!

Department of Chemical Engineering!

University of the Philippines Diliman

Material Balances 1!

Outline!
The Balance Equation
Mass Balance Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Mass Balance Calculations Single Unit
Multiple Unit Balances

The Balance Equation!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

The Balance Equation!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Conservation Laws
Mass (except in nuclear reactions)
Moles are NOT conserved when there are reactions!
Volume is generally NOT conserved

Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics)

For any conserved property,

In Out + Generation = Accumulation
IN: sum of all flow rates into the system
OUT: sum of all flow rates going out of the system
GEN: formation or consumption within the system
ACC: net rate of change of the property in the system
(zero at steady-state)
4

The Balance Equation!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Dierential Balance
Terms are in rate form
Usually for continuous processes

Integral Balance
Describes two points in time
Terms are in amounts
Usually for batch processes

Basic Rules
For total mass, GEN = 0
For non-reacting species, GEN = 0
For steady-state, ACC = 0
5

The Balance Equation!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis

If there is no chemical reaction and the system

is in steady-state:

Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Mass Balance Analysis!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

1. Draw the flowchart of the problem.

2. Write the values and units of all known
variables, preferably at the location of the
stream.
3. Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream
variables.
4. Select a convenient basis if needed.
5. Determine the appropriate set of equations.
6. Solve algebraically then numerically.
7

Mass Balance Analysis!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

General Material Balance Equation!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Ex. Three students rent a room the night before

an exam and pay the desk clerk P6000. A new
clerk comes on duty and finds that the
discount rate for students should have been
P5500. The new clerk gives the bellhop P500
to return to the students, but the bellhop, not
having change and being slightly dishonest,
returns only P100 to each student and keeps
the remaining P200. Now each student paid
P2000 P100 = P1900, and 3 P1900 =
P5700 paid in total. The bellhop kept P200 for
a total of P5900. What happened to the other
P100?

Material Balance Calculations - Mixing!

The Balance
Equation

Recall: Algebra Problems

A manufacturer of soft drinks advertises its
orange soda as naturally flavored, although it
contains only 5% orange juice. A new federal
regulation stipulates that to be called natural, a
drink must contain at least 10% fruit juice. How
much pure orange juice must this manufacturer
add to 900 gal of orange soda to conform to the
new regulation?

Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Material Balance Calculations - Mixing!

The Balance
Equation

Recall: Algebra Problems

A pharmacist, needs 100 L of a 50% alcohol
solution. He has on hand a 30% alcohol solution
and an 80% alcohol solution, which he can mix.
How many liters of each will be required to make
the 100 L of a 50% alcohol solution?

Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Material Balance Calculations - Mixing!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Tie Component!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis

Enters in one input stream only

Exits in one output stream only
Is easily traced, and can be used in relating
other components
Ex. Find the mass M4

Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

13

Tie Component!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Ex. You buy 100 kg of cucumbers that contain 99%

water. A few days later they are found to be 98%
water. What is the remaining weight of the
cucumbers?
Ex. Drying: A batch dryer can handle 5000 kg feed
per hour. 5000 kg of a material containing 30%
moisture is to be dried. How much moisture
evaporates per hour if the dried material contains
5% moisture?
Ex. Evaporation: An evaporator has a capacity to
evaporate 30,000 kg of water per hour. We want to
concentrate a NaCl-water solution from 10% to
40%. If the evaporator is to operate at its rated
capacity, what must the feed rate be? How much
product is obtained per hour?
14

Degree of Freedom Analysis!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Concept: DF = #Unknowns - #Indep.Eqn

DF = 0 solvable
DF > 0 underspecified, need more
equations
DF < 0 overspecified, possible redundant or
inconsistent equations

Independent equation: Cannot be derived

algebraically from other equations
Use to check if enough given information is
available to solve the problem
Requires a complete flowchart
15

Degree of Freedom Analysis!

The Balance
Equation

Example

Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

16

Degree of Freedom Analysis!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit

Sources of Equations

Mass balance: total and component

Energy balance
Process specifications
Physical properties
Physical constraints
Stoichiometry

Multiple-Unit
Balances

17

General Steps!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis

Read

Tie Component

Draw

Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit

DFA

Basis

MB

Multiple-Unit
Balances

Check

Identify the streams and equipment involved

Define the system. Sketch a BFD or PFD with all streams
Identify known and unknown parameters and relations
Choose and clearly state a convenient basis
Write overall and component balances
Consider the given conditions and common sense

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

19

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit

Since the process is at steady-state condition

and no chemical reaction is involved, the
material balance equation becomes
Input = Output
This balance equation can be applied to:
The total mass entering and leaving the process
Mass of individual component entering and
leaving the process.

Multiple-Unit
Balances

20

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Total Mass (Overall Material Balance)

m1 = m2 + m3
Component A Balance
mA1 = mA2 + mA3
m1xA1 = m2xA2 + m3xA3
Component B Balance
mB1 = mB2 + mB3
m1xB1 = m2xB2 + m3xB3
21

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

For the given process, 3 material balance

equations can be written:
Total Balance:

m1 = m2 + m3

(E1)

A-Balance:

mA1 = mA2 + mA3

(E2)

B-Balance:

mB1 = mB2 + mB3

(E3)

Are these material balances independent
equations?

22

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

For the given process, 3 material balance

equations can be written:
Total Balance:

m1 = m2 + m3

(E1)

A-Balance:

mA1 = mA2 + mA3

(E2)

B-Balance:

mB1 = mB2 + mB3

(E3)

Are these material balances independent
equations?

23

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation

Example. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Mass Balance
Analysis

Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in

separate tanks.

Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit

The first mixture contains 40.0 wt% methanol and

the second contains 70.0 wt% methanol.
If 200 kg of the first mixture is combined with 150
kg of the second, what are the mass and
composition of the product?

Multiple-Unit
Balances

24

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis

Step 1. Draw a flowchart to visually organize the

data.

Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis

0.40
0.60

Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

25

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis

Step 2. Determine the degrees of freedom (DF)

Number of unknowns (U): 3 unknowns
m3, xM3, xW3

Number of independent equations (V):

Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

DF = U V = 3 3 = 0, the problem is solvable

26

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation

Step 3. Write down the equations

Mass Balance
Analysis

Material Balances (Steady-State, Non-Reactive

Process):

Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Total Balance:

m1 + m2 = m3

Methanol-Balance: m1xM1 + m2xM2 = m3xM3

Water-Balance:

m1xW1 + m2xW2 = m3xW3

choose only 2 equations since one of them is no

longer independent
Physical Constraint (applied to mixture 3):
xM3 + xW3 = 1.00

27

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit

Step 4. Solve the unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3)

Always start with the equation with the least
number of unknowns if possible and minimize
solving equations simultaneously.

Multiple-Unit
Balances

28

Mass Balance Calculations!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Step 4. Solve the unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3)

Total balance:
m3 = (200 kg) + (150 kg) = 350 kg
CH3OH balance:
(200 kg)(0.40) + (150 kg)(0.70) = (350 kg)xM3
xM3 = 0.529
Physical constraint:
xW3 = 1.00 xM3 = 1 0.529
xW3 = 0.471
29

Homework!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Three hundred gallons of a mixture containing

75.0 wt% ethanol and 25% water (mixture
specific gravity = 0.877) and a quantity of a 40.0
wt% ethanol-60% water mixture (SG=0.952) are
blended to produce a mixture containing 60.0 wt
% ethanol.
Determine the required volume of the 40%
mixture.
Ans.: 207 gal


30

Questions?

31

Steady-State Material Balance!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Input = Output
In a mass balance set-up involving N components:
N+1 relationships are available (one overall mass
balance and N component balances)
Maximum number of independent equations is equal
to N
Physical constraints (mass fractions)
Process specifications
32

Steady-State Material Balance!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Total Mass (Overall Material Balance)

M1 + M2 + M3 = M4 + M5
Component A Balance
M1xA1 + M2xA2 = M4xA4 + M5xA5
Component B Balance
M1xB1 + M2xB2 + M3xB3 = M4xB4 + M5xB5
Component C Balance
M2xC2 + M3xC3 = M4xC4 + M5xC5
Component D Balance
M3xD3 = M4xD4

33

Steady-State Material Balance!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Sum of the mass fractions of the components

of each stream is one.
xA1 + xB1 = 1
xA2 + xB2 + xC2 = 1
xB3 + xC3 + xD3 = 1
xA4 + xB4 + xC4 + xD4 = 1
xA5 + xB5 + xC5 = 1

34

Steady-State Material Balance!

The Balance
Equation

Methods of Solution:
Arithmetic method

Mass Balance
Analysis

Stream-to-stream analysis
Tie component

Algebraic solution

Tie Component

Assign symbols to unknowns

Degree of Freedom
Analysis

Combination of arithmetic and algebraic

methods
Graphical technique
Computer solutions using programs or
packaged softwares

Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

35

Single-Unit Balance: Drying!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

qRemoval of water or another liquid from a solid

by vaporization
Ex. Drying:
A batch dryer can handle 5000 kg feed per hour.
5000 kg of a material containing 30% moisture is
to be dried. How much moisture evaporates per
hour if the dried material contains 5% moisture?

36

Single-Unit Balance: Evaporation!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Unit operation where part of the solvent in a

solution is vaporized to concentrate the
solution
Ex. Evaporation:
An evaporator has a capacity to evaporate 30,000
kg of water per hour. We want to concentrate a
NaCl-water solution from 10% to 40%. If the
evaporator is to operate at its rated capacity,
what must the feed rate be? How much product
is obtained per hour?

37

Single-Unit Balance: Distillation!

Mass transfer due to dierence in volatility

The Balance
Equation

Vapor is richer in the more volatile component as it

ascends from plate to plate
Product withdrawn from the top = distillate
Bottom plate = bottoms
Side products can be withdrawn from any other plate

Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component

Ex. Distillation:

Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit

We desire to produce two ethyl alcohol-water mixtures

each containing 90% and 50% alcohol by mole from a
dilute mixture containing 20% mole alcohol by distillation.
98% of the ethyl alcohol in the feed is to be recovered in
these two products, that is, only 2% of the ethyl alcohol in
the feed may go into the bottoms. If the bottoms contains
0.6% alcohol, calculate the amount of the dierent streams
per 1000 kmol of feed stream.

Multiple-Unit
Balances

38

Single-Unit Balance: Crystallization!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Unit operation in which a solution is brought to a

concentration where it cannot hold all the soluble
component (solute) in solution
Attained by cooling a hot solution and/or by
evaporating some of the solvent
Solute precipitates out as crystals

Ex. Crystallization:
One thousand kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in
water is at a temperature of 100C. This is sent to a
crystallizer where it is cooled to 30C. At this
temperature, the solubility of NaNO3 is 96 parts per
100 parts of water (the solubility of NaNO3 is
maximum amount of NaNO3 that can stay in solution;
the rests crystallizes out). Calculate the amount of
crystals that precipitates out if
a.
b.

No water evaporates during cooling

5% of the original water evaporates during cooling
39

Single-Unit Balance: Solid-Liquid Extraction!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Valuable component (solute) in a solid can be

separated by soaking the solid in a solvent
where the solute is soluble and allowing the
solute to diuse out
Ex. Solid-Liquid Extraction:
A copra batch contains 44% oil and is to be
extracted with n-hexane. The extracted meal
contains 0.07 kg oil/kg oil-free matter, and the
mass fraction of n-hexane is 0.05. The extract
contains 49% n-hexane. If 10,000 kg of copra are
to be processed, how many kilograms of nhexane is required?
40

Single-Unit Balance: Practice!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis

Ex. An aqueous solution of NaOH contains

20% NaOH by mass. It is desired to produce
and 8% NaOH solution by diluting a stream of
the 20% solution with a stream of pure water.
Calculate the ratios [L H2O/kg feed] and [kg
product/kg feed].

Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

42

Single-Unit Balance: Practice!

The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Ex. A liquid mixture containing 45% benzene

(B) and 55% toluene (T) is fed to a distillation
column. The overhead product contains 95%
B, and the bottom product stream contains
8% of the benzene fed to the column. The
volumetric flow rate of the feed stream is
2000L/h and the specific gravity of the
mixture is 0.872. Determine the mass flow
rate of overhead product and the mass flow
rate and mass fractions of the bottom
product.

43

Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component

Overall
balance
Mixing
point

Unit
balance
Splitting
point

Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

44

Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation

Ex. How will we solve for the flow rates and

compositions of (1), (2) and (3)?

Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

45

Multiple-Unit Balances: Multiple-effect

Evaporation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Evaporator unit eect

electricity or steam
Steam side:
Heat exchangers: steam enters tubes/coils,
transfers heat to the solution, condenses, and
exits as liquid water

Mass of steam in = mass of condensed water out

Solution side:
Liquid solution boils
Water converted to vapor can be used as source
of heat for another evaporator (multiple-eect)

Mass feed = mass product + mass water

evaporated

46

Multiple-Unit Balances: Multiple-effect

Evaporation!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component

Ex. A triple-eect evaporator concentrates a

10% caustic soda to 50% NaOH. Assuming
equal amounts of evaporation in each eect,
calculate the concentration of the solution
leaving each eect.

Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

47

Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Ex. NaCl crystals are to be produced from 1,000 kg of a

solution containing 10% NaCl, 1% KOH, and 89% H2O.
The solution is first sent to an evaporator where 790 kg of
the water from the solution is removed. The hot
concentrated solution is then sent to a crystallizer where
the solution is cooled to 20C and NaCl crystals precipitate.
Each kg of crystals carries with it 0.1 kg of adhering mother
liquor. The wet crystals are then treated in a drier where
95% of the water is removed. Calculate:
a.

the composition of the concentrated solution from the

evaporator.
the composition of the final crystal product.
the percentage recovery of NaCl from the original solution.

b.
c.

Data: At 20C, the solubility of NaCl in H2O is 36 g/100g H2O.
KOH is non-volatile and very soluble in H2O. Assume that no
water evaporates in cooling the solution. Assume that the
presence of KOH does not aect the solubility of NaCl in H2O.

48

Multiple-Unit Balances!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Ex. Acetone is used in the manufacture of many

chemicals and also as a solvent. In its latter role, many
restrictions are placed on the release of acetone vapor
to the environment. An acetone recovery system is
illustrated below. All of the concentrations shown of both
the gases and liquids are specified in weight percent in
this special case to make the calculations simpler.
Calculate A, F, W, B, and D in kilograms per hour.
Assume that G = 1400 kg/hr.
Answers:
A = 1336.7
F = 221.05
W = 157.7
D = 34.91
B = 186.1

49

Summary!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component
Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

By now you should have learned

The Balance Concept
How to analyze and solve material balance
equations
How to analyze solutions using Degree of
Freedom Analysis
How to solve Single Unit Material Balances
How to solve Multiple-Unit Balances

Groups - WFW!
The Balance
Equation
Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component

Cosmetics

Paints and
Dyes

Glass

Drugs and
Pharma

Food and
Beverage

Beer

Lumactod

Almeda

Banag

Betancor

Ng

Abis

Castro

Dizon

Gutierrez

Caramat

Yu

Cua

Reyes

Moya

Ureta

Hadi

Sy, JL

Dy

Rubber

Pulp and
Paper

Soaps

Cement

Plastics

Baladiang

Mirasol

Pabua

Co

Alunan

Petallo

Sy, S

Roco

Dizon

Tan

Victor

Joves

Suarez

Lim

Garcia

Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Groups - WFX!
The Balance
Equation

Cosmetics

Mass Balance
Analysis
Tie Component

Paints and
Dyes

Glass

Drugs and
Pharma

Food and
Beverage

Beer

Jeresano

Trinidad

Maranon

Santiago

Castillo

Crisostomo

Conol

Piedad

Canicosa

Carrido

Perez, G

Barcelona

Vergara

Paet

Catulong
Sobremonte

Degree of Freedom
Analysis
Mass Balance
Calculations
Single Unit
Multiple-Unit
Balances

Rubber

Pulp and
Paper

Soaps

Cement

Plastics

Go

Dignos

Perez, E

Cudiamat

Baliton

Reyes

Saban

Quilantang

Dallarte

Caballero

Ng

Tan

Solis

Li

Rivera

Questions?

55