percentage offload current isthe magnetization current? (6) In which ease is the magnetization current a higher percentage of fulload current? Why? 2-4, 4 1000-VA, 230/115-V transformer has been tested to determin: ‘uit The results ofthe tests are shown below. equivalent Ree ere ere Open-circut test Shorten test } (onsecondary side) (onparinmary se) Voe= 115 Ye 171¥ I oc =O. We 87K I Pox ® 3.9 W Fro= 381 (4) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred tothe low-voltage side of the transformer (0) Find the transformers votage regulation arated conttons and (1) 08 PF lag ging, @) 1.0 PR @) 0.8 PF leading, (6) Determine the transformers efficiency at utd conditions and 0.8 PF lagging, 2-4. A 30-KVA, 8000/220-V distribution transformer has an impedance referred to ne Primary of 20 + 100. The components of the excitation branch refered ta the primary side are = 100 KO and Xy = 20 KN (@) Xe primary voltages 7967 Vand the load impedance isZ, = 2.0 + 0.7, what ste secondary voltage ofthe iransformer? What ithe voltage regulation of the transformer? (0) Mi the load is disconnected anda capacitor of 3.00 is connected ints place, Whit the secondary voltage ofthe transformer? Whats its voltage regulation || Under these conditions? 2-8 A IS0-MVA,15/200-KV, single-phase power transformer has &per-nitresitance of 1.2 percent and a per-unit reactance of $ percent (data taken fom the tanafeeere ‘ameplete). The magnetizing impedance is /80 per unit (4) Find the equivalent circuit refered to the low-voltage side ofthis transformer (6) Caleutate the voltage regulation of this transformer fora fullload eurene at ower factor of 0.8 lagging, {c} Calculate the copper and core losses in the tansfocmer atthe contitons in tp (4 Assume that te primary voltage ofthis transformer ta constant 15 KV, and pea {he secondary voltage asa function of load eurrent for eurzens from lol fo Jai fod. Repeat this process for power factors of OS laging, 1.0, and O8 leading 2-8. A SO00-KVA, 230V13.8-KV, single-phase power transformer has &per-unitreitane, | OF I perceat anda per-unit reactance of 5 percent (data ten from the tansformere210. 2, A 14,000/480-, three-phase, Y TRANSFORMERS 147 nameplate). The open-circuit test performed on the low-voltage side ofthe trans former yield the following dat Voo=138KV Tog =21A Poe = 90.8KW (a) Find the equivalent ciceut refered to the low-voltage side of this transformer. {6) Ifthe voltage an te secondary side is 13.8kV and the power supplied is 4000 KW st 0.8 PE lasing, find the voltage regulation of the transformer. Find its efficiency. A three-phase transformer bank is to handle S00 kVA and have a 34 5/11-KY voltage ratio, Find the rating ofeach individual transformer in the bank (high voltage, low ‘ollage, turns ratio, and appareat poser) ifthe transformer bank is connecied 10 (a) Y-¥,W)Y-A, (9) A+¥, (@) A-A, (6) open-A, (f) open-¥-open-A. A.100-MVA, 230/115-KV, A-Y three-phase power transformer as per-unitresis- tance of 0.015 pa snd a porn reactance of 0.05 po. The excitation branch elements are Re = 100 pa and Xy= 20 pu. {a) It this transformer supplies a load of 80 MVA at 0.8 PF lagging, draw the pha- sor diagram of one phase ofthe transformer: (b) What is the voltage regulation of the transformer bank under these conlitions? {) Sketch the equivalent circuit refered to the low-voltage side of one phase of| this transformer. Calealate all the transformer impedances referred to the Jow- voltage side (a) Determine the losses inthe transformer and the efficiency of the transformer un er the conditions of part) “Thwce 20-KVA, 24,000277-V dlteibution transformers are connected in A~Y. The ‘open-circuit test was performed on the low-voltage side ofthis transformer bank, and the following data were recorded: Vimoe=480V nae 410A Page = 85 W “The short-circuit test was performed on the high-voltage side of this transformer Donk, and the fllowing data were recorded: 400V Ines = 180A Payge = 912 W Vise (a) Find the pecunit equivalent circuit ofthis transformer bank. {) Find the voltage regulation of this transformer bank at the rated Toad snd 0.90 PF lagsing. (c) What is the transformer bank's efficiency under these conditions? ‘connected transformer bank consists of three identical 100-KVA, 8314/480-V transformers. It is supplied with power directly from a large cosstant-voltage bus. In the short-circuit test, the recorded values on the high-voltage side for one of these transformers are Vso S10V Ise (a) Tthis bank delivers a rated Toad a 0.8 PF lageing and rated voltage, what isthe line-to-ine voltage on the primary ofthe transformer bank? (6) Whatis the voltage segulation under these concitions? (c) Assume thatthe primary phase voltage of this transformer isa constant 8314 V, ‘and plot the secondary voltage asa fonction of load carrent for currents from nocload to fullfoad. Repeat this process for power factors of 0.8 lagging, 1.0, snd 08 leading. 126A Pye = 3000148 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS (i) Plot the voltege regulation ofthis transformer as funetion of load current for {curents from no-load to ful-toad. Repeat this process for power factors of 08 Tagging, 1.0, ad 0.8 leading {e) Sketch the per-unit equivalent citcut of this transformer 2-14, A.1.8-KY, single-phase generator supplies power to a load through a transmission line, "The Leal’ im 500 4 36.87°0, and the transmission line’ im- pedanc is Zine Vo= 1382 erey 500226370 | Zug «) eos 67a 5004 368740) Vos IAL ORY. Fat FIGURE P23 ‘Creuis for Problem 2-14; () withou tansormers and (6) with wansfoemers. {a) Ifthe generators directly connected wo the load (Figore P23), what i the re tio of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses ofthe systema’? (&) What percentage ofthe power supplied by the soutee reaches the load (what is the efficiency of the transmission systetn)? (6) 1£2 1:10 step-up transformer is placed atthe output of the generator and a 10:1 transformer is placed atthe load end ofthe transmission line, what is the new ratio ofthe load voltage to the generated voltage? What ae the transmission Tosses of the system now? (Nove: The transformers may be assumed to be ideal.) (4) What percentage ofthe power supplied by the source reaches the load now? (¢) Compare the efficiencies of the transmission system with and without tcansformes.2S. 216. DIA 28, 29, 220, TRANSFORMERS 149 An autouansformer is used to connect 12.6-KV disuutin line 0 13.8RV se tibution tine, must be capable of handing 2000 kVA. Thee are thre phases, con netod Y=Y wit heir neural solidly pounded. {) What must the Ne Ng tans ratio be to accomplish this connesion? {b) How such apparent power must the windings of cach astotranaformes handle? {c) What isthe power advantage ofthis autotransformer system? {d) I one of te anotransformers were ecornected as an ordinary transformer, what would its aings be? Prove the following statement I transformer having erie impedance Zi con nected as an autotransformer, its per-unit series impedance 248 an autotransformer willbe Ne Ng Wes [Note that this expression isthe reciprocal ofthe autotransformer power advantage. 10-KVA, $80/120-V conventional transformer isto be used to supply power from ‘4 600-V souree 0 a 120-V load. Consider the transformer t be ideal, and assume ‘hat all insulation can handle 600 V. {a) Sketch the transformer connection that will do the required jo. (6) Find the Kilovoltampere rating of the transformer inthe configuration (c) Find the maximum primary and secondary currents under these conditions ‘A 10-KVA, 480/120-V conventional transformer isto be used to supply power from 18 600-¥ soarce to @ 480-V load. Consider the transformer to be ideal, and assume that all nsulation can hance 600 V. (a) Sketch the transformer connection that will do the required job. () Find the kilovoltampere rating ofthe wansformer inthe configuration. () Kind the maximum primary and secondary currents under these conditions (d) The transformer in Problem 2-18 is identical to the transformer in Problem 2-17, but there isa significant difference in the apparent povcer capability of teansformer in tho two situations. Why? What does that say about the best cir- cumstances in which to use en autotransformer? ‘Two phases of a 144-KY, three-phase distribution line serve @ remote rural road ¢he neutral is also available). A farmer along the road has a 480 V feeder supplying 200 KW at 0.85 PF lagging of thee phase losds, plus 60 kW at 0.9 PF lagging of single-phase loads. The single-phase loads are distributed eveuly among the three ‘Phases, Assuming thatthe open-¥-open-A connection is used to supply power to his farm, find the vollages and curents in each of the two transformers. Also find the rel and reactive powers supplied by each transformer, Assure te transformers ar deal, ‘What isthe minimam required VA rating of each transformer? A SO-RVA, 20,000/480-Y, 60-Hz, single-phase distribution transformer is tested ‘ith the Following resolts ‘Open-citeit test Short-circuit test (eneasured from secondary side) (measured from150 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS (2) Find the per-unit equivalent circuit for this transformer at 0 Ha. (©) What isthe efficiency of the wansformer at rated conditions and unity power actor? What isthe voltage regulation at those conditions? (c) What woutd the rating of this transformer be if it were operated on a SO-HEz power systin? (4) Sketch the equivalent cireuit ofthis transformer refemed to the primary side fit is operating at 50 He. (2) What is the efficiency of the transformer st rated conditions on a 50-He. power system, with unity power factor? What is the voltage regulation at those conditions? How does the efficiency of a transformer at rated conditions and 60 Fiz compare ‘othe same physical device running at 50 Hz? 2-21, Prove thatthe three-phase system of voltages on the secondary of the Y-A trans former shown in Figure 2-37b lags the three-phase system of voltages on the peimary ofthe transformer by 30°, 2-22, Prove thatthe three-phase system of voltages on the secondary of the A-Y trans former shown in Figure 2-37e lags the three-phase system of voltages on the primary ofthe transformer by 30° 2-23, A single-phase, 10-KVA, 480/120-V transformer isto be used as an autotransformer tying @600-Y disuibution fine toa 480-V load, When it is tested es a conventional transformer, the following values are measured oa the primary (480-V) side ofthe ‘transformer: Open-ciceuit test Short-crout test (measured on secondary she) (measured on primary si) Me™ 120, Vee = 100 log LOA he ™ 106A, ; Poe =38W Fac = 250 (a) Find the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer when itis connected in the conventional manner. What Is the efficiency ofthe transformer at ated cond | tions and unity power factoc? What isthe voltage regulation at those conditions? (8) Sketch the transformer connections when itis uted as a 600/480-V step-down autotransformer. (©) Whats the kilovoltampere rating of this transformer when itis used in the ae {otransformer connection? (@) Answer the questions in a) forthe autotransformer connection | 2-24, Figure P2-4 shows a one-line diagram of a power system consisting of a three hase, 480-V, 60-He generator supplying two loads through a transmission line with 4 pair of transformers at either end. (NOTB: One-tine diagrams are deseribed in ‘Appendix A, the discussion of three-phase power circuits)TRANSFORMERS 151 ria SG 3g ay 3e soeratoe Ty T a0 Live asgig4q0v Z=15+s102 — r44oatsoy | A! a eco RV soa VA. R= 0010 90 R= 002090 Zot Yo =0.010 pu u085 pa OAS 3687". a ‘Yeconnected —”¥-connected FIGUREP?-4 ‘Acneline diagram ofthe power sytem of Problem 2-24, Note tha seme impsdaneevaloes are tive in the pout ystem, while thers ae given in ohms, (a) Sketch the per-phase equivalent circa of this power system, () With the switeh opened, fin the eal power P, reactive power Q, sd apparent pawer 5 supplied by the generator. What isthe power factor of the generator? {c) With the switeh close, find the eal power P, reactive power Q, end apparent ‘power 5 supplied by the generator. What is the power factor of the generator? (a) What ate the tansmission losses (transformer plu transmission line Tosses) in this system with the switch open? With the switch closed”? What i the effect of ‘adding Load 2 0 the system? REFERENCES. 1. Beeman, Donald: Inurl ower Systeme Hendboot, MoGras-Hil, New York, 1985 2. Det Tor, V: Elecric Machines and Power Systens, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, Nu, 1885, 3. Peinker, Ro Madera Power Transformer Practice, Wiley, New York, 1979. 4 Fagerald, A. EC. Kingsley, J, and, D, Umans: Blea Mechinerg Give, McOraw-1il, ‘Now York, 2003 5, McPherson, Gee: Ar Intioduction # Blectreal Machines and Tronsformers, Wiley, New York, r 6. MALT Staff Magnetic Cireits and Transformers, Wiley, New York, 143. 7. Slemon, G. Rand A, Staighen: Electric Machines, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1980. 1 Becrical Thansmisson and Distribution Reference Book, Westinghouse Elecie Corporation, ast Pitsburg, 1964