Bachelor of Science 2014

Bachelor of
Science
Academic Session 2014/2015
USM Vision
Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow
USM Mission
USM is a pioneering, transdisciplinary research intensive university
that empowers future talent and enables the bottom billions
to transform their socio-economic well-being
STUDENT'S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Full Name
Identity Card (IC)/Passport No.
Current Address
Permanent Address
E-mail Address
Telephone No. (Residence)
Mobile Phone No.

(if applicable)
School
Programme of Study
ii
CONTENTS
SECTION A
ACADEMIC INFORMATION
VISION AND MISSION
STUDENTS PERSONAL INFORMATION
CONTENTS
ACADEMIC CALENDAR
i
ii
iii
iv
1.0
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
1.1 General Information
1.2 Programme Structure
1.3 Courses Offering
* Core Courses
* Minor Courses
* Elective Courses
* Optional Courses
* Audit Courses
1.4 Course Codes
1.5 Classification of year equivalent
1.6 Graduation Requirements
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2.0
ACADEMIC SYSTEM AND GENERAL INFORMATION

2.1 Course Registration
2.2 Interpretation of Unit/Credit/Course
2.3 Examination System
2.4 Unit Exemption
2.5 Credit Transfer
2.6 Academic Intergrity
2.7 USM Mentor Programme
2.8 Student Exchange Programme
2.9 Ownership of Students Theses and Universitys Intellectual Property
4
4
11
12
17
19
21
24
25
26
3.0
UNIVERSITY REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Summary of University Requirements
3.2 Bahasa Malaysia
3.3 English Language
3.4 Local Students - Islamic and Asian Civilisation/Ethnic Relations/
Core Entrepreneurship
3.5 International Students - Malaysian Studies/Option
3.6 Co-Curriculum/Skill Courses/Foreign Language Courses/Options
27
27
28
29
31
32
33
SECTION B
DEGREE PROGRAMME INFORMATION
*
*
*
*
*
School of Mathematical Sciences

School of Physics
School of Biological Sciences
School of Chemical Sciences
Students Feedback
iii
37
79
115
181
219
ACADEMIC CALENDAR 2014/2015

FOR ALL SCHOOLS
(EXCEPT THE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & DENTAL SCIENCES)
*Registration for New Student/Orentation Week 1-7 September 2014
SEM
WEEK
ACTIVITY
DATE
1
2
3
4
5
6
Teaching & Learning

(T&L - 6 weeks)
MID-SEMESTER BREAK
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Teaching & Learning

(T&L - 8 weeks)
16
REMARKS
Monday, 08.09.2014 - Friday, 12.09.2014

Monday, 15.09.2014 - Friday, 19.09.2014
Monday, 22.09.2014 - Friday, 26.09.2014
Monday, 29.09.2014 - Friday, 03.10.2014
Monday, 06.10.2014 - Friday, 10.10.2014
Monday, 13.10.2014 - Friday, 17.10.2014
Saturday, 18.10.2014 - Sunday, 26.10.2014
Monday, 27.10.2014 - Friday,
16.09.2013 Malaysia Day

05.10.2014, Sunday - Aidiladha
06.10.2014 (Kelantan Only)
23.10.2014, Tuesday- Deepavali
25.10.2014, Saturday-Maal Hijrah 1435
31.10.2014
07.11.2014
14.11.2014
21.11.2014
28.11.2014
05.12.2014
12.12.2014
19.12.2014
REVISION WEEK
Saturday, 20.12.2014 - Sunday, 28.12.2014
25.12.2014, Thursday - Christmas
17
18
19
EXAMINATIONS
(3 weeks)
Monday, 29.12.2014 - Friday, 02.01.2015

Monday, 05.01.2015 - Friday, 09.01.2015
Monday, 12.01.2015 - Friday, 16.01.2015
01.01.2015, Thursday - New Year

03.01.2015, Saturday - Maulidur Rasul
20
21
22
23
24
INTER-SEMESTER BREAK
(5 weeks)
Monday, 19.01.2015 - Sunday, 25.01.2015

Monday, 26.01.2015 - Sunday, 01.02.2015
Monday, 02.02.2015 - Sunday, 08.02.2015
Monday, 09.02.2015 - Sunday, 15.02.2015
Monday, 16.02.2015 - Sunday, 22.02.2015
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Teaching & Learning

(T&L -14 weeks)
49
50
51
52
27.02.2015
06.03.2015
13.03.2015
20.03.2015
27.03.2015
03.04.2015
10.04.2015
17.04.2015
24.04.2015
01.05.2015
08.05.2015
15.05.2015
22.05.2015
29.05.2015
REVISION WEEK
Saturday, 30.05.2015 - Sunday, 07.06.2015
EXAMINATIONS
(3 weeks)
Monday, 08.06.2015 - Friday, 12.06.2015

Monday, 15.06.2015 - Friday, 19.06.2015
Monday, 22.06.2015 - Friday, 26.06.2015
43
44
45
46
47
48

Monday, 29.06.2015 - Sunday, 05.07.2015

Monday, 06.07.2015 - Sunday, 12.07.2015
Monday, 13.07.2015 - Sunday, 19.07.2015
Long
Vacation/Industrial
Training/KSCP
(10 weeks)
*T&L
Monday, 20.07.2015 - Friday, 24.07.2015

Monday, 27.07.2015 - Friday, 31.07.2015
*Examinations
Monday, 03.08.2015 - Friday, 07.08.2015

Monday, 10.08.2015 - Sunday, 16.08.2015
Monday, 17.08.2015 - Sunday, 23.08.2015
Monday, 24.08.2015 - Sunday, 30.08.2015
Monday, 31.08.2015 - Sunday, 06.09.2015
iv
19.02.2015,Thursday-Chinese New Year

20.02.2015, Friday - Chinese New Year
01.05.2015, Friday - Labour Day

03.05.2015, Sunday - Wesak Day
06.06.2015, Saturday - His Royal

Highness
18.07.2015, Saturday - Hari Raya

Aidilfitri
19.07.2015, Saturday - Hari Raya
Aidilfitri
1.0 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

1.1 General Information
The Bachelor of Science programme with Honours is offered by the Pure Sciences
Schools (Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics) to increase the intake of Pure
Science students as well as to instill the aspects of Pure Science in the offered courses.
In line with the governments aspiration and emphasis to expand heavy industries and the
transfer of technology, a strong training in all fields of applied science and industrial
technology is needed. Due to increasing demand, a Bachelor of Pure Science programme
is offered by the Pure Sciences Schools to produce graduates who are capable of carrying
out research and development works in industries. All efforts are carried out to fulfil and
to provide manpower needs at the degree level in all fields of applied science and
industrial technology.
1.2 Programme Structure
Students from the School of Physics, Biological Sciences, Chemical Sciences, and
Mathematical Sciences can choose a Major-Minor or a Major-Elective specialization
programs. Both specialization programs require a specific minimum credit units for
graduation, to be accumulated in the duration of 8-14 semesters. Courses are divided into
several parts as follows:
Type of Course
Basic
Core
Minor
Elective
University
Code Type
T
M
E
U
1.3 Courses Offering

Students are required to register undergraduate courses in two semesters i.e. Semester I
and Semester II. The courses will be offered and evaluated in the same semester. The
courses offered are classified into four levels i.e. Levels 100, 200, 300, and 400 which
suited the four years degree programs.
The undergraduate courses offered according to the course structures of each program are
as follows:
Basic Courses, Core Courses, Elective Courses, Minor Courses, Laboratory
Courses, University Courses and Option Courses.
Core Courses
Core course is a compulsory course package which aims at giving a deeper understanding
of an area of specialization /major. Students need to accumulate certain units of the core
courses which have been identified by each school.
1
Minor Courses
Students are allowed to take a Minor in any of the area of Minors offered by the
University. Examples of Minor packages include Management, Computer Sciences,
English Language and Journalism. Please refer to the Minor Program Guide Book for a
complete list and further details.
Elective Courses
Students need to accumulate certain units of the Elective courses which have been
identified by each school. Students who do not choose a Minor area are also required to
take Elective courses. In this case, students need to accumulate units from other courses
which are acknowledged by the School.
Optional Courses
Optional Courses are courses chosen by students from among those that are outside their
program of study. For Science students, an Optional course is a course that is outside
those that are offered by the Pure Science Schools.
The main objective of an Optional Course is as a substitute course for students who do
not take Cocurriculum courses, and Skill/Analysis courses.
Audit Courses
In principle, the university allows students to register for any courses on an audit basis for
the purpose of enhancing the students knowledge in specific fields during the duration of
their study. However, the units of any such audit courses will not be taken into
consideration for graduation purposes.
The registration procedures for courses on an audit basis are as follows:[a]
Students can register for courses on an audit basis for the purpose of augmenting
his/her knowledge in specific fields. Registration for the said course must be
done within the course registration week.
[b]
Only students of active status are allowed to register for courses on an audit basis.
[c]
Courses registered for on an audit basis are designated as code Y courses. This
designation will be indicated on the relevant academic transcript. A space at the
bottom of the academic transcript will be reserved for listing the courses registered
for on an audit basis.
[d]
Courses registered for on an audit basis will not be taken into consideration in
determining the minimum and maximum units of courses registered for.
[e]
Students must fulfil all course requirements. Students who register for courses on
an audit basis, are not obligated to sit for any examinations pertaining to that
course. A grade R will be awarded irrespective as to whether the student had or
had not sat for the examination.
1.4 Course Codes

Every course offered in USM is given a code in the form XYZ klm/n where
X
represent each school of sciences as follows:
B
K
M
Z
Y&Z
k
l&m
n

School of Mathematics
School of Physics
represent classification of courses in each school

digit that signify the course level
digits according to the course series in that level
number of units for the course
1.5 Classification of year equivalent

Students [according to their respective Programme of study] are classified by the year
equivalent to first, second, third, or fourth year based on the number of credits
accumulated, as follows: Year Equivalent
Total Credits Accumulated
First
0 - 30
Second
31 - 61
Third
62 - 92
Fourth
>92
A provisional result (pass/fail) through the Tele-academic line: (600-83-7899) would be

released and announced after the School Examination Council meeting and presumably
one month after examination.
1.6 Graduation Requirements
Students must fulfil the following requirements to graduate:
[a]
Fulfil the minimum required residential requirements during the course of
studies.
[b]
Fulfil all the credit requirements of the course and required units for each
component [Core, Elective/Minor, Option and University Courses].
[c]
Obtain a CGPA of 2.00 and above for Core Components.
[d]
Obtain a CGPA of 2.00 and above for the programme.
[e]
Achieve a minimum grade C or a grade point of 2.00 for Bahasa Malaysia,
English Language, Islamic and Asian Civilizations and Ethnic Relations course.
[f]
Achieve a minimum grade C or a grade point of 2.00 for certain courses [if
required].
3
2.0 ACADEMIC SYSTEM AND GENERAL INFORMATION

2.1
Course Registration
Registration of courses is an important activity during the period of study at the

university. It is the first step for the students to sit for the examination at the end of
each semester. Signing up for the right courses each semester will help to facilitate
the graduation of each student from the first semester till the final semester.
2.1.1
Course Registration Secretariat for the Bachelor Degree and

Universitys Diploma Students
Student Data & Records Section (SDRP)
Academic Management Division
Registry
(Level 1, Chancellory Building)
Tel. No.
Fax No.
Website
:
:
:
04-6532925/3169/4194
04-6574641
http://registry.usm.my/updr
The SDRP office is the Secretariat/Manager/Coordinator of course

registration for the Bachelor Degree and Diploma Programme of the
University.
Further inquiries regarding course registration activities for the first degree
and diploma can be made at any time at the office of the Student Data &
Records Section.
2.1.2
Course Registration Platform

(i) E-Daftar (E-Registration)
E-Daftar is a platform for on-line course registration. The registration is
done
directly
through
the
Campus
Online
portal
(https://campusonline.usm.my). Only students whose academic status is
active are allowed to register for courses in the E-Daftar.
Registration under E-Daftar for Semester 1 usually starts 1-2 days after the
release of 'Official' examination results of Semester 2 of the previous
academic year. The system closes a day before Semester 1 begins (usually in
September). E-Daftar registration for Semester 2 usually starts 1-2 days after
the Semester 1 Provisional examination results are released until a day
before Semester 2 begins (normally in February). The actual timing of
registration under E-Daftar will be announced by the Student Data &
Records Section usually during the Revision Week of every semester and
will be displayed on the Schools/Centres/Hostels bulletin board and in the
USMs official website.
4
Under E-Daftar, students can register for any courses offered by USM,
except co-curriculum courses. Registration of co-curriculum courses is still
placed under the administration of the Director of the Centre for
Co-Curriculum Programme at the Main Campus or the Coordinator of the
Co-Curriculum Programme at the Engineering Campus and the Coordinator
of the Co-Curriculum Programme at the Health Campus.
Co-Curriculum courses will be included in the students course registration
account prior to the E-Daftar activity, if their pre-registration application is
successful.
(ii) Access to E-Daftar System
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
E-Daftar System can be accessed through the Campus Online

portal (https://campusonline.usm.my).
Students need to register in this portal to be a member. Each
member will be given an ID and password.
Students need to use the ID and password to access their profile
page, which includes the E-Daftar menu.
Students need to click at the E-Daftar menu to access and register
for the relevant courses.
Students are advised to print the course registration confirmation
slip upon completion of the registration process or after updating
the course registration list (add/drop) within the E-Daftar period.
The E-Daftar system can only be accessed for a certain period of
time.
Guidelines to register/gain access to the E-Daftar portal are
available at the Campus Online portals main page.
(iii) Online Course Registration (OCR) in Schools/Centres

OCR activities are conducted in the Schools/Centres and are applicable to
students who are academically active and under Probation (P1/P2) status.
Students who face difficulties registering their courses during the E-Daftar
period can register their courses during the official period of OCR
alternatively. Each school is responsible for scheduling this activity.
Students must refer to the schedule at the notice board of their respective
Schools.
The official period for OCR normally starts on the first day of the semester
(without the penalty charge of RM50.00). After this official date, the
registration will be considered late. (The penalty of RM50.00 will be
imposed if no reasonable excuse is given.) During the non-penalty period,
OCR will be conducted at each School. After Week Six, all registration,
including adding and dropping of courses will be administered by the
Examination & Graduation Section Office (Academic Management
Division, Registry).
5
2.1.3
The Frequency of Course Registration in One Academic Session

(i) Normal Study Semester
- 2 times per year (beginning of Semester 1 & Semester 2)
(ii) Long semester break (about one month after the final examination of
Semester 2)
- Once per year
- Applicable for relevant students only.
2.1.4
General Guidelines Before Students Register for Courses

(i)
(ii)
Matters /Information /Documents required to be noted/considered/

referred to by students before course registration:-
Refer to the respective Schools website to get updated

information for courses offered or course registration.
Decide courses to be registered according to the semester as

stipulated in the Study Programme Guide Book.
List courses to be registered and number of units (unit value) for

each course.
Provide Cumulative Statement of Grades (Cangred).
Construct Teaching and Learning Timetable for the registered

courses (to avoid overlapping in timetable).
Read and comprehend the reminders regarding policies/general

requirements for the course registration.
The number of maximum and minimum units that can be registered in

every semester is stated below:
Academic Status
Minimum Unit
Maximum Unit
Active
21
P1
12
P2
10
Determination of academic status in a semester is based on the

students academic performance in the previous semester (Grade
Point Average, GPA):* GPA 2.00 & above
* GPA 1.99 & below
= Active Academic Status

= Probation Academic Status (P1/P2)
Students who meet the minimum period of residency (6 semesters

for a 3 year programme, 7 semesters for a 3.5 year programme or 8
semesters for a 4 year programme) are allowed to register courses
with total units below 9. The semester in which the student is on
leave is not considered for the residency period.
(iii) Type of course codes during registration:T

E
M
U
=
=
=
=
Core courses
Elective courses
Minor courses
University courses
Grade and number of units

obtained from these courses
are considered for graduation
Two (2) other course codes are:Y = audit courses

Z = prerequisite courses
Grade and number of units obtained from these courses are not
considered for graduation.
(iv) Advice and approval of the Academic Advisor.
- Approval from the Academic Advisor is required for students
under Probation status before they are allowed to register during
the OCR period. Probation students cannot access E-Daftar for
registration.
- Approval from the Academic Advisor is not required for the
students under Active Status to register courses through E-Daftar.
(v)
2.1.5
Students are not allowed to register and to repeat any course for which
they have achieved a grade 'C' and above.
Information/Document Given To All Students Through Campus Online

Portal (https://campusonline.usm.my)
(i)
The information of Academic Advisor.
(ii)
Academic information such as academic status, GPA value, CGPA

value and year of study.
(iii) Cangred and Course Registration Form.

(iv) List of courses offered by all Schools/Centres.
(v)
Teaching and Learning Timetable for all Schools/Centres/Units from

the three campuses.
(vi) List of pre-registered courses which have been added into the
students course registration record (if any).
(vii) Reminders about the University course registration policies/general
requisites.
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2.1.6
Registration of Language and Co-Curriculum Courses

(a) Registration of Language courses through E-Daftar is allowed.
However, if any problem arises, registration for language courses
can still be carried out/updated during the official period of OCR at
the office of the School of Languages, Literacies & Translation.
All approval/registration/dropping/adding of language courses is
under the responsibility and administration of the School of
Languages, Literacies & Translation.
Any problems related to the registration of language courses can be
referred to the School of Languages, Literacies & Translation. The
contact details are as follows:General Office
Malay Language Programme Chairperson
English Language Programme Chairperson
Foreign Language Programme Chairperson
: 04-6535242/
5243/5248
: 04-6533974
: 04-6533406
: 04-6533396
for Main
Campus
students
Engineering Campus Programme Chairperson: 04-5995407

: 04-5996385
Health Campus Programme Chairperson
: 09-7671252
(b) Registration for co-curriculum courses through E-Daftar is not

allowed.
Registration for co-curriculum courses is either done through preregistration before the semester begins or during the first/second
week of the semester. Co-curriculum courses will be included in the
students course registration account prior to the E-Daftar activity,
if their pre-registration application is successful.
All approval/registration/dropping/adding of the co-curriculum
courses is under the responsibility and administration of :Director of the Centre for Co-Curriculum Programme,
Main Campus (04-6535242/5243/5248)
Coordinator of the Co-Curriculum Programme,
Engineering Campus (04-5995097/6385)
Coordinator of the Co-Curriculum Programme,
Health Campus (09-7677547)
(c) Dropping of Language and Co-Curriculum courses, if necessary,
must be made within the first week. After the first week, a fine of
RM50.00 will be imposed.
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2.1.7
Registration of Audit Courses (Y code)

Registration for the Audit course (Y code) is not allowed in the EDaftar. It can only be done during the official period of OCR in the School
or Centre involved. Students who are interested must complete the course
registration form which can be printed from the Campus Online Portal or
obtained directly from the School. Approval from the lecturers of the
courses to be audited and the Dean/Deputy Dean (Academic) (signed and
stamped) in the course registration form is required.
Registration of Audit courses (Y code) is not included in the calculation of
the total registered workload units. Grades obtained from Audit course are
not considered in the calculation of CGPA and total units for graduation.
2.1.8
Registration of Prerequisite Courses (Z code)

Registration of the Prerequisite courses (Z code) is included in the total
registered workload (units). Grades obtained from the Prerequisite courses
are not considered in the calculation of CGPA and units for graduation.
2.1.9
Late Course Registration/Late Course Addition

Late course registration or addition is not allowed after the official period of
the OCR ends unless with valid reasons. General information on this matter
is as follows:
(i) Late course registration and addition are only allowed in the first
to the third week with the approval of the Dean. Students will be fined
RM50.00 if the reasons given are not acceptable.
(ii) Application to add a course after the third week will not be
considered, except for special cases approved by the University.
2.1.10
Dropping of Courses
Dropping of courses is allowed until the end of the sixth week.
For this purpose, students must meet the requirements set by the University
as follows:(i) Dropping Course Form must be completed by the student and signed by
the lecturer of the course involved and the Dean/Deputy Dean of their
respective Schools and submitted to the general office of the
School/Centre which is responsible for offering the courses involved.
(ii) Students who wish to drop a language course must obtain the signature
and stamp of the Dean of the School of Languages, Literacies and
Translation, as well as the signature and stamp of the Dean of their
respective schools.
9
(iii) Students who wish to drop the Co-Curriculum courses must obtain the
approval of the Centre for Co-Curriculum Programme and the signature
and stamp of the Dean of their respective schools.
(iv) The option for dropping courses cannot be misused. Lecturers have the
right not to certify the course that the student wishes to drop if the
student is not serious, such as poor attendance record at lectures,
tutorials and practical, as well as poor performance in course work. The
student will be barred from sitting for the examination and will be given
grade 'X' and is not allowed to repeat the course during the Courses
during the Long Vacation (KSCP) period.
2.1.11
Course Registration Confirmation Slip

The course registration confirmation slip that has been printed / obtained
after registering the course should be checked carefully to ensure there are
no errors, especially the code type of the registered courses. Any data errors
for course registration must be corrected immediately whether during the
period of E-Daftar (for students with active status only) or during the period
of OCR at the Schools.
2.1.12
Revising and Updating Data/Information/Students Personal and

Academic Records
Personal and academic information for each student can be checked through
the Campus Online portal (https://campusonline.usm.my).
Students are advised to always check all the information displayed on this
website.
-
The office of the Student Data & Records Section must be notified of
any application / notification for correction/updating of personal data
such as the spelling of names (names must be spelled as shown on the
Identification Card), Identification Card number and address
(permanent address and correspondence address).
The office of the Student Data & Records Section must be notified of
any application/notification for correction of academic data such as
information on Major, Minor, MUET result and the course code.
The office of the Examination and Graduation Section must be notified

of any application/notification for correction of the examination/results
data.
10
2.1.13
Academic Advisor
Each School will appoint an Academic Advisor for each student. Academic
Advisors comprise academic staff (lecturers). Normally, confirmation from
Academic Advisors will be made known to every student during the first
semester in the first year of their studies.
Academic Advisors will advice the students under their responsibility on
academic-related matters. Among the important advice for the student is
the registration planning for certain courses in each semester during
the study period. Before registering the course, students are advised to
consult and discuss with their Academic Advisor to determine the courses to
be registered in a semester.
Final year students are advised to consult their respective academic
advisors before registering via E-Daftar to ensure they fulfil the
graduation requirements.
Students under Probation status (P1/P2) should obtain approval from the
Academic Advisor before they register for courses in a semester through
OCR at the School and they are not allowed to register through E-Daftar.
2.2
Interpretation of Unit/Credit/Course
2.2.1
Unit
Each course is given a value, which is called a UNIT. The unit is

determined by the scope of its syllabus and the workload for the students.
In general, a unit is defined as follows:Type of Course
Definition of Unit
Theory
1 unit is equivalent to 1 contact hour per

week for 13 14 weeks in one semester.
Practical/Laboratory/
Language Proficiency
1 unit is equivalent to 1.5 contact hours per

week for 13 14 hours in one semester
Industrial Training/
Teaching Practice
1 unit is equivalent to 2 weeks of training.
Based on the requirements of Malaysian Qualifications Framework

(MQF):
One unit is equivalent to 40 hours of student learning time
[1 unit = 40 hours of Student Learning Time (SLT)]
11
2.2.2
Accumulated Credit Unit
Units registered and passed are known as credits. To graduate, students

must accumulate the total number of credits stipulated for the programme
concerned.
2.3
Examination System
Examinations are held at the end of every semester. Students have to sit for
the examination of the courses they have registered for. Students are
required to settle all due fees and fulfil the standing requirements for
lectures/tutorials/practical and other requirements before being allowed to
sit for the examination of courses they have registered for. Course
evaluation will be based on the two components of coursework and final
examinations. Coursework evaluation includes tests, essays, projects,
assignments and participation in tutorials.
2.3.1
Duration of Examination
Evaluated Courses
Examination Duration
2 units
1 hour for coursework of more than 40%
2 units
2 hours for coursework of 40% and below
3 units or more
2 hours for coursework of more than 40%
3 units or more
3 hours for coursework of 40% and below
2.3.2
Barring from Examination
Students will be barred from sitting for the final examination if they do not
satisfy the course requirements, such as absence from lectures and tutorials
of at least 70%, and have not completed/fulfilled the required components
of coursework. Students will also be barred from sitting for the final
examination if they have not settled the academic fees. A grade 'X' would be
awarded for a course for which a student is barred. Students will not be
allowed to repeat the course during the Courses during the Long Vacation
(KSCP) period.
2.3.3
Grade Point Average System
Students academic achievement for registered courses will be graded as

follows:Alphabetic
Grade
Grade
Points
A-
B+
B-
C+
C-
D+
D-
4.00
3.67
3.33
3.00
2.67
2.33
2.00
1.67
1.33
1.00
0.67
12
Students awarded with grade 'C-' and below for a particular course
would be given a chance to improve their grades by repeating the course
during the KSCP (see below) or normal semester. Students awarded with
grade 'C' and above for a particular course will not be allowed to repeat the
course whether during KSCP or normal semester.
The achievement of students in any semester is based on Grade Point
Average (GPA) achieved from all the registered courses in a particular
semester. GPA is the indicator to determine the academic performance of
students in any semester.
CGPA is the Cumulative Grade Point Average accumulated by a student
from one semester to another during the years of study.
The formula to compute GPA and CGPA is as follows:n
Grade Point Average =
Ui M i
i=1
__________
n
Ui
i=1
where
n
Ui
Mi
=
=
=
Number of courses taken

Course units for course i
Grade point for course i
13
Example of calculation for GPA and CGPA:-
Semester I
Course
Unit
Grade Point (GP)
Grade (G )
Total GP
ABC XX1
3.00
12.00
ABC XX2
2.33
C+
9.32
BCD XX3
1.67
C-
5.01
CDE XX4
2.00
8.00
EFG XX5
1.33
D+
3.99
EFG XX6
2.67
B-
5.34
20
43.66
GPA = 43.66 = 2.18

20
Semester II
Course
Unit
Grade Point (GP)
Grade (G )
Total GP
ABC XX7
1.00
3.00
ABB XX8
2.33
C+
9.32
BBC XX9
2.00
8.00
BCB X10
2.67
B-
10.68
XYZ XX1
3.33
B+
9.99
18
40.99
GPA = 40.99 = 2.28

18
CGPA = Total Accumulated GP = 43.66 + 40.99 = 84.65
Total Accumulated Unit
20 + 18
38
= 2.23
From the above examples, the CGPA is calculated as the total grade
point accumulated for all the registered courses and divided by the total
number of the registered units.
14
2.3.4
Courses During the Long Vacation

(Kursus Semasa Cuti Panjang) (KSCP)
KSCP is offered to students who have taken a course earlier and

obtained a grade of 'C-', 'D+', 'D', 'D-', 'F' and 'DK' only. Students who have
obtained 'X' or 'F*' grade are not allowed to take the course during KSCP.
The purpose of KSCP is to:
(i) Give an opportunity to students who are facing time constraints for
graduation.
(ii) Assist students who need to accumulate a few more credits for
graduation.
(iii) Assist "probationary" students to enhance their academic status.
(iv) Assist students who need to repeat a prerequisite course, which is
not offered in the following semester.
However, this opportunity is only given to students who are taking courses
that they have attempted before and achieved a grade as stipulated above,
provided that the course is being offered. Priority is given to final year
students. Usually, formal lectures are not held, and teaching is via tutorials.
The duration of KSCP is 3 weeks, i.e. 2 weeks of tutorial and 1 week of
examination, all held during the long vacation. The KSCP schedule is
available in the University's Academic Calendar.
The Implementation KSCP
(i) Students are allowed to register for a maximum of 3 courses and
the total number of units registered must not exceed 10.
(ii) Marks/grades for coursework are taken from the highest marks/the best
grades obtained in a particular course in the normal semester before
KSCP. The final overall grade is determined as follows:
Final Grade = The best coursework marks or grade +
Marks or grade for KSCP examination
(iii) GPA calculation involves the LATEST grades (obtained in KSCP) and
also involves courses taken in the second semester and those repeated in
KSCP. If the GPA during KSCP as calculated above is 2.00 or
better, the academic status will be active, even though the academic
status for the second semester was probation status. However, if the
GPA for KSCP (as calculated above) is 1.99 or below, the academic
status will remain as probation status for the second semester.
(iv) Graduating students (those who have fulfilled the graduation
requirements) in the second semester are not allowed to register for
KSCP.
15
2.3.5
Academic Status
Active Status: Any student who achieves a GPA of 2.00 and above for any
examination in a semester will be recognised as ACTIVE and be allowed to
pursue his/her studies for the following semester.
Probation Status: A probation status is given to any student who achieves a
GPA of 1.99 and below. A student who is under probation status for three
consecutive semesters (P1, P2, FO) will not be allowed to pursue his/her
studies at the university. On the other hand, if the CGPA is 2.00 and above,
the student concerned will be allowed to pursue his/her studies and will be
maintained at P2 status.
2.3.6
Termination of Candidature
Without any prejudice to the above regulations, the University

Examination Council has the absolute right to terminate any student's
studies if his/her academic achievement does not satisfy and fulfil the
accumulated minimum credits.
The University Examination Council has the right to terminate any student's
studies due to certain reasons (a student who has not registered for the
courses, has not attended the examination without valid reasons), as well as
medical reasons can be disqualified from pursuing his/her studies.
2.3.7
Examination Result
A provisional result (pass/fail) through the Tele-academic line:

(600-83-7899), Campus Online Portal and short message service (SMS) will
usually be released and announced after the School Examination Council
meeting and approximately one month after final examination.
Enquiries regarding full results (grade) can be made through the Teleacademic line: (600-83-7899), Campus Online Portal and short message
service (SMS). The results will be released and announced after the
University Examination Council meeting and is usually two weeks after the
provisional results are released.
The official semester results (SEMGRED) will be issued to students during
the second week of the following semester.
16
2.4
Unit Exemption
2.4.1
Unit Exemption
Unit exemption is defined as the total number of units given to students who
are pursuing their studies in USM that are exempted from the graduation
requirements. Students only need to accumulate the remaining units for
graduation purposes. Only passes or course grades accumulated or acquired
in USM will be included in the calculation of the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) for graduation purposes.
2.4.2
Regulations and Implementation of Unit Exemption

Diploma holders from recognised Public and Private Institutions of
Higher Learning:
(i)
Unit exemption can only be given to courses taken at diploma

level.
(ii)
Courses for unit exemption may be combined (in two or more

combinations) in order to obtain exemption of one course at
degree level. However if the School would like to approve
only one course at the diploma level for unit exemption of one
course at degree level, the course at diploma level must be
equivalent to the degree course and have the same or more
units.
(iii) Courses taken during employment (in service) for diploma

holders cannot be considered for unit exemption.
(iv) The minimum achievement at diploma level that can be
considered for unit exemption is at least 'C' grade or 2.0 or
equivalent.
(v)
The total number of semesters exempted should not exceed

two semesters.
(vi) In order to obtain unit exemption for industrial training, a

student must have work experience continuously for at least
two years in the area. If a student has undergone industrial
training during the period of diploma level study, the student
must have work experience for at least one year. The students
are also required to produce a report on the level and type of
work performed. Industrial training unit exemption cannot be
considered for semester exemption as the industrial training is
carried out during the long vacation in USM.
(vii) Unit exemption for university and option courses can only be
given for courses such as Bahasa Malaysia (LKM400), English
Language, Islamic and Asian Civilisations and as well as cocurriculum.
17
IPTS (Private Institution of Higher

Supervised/External Diploma Graduates:
Learning)
USM
Students who are IPTS USM supervised/external diploma

graduates are given unit exemption as stipulated by the specific
programme of study. Normally, unit exemption in this
category is given as a block according to the agreement
between USM (through the School that offers the programme)
with the IPTS.
Students from recognised local or foreign IPTA (Public
Institution of Higher Learning)/IPTS who are studying at the
Bachelor Degree level may apply to study in this university and if
successful, can be considered for unit exemption, subject to the
following conditions:
(i)
Courses taken in the previous IPT are equivalent (at least 50%
of the course must be the same) with courses offered in USM.
(ii)
Students taking courses at Advanced Diploma level in IPT that

is recognised to be equivalent to the Bachelor Degree course at
USM may be considered for unit exemption as in Section 2.5.
(iii) The total maximum unit exemption allowed should not exceed
one third of the total unit requirement for graduation.
2.4.3
Total Number of Exempted Semesters
Semester exemption is based on the total unit exempted as below:-
2.4.4
Total Unit Exempted
Total Semester Exempted
8 and below
None
9 32
33 to 1/3 of the
total units for graduation
Application Procedure for Unit Exemption
Any student who would like to apply for unit exemption is required to
complete the Unit Exemption Form which can be obtained from the
Examination & Graduation Section or the respective Schools.
The form must be approved by the Dean of the School prior to submission
to the Examination & Graduation Section for consideration and approval.
18
2.5
Credit Transfer
Credit transfer is defined as the recognition of a total number of credits
obtained by USM students taking courses in other IPTAs (Public Institution
of Higher Learning) within the period of study at USM, and is combined
with credits obtained at USM to fulfil unit requirement for his/her
programme of study. The transferred examination result or grades obtained
in courses taken at other IPTAs will be combined in the Cumulative Grade
Point Average (CGPA) calculation.
(a) Category of Students Who Can Be Considered for Credit Transfer
USM full-time Bachelor Degree level students who would like to attend
specific Bachelor Degree level courses at other IPTAs.
USM full-time diploma level students who would like to attend specific
diploma level courses at other IPTAs.
(b) Specific Conditions
(i) Basic and Core Courses
Credit transfer can only be considered for credits obtained from other
courses in other IPTAs that are equivalent (at least 50% of the content
is the same) with the courses offered by the programme.
Courses that can be transferred are only courses that have the same
number of units or more. For equivalent courses but with less number
of units, credit transfers can be approved by combining a few courses.
Credits transferred are the same as the course units as offered in USM.
Average grade of the combined course will be taken into account in
CGPA calculation.
(ii) Elective or Option Courses
Students may attend any appropriate courses in other IPTAs subject to
permission from the School as well as the approval of other IPTAs.
The transferred credits are credits obtained from courses at other
IPTAs. No course equivalence condition is required.
(iii) Minor Courses
For credit transfer of minor courses, the School should adhere to either
conditions (i) or (ii), and take into account the programme requirement.
19
(c) General Conditions

1) The total maximum units transferred should not exceed one third of
the total number of units for the programme.
2) Credit exemption from other IPTAs can be considered only once
for each IPTA.
3) The examination results obtained by a student taken at other IPTAs
will be taken into account for graduation purposes. Grade obtained
for each course will be combined with the grades obtained at USM
for CGPA calculation.
4) Students who have applied and been approved for credit transfer
are not allowed to cancel the approval after the examination result
is obtained.
5) Students are required to register for courses at other IPTAs with
not less than the total minimum units as well as not exceeding the
maximum units as stipulated in their programme of study.
However, for specific cases (e.g. students on extended semester
and only require a few units for graduation), the Dean may approve
such students to register less than the minimum and the semester
will not be counted in the residential requirement. In this case, the
CGPA calculation will be carried out as in KSCP.
6) USM students attending courses at other IPTAs and if failed in any
courses are allowed to re-sit the examination if there is such
provision in that IPTA.
7) If the method of calculation of examination marks in the other
IPTAs is not the same as in USM, a grade conversion method will
be carried out according to the existing scales.
8) USM students who have registered for courses at other IPTAs but
have decided to return to study in USM must adhere to the existing
course registration conditions in USM.
2.5.1
Application Procedure for Attending Courses/Credit Transfer
USM students who would like to attend courses/credit transfer at other

IPTAs should apply using the Unit Exemption Form.
The application form should be submitted for the Dean's approval for the
programme of study within three months before the application is submitted
to other IPTAs for consideration.
20
2.6
Academic Integrity
'Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity
is dangerous and dreadful.' - Samuel Johnson
USM students not only have to adhere firmly to basic values and integrity,
but also understand the purpose and meaning of a university education. The
most essential values in academia are rooted in the principles of truthseeking in knowledge and honesty including ones own rights and
intellectual property. Thus, students must bear the responsibility of
maintaining these principles in all work done in their academic endeavours.
Academic dishonesty means a student violates the fundamental purpose of
preserving and maintaining the integrity of university education and USM
will not compromise in this matter. The following are examples of practices
or actions that are considered dishonest acts in academic pursuit.
(a) Cheating
Cheating in the academic context includes copying in examinations,
unauthorised or dishonest use of information or other aids in any academic
exercise. There are numerous ways and methods of cheating and they
include:
Copying from others during a test or an examination.
Acting in a suspicious manner that can be regarded as cheating or
attempting to cheat in an examination.
Using unauthorized materials or devices (calculators, PDA, mobile
phones, pagers, or any smart gadgets, and other devices) during a
test or examination.
Asking or allowing another student to take a test or an examination
for you and vice-versa.
Sharing answers or programmes for an assignment or project.
Tampering with marks /grades after the work has been returned,
then re-submitting them for re-marking/re-grading.
Direct, force, persuade, deceive or blackmail others to conduct
research, writings, programming or other assignments for personal
interest or self-importance of the student himself.
Submitting identical or similar work in more than one course
without consultation or prior permission from the lecturers
involved.
21
(b) Plagiarism
Plagiarism is "academic theft". It violates the intellectual property rights of
the author. Plagiarism means to produce, present or copy others work
without authorization and acknowledgment as the primary source in the
form of articles, opinions, thesis, books, unpublished works, research data,
conference and seminar papers, reports, paper work, website data, lecture
notes, design, creative products, scientific products, music, music node,
artefacts, computer source codes, ideas, recorded conversations and others
materials.
In short, it is the use, in part or whole, of others words or ideas and then
claiming them as yours without proper attribution to the original author. It
includes:
Copying and pasting information, graphics or media from the
Internet into your work without citing the source.
Paraphrasing or summarising others written or spoken words
that are not common knowledge, without referencing the
source.
Not putting quotation marks around parts of the material that
has been copied exactly from the source.
Using someone else's work or assignment, project or research
you did not carry out and then claiming it as your own.
Providing incorrect information about the source of reference.
Not acknowledging collaborators in an assignment, paper,
project or research.
Pretending to represent individuals or certain individuals in a
group project when it is not true.
Submission of assignments, work or academic projects by
employing another person to produce the assignments, work or
projects (Presenting work done by others as your own).
The Guidelines on University Policy against Plagiarism and provisions
related to plagiarism in the USM (Discipline of Students) Rules will be
applied.
(c) Fabrication
Fabrication means a process of invention, adaptation or copying with intent
to cheat. This is an act of cheating other people. Fabrication is related to the
object that has been produced or altered.
The non-acknowledgment of an invention or findings of an assignment or
academic work, alteration, falsification or misleading use of data,
information or citation in any academic work constitute fabrication.
Fabricated information neither represents the student's own effort nor the
truth concerning a particular investigation or study thus violating the
principle of truth-seeking in knowledge. Some examples are:
22
Altering data or results, or using someone else's results, in

an experiment, assignment or research.
Citing sources that are not actually referred to or used.
Intentional listing of incorrect or fictitious references.
Falsifying of academic records or documents to gain
academic advantage.
Forging signatures of authorisation in any academic
record or other university document.
(d) Collusion
Collusion means cooperating with others to commit an act with a bad intent.
Some examples of collusion include:
Paying, bribing or allowing someone else to do an assignment,
test/examination, project or research for self-interest.
Doing or assisting others in an assignment, test/exam, project
or research for something in return.
Permitting your work to be submitted as the work of others.
Providing material, information or resources to others, with the
knowledge that such help could be used in dishonest ways.
(e) Unfair Advantage
Unfair advantage means an advantage obtained by a person unfairly because
others do not have the same advantage. In the context of USM, a student
may have an unfair advantage over other students. Examples of unfair
advantage are:
Gaining access to reproduce or circulate test or examination
materials prior to its authorised time.
Depriving others of the use of library material by stealing,
defacing, destroying or hiding it.
Intentionally interfering with others' efforts to carry out their
academic duties.
Altering or destroying work or programmes or computer
documents that belong to others.
(f) Other violations related to academic integrity
Taking, copying data or academic material from someone
without her/his consent.
Late to lectures, tutorials, class or teaching related to their
courses.
Late in sending or submitting any assignment given related to
their courses.
Any other violations that USM views as violating academic
integrity.
23
2.6.1
Consequences of Violating Academic Integrity
Students must also be responsible for protecting and upholding academic

integrity in USM.
If under any circumstances a student comes to know of any incident that
denotes a violation of academic integrity, the student must report it to the
relevant lecturer. The lecturer is then responsible for investigating and
verifying the violation and then reporting the matter to the Dean of the
School.
2.7
(i)
If any violation of academic integrity is considered minor or

not serious, the Dean of the School can take
ADMINISTATION ACTION on the students involved.
(ii)
However, if the violation is deemed serious by the School, this

matter will be brought to the attention of the University
Student Disciplinary Committee where appropriate
disciplinary action will be taken in accordance with the
procedures that have been set down.
(iii)
If a student is caught for copying or cheating in an

examination,
the
Investigation
Committee
for
Copying/Cheating during Examinations will pursue the
matter according to the universitys procedures. If the
investigation reveals that a violation has been committed, the
student will be referred to the University Student Disciplinary
Committee (Academic Cases). In this matter, the USM
(Discipline of Students) Rules will be enforced.
(iv)
Any student found guilty by the University Student

Disciplinary Committee (Academic Cases) USM will be
punished in accordance with the USM (Discipline of Students)
Rules.
USM Mentor Programme

The Mentor Programme acts as a support-aid that involves the staff
undergoing special training as a consultant and guide to the USM
community who would like to share their feelings and any psychosocial
aspects that could harm their social functions. This programme manages
psychosocial issues in a more effective manner and finally could improve
the well-being of individuals in order to achieve life of better quality.
24
Objectives
(a) As a co-operation and mutual assistance mechanism for dealing with
stress, psychosocial problems and many more in order to reinforce the
well-being of the USM community.
(b) To inculcate the spirit of unity and the concept of helping one another
by appointing a well-trained mentor as a social agent who promotes a
caring society for USM.
(c) To produce more volunteers to assist those who need help.
(d) To prevent damage in any psychosocial aspect before they reach a
critical stage.
For more information, please visit www.usm.my/mentor.
2.8
Student Exchange Programme

2.8.1
Study Abroad Scheme
The student exchange programme is an opportunity for USM students to

study one or two semesters abroad at any USM partner institutions.
Ideally, students are encouraged to participate in the exchange programme
within their third to fifth semester (3 year degree programme) and within the
third to seventh semester (4 year degree programme).
USM students who wish to follow SLBN programme must discuss their
academic plans with the Dean or Deputy Dean of their respective Schools
and also with the Academic & International Affairs Division of the
International Office (to ensure that credits obtained from the external
higher education institution
can be transferred as part of credit
accumulation for graduation).
Any student that follows the SBLN programme and violates any
discplinary act in the external higher education institution, can be punished
in accordance with the University (Discipline of Students) Rules if the
matter is referred to USM.
For
further
information,
please
go
to
http://bheaa.usm.my/index.php/international or contact the Academic &
International Affairs Division of the International Office at +604
6190/2777/2772.
25
2.8.2
Student Exchange Programme in Local Higher Education

Institutions (RPPIPT)
This is a programme that allows students of Public Higher Learning

Institutions to do an exchange programme for a semester among the Public
Higher Institutions themselves. Students can choose any relevant courses
and apply for credit transfers.
USM students who want to participate in RPPIPT have to discuss their
academic plans with the Dean or Deputy Dean of their respective Schools
as well with the Academic Collaboration Unit at the Academic &
International Affairs Division (to ensure that credits obtained from the
public higher education institution in Malaysia can be transferred as part of
credit accumulation for graduation).
Any student who participates in RPPPIPT and violates any of the
insititutions displinary rules can be punished according to the University
(Discipline of Students) Rules if the matter is referred to USM.
For
further
information,
please
go
to
http://bheaa.usm.my/index.php/programmes/inter-university-exchange
or
contact the Academic Collaboration Unit at the Academic & International
Affairs Division at +604 653 2775/2778.
2.9
Ownership of Students Theses and Universitys Intellectual Property

2.9.1
Ownership of Students Theses and Universitys Intellectual

Property
The copyright of a thesis belongs to the student. However, as a condition for

the conferment of a degree the student gives this right unconditionally,
directly but not exclusively, and free of royalties to the university to use the
contents of the work/thesis for teaching, research and promotion purposes. In
addition, the student gives non-exclusive rights to the University to keep, use,
reproduce, display and distribute copies of the original thesis with the rights
to publish for future research and the archives.
26
3.0 UNIVERSITY REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Summary of University Requirements
Students are required to take 15 - 22 units of the following University/Option
courses for University requirements:
University Requirements
Unit
Bahasa Malaysia
English Language
Local Students
Islamic and Asian Civilisations (TITAS) (2 Units)
Ethnic Relations (2 Units)
Core Entrepreneurship* (2 Units)
International Students
Malaysian Studies (4 Units)
Option/Bahasa Malaysia/English Language (2 Units)
4
Co-Curriculum /Skill Course/Foreign Language Courses/Options
3 10
Students have to choose one of the following:
Co-Curriculum** (1-6 units)
Skill Course/Foreign Language Courses/Options

Total
15 22
Students from Schools which have a similar course as this are exempted
from following this course. The units should be replaced with an option
course.
** Students from the School of Education are required to choose a uniformed

body co-curriculum package. Students from the School of Medical Sciences
and School of Dentistry are required to register for two (2) units of CoCurriculum course in year Two. Students from the School of Health
Sciences are required to register for one (1) unit of Co-Curriculum course.
Details of the University requirements are given in the following sections.
27
3.2 Bahasa Malaysia

(a) Local Students
The requirements are as follows:
LKM400/2 - Bahasa Malaysia IV
All Malaysian students must take LKM400 and pass with the minimum of
Grade C in order to graduate.
Entry requirements for Bahasa Malaysia are as follows:
No.
Qualification
Grade
(a) SPM/MCE/SC
(or equivalent qualification)
1.
(b) STPM/HSC
(or equivalent qualification)
1-6
P/S
Level of
Entry
LKM400
Type Units
Status
Graduation
requirement
Note: To obtain credit units for Bahasa Malaysia courses, a minimum grade
of C is required. Students may obtain advice from the School of Languages,
Literacies and Translation if they have different Bahasa Malaysia
qualifications from the above.
(b) International Students
International students pursuing Bachelors degrees in Science,

Accounting, Arts (ELLS), Education (TESL), Housing, Building and
Planning and English for Professionals.
All international students in this category are required to take the
following courses:
Code
LKM100
Type
U
Units
2
International students (non-Indonesian) pursuing Bachelors degrees in

Arts.
28
International students in this category are required to take and pass three
Intensive Malay Language courses before they commence their Bachelors
degree programmes.
Code
LKM101
LKM102
LKM201
Course
Bahasa Malaysia Persediaan I
Bahasa Malaysia Persediaan II
Bahasa Malaysia Pertengahan
Duration
4 months
4 months
4 months
The Bahasa Malaysia graduation requirement for this category of students is

as follows:
Code
LKM300
Type
U
Units
2
International students (Indonesian) pursuing Bachelors degrees in Arts.
The Bahasa Malaysia graduation requirement for this category of students is

as follows:
Code
LKM200
LKM300
Type
U
U
Units
2
2
Note: Students must pass with a minimum grade C for type U courses.
3.3 English Language
All Bachelors degree students must take 4 units of English Language courses in
fulfilment of the University requirement for graduation.
(a)
No.
Entry Requirements for English Language Courses

English Language
Qualification
Grade
Level of
Entry
Status
1.
*MUET
LSP401/402/403/404
Discretion of Dean
Band 6
A-C
LHP
451/452/453/454/455/
456/457/458/459
Compulsory/
Option/Type U
(2 Units)
2.
*MUET
LSP300
Discretion of Dean
Band 5
A-C
LSP
401/402/403/404
Compulsory/
Type U
(2 Units)
3.
*MUET
LMT100
Discretion of Dean
Band 4
A-C
LSP300
Compulsory/
Type U
(2 Units)
4.
*MUET
Discretion of Dean
Band 3/2/1
(Score 0 - 179)
LMT100/
Re-sit MUET
Prerequisite/
Type Z
(2 Units)
MUET: Malaysia University English Test.

29
Students may obtain advice from the School of Languages, Literacies and
Translation if they have different English Language qualification from the
above.
Note:
Students are required to accumulate four (4) units of English for graduation.
In order to obtain units in English Language courses, students have to pass
with a minimum grade C.
Students with a Score of 260 300 (Band 6) in MUET must accumulate the
4 units of English from the courses in the post-advanced level
(LHP451/452/453/454/455/456/457/ 458/459*). They can also take foreign
language courses to replace their English language units but they must first
obtain written consent from the Dean of the School of Languages, Literacies
and Translation. (Please use the form that can be obtained from the School
of Languages, Literacies and Translation.)
[*The number of units for LHP457 is 4 and for LHP451, 452, 453, 454,
455, 456, 458 and 459 is 2.]
Students with a score of 179 and below in MUET are required to re-sit
MUET to improve their score to Band 4 or take LMT100 and pass with a
minimum grade C.
(b) English Language Courses (Compulsory English Language Units)
The English Language courses offered as University courses are as follows:
No
Code/Unit
Course Title
School (If Applicable)
1.
LMT100/2
Preparatory English
Students from all Schools
2.
LSP300/2
Academic English
Students from all Schools
3.
LSP401/2
General English
Students from:
School of Education Studies (Arts)
School of Fine Arts
School of Humanities
School of Social Sciences
4.
5.
LSP402/2
LSP403/2
Scientific and Medical

English
Students from:
Business and
Communication English
Students from:
30

School of Physics
School of Industrial Technology
School of Education Studies (Science)
School of Medical Sciences
School of Health & Dental Sciences
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Management
School of Communication
No
Code/Unit
Course Title
School (If Applicable)
6.
LSP404/2
Technical and
Engineering English
Students from:
School of Computer Sciences
School of Housing, Building and
Planning
Schools of Engineering
7.
LDN 101/2
English For Nursing I
Students from the School of Health

Sciences
8.
LDN 201/2
English For Nursing II
Students from the School of Health

Sciences
3.4 Local Students - Islamic and Asian Civilisations/Ethnic Relations/Core

Entrepreneurship
(a) Islamic and Asian Civilisations (The course is conducted in Bahasa
Malaysia)
It is compulsory to pass the following course (with a minimum grade C):
HTU 223 Islamic and Asian Civilisation (TITAS) (2 units)
This course aims to increase students knowledge on history, principles,
values, main aspects of Malay civilization, Islamic civilization and its
culture. With academic exposure to cultural issues and civilization in
Malaysia, it is hoped that students will be more aware of issues that can
contribute to the cultivation of the culture of respect and harmony among
the plural society of Malaysia. Among the topics in this course are
Interaction among Various Civilizations, Islamic Civilization, Malay
Civilization, Contemporary Challenges faced by the Islamic and Asian
Civilizations and Islamic Hadhari Principles.
(b) Ethnic Relations (The course is conducted in Bahasa Malaysia)
SHE 101 Ethnic Relations (2 units)
This course is an introduction to ethnic relations in Malaysia. This course is
designed with 3 main objectives: (1) to introduce students to the basic
concept and the practices of social accord in Malaysia, (2) to reinforce basic
understanding of challenges and problems in a multi-ethnic society, and (3)
to provide an understanding and awareness in managing the complexity of
ethnic relations in Malaysia. At the end of this course, it is hoped that
students will be able to identify and apply the skills to issues associated with
ethnic relations in Malaysia.
31
(c) Core Entrepreneurship (The course is conducted in Bahasa Malaysia)

WUS 101 Core Entrepreneurship (2 units)
This course aims to provide basic exposure to students in the field of
entrepreneurship and business, with emphasis on the implementation of the
learning aspects while experiencing the process of executing business
projects in campus. The mode of teaching is through interactive lectures,
practical, business plan proposals, execution of entrepreneurial projects and
report presentations. Practical experiences through hands-on participation of
students in business project management will generate interest and provide a
clearer picture of the world of entrepreneurship. The main learning outcome
is the assimilation of culture and entrepreneurship work ethics in their
everyday life. This initiative is made to open the minds and arouse the spirit
of entrepreneurship among target groups that possess the potential to
become successful entrepreneurs. By exposing entrepreneurial knowledge to
all students, it is hoped that it will accelerate the effort to increase the
number of middle-class entrepreneurs in the country.
For more information, please refer to the Co-curriculum Programme
Reference Book.
3.5 International Students - Malaysian Studies/Option
(a) Malaysian Studies
It is compulsory for all international students to pass the following course
(with a minimum grade C):
SEA205E - Malaysian Studies (4 Units)
This course investigates the structure of the Malaysian system of
government and the major trends in contemporary Malaysia. Emphasis will
be given both to current issues in Malaysian politics and the historical and
economic developments and trends of the country. The discussion begins
with a review of the independence process. An analysis of the formation
and workings of the major institutions of government parliament,
judiciary, bureaucracy, and the electoral and party systems will follow this.
The scope and extent of Malaysian democracy will be considered, especially
in the light of current changes and developments in Malaysian politics. The
second part of the course focuses on specific issues: ethnic relations,
national unity and the national ideology; development and political change;
federal-state relations; the role of religion in Malaysian politics; politics and
business; Malaysia in the modern world system; civil society; law, justice
and order; and directions for the future.
32
(b) Option/Bahasa Malaysia/English Language (2 Units)

International students need to fulfil a further 2 units of an option course or
an additional Bahasa Malaysia/English Language course.
3.6 Co-Curriculum/Skill Courses/Foreign Language Courses/Options
Students have to choose one of the following (A/B):
(A)
Uniformed/Seni Silat Cekak Co-Curriculum Package (4 - 6 Units)

Students who choose to take packaged co-curriculum courses are required
to complete all levels of the package. It is compulsory for students from
the School of Education to choose a uniformed body co-curriculum
package from the list below (excluding Seni Silat Cekak). The
co-curriculum packages offered are as follows:
Armed Uniformed/Seni Silat Cekak Co-Curriculum Package (6 Units)
(3 years)
PALAPES
Tentera
Darat
(Army)
PALAPES
Tentera
Laut
(Navy)
PALAPES
Tentera
Udara
(Air Force)
SUKSIS
(Student
Police
Volunteer)
Seni Silat
Cekak
WTD102/2
WTL102/2
WTU102/2
WPD101/2
WCC123/2
WTD202/2
WTL202/2
WTU202/2
WPD201/2
WCC223/2
WTD302/2
WTL302/2
WTU302/2
WPD301/2
WCC323/2
Unarmed Uniformed Co-Curriculum Package (4 Units) (2 Years)

Kelana Siswa
(Rover Training)
Bulan Sabit Merah

(Red Crescent)
Ambulans St. John

(St. John Ambulance)
WLK101/2
WBM101/2
WJA101/2
WLK201/2
WBM201/2
WJA201/2
Unarmed Uniformed Co-Curriculum Package (2 Units) (1 Year)

SISPA (Siswa Siswi Pertahanan Awam) (Public Defence)
(offered in Health Campus only)
WPA103/2
WPA203/2
WPA303/2
33
(B)
Co-Curriculum/Skill Course/Options (1 6 Units)

All students are encouraged to follow the co-curriculum courses and are
given a maximum of 6 units for Community Service, Culture, Sports,
Innovation & Initiatives and Leadership (Students from the School of
Medical Sciences and School of Dentistry are required to register for two
(2) units of Co-Curriculum course in Year Two). (Students from the
School of Health Sciences must take at least one of the co-curriculum
courses while those from the School of Education must take the
uniformed co-curriculum package [excluding Seni Silat Cekak]).
Students who do not enrol for any co-curriculum courses or who enrol for
only a portion of the 3 units need to replace these units with skill/option
courses. The co-curriculum, skill and option courses offered are as
follows:
(i) Community Service, Culture, Sports, Innovation & Initiatives and
Leadership Co-Curriculum Courses
Packaged
(Students are required to complete all levels)
Community Service
(2 Years)
Jazz Band
(3 Years)
Karate
(3 Semesters)
Taekwondo
(3 Semesters)
WKM101/2
WCC108/2
WSC108/1
WSC115/1
WKM201/2
WCC208/2
WSC208/1
WSC215/1
WCC308/2
WSC308/1
WSC315/1
Non-Packaged (1 Semester)
Culture
Sports
WCC103/1 - Catan (Painting)
WSC105/1 - Bola Tampar

(Volley Ball)
WCC105/1 - Gamelan
WSC106/1 - Golf
WCC107/1 - Guitar
WSC110/1 - Memanah (Archery)
WCC109/1 - Koir (Choir)
WSC111/1 - Ping Pong

(Table Tennis)
WCC110/1 - Kraftangan (Handcrafting)
WSC112/1 - Renang (Swimming)
WCC115/1 - Tarian Moden

(Modern Dance)
WSC113/1 - Aerobik (Aerobic)
WCC116/1 - Tarian Tradisional

(Traditional Dance)
WSC114/1 - Skuasy (Squash)
WCC117/1 - Teater Moden

(Modern Theatre)
WSC116/1 - Tenis (Tennis)
WCC118/1 - Wayang Kulit Melayu

(Malay Shadow Play)
WSC119/1 - Badminton
WCC119/1 - Senaman Qigong Asas

(Basic Qigong Exercise)
WSC123/1 - Kriket (Cricket)
34
Non-Packaged (1 Semester)
WCC219 - Senaman Qigong Pertengahan
(Intermediate Qigong Exercise)
WCC124/1 - Sepak Takraw
WCC124/1 - Kompang Berlagu
WSC 125/1 - Futsal
WCC122/1 - Seni Memasak (Culinary Arts)
WSC 126/1 - Bola Jaring (Netball)
WCC127/1 - Kesenian Muzik Nasyid (Nasyid

Musical Arts)
WSC 128/1 - Pentaque
Innovation & Initiative
WSC 129/1 - Boling Padang

(Lawn Bowl)
Leadership (Kepimpinan)
WCC103/1 - Catan (Painting)

WCC110/1 - Kraftangan (Handcrafting)
WSC 127/1 - Pengurusan Acara 1

(Event Management 1)
WCC120/1 - Canting Batik (Batik Painting)
WSC 227/1 - Pengurusan Acara 2

(Event Management 2)
WCC121/1 - Seni Khat (Calligraphic Art)
WSU 101 - Sustainability:

Issues,challenges &
Prospect (2 units)
WCC122/1 - Seni Memasak (Culinary Arts)
WEC 101 Public Speaking

(2 units)
WCC125/1 - Seni Wau Tradisional

(Traditional Kite Art)
WCC128/1 - Seni Sulaman & Manik Labuci
(Embroidery & Beads Sequins Art)
WCC 130/1 - Seni Fotografi SLR Digital
(Digital SLR Photography Art)
WCC/131/1 - Seni Suntingan Fotografi
(Editing Photograph Art)
(ii) HTV201/2 - Teknik Berfikir (Thinking Techniques)

(iii) Other options/skill courses as recommended or required by the
respective Schools (if any)
(iv) English Language Courses
The following courses may be taken as university courses to fulfil the
compulsory English Language requirements (for Band 5 and Band 6 in
MUET) or as skill/option courses:
No
Code/Unit
1.
LHP451/2
Effective Reading
Course Title
2.
LHP452/2
Business Writing
3.
LHP453/2
Creative Writing
4.
LHP454/2
Academic Writing
35
No
Code/Unit
Course Title
5.
LHP455/2
English Pronounciation Skills
6.
LHP456/2
Spoken English
7.
LHP457/4
Speech Writing and Public Speaking
8.
LHP458/2
English for Translation

(Offered only in Semester II)
9.
LHP459/2
English for Interpretation

(Offered only in Semester I)
(v) Foreign Language Courses

The foreign language courses offered by the School of Languages,
Literacies and Translation can be taken by students as an option or
compulsory courses to fulfil the number of units required for graduation.
Students are not allowed to register for more than one foreign language
course per semester. They must complete at least two levels of a foreign
language course before they are allowed to register for another foreign
language course. However, students are not required to complete all four
levels of one particular foreign language course. The foreign language
courses offered are as follows:
Arabic
Chinese
Japanese
German
Spanish
LAA100/2
LAC100/2
LAJ100/2
LAG100/2
LAE100/2
LAA200/2
LAC200/2
LAJ200/2
LAG200/2
LAE200/2
LAA300/2
LAC300/2
LAJ300/2
LAG300/2
LAE300/2
LAA400/2
LAC400/2
LAJ400/2
LAG400/2
LAE400/2
French
LAP100/2
LAP200/2
Thai
LAS100/2
LAS200/2
Tamil
LAT100/2
LAT200/2
Korean
LAK100/2
LAK200/2
LAP300/2
LAS300/2
LAT300/2
LAK300/2
LAP400/2
LAS400/2
36
SCHOOL OF
MATHEMATICAL
SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

(math.usm.my)
INTRODUCTION
The School of Mathematical Sciences was established on May 29, 1974. As with the
other Science Schools, the School offers the Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Applied
Science degrees. In addition, the School is also involved in the Bachelor of Science with
Education and Bachelor of Education degrees.
The Bachelor of Science (Mathematics) program was formulated in an effort to produce
graduates who are well-trained in the Mathematical Sciences to meet the nations
manpower needs. The curriculum was devised so as to provide a broad-based and
rigorous mathematics education. The skills obtained at the end of the program will
provide a firm foundation to enable the graduates to further advance their knowledge in
the Mathematical Sciences.
VISION
To be a recognized department of mathematics that can attract excellent students and
produce quality mathematicians nationally and internationally.
MISSION
To lead and innovate in achieving excellence in Mathematical Sciences at the
international level through advancing and disseminating knowledge and truth; instilling
qualities that stress academic excellence and professionalism; developing holistic
individuals; and providing a strong commitment towards the society aspiration; the
countrys vision and universal aspirations.
38
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
Graduates of Bachelor of Science (Mathematics) will:
1. have a broad-based and rigorous mathematics education.
2. have a firm foundation to enable the graduate to further advance their knowledge in
the Mathematical Sciences.
3. possess professional attitudes, good ethics and leadership qualities.
4. have an educational experience that motivates them to pursue life-long learning.
5. have a solid foundation to be enrolled in a university graduate programme or
employed.
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the program, the students will possess:
1. Knowledge
i)
Fundamental and broad mathematical principles
ii) Analytical and computational techniques
iii) Integration of mathematical knowledge in solving problem
2. Practical skills
i)
Relevant computing technologies and software for problem solving
ii) Technological literacy and skills
3. Social skills and responsibilities
i)
Actively participate in outreach activities at national and international level
ii) Understand and appreciate culture and cultural diversity
iii) Seek objectivity and shun bias
4. Ethics, professionalism and humanities
i)
Carry out their responsibilities with professional values and ethics
ii) Value ethical attitudes and behaviour
5. Communication, leadership and team skills
i)
Communicate effectively and efficiently in both oral and written form
ii) Reading and listening
iii) Function effectively as an individual and as team members to achieve common goal
6. Scientific methods, critical thinking and problem solving skills
i)
Use logical reasoning and critical thinking to make informed decisions
7. Lifelong learning and information management
i)
Use mathematical rigour for postgraduate studies and research
8. Entrepreneurship and managerial skills
i)
Assumed leadership roles in teams and engage constructively in various groups.
39
MAIN ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

DEAN
PROFESSOR DR. AHMAD IZANI MD. ISMAIL
DEPUTY DEANS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hailiza Kamarulhaili

(Academic)
Professor Dr. Low Heng Chin

(Student Affairs and Networking)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ong Hong Choon

(Research)
PROGRAM CHAIRPERSONS
Dr. Hajar Sulaiman

Science
(Mathematics)
Dr. Mohd. Tahir Ismail

Applied Science
(Mathematics and
Economics)
Assoc. Prof. Adam Baharum

Dr. Farah Aini
Applied Science
Abdullah
(Applied Statistics/
Applied Science
Operations Research)
(Mathematical Modelling)
ASSISTANT REGISTRARS
Mrs. Fatimah Banu Jahan Khir
Senior Assistant Registrar
Mrs. Nor Farah Shaik Omar

Assistant Registrar
40
Dr. Rosmanjawati
Abdul Rahman
Academic
Co-ordinator
ACADEMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

ADMINISTRATION
E-mail
DEAN
Professor Dr. Ahmad Izani Md. Ismail
dean_mat@usm.my
DEPUTY DEAN (Academic)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hailiza Kamarulhaili
ddsa_mat@usm.my
DEPUTY DEAN (Research)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ong Hong Choon
ddpg_mat@usm.my
DEPUTY DEAN (Student Affairs and Networking)

Professor Dr. Low Heng Chin
hclow@cs.usm.my
PROGRAM CHAIRPERSONS
SCIENCE (MATHEMATICS)
Dr. Hajar Sulaiman
hajar@cs.usm.my
APPLIED SCIENCES (MATHEMATICS AND ECONOMICS)

Dr. Mohd Tahir Ismail
mtahir@cs.usm.my
APPLIED SCIENCES (APPLIED STATISTICS/OPERATIONS RESEARCH)
Assoc. Prof. Adam Baharum
adam@cs.usm.my
APPLIED SCIENCE (MATHEMATICAL MODELLING)
Dr. Farah Aini Abdullah
farahaini@usm.my
ACADEMIC CO-ORDINATOR
Dr. Rosmanjawati Abdul Rahman
rosmanjawati@usm.my
SENIOR ASSISTANT REGISTRAR

Mrs. Fatimah Banu Jahan Khir
fatimahbanu@usm.my
ASSISTANT REGISTRAR
Mrs. Nor Farah Shaik Omar
nor_farah@usm.my
41
ACADEMIC STAFF
PROFESSOR
Dato Rosihan M. Ali, Dr
Abd. Rahni Mt. Piah, Dr
Ahmad Izani Md. Ismail, Dr
Low Heng Chin, Dr
Michael Khoo Boon Chong, Dr
Zarita Zainuddin, Dr
TELEPHONE
EXTENSION
3966
3945
3657
3641
3941
3940
E-MAIL
rosihan@cs.usm.my
arahni@cs.usm.my
izani@cs.usm.my
hclow@cs.usm.my
mkbc@usm.my
zarita@cs.usm.my
3942
4780
3648
3960
4763
adam@cs.usm.my
andy@cs.usm.my
hailiza@cs.usm.my
shidah@cs.usm.my
hcong@cs.usm.my
3968
2065
4772
4771
3658
5908
4765
4779
3969
4769
3943
2070
4488
2071
4767
2356
4774
3958
4781
4776
4778
2428
5338
3964
2355
4773
adli@cs.usm.my
alaramli@usm.my
mathamh@cs.usm.my
azhana@usm.my
ena@cs.usm.my
fpeishan@usm.my
farahaini@usm.my
hajar@cs.usm.my
husna@cs.usm.my
josh@usm.my
kongvp@cs.usm.my
sklee@cs.usm.my
maisarah_hjmohd@usm.my
mtahir@cs.usm.my
atinah@cs.usm.my
hayati@cs.usm.my
shidah@usm.my
norlida@usm.my
nuzlinda@usm.my
weneng@usm.my
rosmanjawati@usm.my
saratha@usm.my
sksek@usm.my
rijal@usm.my
amirahr@usm.my
ksuraya@cs.usm.my
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Adam Baharum, Mr
Andrew Rajah, Dr
Hailiza Kamarulhaili, Dr
Norhashidah Hj. Mohd. Ali, Dr
Ong Hong Choon, Dr
SENIOR LECTURER
Adli Mustafa, Dr
Ahmad Lutfi Amri Ramli, Dr
Ang Miin Huey, Dr
Azhana Ahmad, Dr
Ena Jamal, Mrs
Fam Pei Shan, Dr
Farah Aini Abdullah, Dr
Hajar Sulaiman, Dr
Husna Hasan, Dr
Joshua Ignatius, Dr
Kong Voon Pang, Dr
Lee See Keong, Dr
Maisarah Haji Mohd, Dr
Mohd. Tahir Ismail, Dr
Noor Atinah Ahmad, Dr
Noor Hayati Marzuki, Mrs
Norhashidah Awang, Dr
Norlida Mohd. Noor, Mrs
Nuzlinda Abdul Rahman, Dr
Ong Wen Eng, Dr
Rosmanjawati Abdul Rahman, Dr
Saratha A/P Sathasivam, Dr
Sek Siok Kun, Dr
Shamsul Rijal Muhammad Sabri, Dr
Siti Amirah Abd Rahman, Dr
Suraiya Kassim, Datin
42
Syakila Ahmad, Dr
Tan Guat Yew, Mrs
Teh Su Yean, Dr
Teh Wen Chean, Dr
Yahya Abu Hasan, Dr
Yazariah Mohd Yatim, Dr
Zainudin Arsad, Dr
Zalila Ali, Mrs
4782
3944
4770
4777
4783
3384
2069
4775
syakilaahmad@usm.my
tan_gy@usm.my
syteh@usm.my
dasmenteh@usm.my
ahyahya@cs.usm.my
yazariahmy@usm.my
zainudin@cs.usm.my
zalila@cs.usm.my
SUPPORT / TECHNICAL STAFF

Nur Atiqah Jamaluddin
Norizan Syuhada Ahmad
Khairul Azly Abdul Kadir
Rohartina Razali
Suriati Mukhtar
Yusnita Yusop
Zalem Tekor
Syed Mohamed Hussain Syed Osman
Hartini Ahmad
Arzahar Ismail
Mohd Ibrahim Mohd Shariff
Secretary
Secretary
Administrative Assistant (Clerical/Operation)
Administrative Assistant (Clerical/Operation-Finance)
Assistant Engineer
Computer Technician
Assistant Operation
Assistant Operation
PROGRAM REQUIREMENT
Type of Courses
Core
Minor / Elective
University
Classification
T
M/E
U
Total Number of Units
Unit
71
32*
20
123
A student who choose a minor needs to accumulate 20 units from one of the minor
programs.
Students taking electives to replace minor are required to take courses offered by the
school which are not part of the compulsory core and compulsory elective courses.
Students can take other courses with permission from the dean.
43
CORE AND ELECTIVE COURSES

A student has to accumulate 71 units as follows:
Compulsory Core (57 units)
MAT 100/3
MAT 101/4
MAT 111/4
MAT 161/4
MAT 181/4
MAT 201/4
MAT 202/4
MAT 203/4
MAT 223/4
MAT 263/4
MAT 323/4
MAT 382/4
MSS 212/4
MSS 311/4
MSS 381/2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Mathematical Foundations
Calculus
Linear Algebra
Elementary Statistics
Programming for Scientific Applications
Advanced Calculus
Introduction to Analysis
Vector Calculus
Differential Equations I
Probability Theory
Differential Equations II
Introductory Numerical Methods
Further Linear Algebra
Modern Algebra
Mathematical Software Laboratory
Choose 2 from 6 listed courses :

MSS 401/4
MSS 402/4
MSS 416/4
MSS 417/4
MSS 418/4
MSS 419/4
:
:
:
:
:
:
Complex Analysis
Real Analysis
Rings and Field
Coding Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Geometry
Choose 6 units from:

BOM 111/3
BOI 102/3
CPT 112/4
CPT 114/4
KFT 231/4
KOT 122/4
KTT 112/4
KUT 101/2
KUT 102/2
ZCA 101/4
ZCA 102/4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Biodiversity
Ecology
Discrete Structures
Logic & Applications
Physical Chemistry I
Organic Chemistry I
Inorganic Chemistry I
General Chemistry Practical I
General Chemistry Practical II
Physics I (Mechanics)
Physics II (Electricity and Magnetism)
44
ELECTIVE COURSES
Choose 3 from 7 listed courses :
MAT 363/4
MSG 422/4
MSG 489/4
MSS 414/4
MSS 415/4
MSS 482/4
MSS 492/4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Statistical Inference
Fluid Mechanics
Numerical Methods for Differential Equations
Topics in Pure Mathematics
Introductory Functional Analysis and Topology
Graphing Technology in Mathematics and Sciences
Minor Project
SKILL / OPTIONAL COURSES

In order to fulfill this requirement, students of the School of Mathematical Sciences are
allowed to take any course outside the Schools of Mathematical Sciences, Chemical
Sciences, Biological Sciences and Physics. Students are encouraged to take English
language [LHP code], foreign languages, thinking techniques, history and philosophy of
science courses.
45
COURSE PRE-REQUISITE AND SEMESTER OF OFFERING

The prerequisites and semester of offering of the core and elective courses are as follows:
Code & Title of Courses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MAT 100/3
MAT 101/4
MAT 111/4
MAT 161/4
MAT 181/4
:
:
:
:
:
6.
7.
8.
9.
MAT 201/4
MAT 202/4
MAT 203/4
MAT 223/4
:
:
:
:
Calculus
Linear Algebra
Programming for Scientific
Applications
Advanced Calculus
Introductions to Analysis
Vector Calculus
10.
MAT 263/4
Probability Theory
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
MAT 323/4
MAT 363/4
MAT 382/4
MSG 422/4
MSG 489/4
:
:
:
:
:
16.
17.
18.
MSS 212/4
MSS 311/4
MSS 381/2
:
:
:
19.
MSS 401/4
Fluid Mechanics
Numerical Methods for
Differential Equations
Further Linear Algebra
Modern Algebra
Mathematical Software
Laboratory
Complex Analysis
20.
MSS 402/4
Real Analysis
21.
22.
MSS 414/4
MSS 415/4
:
:
23.
24.
MSS 416/4
MSS 417/4
:
:

Introductory Functional Analysis
& Topology
Rings and Fields
Coding Theory
25.
26.
27.
MSS 418/4
MSS 419/4
MSS 482/4
:
:
:
Geometry
Graphing Technology in
Mathematics and Science
28.
MSS 492/4
Minor Project
29.
BOM 111/3
Biodiversity
46
Prerequisite
-
Semester
Offered
1
2
2
1, 2
1, 2
MAT 101 (S)

MAT 201 (S)
MAT 201 (S)
MAT 101 (S) and
MAT 111 (S)
MAT 161 (S) and
MAT 201 (S)
MAT 223 (S)
MAT 263 (S)
MAT 181 (S)
MAT 323 (S)
MAT 382 (S)
MAT 323 (S)
MAT 111 (S)
MAT 111 (S)
MAT 181 (S)
1
2
2
1
MAT 201 (S)
MAT 202 (S)
MAT 111 (S)

MAT 202 (S)
MSS 311 (S)
MAT 111 (S) and
MSS 311 (S)
MAT 111 (S)
MAT 203 (S)
MAT 111 (S)
MAT 263 (S)
MAT 223 (S)
MAT 202 (S) and
MSS 311 (S)
-
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
30.
31.
32.
33.
BOI 102/3
CPT 112/4
CPT 114/4
KFT 231/4
:
:
:
:
Ecology
Discrete Structures
Logic & Applications
34.
35.
36.
KOT 122/4
KTT 112/4
KUT 101/2
:
:
:
Organic Chemistry I
37.
KUT 102/2
38.
39.
ZCA 101/4
ZCA 102/4
:
:
General Chemistry Practical

II
Physics II (Electricity and
Magnetism)
KOT 122 (S) or

KTT 112 (S)
KTT 112 (C) (S) and
KAT 141 (C) (S)
KFT 231 (C) (S) and
KOT 122 (C) (S)
ZCA 101 (S)
2
2
1
2
2
1
1, 2
1, 2
1
2
Sequential prerequisite (S) means if course A is a sequential prerequisite (S) to course B,

then course A must be taken and assessed before course B is taken.
Concurrent prerequisite (C) means if course A is a concurrent prerequisite (C) to course
B, then course A and course B can be taken at the same time (concurrently).
47
CORE AND ELECTIVE COURSES REGISTRATION GUIDE

Year of Study
Semester 1
Units
Semester 2
Units
MAT 100
MAT 101
MAT 181
MAT 111
MAT 161
3
4
MAT 201
MAT 202
MSS 212
MAT 263
MAT 223
MAT 203
MAT 323
MSS 311
MAT 382
MSS 381
*MSS 401
*MSS 402
*MSS 417
*MSS 418
*MSS 419
*MSS 416
**MSS 415
**MSS 492
**MSS 482
**MSG 422
**MSS 414
**MAT 363
**MSG 489
* Core Courses: Choose 2 from 6 listed courses

** Elective Courses : Choose 3 from 7 listed courses
MATHEMATICS MINOR PROGRAM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
MAA 101/4
MAA 102/4
MAA 111/4
MAA 161/4
MSG 162/4
MAT 181/4
MAT 203/4
MAT 223/4
MAT 263/4
MSS 311/4
MAT 323/4
MSG 362/4
MSS 391/4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Calculus for Science Students I

Calculus for Science Students II
Algebra for Science Students
Statistics for Science Students
Applied Statistical Methods
Vector Calculus
Probability Theory
Modern Algebra
Quality Control
Special Topic Survey
48
Mathematics minor students have to accumulate 20 units and it is compulsory for them to
take both MAA 101/4 and MAA 111/4 either as core or minor courses. Courses which
they have taken to fulfill the core requirements must be replaced by the above listed
courses. Please refer to the minor program guide book for further details.
SCHOOLS FACILITIES
The School of Mathematical Sciences has 3 undergraduate computer laboratories, a
postgraduate computer laboratory and a research and development laboratory. These
laboratories are equipped with MS Windows based computer facilities, networked laser
printers and CD Writers. Besides that, the School has also a graphic calculator laboratory.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Awards
Besides awards from the University, there are 3 other specific awards for mathematics
students:
1. Tan Sri Dato' Professor Sir Alexander Oppenheim Book Prize for the best first year
student.
2. Dato Abdul Razak Yusof Gold Medal Award to the best final year student in the
field of Mathematical Sciences.
3. Telesol Sdn. Bhd. Gold Medal Award to the best final year student in the field of
Applied Sciences (Mathematics).
The Dean Lists certificates are awarded every semester to excellent students who have
obtained a GPA of at least 3.5 and accumulated at least 14 units.
The Deans Award will be conferred to a student who has excelled in both the academic
and co-curriculum activities. Only one award is available for each year of study from each
program. A student of a CGPA of 3.7 and above in an academic session is qualified to be
considered for this award.
Mathematical Sciences Society
This society organizes various activities in order to promote Mathematics amongst USM
and secondary school students. Students of School of Mathematical Sciences are
encouraged to join this society.
Graduate Program
The School also offers the following graduate programs:
Master of Science (Mathematics) by research

Master of Science (Statistics) by research
Mixed Mode Master of Science (Mathematics)
Mixed Mode Master of Science (Statistics)
Master of Science (Teaching of Mathematics) by course-work
Doctor of Philosophy by research
49
Industry Advisory Panels for School of Mathematical Sciences

1.
Mr. Edward Chooi Kok Kee

Quality Management & Methods (QMM)
Robert Bosch (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Free Industrial Zone, Phase 1
11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang
2.
Mr. Amir Hamzah Mohd. Nawawi

Senior Engineering Manager
Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Motorola Technology Sdn. Bhd.
Plot 2, Bayan Lepas Technoplex Industrial Park
Mukim 12 SWD
11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang
3.
Dr. Lee Wen Jau

Senior Staff Engineer / Technical Manager
Intel Technology Sdn. Bhd.
(Company No. 36420-H)
Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone
Phase 3, Halaman Kampung Jawa
11900 Penang
4.
Encik Tan Soon Keong

Director and Head of Technology Product Engineering
Infineon Technologies (Kulim) Sdn Bhd
Lot 10 & 11, Jalan Hi-Tech 7
Industrial Zone II, Kulim Hi-Tech Park
09000 Kulim, Kedah
5.
Encik Ahmad Shukor b. Hj. Md Salleh

Head of Trade Marketing
Celcom Axiata Berhad - Northern Region
No. 291-G Jalan Dato' Kramat
10150 Georgetown, Pulau Pinang
50
SYNOPSIS OF COURSES
1.
MAT 100/3 Mathematical Foundations

This course is designed to provide first year students with appropriate
mathematical foundations in the topics of sets, functions, graphs and the number
systems. It also exposes students to methods of mathematical proving which
includes the technique of direct proof, contrapositive, counterexample,
mathematical induction and proof by cases. Having completed this course,
students will have a solid foundation to undertake the first year level
mathematics courses, particularly Calculus and Linear Algebra.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students are able to
1. solve problems and prove mathematical statements related to sets and
matrices
2. solve problems and prove mathematical statements related to the real and
complex number systems
3. verify elementary mathematical results related to number theory
4. practice problem solving techniques related to functions and graphs
Reference Books
1. Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics (3rd edition)
by Gary Chartrand, Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2012
2. Calculus (4th edition) by Michael Spivak, Publish or Perish, Inc, 2008
3. Complex Analysis by Rosihan M. Ali & V. Ravichandran, Penerbit USM,
2008
4. A Transition to Advanced Mathematics (7th edition) by Douglas, Smith
Brooks/Cole, 2010
2.
MAT 101/4 Calculus

Functions:
Concept of function.
x , x , rational functions, trigonometric functions.
Operations of functions (including composite functions).
Graph of functions.
Inverse functions (including inverse of trigonometric functions).
Limit:
Definition using , proof is emphasized using definition of limit.
One-sided limits, limit theorems, squeezing principle, lim
x 0
limits (uniqueness, preservation of order).

Indeterminate form:
L hopitals rule
51
sin x
x
, properties of
Continuity:
Concept of continuity, one-sided continuity, continuity on a closed interval.
Intermediate value theorem, extremum theorem, completeness axiom for R .
Derivatives:
Concept of derivative.
Differentiability and continuity, properties and rules of differentiation,
chain rule.
Parametric representation for curves, implicit function and its derivatives.
Rolles theorem, mean value theorem.
Tests for monotonicity, concavity, local extremum.
Applications - curve sketching, rates of change and modelling problems.
Antiderivatives.
Riemann integral:
Upper and lower sums, integratibility, fundamental theorem of calculus, integral
as a limit of Riemann sums.
Exponential and logarithmic functions.
Techniques and applications of integration:
Various techniques of integration, arc length, area, volume and surface area of
revolution.
Learning Outcomes
1. define and determine a function, limits of functions and their properties
2. determine the derivative of a function by using definition and various
differentiation methods
3. evaluate the integration of a function using various methods and properties
4. perform the calculus methods of differentiation and integration in solving
problems in life sciences and physical sciences
Reference Books
1. Calculus Vol. 1, How Guan Aun and Ong Boon Hua, Penerbit USM 2007.
2. Calculus 7th Edition, James Stewart (2011).
3. Calculus 7th Edition, Anton, Bivens and Davis.
3.
MAA 101/4 Calculus for Science Students I

Functions:
Domain, co-domain, range, 1-1 function, onto function.
x , x , rational functions, transcendental functions (including hyperbolic
functions).
Operations of functions (including composition of functions).
Graph of functions.
Inverse function.
Polar coordinates.
Limit:
Concept of limit and its basic properties.
52
Continuity:
Concept of continuous functions.
Intermediate value theorem and extremum theorem.
Differentiation:
Differentiability and continuity, rules of differentiation, chain rule.
Parametric representation for curves, implicit function and its derivative.
Rolles theorem, mean value theorem.
Applications - tangent, normal, maximum and minimum, curve sketching,
rates of change, differential, LHospitals rule, Newton Raphson method.
Antiderivative.
Integration:
Definite integral as a limit of Riemann sum, condition for integrability.
Fundamental theorem of calculus.
Exponential function and logarithmic function.
Techniques and applications of integration:
Various techniques of integration, arc length, area, volume and surface area of
revolution, centre of gravity, trapezoidal rule and applications in biology,
chemistry and economics.
Learning Outcomes
1. know about functions and limits, and their connection with differentiation
and integration
2. find the derivative of functions using various rules of differentiation
3. evaluate integral of functions using various quadrature methods
4. apply the methods in differential and integral calculus to problems in life
and physical sciences
Reference Books
1. Stewart, J. (2003). Calculus, 5th edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
2. Weir, M.D., Hass J. and Giordano F. R. (2005). Thomas Calculus, 11th
edition. Pearson Addison Wesley.
3. Berresford, G.C. and Rocket, A.M. (2004). Applied Calculus, 3rd edition.
Houghton-Mifflin.
4. Tan, S. (2005). Applied Calculus for Managerial, Life and Social Sciences,
6th edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
53
4.
MAA 102/4 Calculus for Science Students II

Sequence and series of numbers:
Monotone convergence theorem for sequence.
Divergence and convergence of series, n-th term test, integral test, comparison
test, ratio test, alternating series test.
Improper integral.
Power series:
Taylor series and Maclaurin series, radius and interval of convergence,
differentiation and integration of power series term by term.
Taylor polynomials, approximation of function by Taylors polynomial with
remainder.
Function of several variables:
Partial derivatives, directional derivatives, chain rule.
Maximum and minimum, Lagrange multiplier method.
Multiple integrals.
Differential equations:
First order differential equation and methods of solution, applications in
economics, biology and chemistry.
Learning Outcomes
1. determine the convergence of a sequence, series, power series and improper
integrals
2. select and use an appropriate test to determini the convergence of the series
3. find the partial derivatives using chain rule, directional derivatives and their
applications
4. evaluate a double integral in cartesian and polar coordinates apply the
methods in first order differential equation to problems in life and physical
sciences.
Reference Books
1. Stewart, J. (2003). Calculus, 5th edition. Thomson, Brooks/Cole.
2. Strauss, M.J., Bradley, G.L. and Smith, K.J. (2002). Calculus, 3rd edition.
Prentice-Hall.
3. Weir, M.D., Hass, J. and Giordano, F. R. (2005). Thomas Calculus, 11th
edition. Pearson Addison Wesley.
54
5.
MAT 111/4 Linear Algebra

Vectors in R n :
Vector operations, position vectors, inner product, cross product, equations of
line and plane.
Matrices:
Matrix operations, row and column elementary operations, elementary matrix,
system of linear equations (solutions in the form of homogeneous solution and
particular solution), Gauss elimination process, inverse matrix.
Vector spaces in R n :
Linear independence, basis, dimension, subspace, R n as an inner product space,
Cauchy Schwartz inequality, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process.
Linear transformation T : Rn Rm :
Matrix representation of linear transformation with respect to an ordered basis,
proof of matrix properties in terms of linear transformation, row space, column
space, kernel and images, applications for least squares problems.
Eigen values, eigen vectors, diagonalization of matrices.
Learning Outcomes
1. display a detailed solution to a system of linear equations
2. apply the concepts of the vector space R n on the general vector space
3. perform the Gram-Schmidt proses to find the orthonormal basis
4. produce the orthogonal complement for a subspace of an inner product
space
5. perform a complete diagonalization of a matrix
Reference Books
1. How, G.A; Ang, M.H; Lee, S.K; Sulaiman, H. 2012. Linear Algebra,
Volume 1, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
2. Smith, L. (1998). Linear Algebra, 3rd edition. Springer-Verlag.
3. Anton, H. (2000). Elementary Linear Algebra, 8th edition. John Wiley &
Sons.
4. Leon, S.J. (2006). Linear Algebra with Applications, 6th edition.
Macmillan.
55
6.
MAA 111/4 Algebra for Science Students

Matrices:
Matrix operations, elementary row and column operations, elementary matrix,
echelon form, row reduced echelon, finding inverse of a matrix.
System of linear equations :
Homogeneous system and non-homogeneous system, Gauss elimination, GaussJordan elimination, solutions of linear system of equations with LU
decomposition.
Determinants:
Finding a determinant through a minor expansion, properties of determinant,
finding the inverse of a matrix using determinant, Cramers rule.
Vector space in R n :
Concept of linear independence, spanning sets and bases, dimensions.
Null space, column space and row space of a matrix.
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process.
Matrix diagonalization:
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
methods of matrix diagonalization.
Learning Outcomes
1. find solutions of linear systems effectively using the theory of matrices, and
develop a firm understanding of the solutions structure of linear systems
2. describe the key concepts of Euclidean vector space R n and linear
transformations on R n
3. link between the orthogonality concept with the least square method to solve
inconsistencies
4. solve many problems on matrix diagonalization.
Reference Books
1. Anton, H. (2005). Elementary Linear Algebra, 9th edition. John Wiley &
Sons.
2. Noble, B. and Daniel, J.W. (1988). Applied Linear Algebra, 3rd edition.
Prentice Hall.
3. Edward, C.H., Jr. and Penney, D.E. (1988). Elementary Linear Algebra,
Prentice Hall.
4. Roman, S. (1985). An Introduction to Linear Algebra with Applications,
Saunders College Publication.
56
7.
MAT 161/4 Elementary Statistics

Numerical and graphical description of data.
Empirical law and Chebyshev theorem.
Introduction to probability: concept of probability, counting techniques, rules of
probability, independence, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem.
Random variables and its probability distributions:
Discrete distribution: expected value and standard deviation.
Special discrete distributions: Bernoulli/binomial distribution, Poisson,
hypergeometric.
Poisson approximation to binomial distribution.
Continuous distributions: expected value and standard deviation.
Special continuous distributions: uniform distribution, normal, Chi-square
distribution, F distribution.
Normal approximation to binomial distribution, Poisson.
Sampling distributions: mean, proportions and variance of one and two samples,
applications of central limit theorem.
Estimation: point estimation, interval estimation for mean, proportions and
variance of one and two populations.
Hypothesis testing: mean, proportions and variance of one and two populations.
Chi-square test: multinomial distribution and test of goodness of fit, contingency
table-test of independence and test of homogeneity.
Tests based on binomial distribution: sign test and Cox-Stuart test.
Tests based on rank: Wilcoxon sign rank test and Mann-Whitney test.
Run tests: Wald Wolfowitz test, Fisher exact test, Tukey quick test, Mc Nemar
test
Learning Outcomes
1. identify different types of data and describe the data graphically,
numerically and interpret their meanings in general.
2. compute probability and apply its concepts and rules to construct theoretical
models of populations.
3. differentiate between situations that are suitable for the application of
parametric methods and non-parametric methods in statistical inferences.
4. identify the appropriate statistical methods to be used in making inferences
about one and two populations.
5. perform data analysis appropriately and make decisions and conclusions in
solving problems.
Reference Books
1. Mann, P. S. (2003). Introductory Statistics, Fifth Edition, J. Wiley.
2. Ott, R.L., Longnecker, M. (2001). An Introduction to Statistical Methods
and Data Analysis, Duxbury
57
8.
MAA 161/4 Statistics for Science Students

Numerical and graphical description of data.
Empirical law and Chebyshev theorem.
Introduction to probability: concept of probability, counting techniques, rules of
probability, independence, conditional probability, Bayes theorem.
Random variables and its probability distributions:
Discrete distribution: expected value and standard deviation.
Special discrete distributions: Bernoulli/Binomial distribution, Poisson,
hypergeometric.
Poisson approximation to binomial distribution.
Continuous distributions: expected value and standard deviation.
Special continuous distributions: uniform distribution, Normal, Chi-square
distribution, F distribution.
Normal approximation to binomial distribution, Poisson.
Sampling distributions: mean, proportions and variance of one and two samples,
applications of central limit theorem.
Estimation: point estimation, interval estimation for mean, proportions and
variance of one and two populations.
Hypothesis testing: mean, proportions and variance of one and two populations.
Chi-square test: multinomial distribution and test of goodness of fit, Contingency
table: test of independence and test of homogeneity.
Tests based on binomial distribution: sign test and Cox-Stuart test.
Tests based on rank: Wilcoxon sign rank test and Mann-Whitney test.
Run tests: Wald Wolfowitz test, Fisher exact test, Tukey quick test, Mc Nemar
test.
Learning Outcomes
1. have a clear understanding of the basic concepts of statistics such as
probability and random variables
2. differentiate between discrete and continuous random variables and use
them appropriately
3. make statistical inferences for population parameters based on sample
statistics
4. identify the appropriate parametric and non-parametric methods in making
statistical inferences.
Reference Books
1. Freund, J. (2003). Modern Elementary Statistics, Prentice Hall.
2. McClave & Sincich, T. (2006). Statistics, Prentice Hall.
3. Prem, S.M. (2005). Introductory Statistics, J. Wiley.
4. Freund, J.E. & Perles, B.M. (1999). Statistics: A First Course, Prentice
Hall.
58
9.
MSG 162/4 Applied Statistical Methods

This course introduces the statistical methods appropriate for a single factor
study, a two-factor study and a simple regression analysis. The basic principles
of experimental design are introduced in the applications of a single factor study
and two-factor study. The statistical design for experiments are concerned with
systematic scientific techniques in the process of collecting appropriate data.
Analysis of variance is a statistical tool used in the analysis of a single factor and
a two-factor study. Correlation and simple linear regression analysis provides
statistical techniques for studying the relationship between a dependent variable
and an independent variable. Nonparametric methods for a single factor study
and correlation are used when certain model assumptions are violated. A wide
range of applications are illustrated using these techniques.
Learning Outcomes
1. identify the different models for a single factor and two-factor study.
2. apply the appropriate statistical techniques for the models of a single factor
and a two-factor study.
3. differentiate between problems that are suitable for the application of
parametric and non-parametric methods.
4. apply the appropriate statistical analysis for a simple linear regression
model.
5. perform data analysis, make interpretations and conclusions in solving
problems
Reference Books
1. Montgomery, D.C. (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, 7th edition,
Wiley.
2. Ott, R.L. and Longnecker, M. (2001). An Introduction to Statistical
Methods and Data Analyis, 5th edition. Duxbury Press.
10.
MAT 181/4 Programming for Scientific Applications

Introduction to basic computer concepts: Computer hardware and software. A
brief introduction to programming concepts. Problem solving and program
design.
Introduction to C++ language: Writing simple C++ programs but comprehensive.
Program control structures; sequence, selection and repetition. Basic C++
operators. Output formatting.
Modular programming: Functions. Strategies in solving complex problems.
File processing.
Advanced data types: Arrays. Pointers. Enumerations and stuctures. Strings.
59
Learning Outcomes
1. understand fundamental computer programming concepts and algorithm
development in problem solving
2. apply appropriate programming techniques/structures and strategies in
transforming the description of a problem into executable computer codes
3. develop programs using advanced programming structures (modular
programming, files manipulation, pointers) which add values to the
computer programs
4. solve problems in mathematics and scientific applications using a computer
programming language
Reference Books
1. Norhashidah M. Ali and Tan Guat Yew, 2007, C++ Programming An
Introduction (Reprint 2008), Penerbit USM.
2. Bronson Gary J. (2006) A First Book of C++: From Here to There, 3rd
edition, Course Technology, Thomson Learning, Australia.
3. Cannon Scott (2001). Understanding Programming: An Introduction
Using C++, 2nd edition. Brooks Cole.
4. Malik D.S. (2002). C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis To
Program Design, Course Technology, Thomson Learning.
11.
MAT 201/4 Advanced Calculus

Revision on MAT 101. LHospitals rule.
Improper integrals.
Monotone convergence theorem for sequence.
Divergence and convergence of series, absolute and conditional convergence, nth term test, integral test, comparison test, ratio test, root test, alternating series
test (may include Raabe test).
Taylor polynomials, Taylor Series,
approximation of function by Taylors polynomial with remainder.
Power series, radius of convergence, interval of convergence, differentiation and
integration of power series term by term.
Function of several variables:
Limit and continuity.
Partial derivatives, directional derivatives, total differential, chain rule, partial
derivatives for implicit functions. Taylor series in two variables.
Maximum and minimum, Lagrange multiplier method.
Multiple integrals, iterated integrals, change of variables.
Learning Outcomes
1. differentiate between sequence and series of number, and their relationship
2. use the series representation for some basic functions
60
3.
4.
recognize the improper integral for several types of function and determine
their convergence
show understanding about functions of several variables and the concept of
limit, continuity, differentiation and integration of such functions
Reference Books
1. Calculus Vol. 2, How Guan Aun and Ong Boon Hua. Penerbit USM 2008
2. Stewart, J. (2003). Calculus, 5th edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
3. Apostol, T.M. (1967). Calculus, Vol. I, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Apostol, T.M. (1969). Calculus, Vol. II. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Spivak, M. (1994). Calculus, 3rd edition. Publish or Perish Inc.
12.
MAT 202/4 Introduction to Analysis

Real numbers:
Algebraic and order properties, infimum and supremum,
completeness axiom, the extended real number system.
Countability of sets.
Metric spaces:
Limit point, interior point, closed and open sets, compact sets,
Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, Heine Borel theorem, Cantor set,
connected set.
Convergent sequence, subsequence, Cauchy sequence, upper and lower
limits, absolutely convergent series, addition and multiplication of series,
rearrangements.
Continuity:
Limit of a function, continuous function, continuity and compactness,
continuity and connectedness, discontinuities, monotonic functions.
Sequence and series of functions:
Pointwise convergence and uniform convergence, interchange of limits,
equicontinuous families of functions, Stone-Weierstrass theorem.
Learning Outcomes
1. have a firm understanding of the real number system and its topological
properties
2. state mathematical definitions precisely, illustrate them with examples, and
use them in writing proofs
3. relate topics from calculus such as limit and continuity from a more
advanced view point
4. construct mathematical proof using mathematical logic.
Reference Books
1. Rudin, W. (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition.
McGraw Hill.
2. Apostol, T.M. (1974). Mathematical Analysis, 2nd edition. Addison-Wesley.
61
3.
4.
13.
Goldberg, R.R. (1976) Methods of Real Analysis, 2nd edition. John Wiley &
Sons.
Bartle, R. G. & Sherbert, D. R. (2005) Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd
edition, John Wiley & Sons
MAT 203/4 Vector Calculus

Vectors:
Vector product, triple product, linearly independent vectors, analytic geometric
vector.
Vector function:
Curve, arc length, tangential vector, Frenets formula, curvature, torsion.
Differential:
Limit, continuity, partial differentiation, differential, directional differentiation,
tangent, chain rule, mean value theorem, Taylors theorem for function of
several variables, divergence, curl.
Inverse function theorem, implicit function theorem, global inverse,
curvilinear coordinates, and extreme values.
Integration:
Iterated integration, double integration, line integration, independent path,
Greens theorem, surface integration, divergence theorem, Stokes theorem,
change of variables in multiple integration.
Application of vector calculus : Electromagnetism, fluid and Gas Flow.
Learning Outcomes
1. evaluate scalar, vector and triple products and their uses in the description
of lines and planes
2. evaluate the differential geometry of 2 and 3-dimension
3. evaluate the gradient, divergence and curl of scalar and vector fields in
terms of cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates
4. evaluate line, surface and volume integrals
5. state and use Greens theorem in the plane, divergence theorem and Stokes
theorem
Reference Books
1. William Briggs, Lyle Cochran, Bernard Gillett (2011), Calculus. Pearson
2. Colley, S.J. (2005). Vector Calculus, 3rd edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
3. Matthews, P.C. (1998). Vector Calculus, Springer-Verlag.
4. Miroslav Lovri. (2007) Vector Calculus, W.H. Freeman and Co. John
Wiley & Sons Inc.
5. James Stewart 6E (2009), Calculus. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
14.
MSS 212/4 Further Linear Algebra

Determinant: definition of determinant using permutation, properties and
evaluation of determinants.
Vector space: abstract vector space, linear independence, bases, dimensions.
62
Linear transformation: linear transformation and its matrix representation

relative to an ordered basis, dual space, isomorphism of vector spaces,
eigenspace and diagonalizability.
Inner product space: spectral theorem and quadratic form, positive definite,
adjoint of a linear transformation, self-adjoint linear transformation.
Jordan canonical form: the minimal polynomial, the characteristic polynomial,
Caley Hamilton theorem, quotient space, Jordan canonical form.
Learning Outcomes
1. comprehends the theory behind matrix determinant
2. use isomorphism of vector spaces to find a matrix representation of a linear
transformation with respect to the given bases
3. solve power of matrices problems for matrices using Jordan canonical form
of matrices
4. use Spectral theorem to determine whether a matrix is diagonalizable
Reference Books
1. Smith, L. (1998). Linear Algebra, 3rd edition. Springer-Verlag.
2. Friedberg, S.H., Insel, A.J. and Spence, L.E. (2003) Linear Algebra, 4th
edition. Prentice Hall.
3. Gelfand, I.M. (1950) Lectures on Linear Algebra. Dover Publication.
15.
MAT 223/4 Differential Equations I

Ordinary differential equations: linear and nonlinear, homogeneous and
nonhomogeneous, degree and order. The existence and uniqueness theorem.
First order equations: introduction to standard solution techniques.
Second order equations with constant coefficients. Standard methods for solving
homogeneous and nonhomogeneous equations.
Numerical methods : Eulers method and Heuns method, simple error analysis.
Power series solutions: ordinary points only.
Systems of first order linear equations: introduction.
Applications: economics, ecology, etc.
Software: usage of standard software such as MATLAB is encouraged.
Learning Outcomes
1. understand fundamental concepts and theory of differential equations (DE)
and able to apply DE procedures in routine and non-routine concepts
2. select and use appropriate DE strategies and techniques
3. demonstrate an understanding of the appropriate use of DE modeling
4. gain computational skills needed in understanding applied problems
5. have quantitative reasoning skills, conceptual understanding and are able to
effectively communicate in mathematics.
63
Reference Books
1. Zill, D.G. & Wright, W.S., (2013). Differential Equations with BoundaryValue Problems, 8th edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
2. Edwards, C. H. & Penney, D. E., (2009). Elementary Differential Equations
with Boundary Value Problems, 6th Edition, Upper Saddle River, N.J.,
Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall.
3. Boyce, W.E. & DiPrima, R.C., (2010). Elementary Differential Equations &
Boundary Value Problems, 9th edition. Pacific Grove: John Wiley & Sons.
16.
MAT 263/4 Probability Theory

Probability: Expansion of the axioms of probability, the concept of mutually
exclusive and independence, conditional probability. Bayes theorem.
Random variables, probability density function and distribution function,
expectation and moment generating function, Markov and Chebyshev
inequality, Law of Large numbers, distribution function of random variables.
Some special distribution: Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson, hypergeometric,
negative binomial, uniform, normal, exponential, chi-square, gamma,beta.
Bivariate random variables: density function and joint distribution function,
conditional probability density function and distribution function, covariance,
onditional expectation, independence of two random variables, bivariate
normal random variables.
Transformation 1-1. Sampling distribution: chi-squares, t and F. Central limit
theorem.
Learning Outcomes
1. find the probability density function (p.d.f.) and distribution function (d.f.)
of any random variables (r.v.) and hence, obtain the mean, variance,
moment generating function and the kth. moment from this p.d.f. or d.f.
2. define probability and prove basic theorems in probability
3. adapt daily problem that can be solved in terms of r.v. and determine the
properties of its distribution.
4. identify the distributions of sample mean and variance from a normal
distribution and distribution of functions of two or more r.vs.
5. study problems of joint and conditional p.d.f.s and d.fs and their moments
and determine the dependence between two r.vs.
Reference Books
1. Hogg, R.V. and Tanis, E.A. (2001). Probability and Statistical Inference,
6th edition. Prectice Hall.
2. Hogg, R.V. and Craig, A.T. (1995). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics,
5th edition. Prectice Hall.
3. Ross, S. (2006). A First Course in Probability, 7th edition. Pearson Prentice
Hall.
64
17.
MSS 311/4 Modern Algebra

Sets: subsets, equality of sets, universal set, null set, Venn diagram, intersection
of sets, union of sets, difference of two sets, complement of a set, de Morgans
theorem, family of sets, ordered pairs, product of sets.
Relations: image sets, reflexive relations, symmetric relations, transitive
relations, equivalence relations, equivalence classes, partitions, divisibility of an
integer, congruence, congruence classes modulo n.
Functions (defined as specialized relations): mappings, injective functions,
surjective functions, bijective functions, composition of functions, inverse of a
function.
Binary operations (defined as specialized functions): commutativity,
associativity, left and right identities, identities.
Groups: definition of groups, Abelian groups, identity element, inverse of an
element.
Permutations: bijective permutations on a finite set as elements of a symmetric
group, cycles, transpositions, disjoint cycles, odd and even permutations,
alternating groups.
Subgroups: proper subgroups, trivial subgroup, order of an element, cyclic
groups, generators, subgroups generated by a set.
Cosets and normal subgroups: order of a group, right and left cosets, Lagranges
theorem, normal subgroups, factor groups.
Homomorphism: homomorphism, isomorphism, endomorphism, automorphism,
kernels.
Rings: unity element, zero element, commutative rings, integer domain, zero
divisor, division rings, fields, quaternion rings, subrings, ideals, factor rings,
homomorphism and isomorphism of rings.
Learning Outcomes
1. identify equivalence relations and partitions on a set
2. describe types of groups and subgroups from a binary system
3. solve problems that are related to group homomorphisms, normal subgroups
and factor groups
4. show whether two groups are isomorphic
5. identify different types of rings
Reference Books
1. Fraleigh, J. B. (1993). A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Addison-Wesley
Publ. Com.
2. Durbin, J. R. (2005). Modern Algebra, An Introduction, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
3. Lim, E. B. and Ng, S. N. (1987). Aljabar Moden, Penerbit USM Pulau
Pinang
4. Herstein, I. N. (1996), Abstract Algebra, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
65
18.
MAT 323/4 Differential Equations II

Advanced theory on system of differential equations and its solutions: focus will
be given on methods for solving nonhomogeneous systems, autonomous system
and its stability.
Orthogonal function, Fourier series and the Sturm-Liuoville problem.
Partial differential equations: some introduction to partial differential equations
that are normally used to solve problems in mathematical physics and methods
for solving these equations.
Learning Outcomes
1. analyze the local stability of plane autonomous systems
2. solve the regular Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem
3. performs analysis of solutions to Euler and Euler-Cauchy equations for
Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions
4. solve partial differential equations through method of characteristics and
dAlembert
5. solve partial differential equations using separation of variables method
Reference Books
1. Boyce, Diprima: Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems, 9th Edition, 2009.
2. Dennis G. Zill, Michael R. Cullen: Differential Equations with BoundaryValue Problems, 8th edition, 2009.
19.
MSG 362/4 Quality Control

Seven tools for statistical quality control: check sheet, histogram, Pareto
diagram, cause-and-effect diagram, stratification, scatter diagram and control
charts.
Statistical process control: control charts X R, X S , median-range, EWMA,
CUSUM, p, np, c and u. Specification limits. Process capability.
Acceptance sampling plans. Producer risk and consumer risk. Single sampling
plan. Double sampling plan. Operating characteristic curve of a sampling plan,
MIL-STD 105E and Dodge-Romig sampling plans.
Learning Outcomes
1. define and describe the concepts of quality, total quality management
(TQM) and quality control (QC)
2. analyze, interpret and solve quality-related problems
3. adapt both graphics and quantitative quality measurement and quality
analysis tools
4. present orally and in written form pertaining to quality
5. work as a team to solve quality related issues
66
Reference Books
1. Montgomery, D.C. (2009). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th
edition. U.S.A : John Wiley & Sons
2. Besterfield, D.H. (2009). Quality Control, 8th edition., New Jersey, U.S.A :
Pearson Prentice Hall.
3. Oakland, J.S. (2008). Statistical Process Control, 6th edition. Oxford, U.K.:
Butterworth-Heinemann
20.
MAT 363/4 Statistical Inference

Revision of probability theory. Sampling distributions, order statistics, limiting
distribution, stochastic convergence.
Point estimation: properties of estimatorsconsistency, unbiasedness, efficiency
and sufficiency. Point estimation using the method of maximum likelihood and
the method of moments. Completeness property for a family of distributions.
Unbiased estimators with minimum variance.
Interval estimation : confidence intervals for small and large samples. Pivotal
quantity.
Hypothesis testing : statistical hypothesis, types and sizes of errors, power
function, critical region, most powerful test, fundamental lemma of NeymanPearson, uniformly most powerful test, likelihood ratio tests for testing the
mean, variance, equality of two means and equality of two variances for normal
distribution, analysis of variance, non-parametric statistics, goodness-of-fit tests.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain and solve problems on probability theory and statistical inference
2. find the distributions and joint distributions of random variables and random
vectors
3. find point estimators, construct confidence intervals and conduct testing of
hypotheses to verify claims
Reference Books
1. Hogg. R.V., McKean, J.W. and Craig. A.T. (2005). Introduction to
Mathematical Statistics, 6th edition. New York, Pearson Prentice Hall
2. Larsen, R. J. and Marx, M.L. (2006) Introduction to Mathematical
Statistics and Its Applications, 4th edition. New York, Pearson Prentice
Hall.
3. Khatijah, S.A. (1995). Pengantar Teori Statistik, Penerbit USM.
4. Hogg, R.V. and Craig, A.T. (1978). Introduction to Mathematical
Statistics, 4th edition. New York, Macmillan.
5. Miller, I. and Miller, M. (2004). Mathematical Statistics with
Application, 7th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
67
21.
MSS 381/2 Mathematical Software Laboratory

Introduction to the capabilities of the MATLAB software package for interactive
numeric and symbolic computation, data analysis and graphics. The use of
MATLAB as an aid to solve and explore a variety of mathematical problems and
applications.
Learning Outcomes
1. use mathematical software for interactive computation
2. generate and export plots for use in reports and presentations
3. demonstrate the ability to use appropriate technology for research in
mathematics
4. formulate ways of using technology effectively in investigating and
developing understanding of mathematical ideas
5. practice the use of technological methods and tools in the subsequence
courses
Reference Books
1. Springer-Verlag (2005), The Mathematica Guide Books, Vol I IV, New
York
2. Ahmad, N. A., Hasan, Y. A., Zainuddin, Z. & Low H. C., (2002).
MATLAB: Pendekatan Penyelesaian Masalah Matematik, Kuala Lumpur:
McGraw Hill.
3. Davis, T.A. & Sigmon, K., (2005). MATLAB Primer, 7th edition. Boca
Raton:Chapman & Hall.
4. Law, A., (2004). Introduction to Scientific Computing using MATLAB,
Upper Saddle River:Pearson Prentice Hall.
5. Golubitsky, M. & Dellnitz, M., (1999). Linear Algebra and Differential
Equations using MATLAB, Australia:Thomson/Brooks/Cole.
6. Stephen Wolfram (2003), The Mathematica Book (5th Edition), Wolfram
Media.
22.
MAT 382/4 Introductory Numerical Methods

The goal of this course is to give an introduction into fundamental concepts,
ideas and methods of numerical analysis. Both theoretical and algorithmic
aspects of numerical methods will be covered. The Students will become
familiar with an array of basic numerical methods. They will understand the
methods scope, limitations and principle of implementation.
Learning Outcomes
1. Use basic numerical methods to solve calculus and algebra problems.
2. Analyze errors emerge from above methods.
3. generate polynomial interpolation to the given data set.
68
Reference Books
1. Rao,S. (2006). Applied Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists,
Pearson International Edition.
2. Timothy, S. (2006). Numerical Analysis, Pearson International Edition.
3. Cheney, E.W. and Kincaid, D.R. (2004). Numerical Mathematics and
Computing, 5th edition. Thomson.
4. Burden, R.L. (2005). Numerical Analysis, 5th edition. Thomson.
23.
MSS 401/4 Complex Analysis

Complex number: definition, algebraic properties, polar and exponential forms,
power and roots.
Analysis of functions: complex valued functions, mapping, limits continuity,
derivatives, Cauchy-Riemann equations, analytic functions, harmonic functions.
Elementary function: exponential function, trigonometric and hyperbolic,
logarithmic function and its branches, complex exponents, inverse function,
Mobius transformations.
Integration: define integrals, line and contour integrals, Cauchy theorem, simply
and multiply connected domains, independence of paths, Cauchy integral
formula, derivatives of analytic function, maximum modulus principle,
Liouvilles theorem, fundamental theorem of algebra.
Series: Taylor and Laurent series, uniform convergence, integration and
differentiation of power series, zeros of analysis function, singularities and poles.
Residues: residue theorem, calculus of residues, integrals of trigonometric and
rational functions, indented contour integrals, integration around branch points.
Learning Outcomes
1. have a firm understanding of the structure of the complex plane, and the
basic concepts and theory of analytic functions of a complex variable
2. differentiate functions, evaluate contour integrals, and determine
convergence of series
3. construct rigorous arguments and proofs, as well as demonstrate
applications of several key theorems
4. demonstrate the inter-relationship as well as several interesting differences
between functions of a real and a complex variable
5. write mathematical reports and assignments.
Reference Books
1. R.M. Ali and V. Ravichandran, Complex Analysis, Published by Universiti
Sains Malaysia Press, Penang (2007), 316p.
2. Silverman, R.A. (1984). Complex Analysis with Applications. Dover
Publications.
3. Ahlfors, L.A. (1979). Complex Analysis, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill.
4. Marsden, J.E. (1973). Basic Complex Analysis. W. H. Freeman.
5. Brown, J.W. and Churchill, R.V. (2004). Complex Variables and
Applications, 7th edition. McGraw Hill.
69
24.
MSS 402/4 Real Analysis

Function of several variables: differentiation, mean value theorem, Taylors
formula, Jacobian, inverse function theorem, implicit function theorem,
derivatives of higher order, differentiation of integrals.
Lebesgue theory: set functions, construction of the Lebesgue measure,
measurable functions, Lebesgue integral, the three principles of Littlewood,
monotone convergence theorem, dominated convergence theorem, comparison
with the Riemann integral, Cauchy Riemann criterion, Lebesgue criterion,
functions of class L2.
Learning Outcomes
1. demonstrate the weakness of the theory of Riemann integral
2. interpret the concept of measurability and understand its importance
3. demonstrate examples about several key theorems
4. distinguish between the two integral theories: Riemann integral and
Lebesgue integral
5. prove mathematical statements
Reference Books
1. Bartle, R.G. (1994). The Elements of Integration and Lebesgue Measure,
John Wiley & Son
2. Rudin, W. (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition.
McGraw Hill.
3. Royden, H.L. (1988). Real Analysis, 3rd edition. Maxwell Macmillan.
4. Bartle, R.G. (1975). The Elements of Real Analysis, 2nd edition. John Wiley
& Sons.
5. Apostol, T.M. (1974). Mathematical Analysis, 2nd edition. Addison-Wesley.
6. Wilcox, H. J. and Myers, D. L. (1994). An Introduction to Lebesgue
Integration and Fourier Series, Dover Publications.
25.
MSS 414/4 Topics in Pure Mathematics

This course treats selected advanced topics in mathematical sciences to cater to
new and emerging trends in research priority areas. The thematic topic offered
under this course in a particular year will depend on current interest. It is
intended for advanced undergraduate students with the required prerequisites.
Learning Outcomes
1. demonstrate mastery skills of the mathematical principles in the subject
2. manipulate the mathematical principles in the subject to solve some
mathematical problems
3. give an oral presentation or a written report of an independent study
70
Reference Books
1. Related scientific papers and books for selected Topics in Mathematics.
26.
MSS 415/4 Introductory Functional Analysis & Topology

This course studies basic concepts in functional analysis and general topology.
Important properties of metric spaces, normed spaces and inner product spaces,
along with linear operators on these spaces, particularly the bounded linear
operator and the continuous linear operator, will be investigated. Topological
properties of basis, closed set, product topology and compactness will be
explored.
Learning Outcomes
1. distinguish between the metric spaces, the normed spaces and the inner
product spaces and understand their relationships
2. identify the linear operators as linear transformations on abstract vector
spaces
3. Restate the three fundamental theorems of functional analysis
4. know the topological spaces and its topological properties, particularly
those related with the real analysis
Reference Books
1. Rynne, B. P. & Youngson, M. A. (2000). Linear Functional Analysis.
Springer.
2. Kreyszig, E. (1978). Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications.
John Wiley & Sons.
3. Munkres, J. R. (2000). Topology, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall.
4. Simmons, G. F. (1963). Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis.
McGraw-Hill.
5. Saxe, K. (2002). Beginning Functional Analysis. Springer.
6. Bachman, G. & Narici, L. (1998). Functional Analysis. Dover Publications.
7. Crossley, M. D. (2005). Essential Topology. Springer.
27.
MSS 416/4 Rings and Fields

This course studies ring theory which encompasses integral domains, zero
divisors, ideals, homomorphism and isomorphism, quotient rings, the field of
quotients of an integral domain, polynomial rings and field theory that covered
up to algebraic closures. The focus will be on the investigation of the close
relations among polynomial rings, factorization of polynomials over fields, zeros
of a polynomial and the types of field extensions.
71
Learning Outcomes
1. identify types of rings
2. solve problems related to homomorphisms of rings and ideals
3. determine the reducibility of a polynomial
4. construct a field extension using a given polynomial
Reference Books
1. Fraleigh, J. B. (2003). A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition,
Addison- Wesley Publ. Com.
2. Herstein, Israel N. (1975). Topics in Algebra, 3th edition, Xerox Publishing
3. Iain T. Adamson. (2007). ), Introduction to Field Theory, 2nd edition,
Dover Books on Mathematics
28.
MSS 417/4 Coding Theory

Basic error detection, correction and decoding principles: maximum likelihood
decoding, Hamming distance, nearest neighbour / minimum distance decoding,
distance of a code.
Finite fields: basic properties of fields and finite fields, polynomial rings,
construction and structure of finite fields, minimal polynomials and cyclotomic
cosets.
Linear codes and vector spaces over a finite field: Hamming weight, generating
matrices, parity check matrices, standard array decoding and syndrome
decoding.
Important families of linear codes: Hamming code, Golay code.
Bounds on codes: relation between the 3 important parameters of a code n (the
length of the code), M (the size of the code), d (the distance of the
code), Hamming (sphere-packing) bound, Plotkin bound, Singleton bound,
optimal codes and some construction of these codes.
Cyclic codes and ideals of a ring: generating polynomials, cyclic decoding
algorithm, examples of cyclic codes: cyclic Hamming codes, BCH (Bose,
Chaughuri, Hocquengham) code, Reed Solomon code.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the mechanism of how coding and decoding of a code can be used to
detect and correct error
2. construct vector spaces over a finite field and use it in the construction,
coding and decoding of linear codes
3. construct a finite field and use it in the construction, coding and decoding of
cyclic codes
4. design a code together with a coding and decoding algorithm along with the
verification of the codes optimization
72
Reference Books
1. Error Correcting Codes (2011), How Guan Aun, Ang Miin Huey and Denis
Wong Chee Keong.
2. Hill, R. (1986). A first course in Coding Theory, Oxford Press.
3. Ling, S. and Xing, C. (2004). Coding Theory a first course, Cambridge
University Press.
4. McWilliams, F. and Stone, N. (1977). The theory of Error Correcting
Codes, North-Holland.
29.
MSS 418/4 Discrete Mathematics

Combinatorics: pigeon-hole principle, counting techniques, permutations and
combinations, inclusion and exclusion principle, recurrence relations and
generating functions.
Graph theory: Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs, connectivity, planarity,
colouring, digraphs.
Learning Outcomes
1. identify discrete methods inherent in many problems and structures
2. apply and use the tools learnt in counting techniques using their own
creativity
3. construct graph models by identifying phenomena in other areas of study
4. efficiently solve problems that require mathematical reasoning and analysis
Reference Books
1. Rosen, K.H. (1988). Discrete Mathematics and its Applications, Random
House, Cambridge.
2. Bogart, K.P. (1988). Discrete Mathematics, Heath, D.C. Lexington.
30.
3.
Tucker, A. (1995). Applied Combinatorics, 3rd edition. John Wiley, New

York.
4.
Grimaldi, R.P. (1999). Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics: An

Applied Introduction, 5th edition. Addison-Wesley, Reading.
MSS 419/4 Geometry

This course introduces students to several types of geometry starting with
Euclidean geometry based on Euclids Axioms and proving theorems in
Euclidean geometry related to polygons and circles. The concept of geometry
will also be tackled through algebraic approach using coordinate and vector
geometry. The concept of basic transformation will be presented and several
theorems in Euclidean geometry will be proved using transformation geometry.
The concept and the application of projective geometry, in the perspective of
computer graphics, will be discussed. The last topics will be on Non-Euclidean
geometry and the differences between Euclidean and Non Euclidean geometry
will also be discussed.
73
Learning Outcomes
1. recognize and explain about various types of geometry
2. apply Euclid Axiom in the proof of Euclidean geometry Theorem
3. explain concepts and solve geometrical problems with coordinate, vector
and image methods
4. restate the concepts and applications of perspective geometry and projective
geometry
5. show understanding on concepts of non-euclidean geometry
Reference Books
1. Stillwell, J. (2010). The Four Pillars of Geometry. Publisher: Springer.
2. Posamentier, A.S. (2002) Advanced Euclidean Geometry. Publisher: Key
Publishing.
3. Coxeter, H.S.M, Greitzer, S.L.(1996) Geometry Revisited (1996) Publisher:
MAA.
4. Greenberg, M.J. (1993) Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries:
Development and History. Publisher:W. H. Freeman.
31.
MSG 422/4 Fluid Mechanics

Review of vector calculus.
Basic statics.
Basic concept of fluid dynamics and kinematics.
Finite control volume analysis of fluid flow.
Differential analysis of fluid flow.
Two-dimensional motion (potential flow theory).
Flow through pipes.
Basic concept of boundary layer theory.
Open channel flow.
Learning Outcomes
1. classify the properties of fluid related concept such as viscosity,
compressibility, laminar or turbulent flows
2. construct the governing equations of fluid mechanics using a finite control
volume and an infinitesimally small fluid element model
3. compute quantities of interest based on different types of flow
Reference Books
1. Merle, C. Potter and David, C. Wiggert (2003). Mechanics of Fluid, 3rd
edition. Brooks/Cole.
2. Cengel, Y.A. and Cimbala, J.M. (2006), Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals
and Applications, McGraw Hill.
3. Fox, R.W. and McDonald, A.T. (2004). Introduction to Fluid Mechanics,
5th edition. John Wiley.
4. Frank, M.W. (2006). Fluid Mechanics, 6th edition. McGraw Hill.
74
32.
MSS 482/4 Graphing Technology in Mathematics and Science

This course introduces graphing technology enhanced with a computer algebra
system (CAS) to the third or fourth year mathematics students. The focus will be
around the capabilities of the technology to enhance the understanding and
learning of mathematical concepts and theories through scientific visualization
and laboratory type explorations. The course content includes various topics in
mathematics such as calculus, differential equation, statistics etc.
Learning Outcomes
1. display the ability to construct and interpret graphs using technology
2. show a better understanding on functions and variables
3. performs the solution of algebraic problems in application context
4. analyze data collected from a scientific experiment
5. modify and develop a lesson plan which involves mathematical exploration
with the integration of graphing technology
Reference Books
1. Ali, R. M., Kassim, S., Seth, D. L. (2011). Explorations with a Graphing
Calculator. USM Press.
2. Instruction handouts by the instructors
3. Hastings, N. B., Reynolds B. E. (1999) Workshop Calculus with Graphing
Calculators, Volume 1. Springer-Verlag.
4. Dorner, G. C., Ferrard, Jean M., Lemberg, H. (2000) Visual Mathematics,
Illustrated by the TI-92 and TI-89. Springer. (iii) Lay, D. (2000) Linear
Algebra and Its Applications. Addison Wesley.
5. Mann, P.S. (2007). Introductory Statistics 6th Edition with Graphing
Calculator Manual. Wiley.
33.
MSG 489/4 Numerical Methods for Differential Equations

The course introduces numerical methods for solving ordinary and partial
differential equations encountered in various fields of sciences. It covers initial
value and boundary value problems. The finite difference method and its
implementation is emphasized.
Learning Outcomes
1. identifying appropriate numerical methods for solving differential equations
2. interprete numerical solutions of the differential equations
3. solving scientific problems involving differential equations using numerical
methods
75
Reference Books
1. Rao,S. (2006). Applied Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists,
Pearson International Edition.
2. Timothy, S.(2006). Numerical Analysis, Pearson International Edition.
3. Cheney, E.W. and Kincaid, D.R. (2004) Numerical Mathematics and
Computing, 5th edition. Thomson.
4. Burden, R.L. (2005). Numerical Analysis, 5th edition. Thomson.
34.
MSS 492/4 Minor Project

The objective of this course is to give an opportunity for independent work by
students on a particular topic relevant to the B.Sc. Program.
Learning Outcomes
1. manage a simple research project
2. join in on a meaningful discussion of a mathematical topic
3. illustrate and display results of the study through oral and writing
76
Index to Undergraduate Courses

Advanced Calculus
Algebra for Science Students
Applied Statistical Methods
Calculus
Calculus for Science Students I
Calculus for Science Students II
Coding Theory
Complex Analysis
Fluid Mechanics
Geometry
Graphing Technology in Mathematics and
Science
Introduction to Analysis
Introductory Functional Analysis & Topology
Linear Algebra
Mathematical Software Laboratory
Minor Project
Modern Algebra
Numerical Methods to Differential Equations
Probability Theory
Quality Control
Real Analysis
Rings and Fields
Statistics for Science Students
Vector Calculus
77
MAT201/4
MAA111/4
MSG162/4
MAT101/4
MAA101/4
MAA102/4
MSS417/4
MSS401/4
MAT223/4
MAT323/4
MSS418/4
MAT161/4
MSG422/4
MSS419/4
MSS482/4
60
56
59
51
52
54
72
69
63
66
73
57
74
73
75
MAT202/4
MSS415/4
MAT382/4
MAT111/4
MAT100/3
MSS381/2
MSS492/4
MSS311/4
MSG489/4
MAT263/4
MAT181/4
MSG362/4
MSS402/4
MSS416/4
MAT363/4
MAA161/4
MSS414/4
MAT203/4
61
71
68
55
51
68
76
65
75
64
59
66
70
71
67
58
70
62
SCHOOL OF PHYSICS
SCHOOL OF PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION
The School of Physics which occupies Building G06, G06A and G05 was one of the three
Schools that was set up when the University was established in the year 1969. The
School has since grown and evolved since its inception, and now emerge as one of the
leading schools in USM, garnering a national reputation in X-Ray Crystallography and
Nano-Optical research, whilst diversifying the thrust through the establishment of
research groups, namely, Condensed Matter Physics and X-Ray Crystallography; Applied
and Engineering Physics; Energy Studies; Geophysics, Astronomy and Atmospheric
Science; Theoretical and Computational Physics; and Medical Physics and Radiation
Science.
The School of Physics offers five undergraduate academic programs as follows:
Pure Physics
Applied Physics
Geophysics
Engineering Physics
Medical Physics
The main objective of the School of Physics is to produce Physics and Applied Physics
graduates who are high achievers, skillful in many areas, both scientific and non-technical
and possess excellent knowledge suitable to national needs. Studying physics can help
students to develop a range of skills including problem solving, reasoning, numeracy,
practical skills, communication, and information and communication technology (ICT).
VISION
Towards global excellence in transdisciplinary research and education in Physics
MISSION
To provide academic, research, educational and social programs for development of
human capital, knowledge, and technology for a sustainable nation
80
81
ACADEMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF LIST

ADMINISTRATION
E-mail/Telephone
Dean
Prof. Dr. Mohamad Suhaimi Jaafar
Ext : 3200/3814/3667
msj@usm.my
Deputy Dean (Academic)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fauziah Sulaiman
Ext : 3605/5123/3654
fauziahsulaiman@usm.my
Deputy Dean (Research and Graduate Studies)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azlan Abdul Aziz
Ext : 2473/5125/5305/4849
lan@usm.my
Deputy Dean (Student Affairs and Networking)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lim Hwee San
Ext : 5103/3663
hslim@usm.my
Pure Physics Programme Chairman

Dr. Nurhayati Abdullah
Ext : 5105/2475
nurhaya@usm.my
Applied Physics Programme Chairman

Prof. Dr. Md. Roslan Hashim
Ext : 5102/3677
roslan@usm.my
Geophysics Programme Chairman

Prof. Dr. Mohd Nawawi Mohd. Nordin
Ext : 5106/3665
mnawawi@usm.my
Medical Physics Programme Chairman

Dr. Norlaili Ahmad Kabir
Ext : 5104/5317
norlailikabir@usm.my
Engineering Physics Programme Chairman

Dr. Shahrom Mahmud
Ext : 5107/3643
shahromx@usm.my
First Year Coordinator

Dr. Norhaslinda Mohamed Tahrin
Ext : 6128/5330
haslinda@usm.my
Principal Science Officer

Mr. Madhavan Raman Kutty
Ext : 3666
madhavan@usm.my
Principal Assistant Registrar

Mr. Zolkifli Yaakob
Ext : 3025
zolkifli@usm.my
Assistant Registrar
Mrs. Zuraini Che Harun
Ext : 3204
chzuraini@usm.my
82
ACADEMIC
TELEPHONE
EXTENSION
E-MAIL
5001/3090/3983
3295/3669
2742/5303
5113/5309
3679
5102/3677
3200/3814/3667
5106/3665
3651
3678
3673/3090
draat@usm.my
ashukri@usm.my
haslan@usm.my
kamarul@usm.my
matjohar@usm.my
roslan@usm.my
msj@usm.my
mnawawi@usm.my
mjafri@usm.my
rosyteh@usm.my
zai@usm.my
5329/2476
5306
5125/2473/5305/4849
5304
3650/5123/3654
5315
2477
5103/3663
2176
3041
3676
5316
3670
abdul@usm.my
arazaki@usm.my
lan@usm.my
hychong@usm.my
fauziahsulaiman@usm.my
hbaioumy@usm.my
khirudd@usm.my
hslim@usm.my
sclim@usm.my
mutharasu@usm.my
nasirun@usm.my
onglh@usm.my
sivamany@usm.my
3049
4111
3659
3655
5319
6129
5312
2474
5302
5325
adilah@usm.my
fairuz_omar@usm.my
amin_khalil@usm.my
arazhar@usm.my
azlanbaharin@usm.my
iskandarshah@usm.my
mnoordin@usm.my
mmhalim@usm.my
naser@usm.my
shashiong@usm.my
PROFESSOR
Abd Aziz Tajuddin B.C.N, Dr.
Ahmad Shukri Mustapa Kamal, Dato, Dr.
Haslan Abu Hassan, Dr.
Kamarulazizi Ibrahim, Dr.
Mat Johar Abdullah, Dr.
Md. Roslan Hashim, Dr.
Mohamad Suhaimi Jaafar, Dr.
Mohd. Nawawi Mohd. Nordin, Dr.
Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri, Dr.
Rosy Teh Chooi Gim, Dr.
Zainuriah Hassan, Dr.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Abdul Halim Abdul Aziz, Dr.
Abdul Razak Ibrahim, Dr.
Azlan Abdul Aziz, Dr.
Chong Hon Yew, Dr.
Fauziah Sulaiman, Dr.
Hassan Mohamed Baioumy, Dr.
Khiruddin Abdullah, Dr.
Lim Hwee San, Dr.
Lim Siew Choo, Dr.
Mutharasu Devarajan, Dr.
Nasirun Mohd. Saleh, Mr.
Ong Lye Hock, Dr.
Sivamany Kandaiya, Dr.
SENIOR LECTURER
Adilah Shariff, Dr.
Ahmad Fairuz Omar, Dr.
Amin Esmail Khalil, Dr.
Azhar Abdul Rahman, Dr.
Azlan Baharin, Dr.
Iskandar Shahrim Mustafa, Dr.
Md. Noordin Abu Bakar, Dr.
Mohd Mahadi Halim, Dr.
Naser Mahmoud Ahmed, Dr.
Ng Sha Shiong, Dr.
83
Nurhayati Abdullah, Dr.

Norhaslinda Mohamed Tahrin, Dr.
Norzaini Zainal, Dr.
Norlaili Ahmad Kabir, Dr.
Nordiana Mohd Mustaza, Dr.
Quah Ching Kheng, Dr.
Ramzun Maizan Ramli, Dr.
Rosli Saad, Dr.
Shahrom Mahmud, Dr.
Subramani Shanmugan, Dr.
Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil, Dr.
Wong Chow Jeng, Mr.
Wong Khai Ming, Dr.
Yam Fong Kwong, Dr.
Yoon Tiem Leong, Dr.
5105/2475
6128/5330
5327
5104/5317
5313
3438
5301
3675
5107/3643
3672
5328
5308
5310
4178
5314
nurhaya@usm.my
haslinda@usm.my
norzaini@usm.my
norlailikabir@usm.my
mmnordiana@usm.my
ckquah@usm.my
ramzun@usm.my
rosli@usm.my
shahromx@usm.my
shanmugan@usm.my
wanmaryam@usm.my
wongcj@usm.my
kmwong@usm.my
yamfk@usm.my
tlyoon@usm.my
LECTURER
Cheng Soon Keong, Dr.
Nor Zakiah Yahaya, Dr.
Nurul Zahirah Noor Azman, Dr.
Yuniarti Ulfa, Ms.
5318
3652
3668
3674
csk79@yahoo.com
norzakiah@usm.my
nzahirah@usm.my
yuniartiulfa@usm.my
NON ACADEMIC
TELEPHONE
EXTENSION
4179
5320
3653
3671/3599
5322/3599
5307/3599
5324
RESEARCH OFFICER
Azwa Tan, Mrs.
Ben Kamarrudin Merican, Mr.
Ibrahim Mustapha, Mr.
Mohd Anas Ahmad, Mr.
Siti Khadijah Mohd Bakhori, Mrs.
Yushamdan Yusof, Mr.
Mohd Mustaqim Rosli, Mr.
E-MAIL
azwa@usm.my
benkamar@usm.my
mibrahim@usm.my
anasahmad@usm.my
skmb@usm.my
yushamdan@usm.my
mustaqim@usm.my
ASSISTANT ENGINEER
Sallehuddin Zamzuri, Mr.
Samsudin Mohamad Said, Mr.
5331/5332
5333
zsallehuddin@usm.my
samsudinms@usm.my
ASSISTANT SCIENCE OFFICER

Mahfuzah Mohamed Fuad, Mrs.
Noor Aswafi Ahmad Zaini, Mr.
Haslinda Musa, Mrs.
2577
3599
3661/5004
84
mahfuzahmf@usm.my
aswafi@usm.my
haslinda_musa@usm.my
Industry and Community Advisory Panel (ICAP)

School of Physics has established an Industry and Community Advisory Panel (ICAP) for
the purpose of strengthening the relationship and communication with industries as a winwin strategy for moving toward sustainability. The key role of ICAP is to
provide guidance and advice on programme curricular as well as the establishment of
new courses to produce graduates that meet the industrys needs
exploring the potential collaboration opportunities for promoting synergy in research
and industry based projects
constantly update fresh perspectives on issues of new and emerging technology,
changing needs of the industry and employment of graduates
Industry and
Community
Advisory Panel
Pure Physics
Mr. Mohamad Nasir
Osman
Position/Organization
Director Manufacturing
Oryx Advanced Material
Sdn. Bhd.
Geophysics
Tuan Haji
Ahmad Ziyad Elias
CEO
OROGENIC Group of
Company
Engineering Physics
Mr. David Lacey
R & D Director
Osram Opto
Semiconductors
Medical Physics
Mr. Ng Bong Seng
Applied Physics
Mr. Philip Beow
Yew Tan
Chief Medical Physicist

(Radiotherapy and X-ray)
Hospital Pantai Pulau
Pinang
Device Modeling MTS
(Manager)
Silterra Malaysia
Sdn. Bhd.
85
Contact
Plot 69 (d) & (e), Lintang Bayan Lepas
6, Bayan Lepas Industrial Zone Phase 4,
11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang
Email: nasir.osman@oryxadv.com
Tel: 604-6402348 ext 108 (O)
Fax: 04-6421357
7th floor, Menara Promet,
Jalan Sultan Ismail,
50250 Kuala Lumpur
Email: ziyad@orogenicgroup.com
Tel: 03 - 2143 4228 (O)
Fax: 03 - 2142 4229
2, Denai Bayu 22, Seri Tanjung Pinang
10470 Tanjung Tokong, Pulau Pinang
Email: david@lacey.me.uk/
www.lacey.me.uk
Tel: 04 890 4406 (O)
Tel. H/P: 012-4307003
82, Jalan Tengah, Bayan Baru
11900 Bayan Lepas
Pulau Pinang
Email : bsng@pantaipg.com.my /
gbongseng@gmail.com
Tel. H/P: 012- 474 5179;
Tel: 04-6433888 (O); Fax: 04-6432888
Lot 8, Phase II
Kulim Hi-Tech Park
09000 Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.
Email: philiptanbeowyew@gmail.com
Tel. H/P: 012-4377288
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE WITH HONOURS - PHYSICS
Major-Elective or Major-Minor Physics Programme
A student must attain a minimum of 2.0 CGPA ('C' average) for the whole programme
and the combined basic and core components.
If a student fails one or two core courses, he/she is allowed to replace a maximum of 8
units with core courses of at least similar level offered in other Programmes of study in
Physics.
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Type
Core
Elective
Minor
University
Total
Code
T
E
M
U
Credit Units
72
30/14/10
0/16/20
18
120
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the programme are :
1.
2.
3.
4.
to develop skilled human resource in various aspects of Physics fields.

to produce knowledgeable and skilled graduates in this field required by the
industries including electronic industries, research and higher education
institutions to fulfill the market demands and needs.
to provide human capital who are able to use logical and critical considerations
in their decision making and capable to gain, develop and administer sources of
knowledge.
to produce graduates who appreciate various culture and able to contribute and
lead effectively.
PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the programme, the students will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
gain knowledge in fundamental and broad physics principles,

carry out experiments, analyze and construe data,
value culture and cultural diversity,
perform their tasks professionally with values and ethics,
contribute and lead efficiently as a team member to achieve maximum yield,
make vital decisions using logical reasoning and critical thinking,
learn independently through the ability to locate, assess and exploit resources,
build up and administer knowledge to realize specific business, and
work as a team.
86
Core Courses
ZCA
ZCA
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
*ZCA
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
ZCT
101/4
102/4
103/3
104/3
106/3
110/4
112/3
191/2
192/2
205/3
206/3
210/4
212/3
213/3
218/4
293/2
294/2
304/3
307/3
312/3
317/3
390/8
Physics III (Vibrations, Waves and Optics)
Physics IV (Modern Physics)
Electronics I
Calculus and Linear Algebra
Vector Analysis
Physics Practical I
Physics Practical II
Quantum Mechanics
Electronics II
Complex Analysis and Differential Equations
Thermodynamics
Optics
Mathematical Methods
Physics Practical III
Physics Practical IV
Electricity and Magnetism
Solid State Physics I
Statistical Mechanics
Solid State Physics II
Pure Physics Project
Total: 72 units (22 courses)

*The course content of ZCA 110/4 overlaps with Mathematics courses MAA 101/4
Calculus and MAA 111/4 Linear Algebra. Students can only register either ZCA 110/4 or
MAA 101/4 and MAA 111/4.
Elective Courses
Students must select 30 units; at least 26 units from the group of courses below and the
remaining units may be selected from other Science or Applied Science programmes, not
from School of Physics.
ZCE 111/4
ZCE 208/3
ZCE 275/4
ZAE 282/3
ZCE 305/3
ZKE 327/3
ZCE 341/4
ZAT 386/4
ZKE 427/3
ZCE 431/4
ZCE 451/3
ZCE 499/9
Computational Approach in Physics Learning

Classical Mechanics
Introduction to Astronomy
Materials Science
Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Solid State Lighting I
Energy Studies
Semiconductor Physics Devices
Solid State Lighting II
Radiation Biophysics
X-Ray Analysis
Industrial Training
87
Suggested Progress Schedule for Course Registration of Bachelor of Science with

Honours Degree Programme Physics (Single Major)
Year
1
Sem
Courses
Units
ZCA 101/4 ZCT 103/3 ZCA 110/4
ZCT 191/2 U/4
17
II
ZCA 102/4 ZCT 104/3 ZCT 106/3 ZCT 112/3 ZCT 192/2 U/2
17
ZCT 206/3 ZCT 210/4 ZCT 212/3 ZCT 213/3 ZCT 293/2 U/2
17
II
ZCT 205/3 ZCT 218/4 .../4*
15
ZCT 307/3 ZCT 312/3
ZCT 390/8**
U/4
14
II
ZCT 304/3 ZCT 317/3 .../4*
ZCT 390/8**
U/2
16
.../4*
.../3*
U/2
15
II
ZCE 499/9
.../3*
.../3*
ZCT 294/2 U/2
9
Total
Note:
120
* Elective Courses (according to choice)

** Course conducted over two semesters
MINOR AREA OF SPECIALISATION

Some Minor areas of specialization (not limited to these areas) are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Astronomy
Chemistry
Mathematics
Computer Science
Management
Islamic Studies
English Language
Students are required to pass 16 or 20 units of courses taken under the Minor area of
specialisation and the remainder (14 or 10 units) from the elective courses listed in this
program. Please refer to the School concerned for further information on the courses
offered.
88
PHYSICS COURSES FOR STUDENTS WHO DO NOT MAJOR IN PHYSICS

Courses offered by the School of Physics can be registered as Basic, Core, Elective,
Option and Audit courses by students who do not major in Physics if they have fulfilled
the prerequisite of the courses selected.
CONTENT-OVERLAP COURSES
The list of content-overlap courses will be announced whenever neccessary. However,
your academic advisor should be referred to for advice.
PRIZES AND DEANS LIST
There are five awards in the field of Physics that can be won by students in each academic
session:
Honourable Dato' Professor Chatar Singh Gold Medal is awarded to the best
graduate in the field of Physics.
Ranjeet Singh Memorial Gold Medal is awarded to the best graduate in the field of
Geophysics.
Tan Kok Hin Book Prize is awarded to the best graduate in the field of Applied
Physics.
Universiti Sains Malaysia Gold Medal is awarded to the best graduate in the field of
Engineering Physics sponsored by Prof. Emeritus Lim Koon Ong.
Universiti Sains Malaysia Gold Medal is awarded to the best graduate in the field of
Medical Physics sponsored by the Staff of School of Physics.
Other than the awards stated above, the following are awards given by the university;
University Sains Malaysia Gold Medal is awarded to the best graduate of the
Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours.
Universiti Sains Malaysia Gold Medal (Ladies Association) is awarded to a female
graduate who is the best in all fields (academic and co-curriculum activities).
The Educational Award (Gold Medal, Certificate, RM1000) given by the Council
of Rulers is awarded to a Malay graduate and a Non-Malay graduate who is the best
in all fields in each University.
The Chancellor's Gold Medal for the Universiti Sains Malaysia Best All-Round
Student is awarded to the graduate who has achieved distinction in academic results
and possessed a record of active involvement in extra-curricular activities.
The Deans List is awarded to physics students who have achieved a certain level of
excellence in their academic performance. The Deans List is awarded every semester.
89
STAFF AND STUDENT COMMITTEE

The Staff and Student Committee is formed in the School to strengthen the relationship
between students and staff. The Chairman of this Committee is the Deputy Dean of
Students Affairs and Networking. This Committee meets from time to time and it
functions as an open forum to discuss matters concerning academic, welfare and nonacademic activities. Physics students elect the student representatives to this Committee
at the beginning of each academic session.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROGRAMME
Industrial training, which is optional, is encouraged. Industrial training lasts for 18
weeks, done in semester 2 of the 4th year of study. The purpose of industrial training is to
strengthen the relationship between the University and the private and public sectors and
provide exposure to working-life for students nearing their completion of undergraduate
study. Students will be directly exposed to the real working environment.
Students in the final year are encouraged to apply to serve as trainees with various
employers in industries, hospitals or institutions relevant to their fields of study through
the School of Physics. During the period of training, it is hoped that students will observe
and participate in the research and management activities in the industry, and implement
theories of science learned. Evaluation will be done based on the report from the
industrial supervisor/field supervisor, industrial training report including log book and
seminar presentation. However, a student may replace industrial training with courses of
level 400 from the elective list.
MENTOR SYSTEM
Mentor system is formed to assist students to overcome problems especially in regard to
academic matters. Students will be guided so that they will be able to face academic
challenges independently.
SCHEME FOR STUDYING ABROAD
The objective of this scheme is to create students awareness at the international level by
allowing them to register for one semester at a chosen university abroad.
FACILITIES
Teaching laboratories for practical classes, research laboratories, workshop, student
centre, computer laboratory, microprocessor laboratory, CAI laboratory, postgraduate
rooms, resource centre and seminar/tutorial rooms for physics students are available in
Buildings G05, G06, and G06A.
90
LIST OF COURSES OFFERED FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE WITH HONOURS PROGRAMME - PHYSICS
Semester I
Level
100
Course
Code
Title
ZCA 101/4
ZCT 103/3
Physics III (Vibrations, Waves and
Optics)
Physics Practical I
ZCA 110/4
ZCT 191/2
200
ZCT 206/3
ZCT 210/4
Prerequisite
-
ZCT 212/3
ZCT 213/3
ZAE 282/3
ZCT 293/2
Electronics II
Complex Analysis and Differential
Equations
Thermodynamics
Optics
Materials Science
(S) ZCT 106/3

(S) ZCA 110/4 or
(S) MAA101/4
(S) ZCA 102/4
(P) ZCT 103/3
(C) ZCT 212/3
(S) ZCT 192/2
300
ZCE 305/3
ZCT 307/3
ZCT 312/3
ZKE 327/3
ZCT 390/8

Pure Physics Project (two semesters)
(S) ZCT 205/3

(S) ZCT 205/3
(S) ZCT 212/3
(C) ZCT 307/3
(S) ZCT 294/2
400
ZCE 431/4
ZCE 451/3
X-Ray Analysis
(P) ZCT 104/3

(C) ZCT 307/3
Course
Code
Title
ZCA 102/4
ZCT 112/3
Physics II (Electricity and

Magnetism)
Electronics I
Computational Approach in Physics
Learning
Vector Analysis
ZCT 192/2
Semester II
Level
100
ZCT 104/3
ZCT 106/3
ZCE 111/4
Prerequisite
91
(S) ZCA 101/4

(C) ZCA 102/4
(S) ZCA110/4 or
(S) MAA 101/4
(S) ZCT 191/2
200
300
400
Note:
ZCT 205/3
ZCE 208/3
Quantum Mechanics
Classical Mechanics
ZCT 218/4
ZST 275/4
ZCT 294/2
ZCT 304/3
ZCT 317/3
ZCE 341/4

Energy Studies
ZAT 386/4
Semiconductor Physics Devices
ZCT 390/8
(P) ZCA 102/4 and

(S) ZCT 112/3 and
(S) ZCT 210/4
(S) ZCT 307/3
(S) ZCA 101/4 and
(S) ZCA 102/4
(S) ZCT 106/3 and
(S) ZCT 307/3
(S) ZCT 294/2
ZKE 427/3
ZCE 499/9

Industrial Training
(S) ZKE 327/3

(S) ZCT 390/8
P : Pass (Grade C and above)
S : Sequential
92
(S) ZCT 104/3

(P) ZCA 101/4 and
(P) ZCA 110/4 and
(S) ZCT 112/3 and
(S) ZCT 210/4
(S) ZCT 112/3 and
(S) ZCT 210/4
(S) ZCT 293/2
C : Concurrent
SYNOPSES OF CORE COURSES

ZCA 101/4 Physics I (Mechanics)
Unit, dimension. Kinematics in one and two dimensions. Vectors in physics. Newton's
Laws and application. Work and energy. Conservation of energy and momentum.
Collision in one and two dimension. Simple harmonic motion. Universal gravitation,
gravitational force. Motion of planets. Extended systems, moment of inertia. Angular
momentum, rotational dynamics, compound pendulum. Rigid body, equilibrium, statics.
Elasticity, stress, strain and torsion. Young's modulus, shear and bulk modulus. Bending
of beams, bending moment. Compression of fluids, surface tension, hydrostatics,
viscosity, viscoelasticity. Hydrodynamics, continuity equation, Bernoulli equation,
Poisseuilles equation. Turbulent flow, sedimentation, drag.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students are able to:
1. apply the basic principles of mechanics and fundamental laws of physics.
2. study and solve simple problems related to basic principles of mechanics and
fundamental laws of physics.
3. analyze problems and search alternative solution for solving simple problems.
Reference Books
1. Serway, RA and Jewett, JW. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern
Physics, 8th Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2010.
2. Halliday, D, Resnick, R and Walker, J. Fundamental of Physics, 9th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2011.
ZCA 102/4 Physics II (Electricity and Magnetism)
Coulomb's Law, electric intensity. Gauss's Law, electric flux. Electric potential and
electric intensity of point charges, dipole and charge distributions. Capacitance,
dielectrics, stored energy. Electric current, resistance, Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Law.
Microscopic view of current. D.C. RC circuit. Magnetic fields, Ampere's Law, BiotSavart Law. Faraday's Law. Lenz's Law. Inductance, stored energy, D.C. LR circuit. A.C.
current, electric power, RCL circuit. Force on current and moving charge. Lorentz
equation, Hall's effect. Dielectric materials, dipole moment, electric polarization. Material
resistivity, temperature effect. Electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum.
Magnetic field and electric field vector. Maxwell displacement current, Maxwell
equations.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic fundamental physical laws and principles of electricity and
magnetism which govern and give meaning to our universe.
2. demonstrate an understanding of scientific methods and the evolution of scientific
thought.
3. explain and solve problems related to electricity and magnetism.
93
4. display basic physical principles and analyze the procedural knowledge to arrive at a
solution for some desired unknown, when presented with problem situations.
5. demonstrate mathematical skills necessary to carry an argument from the given to
the to find alluded in (4) above.
Reference Books
Physics, 7th Edition, Thomson, 2007.
2. Young, HD and Freedman, RA. University Physics, 9th Edition, Addison Wesley,
1996.
3. Halliday, D, Resnick, R and Walker, J. Fundamentals of Physics, 4th Edition, John
Wiley & sons, 1993.
ZCT 103/3 Physics III (Vibrations, Waves and Optics)
Equation of motion for simple harmonic motion, damped oscillator, forced oscillator.
Logarithmic decrement, resonance and Q factor. Transverse waves and longitudinal
waves. The wave equation and its solutions. Reflection and transmission of waves at
boundaries. Stationary waves. Superposition of waves. Dispersion of waves.
Electromagnetic wave spectrum. Plane electromagnetic waves in vacuum. Propagation of
light waves, amplitude and intensity. Doppler effect. Interference, Young's double slits,
Michelson interferometer. Multiple reflections, thin films, Newtons rings and Fabry-Perot
interferometer. Diffraction grating. Dispersion, Cauchy formula. Polarization, Brewster
angle. Light sources and light detectors.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic principles related to vibrations, waves and optics.
2. explain the basic concepts of simple harmonic motion, forced oscillator, longitudinal
and transverse waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, interference of light,
diffraction pattern and polarization.
3. analyze and solve problems related to vibrations, waves and optics.
Reference Books
1. Pain, HJ. The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2006.
2. Lee, BS. Getaran dan Gelombang, USM, 1989.
3. Jenkin, FA. and White, HE. Fundamentals of Optics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Wiley & Sons, 2008.
5. Jewett, JW and Serway, RA. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 7th Edition,
Thomson, 2008.
94
ZCT 104/3 Physics IV (Modern Physics)

Special Relativity: Reference frames, invariance of Newton's dynamics. Galilean
transformation, invariance for other laws. Michelson-Morley experiment. Postulates of
special relativity. Lorentz transformation. Relativistic kinematics and dynamics. Einstein
formula. Introduction to modern ideas in Physics: Blackbody radiation, Planck's law.
Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, X-rays, Pair production and Pair annihilation,
Photon Absorption. Wave-particle duality, de Broglie waves, Heisenberg uncertainty
principle, Introduction to Schroedinger equation. Old atomic models. Alpha-scattering,
Rutherford model. Old quantum theory and the Bohr model of the atom. Energy levels of
the atom and atomic spectra. Excitation and the Franck-Hertz experiment. Bohr's
Correspondence Principle.
Learning Outcomes
1. describe the basic ideas in special theory of relativity and quantum theory.
2. explain the conceptual differences between classical physics and modern physics in
framing the law of physics.
3. solve problems related to special theory of relativity and quantum theory.
Reference Books
1. Serway, RA, Moses, CJ and Moyer, CA. Modern Physics, 3rd Edition, Thomson,
2005.
2. Beiser, A. Concepts of Modern Physics, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
3. Krane, KS. Modern Physics, 2nd Edition, John. Wiley & Sons, 2006.
Physics, 8th Edition, Brooks/Cole, 2010.
ZCT 106/3 Electronics I
Analysis of circuits. Alternating current circuits. Thevenins Theorem and Nortons
Theorem. Characteristics of diodes and their uses in circuits, rectifying circuits. Signal
processing circuits. Bipolar junction transistors and Field effect transistors, input
characteristics and output characteristics. Large signal amplifiers, amplification, distortion
and frequency response. Power amplifier. Small signal amplifiers and hybrid parameters.
Theory of positive and negative feedback. Operational amplifiers and their applications.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the characteristics and operation of components and devices, principles and
theory, and apply them to solve electronic circuits.
2. show the ability to design simple electronic circuits with the basic electronic
knowledge to solve an operation or problem.
3. display the mature learning skills to study more advanced courses in electronic plus
relating it for application in the industry.
95
Reference Books
1. Boylestard, RL and Nashelsky, L. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th Edition,
Prentice-Hall, 2007.
Wiley & Sons, 2008.
3. Smith, RJ and Dorf, RC. Circuits Devices and Systems, 5th Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, 2007.
4. Brophy, JJ. Basic Electronics for Scientists, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1990.
ZCA 110/4 Calculus and Linear Algebra
Calculus:
Sets, real numbers, rational and complex numbers. Functions and graphs. Sequences and
series, convergence tests, function limits and properties of limit, continuity, and the mean
value theorem. Differentiation techniques, implicit differentiation, higher order
differentiation, minimum and maximum values (theory and application), Rolles theorem,
L Hopitals rule, applications of derivatives. Integration techniques, improper integrals,
fundamental theorem, lengths of curves. Trigonometric functions and their inverses,
exponential and logarithmic functions, hyperbolic functions and their inverses.
Matrices and Determinants:
Matrix algebra, determinant, properties of determinant, inverse of a matrix, systems of
equations, vector spaces, Basis and dimension, linear transformations.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic concepts in differentiation and integration.
2. analyse and identify suitable differentiation law(s) or techniques of integration to be
applied in different situations.
3. explain the basic concepts about series.
4. explain the basic concepts in linear algebra and vector spaces.
Reference Books
1. Ayres, F. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Matrices, SI (Metric) Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 1974.
2. Thomas, GB, Weir, MD and Hass, J. Thomas Calculus, 12th Edition, AddisonWesley 2010.
3. Salas, SL, Hille, E and Etgen, GJ. Calculus, 9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 2003.
4. Edwards and Penny. Calculus, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.
5. Gerald, L, Bradley and Smith, KJ. Calculus, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999.
6. Lipschutz, S and Lipson, M. Schaums Outlines, Linear Algebra, 3rd Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2001.
7. Kolman, B and Hill, DR. Introductory Linear Algebra with Application, 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
96
ZCT 112/3 Vector Analysis

Vector algebra; definitions, addditon, subtraction of vectors, dot products and cross
products of vectors, scalar and vector fields, geometric representation, algebraic
representation, transformation; unit vectors. Vector calculus; scalar differentiation,
differentiation with respect to time. Gradient, divergence and curl of a vector. Physical
examples. Consecutive differentiation, Laplacean, D'Alembertian. Physical examples.
Vector integration; line, surface and volume integrals. Gauss Theorem. Stokes Theorem.
Application in Physics; potential theory, scalar potential, vector potential. Coordinate
Systems; Cartesian, curvilinear systems, cylindrical, spherical. Differentiation and
integration.
Learning Outcomes
1. reproduce the basic vector concepts and further understand main operations of
vector calculus and geometric quantities in curvilinear coordinates and its usage in
other subjects related to vector.
2. show a sound knowledge and understanding of differentiation and line, surface and
volume integrals, perform calculation using gradient, divergence and curl operator as
well as Stokess, divergence and Greens theorems.
3. relate the vector framework learned for the understanding and study of the advanced
engineering, physics and mathematics.
Reference Books
1. Spiegel, MR. Schaum's Outline of Theory of Problems of Vector Analysis and an
Introduction to Tensor Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1981.
2. Arfken, GB and Weber, HJ. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 4th Edition,
Academic Press, 2000.
3. Kreyszig, E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 7th Edition, John Wiley, 1993.
4. Greenberg, MD. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Prentice Hall, 1993.
ZCT 191/2 Physics Practical I
A selection of experiments which are related to physics subjects namely optics,
electronics, heat, mechanics and radioactivity: Error Analysis, Mechanical equivalent of
heat, Thermoelectric effect, Plancks constant, Radioactivity, AC resonance, Lees disc,
Excitation and ionization, Interference, Electrical measurement, Dynamic.
Students are required to do 6 out of 11 experiments in Semester I. The Error Analysis
esperiment is compulsory for all students.
Learning Outcomes
1. use the basic concepts of Physics during laboratory session.
2. assemble various equipments in the Physics laboratory.
3. discuss the experimental data.
4. write a laboratory formal report based on the proposed format.
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Reference Books
1. Ellis, JG. Safety and Laboratory Practicals, MacMillan, UK, 1978.
2. Kelsey, CA. Radiation Safety for Laboratory Technicians, Warren H. Green, St.
Louis, 1983.
3. Isenberg, C. Physics Experiments and projects for students, Newman-Hemisphere,
London, 1985.
4. Wilson, JD. Physics Laboratory Experiments, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2005.
ZCT 192/2 Physics Practical II
A selection of experiments which are related to physics subjects namely optics,
electronics, heat, mechanics and radioactivity: Error Analysis, Mechanical equivalent of
heat, Thermoelectric effect, Plancks constant, Radioactivity, AC resonance, Lees disc,
Excitation and ionization, Interference, Electrical measurement, Dynamic.
Students are required to do 5 out of 11 experiments in Semester II.
Learning Outcomes
1. use the basic concepts of Physics during laboratory session.
2. assemble various equipments in the Physics laboratory.
3. discuss the experimental data.
4. write a laboratory formal report based on the proposed format.
Reference Books
1. Ellis, JG. Safety and Laboratory Practicals, MacMillan, UK, 1978.
2. Kelsey, CA. Radiation Safety for Laboratory Technicians, Warren H. Green, St.
Louis, 1983.
3. Isenberg, C. Physics Experiments and projects for students, Newman-Hemisphere,
London, 1985.
ZCT 205/3 Quantum Mechanics
Formulation of quantum mechanic. Schrdinger equation. Probability. Observables.
Operators and expectation values. Stationary state. Eigen function and eigenvalue.
Particle in a box. Harmonic oscillator. Square barrier potentials. Barrier penetration.
Central field problem. Hydrogen atom.
Learning Outcomes
1. show an understanding of the basic concepts of non-relativistic quantum mechanics
through wave approach.
2. solve moderate quantum mechanics problems mathematically.
3. demonstrate an understanding of the significance of operators, eigenvalue equation,
pure and mixed states in quantum mechanics and how quantum mechanics can be used
to describe entity in a box, step potential, barrier penetration, harmonic oscillator and
hydrogen atom.
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Reference Books
1. Griffiths, D. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 2Ed, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
2. Peleg et al. Schaums Outlines of theory and problems of Quantum Mechanics, 2Ed,
McGraw-Hill, 2010.
ZCT 206/3 Electronics II
Numbers and code system, arithmetic of binary, hexadecimal, and 2s complement
numbers. Basic logic, Boolean algebra, de Morgan theorem, and logic circuit analysis.
Design of combinational logic circuits, minimization, Karnaugh map, decoder,
multiplexer, encoder, and demiltiplexer. Combinational logic elements: basic flip-flop,
flip-flop SR, JK, D, and T. Clocked flip-flops. Sequential logic: different types of
registers and counters. Sequential timing, synchronous and asynchronous counters and
their applications. Arithmetics unit: adder and substracter. Design of sequential logic
systems: state diagram, truth table, and timing diagram. Extension from exited table,
circuit design from truth table and timing diagram. Examples of logic circuit applications:
memory system, ROM, RAM, memory decoding, and basic architecture of
microprocessor system.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic concepts of fundamental digital electronics.
2. explain and analyze the logic circuit, Karnaugh map, combinational logic functions
flip-flop, timer,counter shift register.
3. solve problems related to fundamental digital electronics.
Reference Books
1. Floyd, TL. Digital Fundamentals, 9th Ed., Prentice Hall, Pearson International
Edition, 2006.
2. Marcovitz, AB. Introduction to Logic Design, McGraw-Hill, International Edition,
2002.
ZCT 210/4 Complex Analysis & Differential Equations
Complex Analysis: Functions of complex variable - complex functions. Differentiation of
complex functions; Cauchy-Riemann equations, analytic functions, singular points, power
series of analytic functions, Taylor series. Zeroes, Singularities and Residues. Laurent
series. Complex Integration: Cauchy Goursat theorem, path deformation theorem, Cauchy
integral formula. Residue theorem. Applications of residue theorem.
Differential Equations: Ordinary differential equations of first order and methods of
solution. Ordinary linear differential equations of second order homogeneous and nonhomogeneous equations and methods of solution. Series solution - power series and
Frobenius methods.
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Learning Outcomes
1. perform complex number arithmetic, differential, integration and contour integration.
2. analyze any complex integration in physics problems using suitable techniques
discussed in lectures.
3. display the skills of solving any normal first order and linear second order differential
equations.
Reference Books
1. Kreyszig, E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Edition, John Wiley and Sons,
2006.
2. Boyce, WE and DiPrima, RC. Elementary differential equations and boundary value
problems, 9th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
3. Churchill, RV and Brown, JW. Complex variables and applications, 5th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Inc., 1990.
ZCT 212/3 Thermodynamics
Simple thermodynamic systems, equation of state, work, heat, first law, internal energy,
results of first law, ideal gas. Carnot cycle and heat engine. Second law of
thermodynamics, results from second law, entropy, irreversible process. Combination of
first and second laws, T-S diagram and thermodynamic relationships. Maxwell equation,
Clausius- Clapeyron equation and Tds equation.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the principles of thermodynamics and show how they apply to an arbitrary
system.
2. explain thermodynamics phenomena in proper and clear scientific terms.
3. list the procedural knowledge to arrive at a solution for different problem situations.
4. relate and demonstrate mathematical skills necessary to solve problems as in (3)
above.
Reference Books
1. Sears, FW and Salinger, GL. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical
Thermodynamics, 3rd Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1975.
2. Van Wylen, GJ and Sonntag, RE. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
3. Serway, RA and Jewett, JW. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 8th Edition,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2010.
4. Young, HD and Freedman, RA. University Physics, 11th Edition, Addison Wesley,
2004.
5. Ratnalingam, R. Ilmu Termodinamik, Siri Modul Edisi Awal, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 1987.
100
ZCT 213/3 Optics

Polarization. Plane and circular polarization. Reflection and transmission of
electromagnetic waves at boundaries. Optical activity. Kerr effect and Faraday effect.
Dispersion theory. Diffraction. Fresnel-Kirchhoff equations. Fraunhofer diffraction of a
single slit, square and circular aperture. Diffraction gratings and their characteristics.
Fresnel diffraction for circular aperture. Cornu spiral and Fresnel Integrals. Zone plates.
Fresnel diffraction for straight edges and rectangular aperture. Quantum optics: laser,
fibre optics and light detection.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic concepts related to wave optics.
2. explain the principles of polarization, optical activity, dispersion and diffraction of
light.
3. solve problems related to polarized light, optical activity, dispersion and diffraction of
light.
Reference Books
1. Pedrotti, FL and Pedrotti, LS. Introduction to Optics, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall,
1993.
2. Jenkins, FA and White, HE. Fundamentals of Optics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill
International Editions, 1981.
3. Hecht, E. Optics, 4th Edition, Addison Wesley, 1987.
4. Subrahmanyam, N, Brij Lal, and Avadhanulu, MN. A textbook of OPTICS, S. Chand
& Company Ltd., 2006.
ZCT 218/4 Mathematical Methods
Integral transforms: general properties. Laplace transform: general properties,
applications in physical problems. Fourier transform: general properties, applications in
physical problems. Special functions/equations: Gamma, Bessel, Legendre and
Associated Legendre. Fourier Analysis: expansion of functions in terms of sine and
cosine, properties, physical examples. Partial differential equations: Sturm Liouville
boundary value problems. Wave equation, Heat equation, Laplace equation - solution by
separation of variables technique.
Learning Outcomes
1. show the understanding of the two integral transforms i.e. Fourier and Laplace
transforms.
2. identify the Bessel, Legendre and associated Legendre functions as the solutions of the
Bessel, Legendre and associated Legendre equations, respectively.
3. determine Fourier series representation for a cyclic function.
4. solve heat, wave and Laplace equations (finite case only) using the separation of
variables technique, including expressing the solution in terms of Fourier series.
101
Reference Books
1. Kreyszig, E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition, John Wiley and Sons,
2006.
2. Arfken, G. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press, 1985.
3. ONeil, PC. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 5th Edition, Brooks/Cole, 2003.
4. Boas, ML. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, John Wiley and Sons,
1983.
ZCT 293/2 Physics Practical III
A selection of experiments related to physics subjects namely optics, electronics,
mechanics and Modern Physics: Spectrometer Grating, Statistical Analysis for
Radioactive Measurement, Micro Wave, Variable Pendulum, Single-Slit and Double Slit
Diffraction, Back Scattering Of Beta Ray, Laser Interferometer, Stefan Constant, Vacuum
Technique, Tin Lead Phase Diagram, Computerized Spectrometer Grating, Interference
Microwaves, DC Power Pack, Franck Hertz, Class A Amplifier, Pulse Circuit, Quinke
Method, Tensile Test, Measuring Velocity of Lights, Thermal Expansion, Hall Effect,
Beta Ray Absorption, Transistor, Poisson Ratio for Glass.
Learning Outcomes
1. demonstrate experimental and analytical skills.
2. explain the data and discuss the result.
3. initiate new ideas through independent learning.
Reference Books
1. PHYWE Series of Publications, Laboratory Experiments, Physics. PHYWE
SYSTEME GMBH & Co., Gottingen, Germany, 2010.
2. PASCO Scientific Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide. PHYWE SYSTEME
GMBH & Co., Gottingen, Germany, 2005
(www.iphywe.com/bbs/download.php?bo_table=idata&wr_id=1).
ZCT 294/2 Physics Practical IV
A selection of experiments related to physics subjects namely optics, electronics,
mechanics and Modern Physics: Spectrometer Grating, Statistical Analysis for
Radioactive Measurement, Micro Wave, Variable Pendulum, Single-Slit and Double Slit
Diffraction, Back Scattering Of Beta Ray, Laser Interferometer, Stefan Constant, Vacuum
Technique, Tin Lead Phase Diagram, Computerized Spectrometer Grating, Interference
Microwaves, DC Power Pack, Franck Hertz, Class A Amplifier, Pulse Circuit, Quinke
Method, Tensile Test, Measuring Velocity of Lights, Thermal Expansion, Hall Effect,
Beta Ray Absorption, Transistor, Poisson Ratio for Glass.
102
Learning Outcomes
1. demonstrate experimental and analytical skills.
2. explain the data and discuss the result.
3. initiate new ideas to overcome problems in experiments.
Reference Books
1. PHYWE Series of Publications, Laboratory Experiments, Physics. PHYWE
SYSTEME GMBH & Co., Gottingen, Germany, 2010.
2. PASCO Scientific Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide. PHYWE SYSTEME
GMBH & Co., Gottingen, Germany, 2005
(www.iphywe.com/bbs/download.php?bo_table=idata&wr_id=1).
ZCT 304/3 Electricity and Magnetism
Revision of vector analysis, vector calculus, basic theorems, curvilinear coordinates, and
Dirac-delta function. The Coulomb Law. Electric fields, E. Divergence of E. The Gausss
Law. Curl of E. Gradient of E and electrical potential, V. Electrical dipoles. The
Poissons and Laplaces equations. Electrostatics field in dielectric medium. The Gausss
law for dielectric. Displacement vectors. Polarization. Electric susceptibility and
dielectric constant. Electrical boundary conditions. Electrical potential energy for
dielectric medium. Magnetic fields. The Biot-Savarts law. Divergence of B. Magnetic
potential vector, A. Curl of B. The Amperes circuit law. Magnetic dipoles.
Electromagnetic induction. The Faradays induction laws. Magnetic materials. The
Maxwells equations. Polarization of electric fields. The Poynting theorem.
Electromagnetic boundary conditions. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in free
space. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in material medium.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic concepts involving electricity and magnetism.
2. identify suitable mathematical methods for different configurations.
3. analyze and solve advanced problems related to electricity and magnetism.
Reference Books
1. Griffiths, DJ and Cummings, PB. Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition, 2008.
2. Reitz, JR, Milford, FJ and Christy, RW. Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, 4th
Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1992.
3. Lorrain, P. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman Co., 2003.
103
ZCT 307/3 Solid State Physics I

Crystal structure, classification of interatomic binding in crystals. Diffraction, reciprocal
lattice, Brillouin zone, lattice vibration, dispersion curve, specific heat-models of Einstein
and Debye. Free electron theory for metals, electrical conductivity, electron gas heat
capacity. Band theory of solids, Kronig-Penney model, holes, effective mass.
Semiconductor - intrinsic and extrinsic. Carrier density. Conductivity of impurities, Hall
effect. Optical properties: absorption processes, exciton, photoconductivity.
Learning Outcomes
1. differentiate the crystal structures of various solids.
2. display an understanding how the properties of a crystal are related to its structure.
3. explain problems that are related to crystals.
Reference Books
1. Kittel, C. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
2. Omar, MA. Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison Wesley, 1993.
3. Hook, JR and Hall, HE. Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
4. Khan, SA. Essentials of Solid State Physics, USM Press, 2009.
ZCT 312/3 Statistical Mechanics
Characteristics of macroscopic and microscopic systems. Probability concepts and
counting of states. Postulate of equal a priori probabilities. Microcanonical Ensemble.
Definition of absolute temperature and entropy. Canonical Ensemble. Statistics of ideal
quantum gases. Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. Bose-Einstein statistics. Fermi-Dirac
statistics. Applications of quantum statistics: specific heat of solids, black body radiation,
conducting electrons in solids.
Learning Outcomes
1. demonstrate the understanding of basic statistical physics methodology in describing
the behaviour of macroscopic physical systems.
2. explain macroscopic thermodynamical phenomena in proper and clear statistical
mechanics terms.
3. list the procedural knowledge to arrive at a solution for different simple systems.
4. demonstrate mathematical know-how necessary to solve problems as in (3) above.
Reference Books
1. Amit, DJ and Verbin, J. Statistical physics: An introductory course, World Scientific
Publishing, 1999.
2. Mandl, F. Statistical Physics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
3. Gould, H and Tobochnik, J. Thermal and Statistical Physics, (free access e-book
downloadable from http://stp.clarku.edu/notes/), 2011.
104
ZCT 317/3 Solid State Physics II

Phonon; neutron scattering, thermal conductivity, anharmonic effect. Electron energy
band in solids, Fermi surface. Electron dynamics in magnetic field, cyclotron resonance,
Hall effect. Superconductivity. Dielectric and optical properties. Ferro-electrics. Magnetic
properties. Properties of amorphous materials.
Learning Outcomes
1. describe the theories and principles of solid state physics.
2. explain facts relating to solid state physics, including developments, categorizations
and methods.
3. display thinking, problem solving and assessment skills associated with the course
content.
Reference Books
1. Kittel, C. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
2004.
2. Khan, SA. Essentials of Solid State Physics. Universiti Sains Malaysia Press, 2009.
3. Hook, JR and Hall, HE. Solid State Physics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
1995.
ZCT 390/8 Pure Physics Project (2 semesters)
Project/experiment of related areas of thrust.
Learning Outcomes
1. demonstrate the ability to work in a team to complete a certain physics project using
theoretical knowledge and other related references
2. demonstrate individual skills to overcome unexpected problems in the process of
completing a certain project
3. study, compile, present and defend their project results
105
SYNOPSES OF ELECTIVE COURSES

ZCE 111/4 Computational Physics
Introduction to programming package, importing and exporting of files, data manipulation
and visualization, interpolation, extrapolation and fitting of data points, numerical rootfinding, solving first and second order differential equations numerically, numerical
integration, visualization of geometry in two and three dimensions, simulation of motion
in classical physics, simulation of wave propagation, simulation of electrostatic and
magnetostatic fields.
Learning Outcomes
1. identify and understand basic concepts of software applications in the development of
simple algoritams.
2. explore and apply techniques and strategies of programming to solve problems in
physics learning.
3. show potential in computer software package applications for visualization,
manipulation and processing of data.
References Books
1. Klein, A and Godunov, A. Introductory Computational Physics, Cambridge University
Press, 2006.
2. Don, E. Schaums Outline of Mathematica, 2nd Edition, Schaums Outline Series,
McGraw-Hill, 2009.
3. Landau, RH. A First Course in Scientific Computing: Symbolic, Graphic, and
Numeric Modeling Using Maple, Java, Mathematica, and Fortran 90, Princeton
University Press, 2005.
ZCE 208/3 Classical Mechanics
Vector calculus and kinematics. Particle motion, system of particles, conservation laws
and examples in Newtonian mechanics such as resistive motion, central force, rocket
equation and others. Motion in non inertial frame systems, Coriolis force. Analytical
Mechanics: Calculus of variation, Euler equation. Hamiltons principle and Lagrangian
and Hamiltonian dynamics. Generalised coordinates. Lagrange equation. Generalized
coordinates. Lagrange multiplier. Hamiltons canonical equation.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic concepts related to systems of particles and Hamiltonian dynamics.
2. solve problems related to Newtonian mechanics and Hamiltonian dynamics.
3. explain the basic concepts of noninertial reference frame, centifugal and Coriolis
forces.
106
References Books
1. Thornton, ST and Marion, JB. Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems, 5th
Edition, Harcourt College Publishers, 2004.
2. Greiner, W. Classical Mechanics: Systems of Particles and Hamiltonian Dynamics,
Second Indian Reprint, 2006.
3. Spiegel, MR. Schaum's Outline Series: Theory And Problems Of Theoretical
Mechanics, (SI [Metric] Edition), McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982.
4. Arya, AP. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.
5. Goldstein, H, Poole, C and Safko, J. Classical Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Addison
Wesley, 2002.
6. Fowles, GR. Analytical Mechanics, 6th Edition, Saunders College Publishing, 1999.
ZCE 275/4 Introduction to Astronomy
Celestial mechanics. Measurement of time. Astronomical Instrumentation. Celestial
coordinate system. The Sun and solar system. Deriving information from electromagnetic
waves. Stellar evolution. H-R diagram. Other astronomy radio, IR, UV, x-ray and
gamma ray astronomy. Practical handling and mounting of telescopes. Field observations
of night sky. Solar observation. Astrophotography.
Learning Outcomes
1. define, interpret, explore and explain the basic foundations of astronomy.
2. recognize, assemble and manipulate astronomical instruments.
3. recognize and elaborate on the physical objects in the universe and relate them with
physical theories.
Reference Books
1. Ostlie, DA and Carroll, BW. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, Addison
Wesley, 2005.
2. Chaisson, E and McMilan, S. Astronomy Today, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.
3. Roy, AE and Clarke, D. Astronomy: Structure of the Universe, Adam Hilger, 1989.
4. Roy, AE and Clarke, D. Astronomy: Principles and Practices, Adam Hilger, 1988.
ZAE 282/3 Materials Science
Introduction. Structure: Crystal structure and imperfections, phase diagrams, phase
transformations, diffusion, deformation of materials, strengthening mechanisms and
microstructures, corrosion and oxidation. Materials: Iron, steel and ferrous alloys, nonferrous metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics, composites.
107
Learning Outcomes
1. define the properties, structures and uses of engineering materials and also evaluate
the impact of material selection, material performance of a structure or mechanism
due to the relationship between macroscopic properties and microscopic causes.
2. draw unit cells for crystal structures, describe crystalline planes using Miller indices
and compute density.
3. describe types of point defects and dislocation defects in crystalline solids and able to
distinguish between steady state and non-steady state diffusion in solids and apply
Ficks laws to solve simple diffusion problems.
4. define engineering stress and strain, and interpret a stress-strain diagram.
Reference Books
1. Callister, WD Jr. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Flinn, RA and Trojen, PK. Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 3rd Edition,
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1986.
3. Van Vlack, LH. Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 6th Edition,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1989.
4. Askeland, DR & Phule, PP. The Science and Engineering of Materials, 5th Edition,
Thomson, 2006.
ZCE 305/3 Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Atomic structure: Hydrogen atom. States in hydrogen atom. Angular momentum. Many
electron atom. Electron spin. Pauli exclusion principle. Symmetric and Antisymmetric
wave functions. Spin orbit coupling. LS and JJ coupling. Atomic spectra. Selection rules.
One valence electron-atom. Zeeman effect, Normal and Anomalous. Nuclear structure:
General properties of nuclear - composition, size, form, mass and atomic nuclear charge.
Nuclear force and deuteron problem. Radioactivity, alpha decay, gama decay, electron
capture. Internal conversion. Nuclear reactions. Nuclear models and magic numbers.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the origin, the general procedure and feature of atomic quantum theory.
2. explain the spectra of hydrogen, alkali metals, helium and other many electron atoms.
3. differentiate the mechanisms of radioactive decay and other nuclear reactions.
4. distinguish the principles of fission, fusion and nuclear power.
Reference Books
1. Thornton, ST and Rex, A. Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 3rd Edition,
Brooks/Cole Cengage, 2006.
2. Littlefield, TA and Thorley, N. Atomic and Nuclear Physics; An Introduction in S.I
Units, 2nd Edition, D Van Nostrand Company Ltd.,1968.
3. Semat, H. Introduction to Atomic and Nuclear Physics, 4th Edition, Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1966.
108
ZKE 327/3 Solid State Lighting I

Solid State Lighting I will cover a brief introduction to semiconductor material systems
and growth techniques used for producing light emitting diodes (LEDs). The basic of
structures, properties and operation as well as other applications of LEDs will be taught.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the basic structures, properties and operation as well as other applications of
light emitting diodes.
2. understand and explain the fabrication of LEDs, from the aspects of growth until
metallization process.
3. know and differentiate the characterization techniques for LEDs.
References Books
1. Schubert, EF. Light Emitting Diodes, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
2. Held, G. Introduction to Light Emitting Diode Technology and Applications, CRC
Press, Taylor& Francis Group, 2009.
3. Zukauskas, A, Shur, MS and Gaska, R. Introduction to Solid-State Linghting, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
4. Sze, SM. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pte. Ltd., 1999.
5. Davies, JH. An Introduction: The Physics of Low-Dimensional Semiconductors,
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
ZCE 341/4 Energy Studies
Brief history of energy use. Energy situation in Malaysia. Introduction to renewable
energy, Types of renewable energy: solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, biomass, hydro,
wind, geothermal. Sunlight and spectrum distribution of sunlight. Solar thermal and solar
photovoltaic collectors. Solar cell technology. Biomass and bio-energy. Biomass energy
conversion process: direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, fermentation and anaerobic
digestion. Hydro power. Wind power. Geothermal.
Learning Outcomes
1. identify the alternative sources of renewable energy and explain the need for
renewable energy.
2. explain the main processes for power generation and be able to use relevant and clear
scientific terms.
3. explain and discuss about energy efficiency from renewable energy. Analyse and
solve problems related to renewable energy.
109
References Books
1. Green, M. Solar Cells-Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications,
Prentice Hall, 2000.
2. Twidell, JW. Renewable Energy Resources, Spon Press, 2000.
3. Wereko-Brobby CY and Hagen EB, Biomass Conversion and Technology, John
Wiley & Sons, 1996.
4. Hall, CW. Biomass as an Alternative Fuel, Government Institutes, 1981.
5. Weider, S. An Introduction to Solar Energy for Scientists and Engineers, John Wiley,
1982.
6. Abdullah, N. Processing Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches: Fast Pyrolysis Technology
and Water Washing Pre-treatment, VDM Verlag Dr. Mullr, Germany, 2009.
ZAT 386/4 Physics of Semiconductor Devices
Energy band, density of states, intrinsic semiconductor, electron and holes conduction,
extrinsic semiconductor, impurities, impurity level, Fermi level, carrier concentration;
Hall effect, impurity motion, minority carrier lifetime, recombination process, diffusion
length, semiconductor surface, semiconductor-metal contact, semiconductor insulator
contact; Ge, Si and III-IV compounds; p-n junction devices inclusive of Zener diode,
tunnel diode, varactor, variator; single junction transistor, field-effect transistors inclusive
of junction FET and metal oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET), silicon controlled
switch (SCS), Schotky diode and phototransistor, solar cell and semiconductor laser.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain, differentiate and relate the theory and properties of semiconductor.
2. identify, explain, track and understand the design and integration of semiconductor
devices.
3. explain, discuss and evaluate the characteristics of semiconductor devices.
Reference Books
1. Streetman, BG. Solid State Electronic Devices, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2007.
2. Zambuto, M. Semoconductor Devices, McGraw-Hill, 1989.
3. Sze, SM. Semiconductor Devices, Physics and Technology, John Wiley & Sons,
2001.
ZKE 427/3 Solid State Lighting II
This course will cover introduction to light emitting diode (LED), LED electrical and
optical properties, as well as visible-spectrum LED made from III-V semiconductors. It
will introduce areas such as human vision, packaging, photometry, calorimetry, color
mixing and also thermal analysis including junction and carrier temperatures that affects
the device performance.
110
Learning Outcome
1. identify light emitter diode and understanding the detail characteristics of electricity
and light emitter diode optic.
2. explain the basis and the characteristic of material which have spectrum visible light
and ultra purple and also capable to design and simulate the DBR reflector for light
extraction.
3. calculate and analyse thermal resistance network in various junction temperature of
the heat flow of one dimension and explain calorimetry principle, photometry
measurement and rendering colour in light emitting diode.
Reference Books
1. Schubert, EF. Light Emitting Diodes, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
2. Held, G. Introduction to Light Emitting Diode Technology and Applications, CRC
Press, Taylor& Francis Group, 2009.
3. Zukauskas, A, Shur, MS and Gaska, R. Introduction to Solid-State Linghting, John
Wiley & Sons, 2002.
4. Sze, SM. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pte. Ltd., 1999.
5. Davies, JH. An Introduction: The Physics of Low-Dimensional Semiconductors,
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
ZCE 431/4 Radiation Biophysics
Interaction of radiation with matter. Interaction mechanism of photons and electrons with
matter. Interaction of neutrons, alpha particles, heavy nuclei and nuclear fission fragments
with matter. Detection and measurement of radiation. Radiation dosimetry. Production of
radionuclides and its use in tracer techniques. Biological effects of radiation.
Learning Outcomes
1. explain the interaction mechanism of ionizing radiation with matter.
2. explain the concepts of the detection and measurement of radiation.
3. explain the process of production of the radionuclides and its use.
4. explain the biological effects of radiation.
Reference Books
1. Alpen, EL. Radiation Biophysics, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, 1997.
2. Ramli, AT. Biofizik Sinaran, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kuala Lumpur, 1993.
3. Yusoff, M and Bradley, D. Principles of Radiation Protection, UM Press, 2001.
4. Hall, EJ and Giaccia, AJ. Radiobiology for the Radiologist, 6th Edition, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
111
ZCE 451/3 X-Ray Analysis

X-ray production using Coolidge tube and the synchrotron methods with definition of
crystal and its symmetries. Point groups, Laue groups and space groups from triclinic,
monoclinic and orthrhombic systems. Miller indices, zon axis, Weiss zone laws.
Derivation of the structure factor equation and proof of Friedel's law. Limiting conditions
for various translational symmetries and Bravais lattices. The Bragg's law in equation
form as well as in the Ewald sphere construct. Electron map diagrams. X-ray
fluoroscence, instrumentation and execution. Wavelength dispersive and energy
dispersive methods. Qualitative and quantitative methods. The power method with
specific application for cubic crystals. The cell parameter using actual experimental data.
Learning Outcomes
1. relate how the structure of a molecule is derived through the x-ray crystallography
method.
2. apply and analyse the X-ray fluoroscence and the powder methods.
3. sketch, label and elaborate X-ray analysis instruments.
4. explain and justify the role of each X-ray analysis method.
Reference Books
1. Ooi L-L. Principles of X-ray crystallography, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2. Giacovazzo C. Fundamentals of Crystallography (IUCr), Oxford University Press,
1992.
3. Ladd, MFC and Palmer, RA. Structure determination by X-ray Crystallography,
Plenum Press, 1993.
4. Jenkins, R and Snyder, RL. Introduction to X-Ray Powder Diffractometry. John Wiley
and Sons, 1996.
5. Jenkins, R, Gould, RW & Gedcke D. Quantitative X-ray Spectrometry, CRC press,
1995.
6. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography: Volume A, B, C (II, III & IV).
7. Computer database Cambridge Crystallographic Database Center (CCDC) The
Powder Diffraction File (PDF).
ZCE 499/9 Industrial Training
Industrial training will be carried out and last for 4.5 months in the 4th year, semester 2.
Students will be assigned at the industrial, hospital or institution which is identified by the
school or the student himself/herself. Students will be directly exposed to the real working
environment. Evaluation for this training will be done based on the report from the
industrial supervisor/field supervisor, industrial training report or log book and seminar
presentation.
Learning Outcomes
1. relate what you learned during lecture with real working environment.
2. organize and explain findings from training.
3. practice knowledge, skill and ability
112
Index of Courses
Classical Mechanics
Complex Analysis and Differential Equations
Computational Physics
Electronics I
Electronics II
Energy Studies
Industrial Training
Materials Science
Optics
Physics Practical I
Physics of Semiconductor Devices
Quantum Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Vector Analysis
X-Ray Analysis
113
ZCE 305/3
ZCA 110/4
ZCE 208/2
ZCT 210/4
ZCE 111/4
ZCT 304/3
ZCT 106/3
ZCT 206/3
ZCE 341/4
ZCE 499/9
ZCE 275/4
ZAE 282/3
ZCT 218/4
ZCT 213/3
ZCA 101/4
ZCA 102/4
ZCT 103/3
ZCT 104/3
ZCT 191/2
ZCT 192/2
ZCT 293/2
ZCT 294/2
ZAT 386/4
ZCT 390/8
ZCT 205/3
ZCE 431/4
ZKE 327/3
ZKE 427/3
ZCT 307/3
ZCT 317/3
ZCT 312/3
ZCT 212/3
ZCT 112/3
ZCE 451/3
107
95
105
98
105
102
94
98
108
111
106
106
100
100
92
92
93
94
96
97
101
101
109
104
97
110
108
109
103
104
103
99
96
111
SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Introduction
Excellence in research and teaching is our aspiration, which is driven by research-active
staff from diverse academic and research backgrounds. We offer exciting opportunities to
students over a wide variety of topics related to Biological Sciences. Students are exposed
to essential fundamental knowledge on ecosystem, biodiversity, plants and animals,
processes in the first year. In the second year, students can choose to specialise in either
Microbiology, Animal Biology or Plant Biology leading to a degree in Bachelor of
Science (Honours) in four years. In addition, students are also encouraged to register in
an optional internship programme (Elective Course) during the semester break at the end
of the 3rd year (Semester 2). The 2 months internship programme will provide the students
with valuable industry and corporate exposures.
Students graduating from the School of Biological Sciences will be equipped with the
following knowledge:
a. The diversity of life forms and the reasons for this.
b. The intricate relationships between life forms and their environments.
c. Role of all life forms in maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystem.
d. Good Laboratory Practices and usage of common and advanced laboratory
equipment.
e. Ability to design and implement scientific experiments.
f. Ability to write reports and make scientific presentations.
The knowledge acquired by the students will enable them to make wise decisions with
respect to the current global environmental issues such as pollution, environmental
deterioration, biodiversity loss, deforestation, global warming and climate change. In
addition, the students also develop innovative skills and are able to generate and test new
ideas. Students with this essential knowledge will excel in any career path that they
choose. The School of Biological Sciences is proud to produce students who can think in
a holistic manner to ensure a sustainable tomorrow.
Vision
Centre of excellence for education and research in the field of Biological Sciences.
Mission
a.
b.
c.
d.
To provide quality and innovative teaching and learning for its entire degree
programme.
To achieve research excellence.
To establish and enhance the collaboration with industries for education input and
research.
To serve the society and country by providing the latest knowledge and technology.
116
ACADEMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Administration
Telephone
Extension
DEAN
Email
3181/3815
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Sofiman Othman
sofiman@usm.my
DEPUTY DEAN
Academic
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amir Hamzah Ahmad Ghazali
3503/3905/4008
amirhg@usm.my
Research
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amirul Al-Ashraf Abdullah
3503/4174/4004
amirul@usm.my
3503/5016/6156
ymarip@usm.my
Student Affair and Networking

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahya Mat Arip
PROGRAMME CHAIRMAN
Agrobiology
Dr. Sreeramanan Subramaniam
3528
sreeramanan@usm.my
Aquatic and Environmental Biology

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Maznah Wan Omar
3533
wmaznah@usm.my
Entomology and Parasitology

Dr. Hamdan Ahmad
3048
hamdana@usm.my
Biotechnology
Dr. Zary Shariman Yahaya
6163
armyahya@usm.my
Microbiology
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Razip Samian
4007
razip.samian@gmail.my
Plant and Animal Biology

Dr. Asyraf Mansor
6153
asyrafm@usm.my

Mr. Mohd Azizudin Mohd Shariff
3535
azizudin@usm.my
Assistant Registrar
Ms. Faizulkisnu Ibrahim
4035
faiznur@usm.my
ADMINISTRATOR
117

Dean
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad

Sofiman Othman
Deputy Dean
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amir

Hamzah Ahmad Ghazali
(Academic)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amirul

Al-Ashraf Abdullah
(Research)

(Student Affair and Networking)
Programme Chairman
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Razip

Samian
(Microbiology)

(Biotechnology)

(Agrobiology)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan

Dr. Hamdan Ahmad
Dr. Asyraf Mansor
(Entomology and Parasitology)
(Plant and Animal Biology)
Maznah Wan Omar
(Aquatic and Environmental
Biology)
Assistant Registrar
118
ADMINISTRATION
3535
azizudin@usm.my
Assistant Registrar
4035
faiznur@usm.my
3181
3503
sarifah_hanafie@usm.my
arhalizah@usm.my
Administrative Assistant (Secretarial)

Ms. Sarifah Hanafie [Dean]
Ms. Halizah Abdul Razak [Deputy
Dean]
Chief Administrative Assistant (Clerical/Operations)

Ms. Jamaliah Ismail
3906 ijamaliah@usm.my
Administrative Assistant (Clerical/Operations)
Mrs. Shabariah Ahmed
3536 shabariah@usm.my
- Store (Chemicals)
Mrs. Aini Haryanti Muhammad
3529 aini_haryanti@usm.my
- Financial (School)
Mrs. Farhaini Osman
- Financial (Grants)
3961
farhaini@usm.my
Ms. Rogayah Abdul Hamid

- Academics (Postgraduate)
6150
ahrohayah@usm.my
Ms. Che Rohana Abdullah

- Academics / Leave Management
5132
cherohana@usm.my
Mrs. Nur Syazwani Mohd Shariff

- Academics (Undergraduate)
5134
syazwanie@usm.my
Mrs. Hasmimi Md Akhir

- HR / Academics (Undergraduate)
5134
hasmimi@usm.my
5135
zulkiplikk@usm.my
Mr. Mohd Izad Farid Abd Rahim
5135
izad_farid@usm.my
General Office Facsimile No.
04-6534060
Office Asisstant
Mr. Zulkifli Hassan
119
RESEARCH OFFICER
Mr. Hazli Hj. Abd Muid
Ms. Hasni Abu Hassan
- Herbarium section
Mr. Hassan Hj. Abdullah
Mr. Nazri Abdullah
Ms. Rosilawati Abdullah
- Herbarium section
Mr. Siti Ruzainah Omar
Ms. Zarina Mohd. Yassan
Mr. Zulkaflee Ali
- Herbarium section
6152
6160
hazli@usm.my
hasni@usm.my
3515
3525
2713
ahassan@usm.my
nazri@usm.my
tie@usm.my
3963
4010
2717
sruzai@usm.my
zarina@usm.my
zulkafle@usm.my
4954
4229
4661
5879
kkh@usm.my
adnanrus@usm.my
mamuin@usm.my
roziana@usm.my
5133
4018/3532
4187/5875
3532
kassimar@usm.my
hamizahz@usm.my
junled@usm.my
amhadzri@usm.my
3502
3502
rizalrahim@usm.my
emunit@usm.my
3584
3502
5490
5136
rp_bio@usm.my
emunit@usm.my
omrashid@usm.my
omyusof@usm.my
3507/3584
ahmazlan@usm.my
SCIENCE OFFICER
Mr. Khoo Kay Hock
Mr. Adanan Che Rus
Mr. Mohd Abdul Muin Md Akil
Ms. Roziana Mat Khairuddin
SENIOR ASSISTANT SCIENCE OFFICER
Mr. Mohd Kassim Abdul Razak
Ms. Hamizah Zulkurnain
Mr. Khalid Puteh
Mr. Mohd Hadzri Abdullah
ASSISTANT SCIENCE OFFICER
Mr. Ahmad Rizal Abdul Rahim
Mr. Johari Othman
CHIEF LABORATORY ASSISTANT
Mr. Adrian Kessler Oswald
Ms. Jamilah Afandi
Mr. Mohd Rashid Othman
Mr. Mohd Yusof Omar
TECHNICIAN
Mr. Mazlan Abdul Halil
120
LIST OF ACADEMIC STAFF

1.
AGROBIOLOGY
Chairman
3528
sreeramanan@usm.my
3504
4061
3522
3506
5929
3514
aahassan@usm.my
csalmah@usm.my
nagaoh@usm.my
lfah@usm.my
hasnurie@yahoo.com
rosnidatajuddin@usm.my
Lecturer
Prof. Dr. Abu Hassan Ahmad
Prof. Dr. Che Salmah Md. Rawi
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hideyuki Nagao
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Latiffah Zakaria
Dr. Hasnuri Mat Hassan
Dr. Rosnida Tajuddin
2.
AQUATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Chairman
Prof. Madya Dr. Wan Maznah Wan
Omar
3533
wmaznah@usm.my
4014/4177
3518
4005
3517
alex@usm.my
mashhor@usm.my
wkng@usm.my
roshada@usm.my
Lecturer
Prof. Dr. Alexander Chong Shu Chien
Prof. Dr. Mashhor Mansor
Prof. Dr. Ng Wing Keong
Prof. Dr. Roshada Hashim (Secondment
to the USIM from September 2013 until
September 2015)
Prof. Dr. Zulfigar Yasin (Secondment to
the UMT from January 2014 until
December 2015)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aileen Tan Shau Hwai
Dr. Faradina Merican Mohd Sidik
Merican
Dr. Foong Swee Yeok
Dr. Khairun Yahya
Dr. Mahadi Mohammad
Dr. Nurul Salmi Abdul Latip
Dr. Shuhaida Shuib
121
3500
zulfigarusm@yahoo.my
3508
5878
aileen@usm.my
faradina@usm.my
3511
3509
5912
6151
5949
foong_sy@yahoo.com
khairun@usm.my
mahadi@usm.my
salmi@usm.my
shuhaidashuib@usm.my
3.
ENTOMOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

Chairman
Dr. Hamdan bin Ahmad
3048
hamdana@usm.my
3504
3523
3053
4893
4052
aahassan@usm.my
chowyang@usm.my
zairi@usm.my
abdhafiz@usm.my
nikirwan@usm.my
3514
5874
6130
nurfaeza@usm.my
ahsuhaila@usm.my
wfatma@usm.my
6155
3011
4890
3516
zary@usm.my
hasbersalim@usm.my
intanhi@usm.my
aramli@usm.my
6155
zary@usm.my
4367
ksudesh@usm.my
6159
nazalan@usm.my
6163
armyahya@usm.my
Lecturer
Prof. Dr. Abu Hassan Ahmad
Prof. Dr. Lee Chow Yang
Prof. Dr. Zairi Jaal
Dr. Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid
Dr. Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzaudin Nik
Him
Dr. Nur Faeza Abu Kassim
Dr. Suhaila Abd. Hamid
Dr. Wan Fatma Zuharah Wan
Musthapa
Dr. Hasber Salim
Dr. Intan Haslina Ishak
Mr. Ahmad Ramli Saad
4.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Chairman
Lecturer
Prof. Dr. K Sudesh Kumar a/l C.
Kanapathi
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Nazalan Mohd.
Najimudin
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Ramli Mohd
Yahya
Dr. Chew Bee Lynn
Dr. Nethia Mohana Kumaran
Dr. Rashidah Abdul Rahim
Dr. Mohd Ghows Mohd Azzam
3503/5016/6156
3521
4016
6158
4005
122
ymarip@usm.my
bee_lynn@hotmail.com
nethiakumaran@usm.my
rshidah@usm.my
ghows@usm.my
5.
MICROBIOLOGY
Chairman
6.
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Razip Samian

Lecturer
4007
Prof. Dr. Darah Ibrahim

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amir Hamzah Ahmad
Ghazali
Dr. Suriyati Mohamad
2926
3503/3905/4008
darah@usm.my
amirhg@usm.my
3503/5016/6156
4006
ymarip@usm.my
suri@usm.my
razip.samian@gmail.com
PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOLOGY

Chairman
Dr. Asyraf Mansor
6153
asyrafm@usm.my
Lecturer
Prof. Dr. Siti Azizah Mohd. Nor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Sofiman Othman
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shahrul Anuar Mohd. Sah
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shaida Fariza Sulaiman
Dr. Amir Shah Ruddin Md Sah
Dr. Azma Hanim Ismail
Dr. Darlina Md. Naim
Dr. Khaironizam Md. Zain
Dr. Nik Fadzly Nik Rosely
Dr. Rahmad Zakaria
Dr. Zarul Hazrin Hashim
Mr. Baharuddin Sulaiman
Mr. Mohamed Hifni Mohd. Baharuddin
123
3503/4174/4004
3181/3815
3523
4095
6161
6170
4056
3531
5489
6154
6172
3526
3510
sazizah@usm.my
sofiman@usm.my
sanuar@usm.my
shaida@usm.my
amirshah@usm.my
azmahanim@usm.my
darlinamdn@usm.my
khaironizam@usm.my
nfadzly@usm.my
rahmadz@gmail.com
zarul@usm.my
baha@usm.my
mhifniusm@yahoo.com
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.
Career
The School of Biological Sciencess is located at the main campus of Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM), Penang. It is one of the three pioneering schools to be set up when
USM was established in 1969. Ever since then, it has grown rapidly to become an
outstanding research-intensive school, which now boasts the largest number of postgraduate students in the university. Because of the presence of a large population of
graduate students, the undergraduates are naturally inspired to continue with
postgraduate studies. Every year, a significant number of undergraduates continue to
pursue their Masters and PhD. Those that choose to pursue their careers elsewhere
are usually recruited by pesticide and pest management industries, aquaculture
industries, food industries, electronics industries, biotechnology industries and
medical devises industries. In addition, various governmental and semi-governmental
organizations and R&D centers also hire a significant number of the graduates. These
include Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Federal Land Development
Authority (FELDA), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Institute for Medical
Research (IMR) and many more.
2.
Alumni
The graduates of the School of Biological Sciences are automatically become
members of the growing family of USMs alumni, which to date amounting to some
100,000 members! Its mission is to mobilise resources and advance the USM alumni
as an innovative fraternity which nurtures its members and rallies its stakeholders to
contribute to the university and to society. For further details, please visit
www.alo.usm.my.
3.
Awards and Deans Certificate

The graduating students from the School of Biological Sciences are considered for a
number of awards at both the university and the school levels. These awards are
available to outstanding students:
a. Cancellors Gold Medal Award - awarded to the best final year student in all
fields.
b. Royal Education Award - awarded to the best student in all fields, by the Majlis
Raja-Raja Melayu.
c. USM Gold Medal Award, awarded to the best female final year student in all
fields., by Persatuan Wanita USM
d. USM Gold Medal Award, awarded to the best Bachelor of Science (Honours)
degree final year student, given by Tun Dato Seri Dr. Lim Chong Eu.
e. USM Gold Medal Award, awarded to the best Bachelor of Applied Science
(Honours) degree final year student, by Nestle Products Sdn. Bhd.
f. USM Gold Medal Award, awarded in memory of Professor E. Balasingham is to
the best final year student in the field of Biology.
124
g. USM Gold Medal Award, awarded to the best final year student in the field of
Biology (Major in Environmental And Aquatic Biology), by Professor Mashhor
Mansor.
h. USM Book Prize, awarded by Datuk Abdul Rahman for the best Bachelor of
Science (Honours) degree final year student.
In addition, at each semester, the students who achieved academic excellence will
also be awarded the Deans Certificate.
4.
Clubs and Society

Bio Society (BioSoc) is a platform for students to interact with one another, as well
as with the academic, administrative and supporting staff. Led by the undergraduates,
the society is advised by a faculty member and the Dean. BioSoc regularly organizes
academic, non-academic, recreation and student development programmes that are
essential in creating versatile students and individuals. As a result of these initiatives,
the School of Biological Sciences Alumni Society was created to gather and reunite
as many former students and staff of the school. Bio Society motto Inspire Your
Life is timely as it is also involved with the community and schools through
awareness programmes on the potentials of biology as well as addressing the issues
of sustainable development.
5.
Graduate Programme (Master and Doctor of Philosophy)

A large number of students from the School of Biological Sciences pursue higher
degrees with us. We offer both full and part-time programmes leading to degrees of
Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy by research.
For further details please contact :Deputy Dean (Research)
Universiti Sains Malaysia
11800 Minden
Penang, Malaysia
Tel : 604-653 3503/5016
For more information pertaining to postgraduate studies in USM particularly in
School of Biological Sciences, please visit bio.usm.my and www.ips.usm.my.
6.
Industry and Community Network

The school reaches out to the local and international communities via active research
and academic collaborations. Locally, the School of Biological Sciences has very
close relationships with FRIM, Forest Department, Department of Agriculture,
FELDA, Fisheries Department, MACRES and SIRIM. Internationally, the school has
student and staff exchange programmes with world-class research institutions such as
Universite Henri Poincare (France), RIKEN (Japan), Purdue University (USA),
Mississippi State University (USA), University of Georgia (USA) and Kyoto
University (Japan).
125
7.
Facilities
As a research-intensive school driven by research-active staff, the School of
Biological Sciences is equipped with various cutting-edge facilities such as the
Electron Microscopy. This facility is used heavily by students and researchers from
our school as well as from other schools in USM and other universities in Malaysia.
In addition, the Electron Microcopy Unit has also been providing services to the
manufacturing industries in this region for the last 20 years particularly for Failure
Analysis, Quality Control, and R & D investigations. The facilities provided by the
unit include Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (EDX), Light
Microscopy (LM) and Image Analysis (IA). The school has recently acquired an EFTEM (Zeiss-Libra120) with EELS, ESI and electron diffraction accessories.
126
DEGREE IN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

1.
Bachelor of Science Degree Program

Students undertaking the Bachelor of Science degree under the School of
Biological Sciences may elect to specialise in one of the following three (3) areas
of specialisation/major listed below :a. Microbiology
b. Animal Biology
c. Plant Biology
2.
Graduation Requirements
Students must fulfill the following requirements to graduate :a. Fulfill the minimum residential requirement for the programme which is
8 semesters.
b. Fulfill all the credit requirements of the programme and required units for each
component (Core, Elective/Minor and University components).
c. Obtain a minimum CGPA of 2.00 for the Core component/courses.
d. Obtain a minimum CGPA of 2.00 for the programme.
e. Obtain a minimum grade C for all of the University courses.
3.
Curriculum and Graduation Structure

In order to qualify for the Bachelor of Science degree, students are required to
accumulate 120 122 units over a period of not less than 8 semesters (minimum
residential requirement of 8 semesters). There are 2 types of study mode under the
Bachelor of Science degree for students to choose, Minor structure or Elective
structure :a.
Minor Structure
Course Component
Course Code
Type
Minimum No. Of
Units Required
Basic
CORE
36 units
71 74
ELECTIVE
14 15
MINOR
16
** UNIVERSITY
18
Compulsory
35 38 units
TOTAL :
127
120 122
b.
Elective Structure
Course Component
Course Code
Type
Minimum No. Of
Units Required
Basic
CORE
36 units
71 74
ELECTIVE
30 31
** UNIVERSITY
18
Compulsory
35 38 units
TOTAL :
120 122
** Details of University courses can be reffered at the Table 1/Table 2(next

page)
(i). Table 1 : For Malaysian student
No.
1
Name of Course
No. Of Units
Bahasa Malaysia IV (Malay Language)
- Course code = LKM400 (2 units)

2
a. Academic English (English Language)
- Course code = LSP300 (2 units)

b. Scientific And Medical English (English Language)
3
Islamic Civilisation and Asian Civilisations (TITAS)

- Course code = HTU223 (2 units)
Ethnic Relations
- Course code = SHE101 (2 units)
- Course code = WUS101 (2 units)
Co-curriculum/ Skills Courses/Option
6
TOTAL :
128
18
(ii). Table 2 : For international student

No.
1
Name of Course
No. Of Units
Bahasa Malaysia I (Malay Language)
- Course code = LKM100 (2 units)

2
a. Academic English (English Language)

b. Scientific And Medical English (English Language)
3
Malaysian Studies
- Course code = SEA205E (4 units)

4
- Course code = WUS101 (2 units)

5
Co-curriculum/ Skills Courses/Option
6
TOTAL :
4.
18
Classification Of Year Equivalent

Students are classified as being in the first, second, third or fourth year based on the
number of credits accumulated as follows:
Degree
Bachelor of Science
Year equivalent based on

total units accumulated
First
Second
Third
Fourth (Final)
0 - 30
31 - 60
61 - 92
93
129
5.
Course Code
Each course has a course code which is made up of 3 alphabets and 3 numbers.
Its explanation is as follows :ABC x yz
Courses Serial Number

Course Level :
1 = Level 100 courses
Type of Course :
(under the School of Biological Sciences)
I = Compulsory core courses
T/E = Required core/Elective core courses
Course Categories :
(under the School of Biological
Sciences)
A = Aquatic Biology
B = Plant Biology
G = Agrobiology
M = Microbiology
O = Compulsory core courses
S = Environmental Biology
T = Biotechnology
V = Biology And Management Of
Vectors And Parasites
Z = Zoology
Schools/Centre :
B = School of Biological Sciences

F = School of Pyhsics
K = School of Chemical Sciences
M = School of Mathematical Sciences
L = School of Languages, Literacies & Translation
S = School of Social Sciences
W = Centre for Co-Curricular Programme
130
6.
Course Defination
a.
Core Courses (Course code type = T)

The Core Courses component is made up of courses of level 100, 200 and 300.
They include the Basic Core courses (Teras Asas), the Compulsory Core
courses (Teras Wajib), the Required Core courses (Teras Perlu) and the
Elective Core courses (Teras Pilihan). Courses in the Basic Core and
Compulsory Core groups are compulsory Level 100 courses where students must
attain passing Grades.
b. Elective Courses (Course code type = E)
Elective courses are those that enhance or support a particular specialization or
major in a programme of study. These are courses at the 300 level for specific
fields of specialization only.
c. Minor Courses (Course code type = M)
Minor courses are a package of courses in one area of specialization or a
package of courses reserved for and offered to students of another programme of
study.
d. Optional Courses (Co-curriculum/ Skills courses) (Course code = U)
Optional courses are courses chosen by students from among those that are
outside their program of study. The main objective of an Optional Course is as a
substitute course for students who do not take Cocurriculum courses and
Skill/Analysis courses.
e.
7.
Audit Courses (Course code type = Y)

In principle, the university allows students to register for any courses on an audit
basis for the purpose of enhancing the students knowledge in specific fields
during their study. However, the units of any such audit courses will not be taken
into consideration for graduation purposes.
Course Prerequisites (Course code type = Z)

Student are allowed to register for any course provided they fulfill the prerequisites
of the course. There are 3 types of prerequisites.
a. Pass (P)
If a Pass in Course A is a prerequisite for Course B, then student must take
Course A and obtain the mnimum of a Grade C before he/she is allowed to take
Course B.
b.
Sequential (S)
If Course A is a sequential prerequisite (S) for Course B, then a student must
take Course A and sit for the examination before he/she is allowed to take
Course B.
c.
Concurrent (C)
If Course A is a concurrent prerequisite for Course B, then a student must take
Course A and sit for the examination at the same time as Course B.
131
8.
Minor package
Offering School/Centre
Title of Minor Package

- Choose one (1) Minor package only
- Minimum 16 units or 20 units for any
selected package
- Refer to the offering school/centre to get
latest list of courses offered under each
package
School of Social Sciences
School of Humanities
Anthropology And Sociology
Economics
Psychology
Development Planning And Management
Political Science
International Relations
Public Policy And Administration
Southeast Asian Studies
English Language
Malay Language
Philospohy And Civilization
Geography
Literature
Islamic Studies
History
Translation And Interpretation
School of Management
Management
School of Communication
Communication Studies
School of Languages, Literacies

and Translation
Japanese Language
Chinese Language
Communicative Arabic
French Language
English For Professionals
132
School of the Arts
Fine Arts
Communications Graphics
Acting And Directing
Seni Persembahan dan Pedagogi
Music Technology
School of Industrial Technology
Bio-Resource, Paper And Coating

Technology
Food Technology
School of Computer Sciences
Computer Science
Information Technology
School of Physics
Astronomy
Biology
Chemistry
Mathematics
Centre for Global Archaeological

Research
Archaeology
CORE COURSES (71 - 74 UNITS)

The Core Courses component is made up of courses of level 100, 200, 300 and 400.
They include the Basic Core courses (Teras Asas) and the Compulsory Core courses
(Teras Wajib). Courses in the Basic Core and Compulsory Core groups are compulsory
where students must attain passing Grades.
(i).
BASIC CORE COURSES (36 UNITS)

Basic core courses are offered by various Science Schools which are School of
Biological Sciences, Physics, Chemical Sciences and Mathematical Sciences. All
undergraduates of the School of Biological Sciences must enrol and attain passing
grades for these courses. Students must obtain a total of 36 units. The courses are as
follows :-
133
Year
(ii).
Semester
1 or 2
1 or 2
Course Code
Course Title
Total Units
Required
KTT 111/3
KOT 121/3
Organic Chemistry
MAA 101/4
Calculus (for First

Science Students)
BOI 102/3
Ecology
BOI 115/3
Plants
And
Biodiversity
BOI 116/4
Genetics
BOI 117/2
Biodiversity
Practical
BOI 205/4
Biostatistic
BOI 206/4
Principles of Biochemistry
BOI 207/3
General Microbiology
BOI 401/3
Scientific Writing, Seminar

and Current Topics in
Biology
Year
22
and
Animals
Ecology
11
COMPULSORY CORE COURSES (35 38 UNITS)

Required Core courses are those courses offered at Levels 200, 300 and 400 that
have been identified according to each specialisation program namely Microbiology,
Plant Biology and Animal Biology. Students must enrol in all required core courses
that are listed in their respective field of specialisation.
134
FINAL YEAR PROJECT (8 UNITS)

All final year Biology students are given the option to register for a final year project of 8
units which spans over 2 semesters. At the end of the second semester, a thesis based on
the existing regulations and format must be submitted for examination.
Before a student is allowed to register for the final year project in their respective field of
specialisation, the student must have achieved these minimum cumulative unit
requirement.
- Total overall unit
- Total unit for Biology courses
=
=
91 92 units
63 64 units
Students who do not register for a final year project must substitute the 8 units with
BOE 400/2 Special Topics in Biology (which carries 2 units), while the remaining
6 units are fulfilled by taking courses in Biological Sciences that are suitable to his/her
field of specialisation and approved by the programme.
FIELD OF SPECIALISATIONS
a.
MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
The Microbiology programme is designed to equip students with

knowledge on metabolism, growth, genetics, regulation in
microorganisms and the various situation where microorganisms
are important to humans and other life forms. In the early part of
the programme, courses offered will focus on the microbial world,
mainly bacteria, fungi, yeast and viruses. Topics will cover the
history of the development of microbiology, the status of
microorganisms in the world of living things and diversity of
microorganisms based on their morphology, fine structures,
physiology, biochemistry and growth. Topics including basic
methods in the maintenance of microorganisms, cultivation,
isolation, enumeration and methods in sterilization will also be part
of the programme.
Subsequently students will be exposed in detail on various groups
of microorganisms and immunology. This will then be followed by
discussion on microbial classification and aspects related to
microbial physiology, biochemistry and genetics. The
characteristics of antigens and human immunological response
systems will also be part of the immunology course. Students will
also be exposed to several applied courses in microbiology which
will enable them to understand the role of microorganisms in the
field of industry, agriculture, medicine and environment.
135
MICROBIOLOGY
Course code
Course title
Semester
Required Core - Level 300 = 21 Units

BMT 308/3
Mycology
BMT 309/3
Microbial Genetics
BMT 310/3
Bacteriology
BMT 311/3
Immunology
BMT 305/3
Microbial Physiology
BMT 307/3
BMT 306/3
1
2
1
2
2
Environmental Microbiology
Virology

BMT 402/3
Medical Microbiology
BMT 403/3
Industrial Microbiology
BMT 401/8
Microbiology Project
or
or
* BOE 400/2 Special Topics in Biology
* requires 6 more units from other Biology Elective courses
Course
prerequisite
2
1
BOI 115/3
BOI 207/3
BOI 207/3
BOI 207/3
BOI 115/3
BOI 206/4
BOI 207/3
BOI 207/3
BOI 207/3
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
BOI 207/3
(S)
2
1&2
BOI 207 /3
(S)
1&2
Elective (15 units under Elective structure)

BTT 202/3
Techniques in Biotechnology
1&2
BOI 206/4
(S)
BOE 201/3
Biological Instrumentation
1&2
BOI 206/4
(C)
BOT 205/3
Microscopy and Histological

Techniques
IMG 111/3
Food Microbiology I
IMG 222/3
Food Microbiology II
IMG 111/3
(S)
BOA 301/4
Industrial Training
BET 304/4
Introductory Parasitology
BOI 115/3
(S)
BTT 305/3
BGT 301/3
Protein Biochemistry
Plant Pathology
2
1
BGT 302/2
Basic Practical in Plant Pathology
BOI 206/4
BMT 308/3
BGT 302/2
BGT 301/3
(S)
(C)
(C)
(S)
BOE 400/2
BTT 402/3
Special Topics in Biology

Fermentation Technology
BET 403/3
Medical and Veterinary Protozoology
BOI 207/3
BOI 206/4
BET 304/3
(S)
(S)
(S)
1&2
1
136
BTT 404/3
Genetic Engineering
BMT 309/3
(S)
BET 405/3
Medical and Veterinary Helminthology
BET 304/4
(S)
BME 401/3
Soil Microbiology
BOI 207/3
(S)
BME 402/3
Microbial Genomics
BOI 207/3
(S)
(S) = Sequential (Course must be taken earlier)

b.
ANIMAL BIOLOGY
Objectives :
This field of specialisation offers training of students in both

basic and applied aspects in animal biology. The aim is to
equip students with up-to-date knowledge in animal biology.
The ultimate objective is to produce quality graduates who
will be successful in their careers in the field of animal
science. Students at level 200 will be exposed to a few taxa
and the focus will be on the relationships based on their
structure, development and function. Students will be trained
in using and maintenance of numerous equipment and culture
techniques of laboratory animals. During the final year,
students are allowed to choose courses that focus on certain
animal groups. These specific courses are aimed to provide
more detailed knowledge to enhance the students
understanding in the areas of taxonomy, biology, ecology and
reproduction as well as the economic importance of each
taxon.
ANIMAL BIOLOGY
Course
Code
Course Title
Semester
Course
Prerequisite

BOT 205/3

Techniques

BZT 304/3
Invertebrate Zoology
BOI 115/3
(S)
BZT 305/3
Vertebrate Zoology
BOI 115/3
(S)
BZT 308/2
Animal Taxonomy Practical
BOI 115/3
BZT 304/3
BZT 305/3
(S)
(C)
(C)
137
BZT 306/3
Animal Behaviour
BOI 115/3
(S)
BZT 307/3
Animal Physiology
BOI 115/3
(S)
BZT 309/2
Animal Physiology and Behaviour

Practical
BZT 306/3
BZT 307/3
(C)
(S)

BZT 401/8
or
*BOE400/2
BZT 402/3
Project in Animal Biology
1&2

Biology of Vertebrate Pest Animals
1&2
1
BOI 115/3
(S)
BZT 403/3
Plant - Animal Interaction
BOI 115/3
(S)
BZT 404/3
Animal Conservation Genetic
BOI 115/3
BOI 116/4
(S)
(S)
* requires 6 more units from other Biological Sciences courses

Elective (14 units under Minor structure or 30 units under Elective structure)
BOE 201/3
BOA 301/4
BET 304/4
BET 305/4
BST 307/3
BAT 307/3
BAT 305/3
BST 308/3
BET 406/3
BST 405/3
Industrial Training
Introductory Parasitology
Insect Biology And Systematics
Population and Community Ecology
Ichthyology
Benthic Biology and Ecology
Tropical Ecosystems and Climate
Change
Integrated Pest Management
1&2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
BOI 206/4
(C)
BOI 115/3
BOI 115/3
BOI 102/3
BOI 115/3
BOI 102/3
BOI 102/3
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
BET 305/4
(S)
BST 308/3
(S)
BST 402/3
Conservation Ecology and Natural

Resources
Ecology of Invasive Species
BST 404/3
Wildlife Ecology & Management
BOI 102/3
BOI 117/2
BST 307/3
(S)
(S)
(S)

(C) = Concurrent (Course can be taken earlier or concurrent)
138
c.
PLANT BIOLOGY
Objectives :
Students who major in Plant Biology will be taught various

disciplines within plant biology, which include taxonomy, plant
function, biosystematics and environment. Single cell and
multicellular plants will be used as examples in studying these
various disciplines. In addition, studies in plant genetics both
based on classical and molecular approaches as well as plant
tissue culture are included as these are important in relation to
other subjects as for example, biotechnology. Knowledge in
botany is the basis for the development and advancement of Plant
Biotechnology. Studies in Botany encompass all aspects of plant
biology both in the pure and applied science. This program is
tailored to train students the basics of plant biology and its uses
and applications in other related disciplines such as agriculture,
genetics and biotechnology.
PLANT BIOLOGY
Course Code
Course Title
Semester

BBT 308/3
Tropical Plant Ecology
Course
Prerequisite
BOI 115/3
(S)
BBT 309/4
Plant Structure and Evolution
BOI 115/3
(S)
BBT 305/4
BBT 306/4
BBT 307/3
Plant Physiology and Development

Plant Biosystematics and Taxonomy
Enthnobotany
2
2
2
BOI 115/3
BOI 115/3
BOI 115/3
(S)
(S)
(S)
BOI 116/4
BOI 206/4
BOI 115/3
BOI 116/4
BOI 206/4
BBT 402/3
BOI 115/3
BOI 206/4
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)

BBT 401/8
or
*BOE 400/2
BBT 402/3
Project in Plant Biology

or
Plant Genetics
1&2
1&2
1
BBT 404/3
BBT 403/3
Economy Botany
Plant Molecular Biology
1
2
BBT 405/3
Plant Tissue Culture
* requires 6 more units from other Elective Courses

Elective (14 units under Minor structure or 30 units under Elective structure)
139
BOE 201/3
1&2
BOI 206/4
(C)
BOT 205/3

Techniques
BOA 301/4
Industrial Training
BGT 301/3
Plant Pathology
1
1
BMT 308/3
BGT 302/2
BOI 102/3
(C)
(C)
(S)
BST 306/3
Soil Science And Environment
BST 308/3
BOI 102/3
(S)
BMT 308/3
Tropical Ecosystems and Climate

Change
Mycology
BOI 115/3
(S)
BST 307/3
Population and Community Ecology
BOI 102/3
(S)
BST 405/3
BST 308/3
(S)
BST 402/3
Conversation Ecology and Natural

Resources
Ecology of Invasive Species
BGT 302/2
BGT 404/3
BZT 403/3
Basic Practical in Plant Pathology

Horticultural Science
Plant- Animal Interaction
1
2
1
BOI 102/3
BOI 117/2
BGT 301/3
BOI 116/4
BOI 115/3
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)

(C) = Concurrent (Course can be taken earlier or concurrent)
140
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the programme, students will be able to :a. Knowledge
Acquire knowledge and understand the concepts of biology.
Apply knowledge to solve problems related to biology.
b. Practical Skills
Plan and execute experiments according to scientific methods.
Use modern instrumentation and procedures as well as classical techniques, to
design and conduct experiments and to properly record the results of experiments.
Perform laboratory techniques safety, accurately and effectively.
c. Scientific Methods Critical Thinking & Problem Solving Skills
Interpret data and express the results in clearly written laboratory reports and in
oral presentations.
Identify, analyse and solve problems in biology by using systematic methods.
d. Communication Skills
Express ideas in an informed and effective manner, articulate and develop a
sustained argument, both orally and in writing.
Interpret data and communicate the results to biologists and non-biologists.
e. Social Skills, Team Working and Responsibility
Demonstrate the ability to work effective with peers and in teams.
Execute the tasks given responsibly.
Perform multi-tasking and function in multidisciplinary teams and communicate
effectively.
f. Professionalism, Humanities Value, Attitudes, Ethics
Demonstrate commitment to ethical issues.
Compile, analyse and interpret data honestly and ethically.
Develop interest, curiosity, persistence, eagerness and confidence as applied
biologist.
g. Life Long Learning & Information Management
. Use knowledge gained for self development and continuous improvement.
Demonstrate the ability to use various retrieval methods to obtain information on
issues related to biology
Identify the relationship between biology and other disciplines, the applications
and impact of biology in society.
h. Managerial & Entrepreneurial Skills
Apply basic knowledge and principles of management and entrepreneurship related
to biology field.
i. Leadership Skills
Demonstrate the ability to lead/facilitate teams.
141
SYNOPSIS OF COURSES
BOI115/3 : Plants and Animals Biodiversity
This course covers elements of biodiversity involving genes, species and ecosystem.
Emphasis will be on biological diversity including discussion on characteristics of various
biological groups. Students will also be exposed to the problems of species loss, habitat
and ecosystem and the importance of biodiversity conservation as well as efforts taken by
the government in biodiversity conservation. Discussions will also include topics on
legislations and international agreements for the protection of biodiversity and will
conclude with discussions on biodiversity hotspots.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students will be able to :
1. Understand the importance of plant and animal diversity as well as importance of the
relationship between biodiversity with economic values, ecological importance and
conservation.
2. Differentiate and identify general features of plants and animals, and will be able to
apply awareness about the richness of biodiversity especially in the tropical area.
3. Understand and enhance awareness on the meaningful preservation of biodiversity
nationally and internationally.
References
1. Stern, K.R., Bidlack, J.E. and Jansky, S.H. (2008). Introductory Plant Biology (11th
edition.) New York, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.. (Chapter 17, 18 and 19).
2. Stern, K.R., Bidlack, J.E. and Jansky, S.H. 2008. Introductory Plant Biology (11 th
Edition). New York, Mc Graw Hill Companies,.
3. Hickman, Jr. C.P., Roberts, L.S., Keen, S.L. Lawson, A. and Eisenhour, D. 2012.
Animal Diversity (6th Edition). New York McGraw Hill,
4. Leveque, C and Mounolou, J.-C. 2004. Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Ltd
5. Starr, C., Taggart, R., Evers, C. and Starr, L. 2009. Biology: The Unity and Diversity
of Life (12 th Edition). Brooks/Cole, USA.
6. Hickman, C.P. and L. S. Roberts. 1994. Animal Diversity. Dubuque, Wm. C. Brown,
IA.
7. Solbrig, O.T., Van-Emben and van-Oordt 1994. Biodiversity and Global Change.
Cab International
8. Biodiversity and Conservation. Science publishers India.
142
BOI102/3 : Ecology
This is an introductory course on general ecology for students to understand various
principles of ecology. The concept of ecology will be defined in terms of basic
components, structures and processes that occur in ecosystems, fundamental populations
ecology, communities and ecosystems together with the analysis and interpretation of the
distribution patterns of organisms. Biotic and abiotic factors which characterize
terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems will also be discussed. The productivity of
these ecosystems will then be compared. At the end of this course, knowledge in ecology
will be applied to evaluate human impacts towards ecosystems, which have caused
environmental disasters such as the greenhouse effect, depletion of ozone layer and
eutrophication. The definition, reasons and aims of conservation will also be defined.
Learning Outcomes
1. Interpret basic concepts in ecology.
2. Describe factors that could influence formation and dissemination of different
ecosystems, and the uniqueness inherent in each and all ecosystems.
3. Verify relationships between effects of human activities with components, structures
and processess occuring in ecosystems.
References
1. Molles, M. C. (2012). Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 6th Edition. , New York
McGraw Hill International, USA
2. Cain, M. I., Bowman, W. D. and Hacker, S. D. (2011). Ecology, (2nd Edition)
Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
3. Miller, G. T. and Spoolman, S. E. (2011). Essential of Ecology (6th Edition)
Thomson Leaning Academic Resource Center. Belmont CA, USA.
4. Botkin, D. B. and Keller, E. A. (2011). Environmental Science: Earth as a Living
Planet. (7th Edition) John wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ, USA.
5. Smith, R. L. and Smith, T. M. (2012). Elements of Ecology(8th Edition) Pearson
Higher Education, USA
BOI206/4 : Principles of Biochemistry
This course is an integrated introduction to the structure of macromolecules and a
biochemical approach to protein function. It covers two distinct areas of biochemistry.
The first part explains the importance of water, function of buffers and understanding of
pH and pKa in biochemical processes. This part also addresses the hierarchical structure
of biological macromolecules such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate and nucleic acid and
their assembly into complexes responsible for specific biological processes. Students will
also learn the protein function which includes enzyme kinetics.The second part of this
course will cover the major metabolic pathways and their interconnection into highly
regulated networks. This involves basics of metabolism, enzymes as catalyst of metabolic
pathways and energetics principles in general. Details on vital metabolic pathways and
processes such as glycolysis, fermentation of sugars, pentose phosphate pathway,
gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation,
143
fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, photosynthesis as well as their regulation will be
covered in detail. Laboratory portion of the course will expose students to basic
experimental approach in biochemistry such as the importance of buffers and pH and
enzyme kinetics.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the importance of water and buffers in biochemical processes, important
biological macromolecules and their properties, enzymes as biocatalysts, bio-energy,
and the basis of a variety of metabolic pathways and regulatory.
2. Analyze the relevance of each metabolic pathway and regulators involved.
3. Use basic knowledge on how various metabolic pathways are regulated for use in
biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and biotechnology research.
References
1. Biochemistry. D. Voet & J. G. Voet. (2004) John Wiley & Sons Publisher (Third
edition)
2. Biochemistry. M. K. Campbell & S. O. Farrel.(2006) Thomson Brooks/Cole
Publisher.
3. Concepts in Biochemistry. R. Boyer (2006) John Wiley & Sons Publisher (Third
edition)
4. Cell and Molecular Biology. G. Karp (2005) John Wiley & Sons Publisher.
5. Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life (2003) T. McKee & J. R. McKee. Mc
Graw Hill Publisher.
BOI116/4 : Genetics
This course covers topics on basic concepts and principles of genetics including
Mendelian laws, molecular and population genetics, and advances in genetic technology.
The aim of the course is to introduce the principle or concept of basic genetics which is
important in understanding various aspects of biology.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand Mendels Law and
extensions, chains and crossovers concepts,
statistical analysis to confirm the results of breeding and genetic population study
2. Understand the process of mitosis and meiosis, the different types of mutations,
causes and impact on life, how DNA and RNA has been shown to be the genetic
material and recognize the composition and structure of DNA, RNA and
chromosomal organization
3. Understand the concept of central dogma which include transcription, replication,
translation and reverse transcription, the regulatory gene (lac and trp operon) and
genetic engineering basic concepts and methods employed
4. Perform basic genetics techniques and experiments
144
References
1. Concept of Genetics. W. S. Klug, M. R. Cummings, C. A. Spencer and M. A.
Palladino. Pearson International (2011)
2. Genetics, Analysis and Principles. Robert, J. Brooker, McGraw-Hill Book Company
(2012)
3. Principles of Genetics. D. Peter Snustad and Michael J. Simmons, John Wiley and
Sons (2010)
4. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and Principles.Gerald Karp, John Wiley and
Sons (2010)
5. Itam Sulaiman. Konsep Genetik. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
BOI117/2 : Biodiversity and Ecology Practical
This field and laboratory based course will introduce students to basic concepts in
ecology and biodiversity. Introduction to biodiversity will be done from species and
ecosystem perspective. Emphasise will be given to practical and hands-on approach.
Students will be taken on field sampling trips to study forest, coastal, river and soil
ecosystems. Students will be introduced to the biodiversity of both plants and animals in
laboratory based practicals.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course student will be able to :
1. Recognize and comprehend research methods in the laboratory and field in the field
of biodiversity and ecology.
2. Conduct field work such as sample collection, preparation, identification, processing
and storage.
3. Use practical methods to analyze animal, plant, water and soil samples.
4. Analyse and interpret of data.
References
1. Biodiversity & Ecology, Editors : Ahmad Sofiman Othman, Zairi Jaal, Mohamed
Hifni Baharuddin, UG Press Sdn. Bhd. (2008)
BOI205/4 : Biostatistics
The course includes discussions on variability in biological data, probability distribution
for binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Basic training on the use of statistics for
data analysis in biological research will be given. Topics to be discussed include
variability of biological data, hypothesis testing (including non-parametric), as well as
correlation and regression. After taking this course, students are expected to acquire skills
and ideas in presenting their data appropriately, and will be able to analyze their data
using suitable statistical method/s to produce accurate inferences and conclusions of their
research results. Hypothesis testing for one and two samples, including parametric and
non-parametric methods; correlation and regression. The second part of this course will
discuss sampling designs and sample sizes (for one and two samples), one and two way
analysis of variance, experimental design such as randomized complete block and Latin
square, factorial experiments and special techniques in biology. Students will also be
introduced to software used for statistical analysis.
145
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to :
1. Understand the concept of basic statistic.
2. Interpret, arrange and conclude data based on descriptive statistics.
3. Describe the results of big datasets using inferential statistics and solve problems in
biological studies using applications in biostatistics.
4. Apply computer software to analyse and understand results.
References
1. Glover, T. & Mitchell, K. (2010). An Introduction to Biostatistics. International
Edition. McGraw Hill Education (Asia), New York & Singapore
2. Zar, J.H. (2010) Biostatitical Analysis. International Edition. Prentice Hall
3. Chan Lai Keng & Kam Suan Pheng (2004). Biostatistik. Penerbit Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
4. Gomez, K.A. & Gomez, A.A (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural
Research. (2nd Edition). John Wiley & Sons, Canada.
5. Daniel, W.W. (1999). Biostatstics A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Science.
(7th Edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. United State of America.
6. Schlotzhauer, S.D. (2007). Elementary Statistics Using JMP.
7. Marques de Sa, J.P. (2007) Applied statistics using SPSS, Statistica, matlab and R.
BOI206/4 : Principles of Biochemistry
This course is an integrated introduction to the structure of macromolecules and a
biochemical approach to protein function. It covers two distinct areas of biochemistry.
The first part explains the importance of water, function of buffers and understanding of
pH and pKa in biochemical processes. This part also addresses the hierarchical structure
of biological macromolecules such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate and nucleic acid and
their assembly into complexes responsible for specific biological processes. Students will
also learn the protein function which includes enzyme kinetics.The second part of this
course will cover the major metabolic pathways and their interconnection into highly
regulated networks. This involves basics of metabolism, enzymes as catalyst of metabolic
pathways and energetics principles in general. Details on vital metabolic pathways and
processes such as glycolysis, fermentation of sugars, pentose phosphate pathway,
gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation,
fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, photosynthesis as well as their regulation will be
covered in detail.Laboratory portion of the course will expose students to basic
experimental approach in biochemistry such as the importance of buffers and pH and
enzyme kinetics.
146
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the importance of water and buffers in biochemical processes, important
biological macromolecules and their properties, enzymes as biocatalysts, bio-energy,
and the basis of a variety of metabolic pathways and regulatory
2. Analyze the relevance of each metabolic pathway and regulators involved
3. Use basic knowledge on how various metabolic pathways are regulated for use in
biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and biotechnology research
References
1. Biochemistry. D. Voet & J. G. Voet. (2004) John Wiley & Sons Publisher. (Third
edition)
2. Biochemistry. M. K. Campbell & S. O. Farrel.(2006) Thomson Brooks/Cole
Publisher.
3. Concepts in Biochemistry. R. Boyer (2006) John Wiley & Sons Publisher. (Third
edition)
4. Cell and Molecular Biology. G. Karp (2005) John Wiley & Sons Publisher.
5. Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life (2003) T. McKee & J. R. McKee. Mc
Graw Hill Publisher
BOI207/4 : General Microbiology
BMT 201 is a three-unit course consisting of lecture (two lectures per week) and
laboratory practicals (One three-hour practical every other week). This is a general
microbiology course for all students. The course is intended to provide basic knowledge
in microbiology and students will gain both background and experimental experience in
the broad field of microbes, setting the foundation needed for more advanced and
specialized courses. Topics that would be covered include the historical development of
microbiology field, basic cell biology, structures and functions of cell components,
prokaryote microbes, eukaryote microbes, viruses, microbial taxonomy, basic techniques
in microbiology (media, microbe cultures, growth) and various microbe applications. The
laboratory component would expose the students to basic microscopy, slide preparation
and observation, aseptic techniques, pure culture techniques, bacterial population counts
and bacterial growth curve.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain microbiology as a specialisationin general Biological Sciences
2. Describe the various basic groups of microbiology (bakceria, arkea, virus dan
eukariot mikrob) and the differences between them
3. Clarify the basic concepts in microbiology and its applications in life
4. Show competency in basic techniques in microbiology
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References
1. Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A. and Clark, D. P. (Thirteen Edition).
Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 2012.
2. Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R. And Case, C. L. (Tenth Edition). Microbiology an
Introduction. 2011
3. Black, J. G. (Eighth Edition International Student Version). Microbiology. 2011.
4. Voyles, N. (Second Edition). The Biology of Virus. 2002.
5. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (Third Edition). Introduction to Fungi. 2007.
BOI401/3 Scientific Writing, Seminar and Current Topics In Biology
BOI 401 is an interdisciplinary course incooperating biology, chemistry, ecology,
molecular biology and biotechnology for botany, agrobiology, microbiology, entomology
and parasitology, plant biology, animal biology, environmental biology and aquatic
biology majors. This course is set to introduce the student to current issues and related
emerging challenges in their fields. Students are expected to use critical thinking,
scientific approach and major information resources for scientific discipline to examine
and discusses current issues and related problems in their fields. The course also covers
effective communication in biology, such as oral presentation of research findings, thesis
writing and publishing process in scientific journals.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand current issues and challenges in the field of life sciences, building generic
skills to conduct research and analyze information critically
2. Understand and possess the ability to develop methods / scales to examine current
issues / events in life sciences
3. Discuss / perform scientific presentations at the general level. In addition to verbal
communication skills, students will also gain insights into journal publication process
and thesis writing.
References
1. Rujukan terkini dalam bidang berkaitan Entomologi dan Parasitologi, Biologi
Tumbuhan, Biologi Haiwan, Mikrobiologi, Bioteknologi, Biologi Akuatik, Biologi
Persekitaran, Agrobiologi (databases, journals, e-books, open access journals)
2. Rollin BE (2006) Science and ethics. Cambridge University Press, USA.
3. Hofman AH (2009) Scientific writing and communication: Papers, proposals, and
presentation. Oxford University Press, USA.
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BBT305/4 : Plant Physiology and Development

The course introduces the principles of bioenergetics which involves energy metabolisms
and assimilation of C and N. The next emphasize is on cell and plant water relations and
the uptake of mineral nutrients. The next subjects are plant growth and development and
their control by hormones, light and temperature. Discussion proceeds to the physiology
and biochemistry of plant acclimation to environment and biotic stress. Lastly, the
importance of plant physiology in modern biotechnology will also be reviewed. This
organization of ideas represents a logical flow of concepts and information essential to an
understanding of plant forms and functions. Students will understand the importance of
sunlight as the ultimate source of energy for the planet in order to understand the critical
dependence of water relations, growth, development and metabolisms on the fundamental
principles of energy flow.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the physiology concept and development of plants from the perspective of
the biochemical and genetic process.
2. Explain the fundamentals of biochemistry and metabolism of plant photosynthesis
and the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants
3. Explain the relationship between morphology and function in plants and plant
adaptations to the environment, especially extreme environment
4. Relate the concepts of genetics and environment in modern methods of plants
regeneration of high economic importance
Refences
1. William G.Hopkins & Norman P.A. Huner (eds.). (2009) Introduction
Physiology, (3rd.Edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
to
Plant
BBT306/4 : Plant Biosystematics and Taxonomy

Course divided into two components; taxonomy and plant biosystematic. Within
taxonomy discussion will focus on the nomenclature, the five kingdoms classification, and
taxonomic concept. This course also discusses the application of taxonomic keys.
Chemotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy or field of study that utilizes chemical and genetic
evidences for classificatory purposes will also be discussed. The information from breeding
system, plant geography and ecology including the hybridizing species, isolation mechanism,
patterns of geographical distribution, concepts of disjunction and vicariance,
biogeographical hypothesis and ecological differentiation will also be emphasized.
Principles and procedures for conducting numerical taxonomy or phenetic analysis will be
highlighted. Evolutionary relationships between species from the phylogenetic method
will also be emphasized based on character and distance based characters. The
application of DNA sequence for constructing phylogenetic trees will also be given.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the vegetative and reproductive as well as the terminology for the
identification of flowering plants
2. Distinguish the principles of plant taxonomy, nomenclature, including the pattern of
evolution, speciation pattern, biogeography and floral biology
3. Use taxonomic keys for the identification of flowering plants
4. Analyze morphological and molecular data to produce phenetic and phylogenetic
trees
References
1. Cronquist, A. (2009). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants.
Columbia University Press, New York. Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Singh, G. (2009). Plant Systematics. Science Publisher. New York, USA
3. Wiley, E. O. et. al. (1991). The Complete Cladistic. The University of Kansas,
Museum of Natural History Special Publ. No. 19.
BBT307/3 : Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany is a study on how community of a particular region utilize of their
indigenous plants. The use of plants by the world communities has a long history and
depends very much on their practice, belief and knowledge. Ethnobotanical data are
collected by the cooperation local communities. At the end of this course, the knowledge
in ethnobotany will be applied to enhance public awareness towards forest conservation
and for sustainable forest management. The knowledge will also contribute to local
community development by commercializing the valuable forest products. Ethnobotanical
data may also be used in drug discovery research to provide clues and chances of finding
active compounds from plants as compared to random approach. This course also requires
the understanding of several other fields, such as botany (for identification of plants and
collection of voucher specimens), anthropology (to understand the origin, physical and
cultural development, biological characteristics, social customs, and beliefs of
humankind), ecology (for describing the environmental factors and habitat of plants),
economy (to determine the value of various forest products), and ethno-medicine (for
documentation of the information from traditional medicinal usage).
Learning Outcomes
1. Provide an overview of the importance of tropical rain forest resources inherited
from generation to generation.
2. Explain the relationship between humans and plants on the importance of study of
ethnobotany
3. Relate the culture, practices, customs, and beliefs of ethnobotany
4. Plan a variety of methods, analyze and prepare documentation related to ethnobotany
150
References
1. Gary J. Martin. (2004). Ethnobotany. A methods manual (People and Plants
international Conservation) Routledge, New Ed edition.
2. Anthony B. Cunningham (2001). Applied Ethnobotany. People, Wild Plant Use and
Conservation. Earthscan Publication, London
3. Miguel N. Alexiades (1996). Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field
Manual. New York Botanical Garden.
BBT308/3 : Tropical Plant Ecology
This course is aim to give exposure to the students on the multiple basic aspects of
tropical plant ecology. Students will be introduced to the main component of tropical
plants in Peninsular Malaysia. In depth discussion will be on the contribution, interaction
and latest status of plant in a tropical region. Woody plant will be the main component
studied as a basic knowledge for students in understanding the importance of plant to
human, ecology and environment. Through the practical classes, this course will question
students how a tropical plant and forest are studied in term of their importance. Finally, at
the end of the course students can understand the overall importance of tropical plant and
it relation to the health of the tropical forest.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand basic composition of tropical forest flora referring to the types of forest
in Malaysia.
2. Explain the relationship that exists and importance of tropical forest plants to other
organisms.
3. Understand issues related to the management of forest and tropical forest vegetation
contribution to the economy and human ecology.
4. Apply quantitative and qualitative sampling theory on the ecology of tropical forest
plants.
References
1. Soni,N.K. and Soni, V. 2010. Fundamentals of Botany. (2nd Edition) Tata McGrawHill Education Private Ltd. India.
2. Pandey, B.P. 2007. Botany for degree students. BSc. Second Year. S. Chand & Co.
Ltd. New Delhi
3. Myers, N. 1997. The primary source: Tropical Forest and our Future. Norton,
NewYork.
4. Terborgh, J. 1992. Diversity and the tropical rain forest. Scientific American
Library, N York.
5. Audesirk, T. and Audesirk, G. 2005. Biology: Life on Earth. (5th edition) Prentice
Hall Inc. USA.
6. Mauseth, J.D. 2003. Botany: an introduction to plant biology. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Boston
7. Moore, R. 2001. Principles of botany. McGraw-Hill, California.
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BBT309/4 : Plant Structure And Evolution

This course is aimed to guide students towards understanding principle of vascular plant
structures including morphology and anatomy. The hands on observation of vegetative
and reproductive organs modification related to adaptations towards several types of
environment will be conducted through practical. The evolution of sexual diversity will
also be discussed using the local plant for examples. Lectures are to emphasize on the
vegetative development, pollination system, embryology, seeds dissemination and other
factors that effect the survival and domination of plants on earth.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the difference between systematic groups in the vascular plants, ferns,
gymnosperms and angiosperms.
2. Explain evolutionary changes in plant structures in a way to learn the basic
components of plant cells, tissues and organs and are subsequently able to relate this
knowledge to the structure in a variety of specialized cells, tissues and functions.
3. Relate the life cycle of a seeded plant in a complex with the structures of plants that
may be in different stages of plant breeding.
4. Adapt understanding of seeded plant anatomy and its evolution with other disciplines
in biology, including taxonomy, cell biology, plant physiology, genetics,
biochemistry and ecology.
References
1. Hodson, M.J. and Bryant, J.A. 2012. Functional Biology of Plants. John Wiley &
Sons Ltd. USA.
2. Soni,N.K. and Soni, V. 2010. Fundamentals of Botany. (2nd Edition) Tata McGrawHill Education Private
Ltd. India.
3. Audesirk, T. and Audesirk, G. 2005. Biology: Life on Earth. (5th edition) Prentice
Hall Inc. USA.
4. Mauseth, J.D. 2003. Botany: an introduction to plant biology. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Boston [QK47. M459].
5. Moore, R. 2001. Principles of botany. McGraw-Hill, California [QK47. U58].
6. Pandey, B.P. 2007. Botany for degree students. BSc. Second Year. S. Chand & Co.
Ltd. New Delhi [QK52. P189].
7. Rost, T.L., Barbour, M.G., Stocking, C.R., & Murphy, T.M. 2006. Plant biology,
(2nd edition) Southbank Vic., Australia.
8. Stern, K. R. 2000. Introductory Plant Biology: (8th. Edition). USA, McGraw-Hill
Companies..
BBT401/8 : Project in Plant Biology
A final year research project that aims to expose students to research methods for solving
various scientific questions related to Plant Biology sciences. At the end of this course,
students are able to carry out scientific research in Plant Biology and present their
research work in written thesis and scientific oral presentations.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Understand a research topic on plant biology
2. Understand methods and protocols of doing laboratory analysis and handling
equipment in the field and laboratory to obtain data related to plant biology
3. Carry out scientific research in plant biology and present their research work in
written thesis and oral presentation.
4. Perform data analysis and interpretation
5. Present scientific ideas clearly and effectively
References
1. Text books and journals relevant to the project
BBT402/3 : Plant Genetics
The course is tailored to provide a comprehensive understanding in the area of plant
genetics. Emphasis will be given on the areas of advanced Mendelian and nonMendelian genetics (quantitative genetics) together with their application in agriculture.
Various types of mutations and their consequences and also the behaviour of
chromosomes in euploids and aneuploids will be discussed. The effect of transposition
will also be discussed. Various types of plant breeding systems will also be discussed.
Emphasis will also be given on the areas of evolution and chromosomal changes, gene
mutation, linkage and gene mapping as well as the application of recombinant DNA
technology in plant. In addition the characteristics of the three plant genomes will be
discussed. Answering evolutionary and plant population questions using numerous
genetic / molecular approaches will be provided.
Learning Outcomes
Describe Mendel's genetics and Mendelian genetics advanced stage extension and
application of Mendelian genetics in agriculture.
1. Describe the behavior of chromosomes in euploids and aneuploids as well as
eukaryotic gene biology and RNA processing, mobile genetic elements and their
impact after the transposition and gene mapping on chromosome
2. Describe the factors that are required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and in
violation of the balance and the factors that contribute to phenotypic variation.
3. Relate the structure and function of three plant genomes.
References
1. Griffiths AJF, Wessler, SR, Doebley J, and Carrol SB (2010). An Introduction to
Genetic Analysis (10th Edition). WH Freeman and Company.
2. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA and Palladino MA (2011). Concepts of
Genetics (10th Edition). Prentice Hall.
3. Fairbanks DJ and WR Andersen (1999). Genetics: The Continuity of Life. Brooks /
Cole Publishing Company.
4. Gatehouse AMR, VA Hilder and D Boulter (1992). Plant Genetic Manipulation for
Crop Protection. CAB International.
153
BBT403/3 : Plant Molecular Biology

Students will learn about the size and complexity of plant genome. Insights into the plant
nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial DNA, their organization and interactions will be
highlighted. They will also be exposed to the process and stages of embryogenesis, seed
development and germination, the genes, hormones and regulation involved. One of the
vital topics of plant biotechnology that is genetic engineering of plants will also be taught
in which an overview about recombinant DNA technology, the strategies for
transformation and controlling gene expression and case studies of genetically modified
plants/crops will be discovered. The students will also be exposed to the various
components of a plant cells, functions and synthesis. The concept of differential gene
expression will be discussed.
The genetic basis of flowering, incompatibility,
Agrobacterium infection leading to crown gall formation, and the nitrogen fixing nodules
in the roots will also be discussed.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the process and the level of embryogenesis, seed development and
germination, including genes involved, hormones and regulation involved at every
level.
2. Distinguish nuclear DNA, plastid and mitochondrial plant, organization and
interaction of each.
3. Explain the concepts of biotechnology, especially in genetic recombinant DNA
technology, strategies for transformation and gene expression.
4. Demonstrat the function of various components of plant cell including membranes
and formation of the cell wall.
References
1. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. (2nd edition) Peter J. Lea & Richard C.
Leegood. John Wiley & Sons Publisher.
2. Plant Growth and Development A Molecular Approach. Donald E. Fosket.
Academic Press.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology Concept and Experiment. Gerald Karp. Wile
4. Plant Molecular Biology. (2nd Edition) Donald Grierson, Simon N. Covey.
5. Plant Biochemistry. 3rd edition. Hans-Walter Heldt. Academic Press.
6. Molecular Plant Development, From Gene to Plant. Peter Westhoff, Holger Jeske,
Gerd Jurgens, Klaus Kloppstech, Gerhard Link
BBT404/3 : Economic Botany
This course covers relationship between plants & man. The lectures begin from the
origins of agriculture to understanding that led to the influences of plants on the history,
economy and culture of man. Aspects of plant diseases and their consideration concerning
world problems about plant usage, food sources and the future of plants will be discuss in
detail. Emphasis is also on evolution of cereal plants like rice, maize and wheat; centre of
origin, Vavilors theory about economic plants, the green revolution and problems of food
resources. Last but not least, the module looks at plant genetic resources, erosion of plant
genetic, resources variability and plant conservation.
154
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain basic concepts and applications of economic botany.
2. Explain importance of plants to human history and culture as well as their economic
importance.
3. Explain the significance of plant group, product, disease and genetic resources.
4. Explain the relationship between economic plant and human.
References
1. Simpson, B.B. & Ogorzaly, M.C. (2009). Economic Botany: Plants in our world.
(5th. Edition) McGraw_Hill.
2. Pandey, B.P. (2008). Economic Botany. (10th.edition) S.Chand & Company Ltd.
New Delhi.
3. Albert F. Hill. (1952). Economic Botany: A textbook of Useful Plants and Plant
Products. Second edition. New York Toronto London Mcgraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc.
BBT405/3 : Plant Tissue Culture
This course provides a comprehensive overview on various aspects of conventional and
current development of plant tissue culture technology. Some of these techniques were
used as tools for propagation of plantlets and germplasm conservation. The course also
covers the history of plant tissue culture development, the basic requirements of a plant
tissue culture laboratory, preparation of culture medium, the establishment of aseptic
tissues, factors affecting the growth of the different types of in vitro cultures, development
of disease free plants, protoplast cultures, somatic hybridization, haploid cultures and
plant cryopreservation techniques. In addition, this course presents an overview of the
techniques and the underlying theory of genetic engineering, commercial applications,
ethical and regulatory issues in the area of plant biotechnology.
Learning Outcomes
Understand the various techniques of plant tissue culture and the need to establish a tissue
culture laboratory
1. Provide an overview of plant tissue culture to enhance plant propagation,
preservation of germplasm and production of new hybrids.
2. Explain the basic concepts, techniques and training of genetic manipulation of plants
and applications in biotechnology
3. Provide exposure to the application of tissue culture technology in the field of agroindustry.
References
1. T.B. Jha and B.Ghosh (2010). Plant Tissue Culture: Basic and Applied. Universities
Press Publisher (www.universitiespress.com)
2. H.S. Chawla (2009). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology.(3rd Edition), Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
155
3.
4.
5.
6.
M.K. Razdan (2001). An introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd
Adrian Slater, Nigel Scott and Mark Fowler (2003). Plant Biotechnology: The
genetic manipulation of plants. Oxford University Press.
P.Christou and Harry Klee (2004). Handbook of Plant Biotechnology. (2nd volume)
set, Wiley.
C.B. Nirmala, G. Rajalakshmi, and C. Karthick (2010). Plant Biotechnology. MJP
Publishers (India).
BME401/3 : Soil Microbiology

Soil microbiology study encompasses soil and the organisms living in it. This field of
study includes the sustainable agricultural practices, environmental study, agronomy,
plant pathology, food science and ecology. Unifying the seemingly different areas of
interest is the fundamental need to understand the relation of the soil environment to the
presence and functioning of species and communities of soil organisms Sustainable land
use and management which affects soil organisms, methods of determining diversity and
functioning of soil microorganisms, means to optimize land use and management towards
development of specific soil organisms and their functions will be discussed further.
Other topics for this course include soil ecosystem, measurement of soil microbial
biomass and the diversity, energy transformations and metabolic activities of soil
microbes, process control in soil, soil enzymes as indicators of ecosystem status, the
rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere, nitrogen fixation process and the principles of
bioremediation.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the principles of microorganismal behaviour in soil ecosystem
2. Manage the soil and optimise it towards development of specific organisms and their
functions
3. Study the role of microorgansims in the soil ecosystem and identify microbial activity
that has a huge impact on its surrounding
References
1. Michael Madigan, John Martinko, David Stahl and David Clark (2012). Brock,
Biology of Microorganisms. (Thirteenth Edition). Pearson Education Inc.
2. Robert L. Tate (2000). Soil Microbiology. (Second Edition). John Wiley and Sons.
3. Atlas, R. M. & Brtha, R. (1993). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications.
Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc. New York.
4. Eugene L. Madse (2008). Environmental Microbiology: From Genomes to
Biochemistry. Blackwell Publishing, Victoria, Australia.
5. Mitchell, R. (1993). Environmental Microbiology. John wiley & Sons. New York
6. Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper and Charles P. Gerba (2009). Environmental
Microbiology. (Second Edition). Elsevier Inc.
7. Sharma, PD (2005). Environmental Microbiology. Narosa Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
156
BME402/3 : Microbial Genomics

This course introduces fundamental concepts and related tools in microbial genomics and
bioinformatics. The course emphasizes the strong interdependence of the field of
genomics and bioinformatics. Genomics produces large scale data sets that require
bioinformatic methods for analysis of raw DNA sequence data, data storage, handling and
analysis. This course will also give students the ability to understand genome-based gene
expression such as transcriptomics, proteomics as well as metagenomics and relate this
knowledge to current applications in the field of microbiology.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the process involved in hte technology of gneomics and bioinformatics,
in addition to the characteristics and the evolution of microbial genome
2. Analyse microbial genome using bioinformatics tools
3. Apply basic knowledge on microbial genomes and bioinformatics processes in the
sudy of microbiology and biotechnology
References
1. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, (2nd edition), Jonathan Pevsner. WileyBlackwell, 2009.
2. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis, (2nd edition), David W. Mount.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004
3. Artikel jurnal semasa
4. Microbial Functional Genomics. Jizhong Zhou, Dorothea K. Thompson, Ying Xu,
James M. Tiedje. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004
BMT305/3 : Microbial Physiology
This course begins with a discussion on microbial growth, aerobic and anaerobic
metabolism, energy production, fermentation pathways, autotrophic metabolism. This
course also introduces the following topics: cell constituents from chemical elements,
macromolecule, biopolymer and its assembly to form cellular components like membrane
dan flagella, regulation of macromolecule synthesis, the different types of regulation eg.
feedback inhibition and repression, global control networks, microbial stress response and
modern techniques to study microbial physiology.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the basic concepts of microbial physiology
2. Clarify basic concept on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
3. Apply basic knowledge on microbial physiology in cultivation of microorganisms
157
References
1. Moat, AG, Foster, JW and Spector, MP (2002) Microbial Physiology (4 edition)
Wiley
2. Mendelstam, McQuillen Dawes (1982). Biochemistry of Microbial Growth, (3rd
Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications.
3. Neidhardt, FC, Ingraham, JL, Schechter, M. (1990) Physiology of the Bacterial Cell.
A Molecular Approach. Sinauer Associates
4. Neidhardt et al. 1987 Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular &
Molecular Biology [USM library ref. QR82.E6]
5. Moat, AG, Foster, JW and Spector, MP (2002) Microbial Physiology (4 edition)
Wiley
6. Mendelstam, McQuillen Dawes (1982). Biochemistry of Microbial Growth, (3rd
Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications.
7. Neidhardt, FC, Ingraham, JL, Schechter, M. (1990) Physiology of the Bacterial Cell.
A Molecular Approach. Sinauer Associates
8. Neidhardt et al. 1987 Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular &
Molecular Biology [USM library ref. QR82.E6]
9. Ingraham et al. 1983 Growth of the Bacterial Cell. Sinauer Associates Inc.,
Massachussetts
10. Lehninger (1982). Biochemistry, (8th edition) Worth Publishers.
11. Dawes (1980). Quantitative Problems in Biochemistry, (6th Edition) Longmans.
12. Moat (2002). Microbial Physiology, (4th edition).Wiley.
13. Nicholls (1981). Bioenergetics.Wiley.
BMT306/3 : Virology
This course aims at given better understanding and deeper knowledge of virology. The
focus of discussion would be on the three major and largest groups which are
bacteriophage, plant virus and animal virus. The molecular virology aspect of this course
would take the students into the details components of viruses, as well as, virus-host
interaction. The significant of each of the virus groups would also be discussed, i.e., in
term of diseases or problems caused by the viruses and various virus applications.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain concepts in molecular virology.
2. Explain the importance of bacteriophage
3. Discuss and describe the importance of plant and animal virus and sub-viruses
References
1. Acheson, N. H. Fundamentals of Molecular Virology. (First edition) 2007
2. Voyles, B. The Biology of Virus. (Second edition) 2002.
3. Matthews Plant Virology. (Fourth edition) 2001.
158
BMT307/3: Environmental Microbiology

The course emphasizes on the principles of microbial behavior in an ecosystem, growth
kinetics in open and closed system, the role of microorganisms in the natural ecosystem
such as terrestrial, aquatic, animal, extreme environments, air borne microbial dispersion,
development of microbial community and microbial activities, which have economic and
social implications. In relation to that, fields such as nitrogen fixation, food spoilage by
microorganisms, air pollution and its prevention, the role of microorganisms in sewage
and domestic treatment and biodegradation of complex chemical compounds and
recalcitrant, will also be discussed. At the end of the course, the students should be able to
understand the importance of microbial interactions and the effects on the environment.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the importance of microbial interactions and the effects on the
environment.
2. Describe the principles of microbial behavior in an ecosystem.
3. Understand roles of microorganisms in the natural ecosystem and microbial activities
which have economic and social implications.
References
1. Michael Madigan, John Martinko, David Stahl and David Clark (2012). Brock,
Biology of Microorganisms. (Thirteenth Edition) Pearson Education Inc.
2. Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper and Charles P. Gerba (2009). Environmental
Microbiology. (Second Edition) Elsevier Inc.
3. Atlas, R. M. & Brtha, R. (1993). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications.
Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc. New York.
4. Eugene L. Madse (2008). Environmental Microbiology: From Genomes to
Biochemistry. Blackwell Publishing, Victoria, Australia.
5. Mitchell, R. (1993). Environmental Microbiology. John wiley & Sons. New York
6. Sharma, PD (2005). Environmental Microbiology. Narosa Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
BMT308/3 : Mycology
The course provides basic knowledge on various aspects of fungi which include fungal
origin and phylogeny, habitat, mode of life, general and specific characteristics, methods
in fungal nomenclature and classification, and examples from various fungal groups.
Other aspects include the economic importance of fungi such as fungal application in
industries, medically important fungi, fungi as food spoilage, spoilage of timber products
and fungi as plant pathogens.
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify basic and special characteristics of different fungal classes
2. Explain fungal life cycle and their role in the ecosystem
3. Apply knowledge on fungus in the production of food, medicines and agriculture
159
References
1. Alexopoulus, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology.
(4th Edition) John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2. Carlile, M.J., Watkinson, S.C. Gooday, G.W. (2001). The Fungi. (2nd Edition)
Academic Press.
BMT 309/3 : Microbial Genetics
This course will discuss the basic concept and principles of microbial genetics which
include characteristics of bacterial and viral chromosomes, mutagenesis and mutants,
genetic transfer in bacteria such as transformation, transduction and conjugation,
recombination and gene mapping using all of the above mechanisms. The characteristics
and importance of plasmids and transposons will also be discussed. The second half of the
course will discuss the principles of operons and gene regulations using the lactose, and
tryptophan operons as well as the complexity of the bacteriophage genetic system as
examples. The development of the field of microbial genomics and bioinformatics will
also be covered.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the characteristics of bacterial chromosomes and virus, mutagenic
processes and DNA repair, gene transfer and DNA recombination, plasmid and
transposon characteirstics, priciples of genetic regulation, bacteriophage genetics,
microbial genomics and bioinformatics
2. Analyse the relationship between each microbial genetic system and gene regulation.
3. Use basic knowledge on microbial genetics and gene regulation in future genetics and
biotechnology research
References
1. Maloy, S.R., Cronan, J.E., dan Freifelder, D. Microbial Genetics. (2nd Edition) Jones
and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachussetts
2. Suzuki, D.T., Griffiths, A.J.F., Miller, J.H. dan Lewontin, R.C. An Introduction to
Genetic Analysis W.H. Freeman and Co.
3. Lewin, B., Genes, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Smith-Keary, P., Genetics elements in Escherichia coli, MacMillan Publishing Co.
5. Strickberger, M.W., Genetics, MacMillan Publishing Co.
BMT310/3 : Bacteriology
This course starts with brief discussion on prokaryotic (archaeae and bacteria) systematics
which cover classification, taxonomy, nomenclature, identification, phylogeny and
concept of species. Students will be introduced to the characterisation of prokaryotes by
morphological, biochemical, physiological, metabolic, ecological and genetic
characteristics, by molecular biological techniques. This will be followed by detailed
discussion on chemical constituents of prokaryotic fine structures and their functions. The
various groups of prokaryotes will be surveyed to relate their characteristics to their
importance to daily life of other organisms. Finally discussion will be centered on
methods of enrichment, isolation and maintenance/preservation of prokaryotic cultures.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Describe and explain microbial feature of archaea and bacteria.
2. Show the existence of bacteria and archaea and explain the importance of culturing
them
3. Relate the characteristics of bacteria and archea and its importance to the life of other
organisms.
References
1. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., Stahl, D.A. and Clark, D.P. (2012). Brock Biology
of microorganisms. (13th edition) Pearson International Edition.. NewYork.
2. Willey, J.M., Sherwood, L.M. and Woolverton, C.J. (2009). Prescotts Prnciples of
Microbiology. New York, McGraw-Hill International edition.
3. Black, J.G. (2012). Microbiology. Principles and Explorations. (8th edition)
International Student Version. John Wiley and Sons,Inc.New Jersey, USA.
BMT 311/3 : Immunology
This course describes the principles of and basic concepts of immunology. The areas to
be studied include the historical development and the scope of immunology, natural
immunity, acquired immunity, the complement system, antigen, antibodies, antigenantibody interactions, fundamental of cellular immunity responses, hypersensitivity
(allergy) immediate and late type, graft immunity, autoimmunity and immunity against
cancer. The application of immunology in the development of diagnostic testing would
also be included. The laboratory component would give the students the chances to
simulate bacterial infection in animal models (chicken and rabbit). The students would
assess the humoral immunity respond by using one of the diagnostic tests.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain basic concepts on immunology and immune disorders
2. Apply basic immunological to face infection and immunity
3. Apply basic immunological knowledge in diagnostic tests
References
1. Coico, R and Sunshine, G. Immunology: A short Course. (Sixth edition) (2009).
2. Wood, P. Understanding Immunology. (Second edition) (2006).
3. Murphy, K. Janeways Immunobiology. (Eighth edition) (2012).
4. Roitt, I. Essential Immunology. (Eleventh edition) (1998).
5. Abbas, A. K. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. (Third edition) (1997).
BMT401/8 : Microbiology Project
various scientific questions related to Microbiology Project sciences. At the end of this
course, students are able to carry out scientific research in Microbiology Project and
present their research work in written thesis and scientific oral presentations.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Understand a research topic on Microbiology Project
equipment in the field and laboratory to obtain data related to Microbiology Project
3. Carry out scientific research in environmental biology and present their research
work in written thesis and oral presentation.
5. Convey/present scientific ideas clearly and effectively
References
BMT402/3 : Medical Microbiology
This course focuses on wide aspects of microbes especially the bacteria, fungi, and
viruses as causative agents of diseases in human and the host defence mechanisms against
microbial invasion. The topics that will be discussed cover general characteristics of
pathogenic microorganisms, host-pathogen interactions, immune-pathogenesis, antigen
structures, laboratory diagnosis, and epidemiology, roles of chemotherapeutic agents and
vaccine, and drug resistance. Passive immunization for the prevention and control of
infectious diseases will also be discussed. The manipulation of viruses in gene therapy
would also be introduced.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain epidemiological concepts, pathogenesis, interaction between host cell and
pathogen, bacterial infection, fungi and virus, isolation and identification,
chemotherapy and resistance
2. Explain the concept of vaccine development, development of anti-virus and gene
therapy
3. Isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria and fungi
(dermatophytes)
References
1. Bauman, R. Microbiology with diseases by taxonomy. (Second edition) 2007
2. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. (Second edition) 2005
3. Black, J. G. Microbiology. (Seventh edition) 2008
4. Mahy, W. J. And Collier, L. Topley and Wilsons Microbiology and Microbial
Infections. Volume 1 (Virology).
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BMT403/3 : Industrial Microbiology

The course provides theoretical and practical exposures to the students about the
relationship among biochemistry, physiology, nutrition and growth of industrially
importance microorganisms especially bacteria, streptomycetes, yeasts and fungi. Strains
isolation, selection, improvement and maintenance will be discussed for the production of
alcohols, organic acids, amino acids and cell biomass through various major industrial
fermentation processes. Besides that, fermentation products by submerged and solid
substrate fermentations in suitable fermentors, followed by the downstream processes in
products recovery will be discussed. Roles of microorganisms in food and beverage,
pharmaceutical, agriculture, biomining and in management of industrial waste treatment
and oil spill will also be discussed. Last but not least, the understanding on ethical issues
in production microbiology such as standards laboratory procedures, Biological Safety
Acts and in-plant responsibility will be emphasized.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand and competent in isolation techniques, selection, cultivating and
maintenance of industrially important microoganisms
2. Explain the concept of producing desired products using special microbes and its
optimum cultivation in submerged and solid-state fermentation at laboratory and
industrial scale, undestand downstream processing and recovery of products
3. Apply microorganisms in treatment of environmental pollutions, industrial and
agricultural wastes, the advantage of using microorganisms in the production of
industrial foods and drinks, pharmaceutical and biomining
4. Understand the ethical issues in the manipulation of microorganisms and the
production of microbial products for humans
References
1. Michael, J. Waites (2001). Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction. Blackwell
Science.
2. Yuan Kun Lee (2006). Microbial Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. World
Scientific
3. Darah, I. dan Ibrahim, C. O. (2004). Konsep Dalam Mikrobiologi: Biologi
Mikroorganisma. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
4. Darah, I. dan Ibrahim, C. O. (2009). Konsep Dalam Mikrobiologi: Kegunaan
Mikroorganisma. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
5. Standbury, P. F. dan Whitaker, A. O. (1984). Principles of Fermentation Technology.
Oxford-Pergamon Press
6. Ibrahim, C. O. (1994). Pengantar Mikrobiologi Industri. Penerbit Universiti Sains
Malaysia
7. Alan Rhodes and Derek L. Fletcher (1966). Principles of Industrial Microbiology.
Elsevier
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BZT304/3: Invertebrate Zoology

This course will discuss numerous aspects of Invertebrate Zoology, namely on
classification and phylogeny, species evolution, invertebrates diversity, adaptation,
function, system, physiology and life cycle in various environments. Several phyla will
be discussed, including Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes,
Mollusca, Echinodermata and Annelida.
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify phylogeny species of invertebrates
2. Distinguish features based on invertebrates general appearance, function, system and
life cycle
3. Know the diversity, evolution, function and adaptation of invertebrates in various
ecosystems
4. Build the classification of invertebrates such as Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria,
Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Arthropoda and Annelida
References
1. Hickman,CP, Roberts, LS. Keen, SL. Larson, A. and IAnson, H. Eisenhour,DJ.
(2011) Integrated Principles of Zoology (15th Edition). Mc Graw Hill. New.York.
928p
2. Jordan, E.L., and Verma, P.S., (2011). Invertebrate Zoology, (14th Edition). S.
Chand & Company, New Delhi. 857p
BZT305/3 : Vertebrate Zoology
Vertebrate Zoology is the study of animals with backbones. Evolution from Hemichordata
and Protochordata to modern vertebrates will be discussed. Characteristics and
evolutionary success of various vertebrate class such as Agnatha, Placoderma,
Ostracoderm, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibian, Reptilian, Aves and Mammal
will be discussed with special references and comparison with vertebrate paleontology
and current status in vertebrate studies. Topic will focused on several vertebrate issues
such as anatomy, structure, adaptation, life cycles, diversity and conservation for each
major class of vertebrate. In addition to the published facts about vertebrates, students
will be introduced to important ideas in the areas of evolutionary biology, systematics,
morphology, and ecology that form the basis of the conceptual understanding of a
selected group of animals.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the historical background, the main scientists and the earliest principles of
vertebrate zoology
2. Differentiate between various leading group in the vertebrate animals
3. Describe the diversity, evolution, function, adaptation and conservation of vertebrate
animals
4. Understand vertebrate distribution and their ecological functions
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References
1. Harvey F. Pough, Christine M. Janis & John B. Heiser (2010). Vertebrate Life. (8th
Edition). Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, USA.
2. Cleveland Hickman, Larry Roberts, Susan Keen, Allan Larson, Helen 'Anson and
David Eisenhour. (2012). Integrated Principles of Zoology, New York,. McGrawHill Science, USA.
3. Kenneth Kardong (2008). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution
(6th Edition) Tata New York McGraw Hill, , USA.
BZT306/3 : Animal Behaviour
This course will introduce animal behavior by reflecting on the history and development
of this field, especially in relation to the contribution to leading figures of animal behavior
research such as Niko Tinbergen dan Konrad Lorenz. The course will then lead students
to understand the two appoaches to the field of animal behaviour, which are the ultimate
and proximate causations. The differences, weakness and strengths of both approaches
will be discussed. The relationship between animal behavior and the fields of genetics,
evolution and ecology will also be emphasized.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the history and development of the field of animal behavior
2. Distinguish the ultimate and proximate concepts in animal behavior
3. Relate the concept of animal behavior with the principles of evolution, ecology and
animal genetic
References
1. Lee C. Drickamer, Stephen H. Vessey, & Elizabeth Jakob. 2008. Animal Behavior:
Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution. New York McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, , USA.
2. John Alcock. 2009. Animal Behavior, An Evolutionary Approach, (9th Edition)
Sinaeur Associates
3. Aubrey Manning & Marian Stamp Dawkins (2007). An Introduction to Animal
Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
4. David McFarland (2008). Animal Behaviour: Psychobiology, Ethology and
Evolution (6th Edition). Benjamin Cummings; San Francisco, USA
BZT307/3 : Animal Physiology
The course deliver physiological concepts utilizing the anatomy, functional and
comparative approaches. The concept of homeostasis and its regulation will be
introduced. The course will then elaborate on all the major physiological systems in
animals including the muscular and skeletal, circulation, nerve, endocrine, digestion,
water balance and reproductive system utilizing the concepts of comparative, anatomy
and functional approaches.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the basic concepts and history of animal physiology.
2. Explain the concept of homeostasis regulators
3. Identify the muscular system, circulatory, nervous, sensing, endocrine, digestion,
water balance and animal breeding
4. Identify the concepts of anatomy and comparative physiological functions in animals
References
1. Christopher D. Moyes & Patricia M. Schulte. 2008. Principles of animal physiology.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, USA.
2. Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (2007). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment
Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
3. Roger Eckert & David Randall (2006). Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and
Adaptations. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, USA.
BZT308/2 : Animal Taxonomy Practical
Students will be given an exposure in basic animal classification of invertebrates and
vertebrates, adaptation and structural comparison and anatomy of animals to survive in
their respective environments. Students will examine museum specimens, learn through
video presentation and field visits. Students will conduct a short research on classification
and life cycle of selected animal in the laboratory and in the field. At the end of the
practical, students are expected to be able to understand the practical approach in basic
taxonomy and classification of animals.
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify and be able to classify animals into phyla level and the level of taxonomic
classes, based on morphological characteristics
2. Identify the structures of the animal body and their functions
3. Analyz the importance of organizational aspects of the animal's body, including
symmetry, the layers of the body, body cavities, segmentation, appendage and organ
system
4. Demonstrate concepts (the cycle of life, way of life) associated with the biology and
natural history of animals
References
1. Harvey F. Pough, Christine M. Janis & John B. Heiser (2009). Vertebrate Life. (8th
Edition). Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, USA.
2. Cleveland Hickman, Larry Roberts, Susan Keen, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson and
David Eisenhour. (2009). Integrated Principles of Zoology. New York McGraw-Hill
Science, , USA
3. Jordan, E.L., and Verma, P.S., (2007). Invertebrate Zoology, (14th Edition). S.
Chand & Company, New Delhi, India.
4. Laverack, M.S. & Dando, J. (1979). Lecture Notes on Invertebrate Zoology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford London Edinburg Melbourne
5. Lal, S. S. (1980). A Textbook of Practical Zoology Invertebrate. (5th Edition).
Rastogi Publications, India.
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BZT309/2 : Animal Physiology and Behaviour Practical

This course exposes students to important aspects of the physiology and behavior of
animals. Using a combination of laboratory classes, mini-project and seminar-styled
presentations, students will be taught various laboratory techniques, research-based data
collection as well as effective presentation of scientific data. At the end of this course,
students should be able to conduct physiology based laboratory experiments, carry out
scientific literature searches and experimentation for an animal behavior topic, and give
an effective scientific presentation with effective presentation skills.
Learning Outcomes
Recognize and understand some basic concepts of physiology and animal behavior.
1. Understand how to perform practical and using the laboratory equipment to obtain
data on several aspects of animal physiology.
2. Gain experience running a project on animal behavior.
3. Demonstrate skills for data analysis and interpretation.
4. Demonstrate skills of scientific presentations.
References
1. Lee C. Drickamer, Stephen H. Vessey, & Elizabeth Jakob. 2010. Animal Behavior:
Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution. New York McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, , USA.
2. Christopher D. Moyes, Patricia M. Schulte. 2008. Principles of animal physiology.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, USA.
BZT401/8 : Project in Animal Biology
various scientific questions related to Microbiology Project sciences. At the end of this
course, students are able to carry out scientific research in Microbiology Project and
present their research work in written thesis and scientific oral presentations.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand a research topic on Microbiology Project
equipment in the field and laboratory to obtain data related to Microbiology Project
3. Carry out scientific research in environmental biology and present their research
work in written thesis and oral presentation.
5. Convey/present scientific ideas clearly and effectively
References
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BZT402/3 : Bology of Vertebrate Pest Animals

This course will discuss on numerous factors which allow classes of vertebrates to live as
pest populations and various steps taken to control them, namely physical, chemical,
mechanical and biological controlling methods as well as reduction of their source of food
and regulatory control measures. Within the context of chemical control, aspects of
action, toxicity, physiology and pesticide technology as well as its effect on environment
and magnification will be discussed. Combinations of two or more methods of control to
manage vertebrate pests, and the best possible approach and its effects on the ecological,
environmental and economical aspects will also be discussed.
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the factors that allow a diverse group of vertebrates to evolve as pests
2. Explain the importance of vertebrates pest in urban areas, agriculture and secondary
growth areas
3. Differentiate between various approaches or methods in the control of vertebrates
pest
4. Understand effective scientific framework for the control of vertebrate pests
References
1. Gary W. Bennett, John M. Owens, Robert M. Corrigan (2009). Truman's scientific
guide to pest control operations. Purdue University, Cleveland, USA.
2. C.Y. Lee (2003). Urban pest control. A Malaysian Perspective. USM Pulau Pinang,
Malaysia.
BZT403/3 : Plant Animal Interaction
This course will focuses on the basic principles of plant-animal interactions. The students
are exposed to a deeper understanding and discussion on the level of interaction. Some of
the types of interactions that are discussed are symbiosis, mutualism, predation,
granivory. This course re-examins all of these interactions from both the perspective of
animals and plants. This course also looks into the mechanisms that are involved in the
interactions, such as signals, attraction, deception, attack, defence and tolerance.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the interaction between plants and animals (for example, mutualism
andantagonism).
2. Understand the effects of interaction in terms of evolution and ecology
3. Understand and practise scientific method (through laboratory and field work)
References
1. Herrera, C.M. And O. Pellmyr (Editors). 2010. Plant-Animal Interactions: An
Evolutionary Approach. New Edition. Blackwell Science.
2. Abrahamson, W.G. And A.E. Weis. 1997. Evolutionary Ecology Across Three
Trophic Levels: Goldenrods, Gallmakers, And Natural Enemies. Princeton
University Press
3. Abrahamson, W.G. (Editor) 1989. Plant-Animal Interactions Ny.. Mcgraw-Hill
Publishing,
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BZT404/3 : Animal Conservation Genetic

This course emphasizes the application of population genetics and molecular analyses to
answering biological questions in animal conservation. This course will cover topics on
basic concepts and fundamentals of conservation genetics of animals including values of
biodiversity and could be categorized into three parts, i.e. loss of biodiversity, principles
and analyses of conservation genetics, and genetics and conservation.
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the main sources of genetic variation in animals and describes the
relationship between genetic diversity and population viability of wild animals.
2. Describe summary of theory, the basic approach of laboratory and analytical
techniques to study the genetic markers such as microsatellites, single nucleotide
polymorphisms and DNA sequence
3. Explain the concept and calculation/statistical parameter variability in a population,
such as polymorphism, Heterozygosity, allelic diversity, effective population size and
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation
4. Describe how genetic principles and techniques that can be used in the management
and conservation of wild animals in captive breeding, solving taxonomic ambiguity,
detect hybridization, defines the management, and forensic investigations.
References
1. Avise, J.C. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. (2nd edition)
Chapman Hall, NY.
2. Mills LS (2006) Conservation of wildlife populations: Demography, genetics and
management. Wiley Blackwell.
BAT307/3 : Ichthyology
This course will discuss various aspects of the biology, taxonomy, evolution and ecology
of fish. Emphasis will be given on aspects of adaptation for living in the aquatic habitat.
Such aspects including anatomy, and external morphology, physiology, respiratory and
circulatory systems, feeding and digestion, excretion and osmotic control, nerves and
sensory organs, muscle and movement, reproduction and development of larvae, and also
pattern of behaviour. The economic importance, zoogeography, ecology and life history
of a few species of fish will be highlighted. At the end of this course, the students should
be able to identify the fish species, to understand the behaviour of fishes and their
adaptation to the environment and to specify the important of fish species as a food source
of world population and research on fish biology for conservation and management.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the biology, taxonomy, evolution, and diversity of fish
2. Understand various structures and forms of fishes and adaptation to different
environment
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Understand the role and function of internal organ to the different ecological
environment
Understand the behavior of fish including the movement, communication,
reproduction, feeding, development and growth in relation to different environment
Understand the ecology and zoogeography of freshwater and marine fishes
Understand the important of fisheries biology in fish assessment and conservation.
Fish identification in laboratory and in field by using systematic key fish.
References
1. Ambak, M.A. Mansor, M.I., Mohd-Zaidi, Z. and Mazlan, A-G. (2010). Fishes of
Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
2. Jobling, M (1995). Environmental biology of fishes. Chapman and Hall. Fish and
fisheries series 16. 455 pp.
3. Lagler, K.F., J.E. Bardach, R.E. Miller and D.R.M. Passino (1977). Ichthyology, (2nd
edition) John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
4. Liem, K.F., W.E. Bemis, W.F. Walker & L. Grande (2001). Functional Anatomy of
the Vertebrates, (3rd edition) Harcourt, Philadelphia.
5. Mansor, M.I., H. Kohno, H. Ida, H.T. Nakamura, Z. Aznan, S.A.K. Syed-Abdullah
(1998). Field Guide to Important Commercial Marine Fishes of the South China Sea.
Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department, Southeast
Asian Fisheries Development Center. 287pp.
6. Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the world. John Wiley and sons.
7. Moyle, P.B. and J.J. Cech, Jr., (2004). Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, (5th
edition) Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.
8. Bone, Q. and R.H. Moore (2008). Biology of Fishes, (3rd edition) Taylor & Francis
Group, New York.
BGT301/3 : Plant Pathology
The course introduces the concept of disease as a result of interaction between pathogens
and hosts under the influence of environmental factors, definition of basic terminologies
in symptomatology and aethiology, inoculum potential, pathogenicity and virulence,
process and mechanism of entrance of pathogens and pathogenesis, and mechanisms by
which plants resist a particular disease. Plant pathogens such as viruses and viroids,
prokaryotes (mollicutes and bacteria), fungi, nematodes, and higher parasitic plants will
be explained with emphasis to their life and disease cycles, production, survival and
dispersal of inoculum.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the principle of basic plant pathology
2. Diagnose symptoms and signs of plant diseases.
3. Characterize group of pathogens that caused plant diseases
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References
1. Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology.( 5th Edition). Elsevier Academic Press.
2. Pandey, B.P 2006. Plant Pathology. Pathogen and Plant Disease. S. Chand & Co.
New Delhi.
BGT302/2 : Basic Practical in Plant Pathology
This course introduces students to the basic methods used in plant pathology. The
methods to be learned including media preparation, sterilization techniques, isolation of
pathogens, inoculation technique, preservation and maintenance of culture, disease
diagnosis, identify signs and symptoms of plant diseases, the collection and preservation
of plant disease specimens and microscopy techniques. In addition, field research
methods such as experimental design in plant house and in the field were also studied.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand techniques / procedures used in plant pathology
2. Identify disease symptoms and signs of pathogens that caused plant diseases
3. Apply knowledge obtained to solve problems related to plant diseases
References
1. Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant Pathology. (5th Edition) Elsevier Academic Press.
2. Trigiano, R.N., Windham, M.T. and Windham, A.S. (2008). Plant Pathology
Concepts and Laboratory Exercises.( 2nd Edition). CRC Press
BOE201/3 : Biological Instrumentation
This course is intended to introduce students to the theoretical principles and use of
laboratory equipment. The course is divided into two parts, namely theory and practical,
emphasis being given to the practical aspects. Among the principles/techniques that will
be discussed are assay principles, extraction and purification and analysis such as
Kjeldahl, spectrophotometry, electroforesis and chromatography. Emphasis will be given
to the use of extractor equipment (centrifuge, electrophoresis, chromatography, freeze
drying) and analysis equipment (Kjeldahl, atomic spectrophotometer, UV/Vis, flame
photometer and pH, CO2 & O2 meters). This course is geared for students who are
interested in courses that involve the study and efficient use of laboratory equipment in
research.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the theoretical principles of laboratory equipments such as centrifuge,
spectrophotometer,
electrophoresis,
freeze
dryer,
atomic
absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS), gas chromatography, flame photometer and other analysis
equipments.
2. Understand the techniques and use of laboratory equipments.
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References
1. Wilson, K. and Walker, J. M. (2010). Principles And Techniques Of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, (7th edition) Cambridge University Press.
2. Holme, D.J. and Peck, H. (1998). Analytical Biochemistry, (3rd edition) Longman
Publishers.
3. Rouessac, F. and Rouessac, A. (2007). Chemical Analysis. Modern Instrumentation
Methods and Techniques, (2nd edition), Wiley Publishers.
4. Schoeff, L. E. and Williams, R. H. (1993). Principles of Laboratory Instruments.
Mosby.
5. Rodney F. Boyer, (1993). Modern Experimental Biochemistry, (2nd edition). The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
BOE400/2 : Special Topics in Biology
Each student will be assigned a topic and supervised by a lecturer at the beginning of
semester 1 or semester 2 (4th year of study). The students will be introduced to written
research assignments related to the project proposed by the supervisor. The students will
also be trained to make a literature survey. At the end of the semester, each student is
required to write an essay and present their written research assignment. The evaluation of
this course will be based on the essay, oral presentation and evaluation by supervisor
based on student's effort (discussion log book) in completing tasks given.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the best method for collecting information based on scholarly journals
and texts that can be used in conducting their scientific research
2. Logically and analytically analyze the findings published in scholarly journals
3. Communicate scientifically to deliver effective oral and written reports
References
1. Latest journal in related fields :
Microbiology
Plant Biology
Animal Biology
Biotechnology
Aquatic Biology
Environmental Biology
Agrobiology
Entomology & Parasitology
2.
E-Resources (USM Library)

Databases
A-Z Journals Locator
e-Journals
e-Books
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ePrints@USM
Open Access Journals
Digital Collections
BST306/3 : Soil Science and Environment

The aim of this course is for students to understand the basic chemical, physical and
biological principles of soils. Students will be able to relate the principles of soil science
to ecological systems, agricultural production, world food needs, engineering uses of soils
and waste disposal. Soils are complex biogeochemical materials on which plants may
grow. The soils have the structural and biological properties that distinguish soils from
rocks and sediments. Soil supports dynamic ecological systems and provides plants with
support, water, nutrients and air. Soil can support all ecosystems on land including large
populations of microorganisms that recycle the materials of life, providing the entire
human population with food, fiber, water and building materials, and sites for
construction and waste disposal. Human population relies on soils to protect the
groundwater by filtering out toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms from
wastewater. Soil also plays an important role in carbon sequestration and prevention of
global warming. Understanding soil and managing it well is essential to human welfare.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the basic chemical, physical and biological properties of soils and the
effects to the environment.
2. Identify the source of problems related to soils and how to draw potential steps to
remedy the situations.
3. Have basic knowledge on soil functions as affected by the environment with special
emphasis on human population activities.
References
1. Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (2010). The Nature and Properties of Soils. (14th edition)
Pearson Prentice Hall.
2. Coyne, M.S. and Thompson, J.A. (2006). Fundamental Soil Science. Thomson
Delmar Learning.
3. Edward J. Plaster (2009). Soil science and management. (5 th edition) Delmar
Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY, USA.
4. Shamshuddin, J. (2006). The Earth Story. Lesson from the Quran and Science.
Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang.
5. Singer M.J. and Munns, D.N. (2002). Soils: An Introduction. (5 th edition) Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, USA.
6. Shamshuddin, J. (1990). Sifat dan Pengurusan Tanah di Malaysia. Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
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BST303/3 : Population and Community Ecology

Population Ecology and Community introduce and expose students to population and
community based partly on mathematical approaches. Unique ecological characteristics
acquired by a population or community will be discussed and the community distributions
are mainly based on multivariate analysis. The first part will focus on habitat distributions
based on the vegetation patterns; random, uniform and change. This includes density,
degree of survival, biotic capability, age distribution and life tables. Types of association
between populations like neutralism, cooperation, mutualism, comensalism, predation,
and ecological niches as well as principles of competitive exclusion will be discussed.
The third part touches upon the basic characteristics of a natural community including a
number of important concepts like form and structure of terrestrial communities,
dominance, species diversity and community succession.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand fundamental and advanced principles in population and community
ecology
2. Apply ecological knowledge in the estimation of population size and to construct the
population life table
3. Correlate between species richness concept, species diversity and population
abundance and community
4. Apply mathematical formulas for the calculation on vegetation pattern and
community dispersion
References
1. Rockwood, L. L.( 2008). Introduction to Population Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell,
London, UK.
2. Vandermeer, J.H. & Goldberg, D. E. (2007), Population Ecology: First Principles.
Princeton University Press, USA.
3. Begon, M., Townsend, C.R. & Harper, J.L. (2008). Ecology: From Individuals to
Ecosystems. Wiley-Blackwell, London, UK.
4. Ludwig, J.A. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons
BST308/3 : Tropical Ecosystems and Climate Change
This course provides an overview to tropical ecosystems and ecology. The main themes
revolve around key concepts and characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of
the tropics with emphasis on Malaysia. The focus will be on the ecology, processes and
interactions of biotic and abiotic elements in tropical rain forest, mangrove, inland water
bodies, marine and coral reef ecosystems, in relations to global climate change. Current
and pressing issues on anthropological impact, especially on climate change locally as
well as globally will also be discussed with coverage on ecological principles for these
ecosystem conservation.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Understand various tropical ecosystems and their diversity including ecosystem
processes involved
2. Understand issues related to global climate change and its implication towards
tropical ecosystem
3. Understand and appreciate the delicate processes involved in changing global
environmental scenarios.
References
1. Patrick L. Osborne (2012). Tropical ecosystems and ecological concepts, (2nd
edition) Cambridge University Press, New York.
2. Payne, A.I.(1986). The ecology of tropical lakes and rivers. John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
3. Monika, W. & D.E. Schindler (2004). Climate change uncouples trophic interactions
in aquatic ecosystem. Ecology, 85: 21002106.
4. Vaughn, C.C. (2010). Biodiversity losses and ecosystem function in freshwaters
:emerging conclusions and research directions. BioScience, 60(1): 25-35
5. Bradshaw,C.J.A., N.S Sodhi & B.W. Brook. (2009). Tropical turmoil: a biodiversity
tragedy in progress. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7: 7987.
6. Jeppesen, E., M. Meerhoff, K.Holmgren, I. Gonzlez-Bergonzoni, F.Teixeira-de
Mello, S.A.J. Declerck, L. De Meester, M. Sndergaard, T.L. Lauridsen, R.Bjerring,
J.M. Conde-Porcuna, N. Mazzeo, C. Iglesias, M. Reizenstein, H.J. Malmquist, Z.
Liu, D. Balayla & X. Lazzaro. (2010). Impacts of climate warming on lake fish
community structure and potential effects on ecosystem function. Hydrobiologia,
646(1): 73-90.
7. Bonan, G.B. (2008). Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate
benefits of forests. Science, 320(5882): 1444-1449
8. Anthony J.P. Gore (ed), (1983). Ecosystems of the world, volume 4. Mires: swamp,
bog, fen & moor. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam.
9. Walter K. Dodds & Matt R. Whiles (2010). Freshwater ecology: concepts and
environmental applications, (2nd edition) Academic Press, Burlington.
10. Kricher, J. (2011). Tropical Ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
BST405/3 : Conservation Ecology and Natural Resources
This course focuses on the importance and need for ecological conservation for all
species and natural ecosystems in the world and in Malaysia in particular. The concept of
endangered species and ecosystems will be discussed. The role and design of
conservation areas and national parks for protection of species and natural ecosystems
will be touched upon. Protection of species or ecosystems under present legislation and
strategies for conservation world-wide and in Malaysia will be discussed. The course also
covers the elements of natural resources involving soil, geology and earth resources,
water, macro and microorganisms, fisheries, wildlife and alternative energy.
175
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the fundamental composition of natural resources in Malaysia and other
parts of the world.
2. Explain the relationships that exist between different levels of ecological
organizations and conservation systems.
3. Understand issues on protected areas and other related systems involved.
4. Apply concepts of sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.
References
1. Starr. C.Taggart, R., Evers, C. and Starr, L. (2009). Biology: The Unity and Diversity
of Life, (12th edition) Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, USA.
2. Miller, T.G. and Spoolman S. (2008). Environmental Science: Problems, Concepts
and Solutions, (12th edition) Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, USA.
3. Myers, N. (1997). The primary source: Tropical Forest and our Future. Norton,
NewYork.
4. Terborgh, J. (1992). Diversity and the tropical rain forest. Scientific American
Library, N York.
5. Audesirk, T. and Audesirk, G. (2005). Biology: Life on Earth, (5th edition) Prentice
Hall Inc. USA.
6. Cox, G. W. (1997). Conservation Biology, (2nd edition) Wm. C. Brown Publishers,
Dubuque, Iowa.
7. Agnoletti M (2006) The conservation of cultural landscapes. CABI Publishing,
Oxfordshire.
BST404/3 : Wildlife Ecology and Management
The purpose of this course is to increase understanding of student about the ecology and
management of wildlife in tropical areas especially in Malaysia. The student will be
exposed to ecosystem regulation, population dynamic and other aspect in wildlife ecology
and management. Field work is one of important component in this course where student
will be exposed to field experience on natural setting and wildlife techniques in wildlife
ecology and management.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the ecological concept and biological terminologies related to wild life,
conservation and various methods in wild life management
2.
Develop skills to solve problems related to wild life management
3.
Present and discuss issues related to wild life management
References
1. Anthony R. E. Sinclair, John M. Fryxell and Graeme Caughley (2010). Wildlife
ecology, conservation and management, (2nd edition) Blackwell publishing.
2. Raymond F. Dasmann (1981). Wildlife biology, (2nd edition) John Wiley & Sons.
3. Akta Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara , 2010
176
BTT202/3 : Techniques in Biotechnology

The objective of this course is to enhance students' skills for the biotechnology industry,
such as the use of molecular biological techniques required for genetic engineering of
microorganisms to the culture process, purification and characterization of proteins. At
the end of this course, students are expected to understand the principles involved gene
cloning to manipulate DNA and find out how to culture microorganisms to obtain the
desired protein. Students will be exposed to several chromatography techniques for
purification.
Learning Outcomes
1. Gain knowledge and able to perform DNA cloning principles and analysis techniques
2. Describe bioreactor designs, their characteristics and functions of their major
components
3. Explain various downstream processes and enrichment techniques
4. Describe various purification techniques and chromatography principles
References
1. Protein Purification Techniques: A Practical Approach, Simon Roe (Practical
Approach Series). Oxford Univeristy Press (2001)
2. Protein Purification; Principles and Practice, Robert K.Scopes. Springer-Verlag New
York, Inc. (1994)
3. Principles of Fermentation Technology, Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker A.. Pergamon
Press (1996)
4. Prinsip Bioteknologi Ibrahim Che Omar, Penerbit USM (2002)
BOA301/4 Industrial Traning
Industrial training will be carried out for 8 weeks in semester 2 during the 3rd year.
Students will be assigned in the industry, government and private agencies/institutions
which are identified by the school and the students. From industrial training, students will
be exposed to working environment. The final assessment of students after completing
this course is only pass or fail.
Learning Outcomes
1. Apply knowledge learned in lectures into real working environment.
2. Practice knowledge, skill and capability
177
BOE201/3 Biological Instrumentation

This course will introduce students to the theoretical principles and use of laboratory
equipment. The course is divided into two parts, namely theory and practical, with
emphasis being given to the practical aspects. Among the principles/techniques that will
be discussed are assay principles, extraction and purification and analysis such as
Kjeldahl, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and chromatography. Emphasis will be
given to the use of extractor equipment (centrifuge, electrophoresis, chromatography,
freeze drying) and analysis equipment (Kjeldahl, atomic spectrophotometer, UV/Vis,
flame photometer and pH, CO2 & O2 meters). This course is geared for students who are
interested in courses that involve the study and efficient use of laboratory equipment in
research.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the theoretical principles of laboratory equipments such as centrifuge,
spectrophotometer,
electrophoresis,
freeze
dryer,
atomic
absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS), gas chromatography, flame photometer and other analysis
equipments.
2. Understand the techniques and use of laboratory equipments.
References
1. Wilson, K. and Walker, J. M. (2010). Principles And Techniques Of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology. (7th Edition) Cambridge University Press.
2. Holme, D.J. and Peck, H. (1998). Analytical Biochemistry. (3rd Edition) Longman
Publishers.
3. Rouessac, F. and Rouessac, A. (2007). Chemical Analysis. Modern Instrumentation
Methods and Techniques. (2nd Edition) Wiley Publishers.
4. Schoeff, L. E. and Williams, R. H. (1993). Principles of Laboratory Instruments.
Mosby.
5.
Rodney F. Boyer, 1993. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. (2nd Edition) The

Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company
BOT 205 Microscopy and Histological Techniques

This course is aimed at introducing students to the basic principles and concepts of
microscopy and histological techniques. Applications of light, colour and electromagnetic
wave in microscopy; basic principles of bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast,
fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopes will be taught. Concepts such as
magnification, resolution, contrast, image formation, numerical aperture, illumination, and
depth of field will be elaborated. Basic histopathology of animals and plants dealing with
the structures of cells, tissues and organs in relation to their functions will be taught and
discussed. Students will be given extensive laboratory demonstrations on the different
techniques of microscopy and also perform techniques in fixation and preservation of
specimens, staining and sectioning, construction and use of the microtome, and the
preparation of histological slides.
178
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the basic principle on the main functions of a microscope (magnification,
resolution and contrast), and to identify, compare and distinguish microscopy images
by different techniques.
2. Explain the basic principle on different histological techniques through slide
preparation and staining of samples from animals and plants.
3. Manage bright field microscopy; perform general staining and basic histological
techniques with confidence.
4. Critically evaluate new applications in microscopy and histological techniques with
the use of basic principles simultaneously with latest developments.
References
1. Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas. (6th
Edition) 2011, Wolters Kluwer Publisher
2. John D. Bancroft & Marilyn Gamble (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological
Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences
3. Rujukan tambahan
4. Krishna Garg, Indira Bahl & Mohini Kaul. Textbook of Histology (Colour Atlas).
(4th Edition) 2008, CBS Publishers & Distributors (India)
5. Siti Azizah Mohd Nor & Chan Lai Keng (2006). Teknik Mikroskopi dan Histologi.
Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
6. Ray F. Egerton (2005). Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy:an Introduction
to TEM, SEM and AEM. Springer. USA.
7. Douglas B. Murphy (2001). Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic
Imaging. Wiley-Liss Inc. USA.
8. D.J.Goldstein (1999). Understanding the Light Microscope. A Computer-Aided
Introduction. Academic Press. London.
179
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES

VISION
To realise the aspiration of Universiti Sains Malaysia in Transforming Higher Education
for a Sustainable Tomorrow.
MISSION
To produce chemistry graduates who are knowledgeable, highly skilled, wellmannered and possess excellent work ethics suited for the requirements of the
public and industrial sectors.
To provide chemistry students with quality education.
To instill awareness among chemistry students towards the welfare of society.
To provide modern facilities for chemistry teaching and research.
To attract excellent students from Malaysia and overseas to do chemistry.
OBJECTIVES
To provide a broad, balanced and in depth education in chemistry and related

areas at the undergraduate level.
To develop the students into graduates with theoretical and practical knowledge
and the ability to apply the knowledge to employment or further studies in
chemistry or other related post graduate programmes.
To develop in students various skills including practical, social, communicative,
leadership and entrepreneurship skills.
To develop in students the ability to assess and solve problems critically,
logically and creatively.
182
INTRODUCTION
The School of Chemical Sciences (SCS), established in 1969, is one of the pioneering
Schools of USM. With an academic staff of more than 30 and over 50 supporting staff,
the School has been entrusted to provide professional training in chemistry to meet the
demands of the industries and society.
The programme is designed not only to produce graduates with a solid knowledge of
Chemistry but also to equip them with attributes so that they can adapt readily to a
dynamic and rapidly developing working environment. The academic programmes
[Bachelor of Science with Honours, B.Sc. (Hons) and Bachelor of Applied Science
B.App.Sc.(Hons)] from the School of Chemical Sciences, USM are planned to produce
graduates who are knowledgeable, highly skilled and well-mannered and possess
excellent work ethics suited for the requirements of the industrial and public sector.
In line with this aspiration, the School of Chemical Sciences has designed courses in such
a manner that they can be modified and adjusted from time to time to suit the
requirements of an unpredictable future. The School follows a system of studies which is
liberal and multi-disciplinary in nature.
Our programmes are recognised by the Malaysian Institute of Chemistry (Institut Kimia
Malaysia).
PROGRAMMES OFFERED
The School offers two undergraduate programmes leading to:
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) with Honours degree
Bachelor of Applied Science (B.App.Sc.) with Honours degree, majoring either in
Analytical or Industrial Chemistry.
These programmes include 8 weeks of industrial training with industrial partners,
commercial and research laboratories. Students are also encouraged to register for the
final year research project (which covers 2 semesters) during their final year.
The postgraduate programmes offered, either by research mode leading to M.Sc. and
Ph.D. or mixed-mode M.Sc. (Chemical Instrumentation), have managed to attract fellow
Malaysians and many foreign nationals.
SPECIALISATION
The School has given priority in creating a healthy research environment with a total of
over 200 postgraduate students engaging in various areas of research including natural
products, organic synthesis, nanoscience, electrochemistry, liquid crystals,
organometallics, environmental chemistry, materials chemistry and chemical education.
Many of our academic staff have been well endowed with research grants and funding
from government bodies and industries to support these research activities.
183
DEAN
Prof. Dr. Wan Ahmad Kamil Mahmood
DEPUTY DEANS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Afidah Abdul Rahim

(Academic)
Prof. Dr. Bahruddin Saad

(Research)
Prof. Dr. Yeap Guan Yeow

(Student Affairs and Networking)
PRINCIPAL ASSISTANT REGISTRAR
Mrs. Haryani Hasenan
ASSISTANT REGISTRAR
Miss Sheilawanis Abdul Karim
184
PROGRAMME MANAGERS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rohana Adnan

(Physical Chemistry)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasnah Osman

(Organic and Inorganic Chemistry)
Prof. Dr. Wan Saime Wan Ngah

(Analytical Chemistry)
Prof. Dr. Mohd Jain Noordin Mohd Kassim

(Industrial Chemistry)
185
TOP ADMINISTRATION
EXTENSION
DEAN
Prof. Wan Ahmad Kamil Mahmood, PhD
E-MAIL
3262/3685
wakcm@usm.my
Academic
Assoc. Prof. Afidah Abdul Rahim, PhD
3576/6014
afidah@usm.my
Research
Prof. Bahruddin Saad, PhD
3576/4049
bahrud@usm.my
Student Affairs and Networking

Prof. Yeap Guan Yeow, PhD
2053/3568
gyyeap@usm.my
3569
wsaime@usm.my
Industrial Chemistry
Prof. Mohd Jain Noordin Mohd Kassim, PhD
4023
mjain@usm.my
Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

Assoc. Prof. Hasnah Osman, PhD
3558
ohasnah@usm.my
Physical Chemistry
Assoc. Prof. Rohana Adnan, PhD
3549
r_adnan@usm.my
3540
haryani@usm.my
3541
anisab@usm.my
DEPUTY DEANS
PROGRAMME MANAGERS
Analytical Chemistry
Prof. Wan Saime Wan Ngah, PhD
Mrs. Haryani Hasenan
Assistant Registrar
Ms. Sheilawanis Abdul Karim
186
ACADEMIC STAFF
PROFESSORS
EXTENSION
Dato Muhammad Idiris Saleh, PhD

Bahruddin Saad, PhD
Farook Adam, PhD
Lim Poh Eng, PhD
Mohd. Asri Mohd. Nawi, PhD
Mohd. Jain Noordin Mohd. Kassim, PhD
Mohamad Abu Bakar, PhD
Norita Mohamed, PhD
Sulaiman Ab Ghani, PhD
Wan Ahmad Kamil Mahmood, PhD
Wan Saime Wan Ngah, PhD
Yeap Guan Yeow, PhD
E-MAIL
6115
4049
3567
3550
4031
4023
4025
3686
4030
3262
3569
3568
midiris@usm.my
bahrud@usm.my
farook@usm.my
pelim@usm.my
masri@usm.my
mjain@usm.my
bmohamad@usm.my
mnorita@usm.my
sag@usm.my
wakcm@usm.my
wsaime@usm.my
gyyeap@usm.my
6014
3558
3563
3554
3549
afidah@usm.my
ohasnah@usm.my
mas1@usm.my
mnm@usm.my
r_adnan@usm.my
3637
3547
3561
3560
6021
4021
6022
3598
3680
3578
6017
5179
angilmi@usm.my
hllee@usm.my
limgk@usm.my
melati@usm.my
mohd.rizal@usm.my
epng@usm.my
hana_hanif@usm.my
noorhaida@usm.my
oocw@usm.my
rosenani@usm.my
wansinn@usm.my
kkyeoh@usm.my
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS
Afidah Abdul Rahim, PhD
Hasnah Osman, PhD
Mas Rosemal Hakim Mas Haris, PhD
Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, PhD
Rohana Adnan, PhD
SENIOR LECTURERS
Amat Ngilmi Ahmad Sujari, PhD
Lee Hooi Ling, PhD
Lim Gin Keat, PhD
Melati Khairuddean, PhD
Mohd Rizal Razali, PhD
Ng Eng Poh, PhD
Noor Hana Hanif Abu Bakar, PhD
Noor Haida Mohd Kaus, PhD
Oo Chuan Wei, PhD
Rosenani S.M. Anwarul Haque, PhD
Yam Wan Sinn, PhD
Yeoh Kar Kheng, PhD
187
ASTS FELLOWS
EXTENSION
Ahmad Faiz Abdul Latip

Faiz Bukhari Mohd. Suah
Wong Wei Wen
E-MAIL
3546
4026
-
zaydane@yahoo.com
faiz.suah@yahoo.com
weiwen.wong@monash.edu
6015
6020
3566
3559
3548
csofiah@usm.my
kirupa@usm.my
vmano@usm.my
nordin@usm.my
smariam@usm.my
4033
4058
kizwan@usm.my
arlita@usm.my
Mohd Zamri Rosidi
3571
zamri5083@usm.my
Industrial Chemistry
Ami Mardiana Othman
4059
amimardiana@usm.my
Inorganic Chemistry
Azizo Daud
3577
azizo@usm.my
Organic Chemistry
Wan Zulilawati Wan Zulkipli
3865
wanzulilawati@usm.my
Physical Chemistry
Muhd Nizam Muhammad Isa
5177
muhd_nizam@usm.my
4057
saripahazizah@usm.my
SENIOR RESEARCH OFFICERS

Che Sofiah Saidin
Kirupanithi A/P Pooranavelu
Manoharan Veeran
Nordin Mohamed
Siti Mariam Suja
TECHNICAL STAFF
SCIENCE OFFICERS
Khairul Izwan Saruddin
Nurul Arlita Kushiar
ASSISTANT SCIENCE OFFICERS
Makmal Ujian Perkhidmatan

Analisis (MUPA)
Saripah Azizah Mansor
188
SENIOR LAB ASSISTANTS
EXTENSION
E-MAIL
Norhayati Abdul Kadir
4041
rozeyanti@usm.my
Inorganic Chemistry
Ong Ching Hin
Razly Effendy Khalid @ Khalib
5032
3579
och@usm.my
razly@usm.my
Laboratory for Level 100

Aw Yeong Choek Hoe
Mohd Nazri Saed
Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusoff
Mohd Nizam Zainal
5023
3026
3919
4196
awyeong@usm.my
mnazri_saed@usm.my
mohdfahmi@usm.my
muhd_nizam@usm.my
3575
4036
5023
3574
4037
2059
4493
3545
4489
4059
3026
4196
3919
2060
4041
5178
5032
3579
3573
4038
6019
ajw@usm.my
alizaini@usm.my
awyeong@usm.my
clementg@usm.my
kamarulazwan@usm.my
amarimuthu@usm.my
mzhasnul@usm.my
mohdnoorz@usm/my
aiezat@usm.my
mohdnazeef@usm.my
mnazri_saed@usm.my
muhd_nizam@usm.my
mohdfahmi@usm.my
mfauzanmp@usm.my
rozeyanti@usm.my
asma_isma@usm.my
och@usm.my
razly@usm.my
sivaraj@usm.my
azsobri@usm.my
sujayendran@usm.my
LAB ASSISTANTS
Abd. Jalil Waris
Ali Zaini Hassan
Aw Yeong Choek Hoe
Clement G. DSilva
Kamarulazwan Abdul Kayum
Marimuthu Ayeroo
Megat Hasnul Zamani Ismail
Mohamad Noor Zakaria
Mohd Aiezat Zulkeply
Mohd Nazeef Ahmad
Mohd Nazri Saed
Mohd Nizam Zainal
Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusoff
Muhammad Fauzan Mat Puzi
Norhayati Abdul Kadir
Nur Asma Ismail
Ong Ching Hin
Razly Effendy Khalid @ Khalib
Sivaraj Panirselvam
Sobri Aziz
Sujayendran Rajagopal
189
SUPPORT / TECHNICAL STAFF

Electronic Workshop
Abd Razak Hashim
Mohd Fairoz Shahul Hamid
Zainal Abidin Othman
3544
3544
3544
rp_chs@usm.my
mohdfairoz@usm.my
zainalothman@usm.my
Glass Blowing Workshop

Mohd Aiezat Zulkeply
Muhd Nizam Muhammad Isa
Ramlee Abdul Wahab
4489
5177
3542
aiezat@usm.my
muhd_nizam@usm.my
awramlee@usm.my
Senior Administrative Assistant

Salmiah Othman
3973
saltaj@usm.my
Senior Secretary
Siti Zaleha Azally
3262
sitiazally@usm.my
Secretary
Siti Hawa Hamdun
3576
hawahamdun@usm.my
Administrative Assistants
Ahmad Azrulhisham Abdul Rahim
Azilah Ani
Faezah Harun
Jagathesan Ramasamy
Nor Azawati Abd Malek
Saleha Mat
Sheela Muniandy
Syakirah Abd Rahim
Zahanim Abu Hassan
3543
3543
5455
3973
4955
3593
5455
3973
3593
azrulhisham@usm.my
azilah@usm.my
faezahharun@usm.my
jegannie@usm.my
azwati@usm.my
saleha@usm.my
krisheela@usm.my
syakirah_rahim@usm.my
zahanim@usm.my
Chemical Store
Abd Rahman Othman
Mohamad Noor Abd Aziz
3570
3570
abdulrahmano@usm.my
monaz@usm.my
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
190
LOCATION
(G09/G09A)
EXTENSION
MUPA, K316
4059/2059
363
3579
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
K214
Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
K013
K316 / K011
370
3577/5032
MUPA, 274
4059/4040/4493
MAJOR EQUIPMENTS
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS)
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Analyser (CHN)
Electrochemical Systems
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
& K213
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
K113
4038
Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS)
MUPA
4059
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
K113, K213
4038/4040/5178
& 377
Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometer
(ICP-MS)
MUPA
4057
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission

Spectrometer (ICP-OES)
MUPA
4057
Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LCMS)
MUPA
4059/4058
032
3589
Porosimeter
166
Polarized Optical Microscope (POM)
366
Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA)
K013
4059
364
Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometers (UV-VIS)
175, 367 &

244
Analytical Services and Testing Laboratory (MUPA)
017
4057/4058/4059
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer

(NMR 300/400/500 MHz)
Total Organic Carbon Analyser (TOC)
191
GENERAL INFORMATION
Careers
The School of Chemical Sciences was established in 1969 and has produced quality
graduates who possess experience and skills in line with the programmes offered. The
School is staffed with experienced lecturers and equipped with modern instruments in
both the teaching and research laboratories. As such, the graduates can pursue careers in
public agencies such as the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Malaysian Agricultural
Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Lembaga Getah Negara (LGM), Forestry
Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) and Chemistry Department. Graduates can also work
in scientific instrument companies such as Perkin Elmer and Agilent. In addition, there
are opportunities for graduates to serve as chemists and engineers in the electronics
industry, such as Intel, Infineon, Agilent, Osram and Silterra. Graduates can also venture
into other fields or pursue postgraduate degrees at the School.
Alumni of the School of Chemical Sciences
All graduates of the School of Chemical Sciences automatically become members of the
Chemistry Alumni. It is hoped that participation in activities organised by the Chemistry
Alumni Association of the School of Chemical Sciences will foster better relationship and
cooperation among members and also with the School for the benefits of all. It is hoped
that nostalgia and love towards the alma mater can be brought back through the Chemistry
Alumni.
All graduates of the School of Chemical Sciences can update their information or register
as members by using the on-line form via http://chem.usm.my/.
192
AWARDS AND DEANS CERTIFICATE

(a)
Royal Education Award by the Malaysian Rulers Council

For the best final year students in all fields.
(b)
Tuanku Chancellor Gold Medal Award

For the best final year student in all fields.
(c)
USM Gold Medal Award (awarded by Womans Association USM)

For the best female final year student in all fields.
(d)
USM Gold Medal Award (awarded by Tun Dato Seri Dr. Lim Chong Eu)
For the best final year student in the Bachelor of Science.
(e)
USM Gold Medal Award (awarded by Chemical Company of Malaysia

Bhd. - CCM)
For the best final year student in the field of Chemistry.
(f)
USM Book Award (awarded by Hoechst Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.)

For the best final year student in the field of Industrial Chemistry.
(g)
Deans Certificate will be awarded to any student in the School of Chemical

Sciences who has achieved academic excellence. The certificate will be awarded
every semester.
CHEMICAL SCIENCE SOCIETY (PERSATUAN SAINS KIMIA)

Students in the School of Chemical Sciences are encouraged to be active in extracurricular and self-development activities. This is made possible through Persatuan
Sains Kimia which provides a platform for them to cultivate their interests in various
fields.
193
INDUSTRY/COMMUNITY ADVISORY PANEL (ICAP) MEMBERS

1.
En. Amir Hamzah Bin Yasak

Head of Department
ESPEK Sdn. Bhd.
2.
SAC Dr. Yew Chong Hooi

Commandant
Royal Malaysian Police, College Kuala Lumpur.
3.
Ir. Munawir Ab Ghani

Vice President of Human Resource
Silterra Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
Students who are interested to pursue postgraduate studies can choose any of the
following programmes:
(a)
Full or part-time programme leading to degrees in Master of Science and Doctor

of Philosophy by research.
(b)
Full or part-time mixed-mode programme (a combination of course work and

research) leading to a Master of Science degree.
Further information can be obtained from the Institute of Postgraduate Studies, USM.
FACILITIES
The School is equipped with teaching and research laboratories. Existing analytical and
characterisation instruments include NMR 300 MHz, 400 MHz (for solid state analysis)
and 500 MHz, ICP-MS, GCMS, LCMS (TOF), DSC/TGA, TOC and GPC, CHN
Analyser, HPLC, GC, FTIR with Microscope, UV-Vis, IR, AAS and Fluorescence
spectrophotometers, ICP-MS, ICP-OES, Electrochemical systems and Surface Area
Analyser, Guoy-Balance, POM and other supporting equipments. The School is also
equipped with Electronics and Glass-Blowing Workshops.
The expertise and facilities available in the School of Chemical Sciences are always
tapped by the industries and government agencies in solving their problems. In line with
the desire to improve the consultancy services offered by the School, the School of
Chemical Sciences has taken a proactive step by setting up an Analytical Services and
Testing Laboratory (MUPA) in year 2000, to offer more effective services for the
industrial sector
194
COURSE STRUCTURE
(i)
Structure of Study Programme
Credit Unit Requirement

B.Sc. (Hons)
Course Component
(ii)
Core (T)
70
Elective (E) or Minor (M)
32
University (U)
18
Total
120
Industrial Training
Students are encouraged to apply for undergoing Industrial Training (KIE361/4)
after the 6th semester.
(iii)
Final Year Project

Students are encouraged to register for Chemistry Project (KUE409/6) during
their final year of studies. This involves conducting research work for 2
semesters and submitting a Final Year Project Report.
Students who do not wish to register for the final year project may fulfill the 6
units requirement by registering other courses offered by the School.
(iv)
Assessment
Course assessment will be based on:
(i)
(ii)
Examination
Course Work
The assessment will cover knowledge, applications, analytical and writing skills.
Skills will be assessed through the course work in the form of assignments,
quizzes, tests, presentations and laboratory reports.
195
LIST OF COURSES OFFERED
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Chemistry)

(i) Core Courses (T) - 70 Units
Selection of 3 or 4 units
ZCA103/3
BOI116/4
Prerequisites

Genetics
Compulsory - 61 Units
Prerequisites
MAA101/4
MAA102/4
KUT101/2
KUT102/2
KTT112/4
KOT122/4
Calculus For Science Student 1

Calculus For Science Student 2
Organic Chemistry I
KUT203/2
KUT206/2
KFT231/4
KTT212/3
KOT222/3
KAT245/4
Inorganic Chemistry Practical

Organic Chemistry Practical
Inorganic Chemistry II
Organic Chemistry II
Analytical Chemistry I
KUT304/2
KUT305/2
KTT313/3
KFT332/3
KAT349/3
Physical Chemistry Practical

Analytical Chemistry Practical I
Inorganic Chemistry III
Physical Chemistry II
Analytical Chemistry II
KUT407/2
Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry

Practical
Physical and Organic Chemistry Practical
Organic Chemistry III
Physical Chemistry III
KUT408/2
KOT423/3
KFT431/3
KUT101 (s)
KUT102 (s), KOT122 (s)
KOT122 (s) or KTT112 (s)
KTT112 (s)
KOT122 (s)
KOT122 (s) or KTT112 (s)
KUT102 (s)
KUT101 (s), KAT349 (c)
KTT212 (s)
KFT231 (s)
KAT245 (s), KUT305 (c)
KUT203 (s), KUT305 (s)
KUT304 (s), KUT206 (s)
KOT222 (s)
KFT332 (s)
Selection of 6 units
KUE409/6
or
6 units
Chemistry Project
or
Other courses from Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry.
196
(ii) Elective Courses (E) - 32 units

(a) Selection of 5 units
ZCT104/3
BOI102/3
BOM111/4
KUE306/2

Ecology
Biodiversity
Research Methodology in Chemistry - (Compulsory)
(b) Selection of 9 units

KOE322/3
KTE411/3
KOE423/3
KFE432/3
Prerequisites
Natural Products Chemistry

Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry
Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry
Special Topics in Physical Chemistry
KOT222 (s)
KTT212 (s)
KOT222 (s)
KFT332 (s)
(c) Selection of 18 units

KIE361/4
Industrial Training
Additional 14 units to fulfill the elective component must be taken from Analytical
Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry and other courses from the Schools of Physics,
Mathematical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Industrial Technology and Centre for
Global Archaeological Research.
(s) = sequential (course must be taken earlier)

(c) = concurrent (course must be taken concurrently)
197
(iii) Minor Programme 32 units

(a) Selection of 5 units
BOI102/3
ZCT104/3
BOM111/4
KUE306/2
Ecology
Modern Physics
Biodiversity
Research Methodology in Chemistry - (Compulsory)
(b) Selection of 6 units or more

KOE322/3
KTE411/3
KOE423/3
KFE432/3
Prerequisites

Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry
KOT222 (s)
KTT212 (s)
KOT222 (s)
KFT332 (s)
(c) Selection of 5 units

KIE361/4
or
Industrial Training
Other courses from Analytical Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry and
other courses from the Schools of Physics, Mathematical Sciences,
Biological Sciences, Industrial Technology and Centre for Global
Archaeological Research.
(d) Selection of 16 units (minimum)

Select from any minor programme. Please refer to the book of Minor Programme
Guideline.
All Minor Programmes offered by other Schools can be taken by the Chemistry Students
subject to the requirements imposed by the School which offers the Minor Programmes
such as Management, Computer, Communication, Psychology, English or other Sciences.
All the courses offered are subjected to changes when the need arises.
(s) = sequential (Course must be taken earlier)
(c) = concurrent (Course must be taken concurrentl
198
Proposed Schedule by Semester

B.Sc. (Hons.) (Chemistry)
YEAR 1
SEMESTER 1
COMPONENT
SEMESTER 2
UNIT
CODE
CREDIT
HOURS
CODE
CREDIT
HOURS
University Courses
(U)
Refer to page 28
Refer to page 28
WUS101
HTU223
Core Courses (T)
KTT112
KOT122
KUT101 /
KUT102
KUT102 /
KUT101
MAA101
MAA102
TOTAL CREDIT
HOURS
15
15
30
YEAR 2
SEMESTER 3
COMPONENT
CODE
SEMESTER 4
CREDIT
HOURS
CODE
UNIT
CREDIT
HOURS
University Courses
(U)
SHE101
LSP300
Core Courses (T)
KAT245
KFT231
KOT222
KUT203 /
KUT206
KUT203 /
KUT206
ZCA103/
3/4
KTT212
Elective/Minor
BOI116
Elective (E) or
Minor (M) Courses
TOTAL CREDIT
HOURS
Elective/Minor
3
17/18
199
15
32/33
YEAR 3
SEMESTER 5
COMPONENT
CODE
SEMESTER 6
CREDIT
HOURS
CODE
UNIT
CREDIT
HOURS
University
Courses (U)
LKM400
LSP402
Core Courses (T)
KAT349
KUT304
KUT305
KFT332
KTT313
Elective/Minor
KUE306
BOI102/
3/4
Elective (E) or
Minor (M)
Courses
ZCT104/
BOM111
TOTAL CREDIT
HOURS
15/16
16
31/32
YEAR 4
SEMESTER 7
COMPONENT
CODE
SEMESTER 8
CREDIT
HOURS
CODE
UNIT
CREDIT
HOURS
University
Courses (U)
Core Courses (T)
KUE409
KUE409
KFT431
KOT423
KUT408 /
KUT407 /
KUT407
Elective (E) or
Minor (M)
Courses
TOTAL CREDIT
HOURS
KUT408
Elective/Minor
Elective/Minor/
KIE361
Elective/Minor
15
GRAND TOTAL CREDIT HOURS
200
12
27
120/122
Upon completion of this programme, students will be able to:

PO1
Knowledge
PO2
Practical Skills
PO3
Scientific Methods,
Critical Thinking &
Problem Solving Skills
PO4
Communication Skills
PO5
PO6
Social Skills,
Team working,
Responsibility,
Leadership skills
Life Long Learning &
Information
Management
PO7
Professionalism,
Humanities, Values,
Attitudes, Ethics
PO8
Managerial &
Entrepreneurial Skills
Have firm foundations in the fundamentals of

chemistry.
Apply knowledge of principles of chemistry to
solve problems.
Plan and execute experiments according to
scientific methods.
Use modern instrumentation and classical
techniques, to design experiments, and to properly
record the results of their experiments.
Perform laboratory techniques safely and
accurately.
Interpret experiments and express the results in
clearly written laboratory reports and in oral or
poster presentations.
Identify, analyse and solve problems in chemistry
using systematic methods.
Express ideas in an informed, coherent, and
effective manner, articulate and develop a sustained
argument, both orally and in writing.
Interpret experiments and communicate the results
of their work to chemists and non-chemists.
Demonstrate the ability to work effectively in
teams.
Execute the tasks given responsibly.
Demonstrate the ability to lead / facilitate teams.
Use knowledge gained for self development and
continuous improvement.
Demonstrate the ability to use various retrieval
methods to obtain information on issues relating to
chemistry.
Identify the relationship between chemistry and
other disciplines, the applications and impact of
chemistry in society.
Demonstrate commitment to ethical issues in their
field of work
Compile, analyse and interpret data honestly and
ethically
Develop interest, curiosity, persistence, eagerness
and confidence as chemists.
Apply the basic knowledge or principles of
managerial and entrepreneurship related to
chemical sciences.
201
SYNOPSIS OF COURSES
KUT101/2 General Chemistry Practical I
The experiments were extracted from the books: J.H. Nelson, K.C. Kemp and
M. Stoltzfus, Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science, 12th Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall (2012).
Learning Outcomes
Students are able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Demonstrate competence in appropriate basic laboratory techniques in analytical and

inorganic chemistry.
Interpret data from laboratory observations and measurements with appropriate use
of chemical equations and calculations.
Display safe laboratory practices.
Write reports clearly, concisely and appropriately
KUT102/2 General Chemistry Practical II

The experiments were extracted from the books: J.H. Nelson, K.C. Kemp and
M. Stoltzfus, Laboratory Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science, 12th Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall (2012).
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Demonstrate competence in appropriate basic laboratory techniques in organic and

physical chemistry.
Interpret data from laboratory observations and measurements with appropriate use
of chemical equations and calculations.
Write reports clearly, concisely and appropriately.
KTT112/4 Inorganic Chemistry I

This course will introduce topics in basic chemistry such as stoichiometry, atomic
structure, nuclear chemistry, periodic table, chemical bonding and properties of matter.
202
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apply the knowledge of stoichiometry to discuss and solve problems on

stoichiometric problems.
Apply the knowledge of the atoms in the periodic table to discuss the relationship
between the elements in the group and in a particular period.
Apply the Bohr Theory and wave mechanics to understand the electronic
configuration and bonding theory in chemical bond formation.
Apply the knowledge of nuclear chemistry to explain the radioactive decay and to
understand the safe and unsafe uses of radioactive elements.
Apply the knowledge of structures, properties of solids to explain the various types of
materials.
Text Book and References

1.
2.
3.
4.
J.E. Brady, F. Senese and N.D. Jespersen, Chemistry, 5 th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons (2009).
K.W. Whitten, R.E. Davis, M.L. Peck and G.G. Stanley, General Chemistry, 7 th
Edition, Brooks /Cole - Thomson Learning (2004).
S.S. Martin, Chemistry - The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 5th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2009).
R. Chang, Chemistry, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill (2005) .
KOT122/4 Organic Chemistry I

Electronic structure and bonding. Acids and bases. An introduction to organic
compounds: and functional groups nomenclature and representation of structure.
Reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Stereochemistry: the arrangement of atoms in
space, the stereochemistry of addition reactions. Delocalised electrons and resonance.
Reactions at a sp3 hybridized carbon: nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides,
elimination reactions of alkyl halides and compounds with leaving groups other than
halogen. Structure, synthesis and reactions of alcohols, ethers and epoxides.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Apply knowledge of structure and bonding to explain the properties of various

classes of compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers and
epoxides.
Apply the correct chemical nomenclature in naming organic compounds.
Apply the knowledge of organic reactions to discuss and solve problems on various
organic reactions.
Demonstrate the ability to apply organic chemistry principles to explain the
stereochemistry of organic reactions.
203

1.
2.
3.
4.
J.G. Smith, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill (2008).

L.G. Wade, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. (2006).
P.Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall (2007).
T.W. Solomons and C. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition, Wiley & Sons (2004).
KUT203/2 Inorganic Chemistry Practical
KUT101 (s)
Basic techniques of preparation and characterisation of inorganic compounds. This course

includes the following list of experiments. Students need to carry out the experiments
selected from the list and they have to refer to the Practical Manual
KUT203/2:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Studies on a metal complex, potassium trioxalatoaluminate (II) trihydrate

K3[Al(ox)3].3H2O.
Preparation and conductivities of complex compounds [Co(NH3)4CO3]NO3 and
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2.
Synthesis of bis(triphenylpohosphine)copper(II) borohydride, (Ph 3P)2CuBH4.
Complex ion composition using Jobs method.
The chemistry of vanadium.
Electronic spectra of coordination compounds.
Preparation and resolution of the tri(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ion into its optical
antipodes.
Characterisation of the linkage isomers: nitropentaaminecobalt(III) chloride,
[Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 and nitritopentaaminecobalt(III) chloride, [Co(NH3)5ONO]Cl2
The electronic spectra of some copper(II) complexes.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate the common techniques on the synthesis of inorganic compounds and

methods of characterisation.
Interpret data associated with the synthesis and the products obtained at laboratory
scale.
Use the data obtained to illustrate inorganic chemistry principles.
Demonstrate safety practices in inorganic laboratory.
Write reports following the appropriate format.
References
Practical Manual KUT203
204
KUT206/2 Organic Chemistry Practical
KUT102 (s), KOT122 (s)
Basic organic techniques in chromatography (thin-layer, column and gas-liquid),

fractional distillation, extraction and isolation techniques, spectroscopy (NMR, IR, UV &
MS) and classical qualitative analysis are introduced through a series of compulsory
experiments. This is followed by several experiments which expose the student to a
selection of techniques in physical organic chemistry (such as the investigation of
resonance energy related to unsaturated , carbonyl system) and preparative organic
chemistry involving some distinct reactions e.g. the Diels-Alder, pinacol-pinacolone
rearrangement and the Michael conjugate addition).
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate competence when conducting and applying various separation

techniques
Deduce the structures of simple organic compounds from their chemical and physical
characteristics and IR and NMR spectra.
Perform various multi-step small scale syntheses including purification of the end
products.
Write reports clearly and appropriately for all the experimental reactions conducted.

1.
J. A. Landgrebe, 5th Edition, Theory and Practice in the Organic Laboratory, Cole
Publishing Company (2004).
References
KOT222/3 Organic Chemistry II
KOT122 (s)
Identification of organic compounds: mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy,

ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. Oxidation, reduction and radical
reactions. Aromatic compounds: aromaticity, reactions of benzene and substituted
benzenes. Introduction to carboxylic acids: nomenclature, structure, preparation and
reactions and acidity. Introduction to carbonyl chemistry: organometallic reagents,
nucleophilic acyl substitution and the use of protecting groups.
205
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe and name carbonyl and aromatic compounds and propose the synthesis of
these compounds.
Predict the products and propose appropriate mechanisms for the reactions of the
above compounds.
Identify and determine the structure of an unknown compound with different
spectroscopic techniques.
Discuss the concept of resonance to account for the stabilities of conjugated dienes,
allylic radicals and cations.
Predict the products and propose the appropriate mechanisms for oxidation,
reduction and radical reactions.

1.
2.
3.
4.

T.W. Solomons and C.Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons
(2004).
KTT212/3 Inorganic Chemistry II
KTT112 (s)
Introduction on transition metal complexes and coordination chemistry. Structure,

isomerism and nomenclature, formation constant for transition metal complexes,
preparation of coordination compounds and spectroscopy, bonding theory in the
formation of transition metal complexes, introduction on the reaction mechanism,
transition metal complexes in organometallic and basic concept on group theory.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe all the fundamental properties and characteristics related to transition

metals and their complexes.
Apply the knowledge of coordination compounds to explain the formation of metalligand complexes.
Apply various chemical bond theories to explain the compounds containing metalligand and metal-metal bonding.
Apply the knowledge of coordination chemistry in reaction mechanisms,
organometallics and group theory.
206

1.
2.
3.
4.
C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Pearson
Education Limited (2008).
P.W. Shriver, C.H. Atkins and C.H. Langford, Coordination Chemistry, Oxford
University Press pages 192-226 and pages 434-494 (1990).
F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, and P.L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1995).
F.A. Cotton, G.C. Wilkinson, A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley (1999).
KFT231/4 Physical Chemistry I

Properties of gases and liquids: gas laws, van der Waals equation, kinetic theory of gases,
principle of the corresponding states, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, effusion,
diffusion, viscosity, thermal conductivity, conduction and mobility.
Chemical kinetics: rate laws, temperature effect, experimental methods, complex
reactions. First law of thermodynamics: work, heat, energy, enthalpy change, heat
capacity, adiabatic and isothermal processes, reversible and irreversible processes.
Thermochemistry.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Apply the van der Waals and other equation of states to distinguish between ideal and
real gases.
Apply the knowledge of kinetic theory of gases to explain the various molecular
collisions, speeds and transport properties of gases.
Demonstrate how kinetic and thermodynamic principles can be used to determine the
reaction rates and various thermodynamic parameters of reversible and irreversible
processes, respectively.
Demonstrate the ability to apply equations, to discuss and solve problems on gas
properties, chemical kinetics and thermodynamics.

1.
2.
3.
I.N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill International Ed. (2009).
R.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty and M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4 th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons (2005).
P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 9th Edition, Oxford University Press
(2010).
207
KAT245/4 Analytical Chemistry I

Stoichiometry calculations, statistical data treatment, concepts of equilibrium,
gravimetric analysis, acid-base equilibria, acid-base titrations, complexometric titrations,
precipitation reactions and titrations, electrochemical cells and redox titrations.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Demonstrate a mastery of various methods of expressing concentration.

Apply statistical methods to evaluate experimental data.
Apply the knowledge of various chemical equilibria including acid-base,
complexometry, gravimetry and redox to explain the various titration methods.
Demonstrate the ability to apply appropriate equations to solve problems in chemical
equilibrium using systematic methods.

1.
2.
G.D. Christian, P.K. Dasgupta and K.A. Schug, Analytical Chemistry, 7th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons (2013).
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler and S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning (2014).
KUT304/2 Physical Chemistry Practical
KUT102 (s)
This course contains the following set of experiments. Only 12 out of 15 experiments will
be selected for each semester.
1.
2.
Primary salt effect.

Determination of the vapour pressure and molar enthalpy of vapourisation of 2propanol.
3. Determination of the rate constant of a second order reaction using electrical
conductance.
4. Simultaneous determination of chloride-iodide mixture: Evaluation of Ksp for AgCl
and AgI.
5. Determination of heat and entropy of solution of potassium hydrogen tartrate
(C4H5O6K) at 35 C.
6. Determination of the dissociation constant of an indicator.
7. Thermodynamics of electrochemical cells.
8. Fractional distillation.
9. Heterogeneous equilibrium: The three component liquid system with incomplete
miscibility.
10. Determination of molecular weight of high polymer by viscosity method.
11. Hydrogen bonding between phenol molecules.
12. Electrochemistry of solution.
208
13. UV spectra of conjugated carbonyl.

14. Adsorption photometry - simultaneous analysis of a two-component mixture of Cr3+
and Co2+ spectrophotometrically.
15. Kinetics of the persulfate-iodide reaction.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apply the principles of thermodynamics and kinetics in illustrative experiments.

Demonstrate competence in a variety of physico-chemical measurement techniques.
Analyse and interpret the experimental data obtained.
Demonstrate the ability of scientific communications through written reports.
References
KUT305/2 Analytical Chemistry Practical I
KUT101 (s), KAT349 (c)
Experiments involving ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy, ion exchange resin,

fluoride ion selective electrode, flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, high
performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and electrogravimetry.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate competence in the methods of instrumental analysis based on

spectroscopic methods such as UV/Visible spectrophotometry, infrared
spectrophotometry, atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy.
Apply methods of instrumental analysis based on electrochemical methods.
Apply methods of instrumental analysis based on separation methods such as gas
chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
Write reports on the basis of experimental results and to draw correct conclusions.
References
209
KUE306/2 Research Methodology In Chemistry

The student will conduct a comphrehensive study on a particular issue or topic related to
chemistry. Students will conduct literature search, write a research proposal and make an
oral presentation
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identify problems and show problem-solving skills.

Demonstrate the ability to use a variety of methods to obtain information.
Analyse and interpret information, write reports and discuss orally.
Demonstrate the ability to manage time for a particular task.

1.
2.
3.
MARDER, M.P. (2011). Research Methods for Science, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.
WILKINSON,D.,ed.(2000). The Researchers Toolkit: The Complete Guide to
Practitioner Research, Routledge-Falmer,Oxon.
MELVILL, S. & GODDARD, W. (1996). Research Methodology: An Introduction
for Science and Engineering Students, Juta Academic, New York.
KTT313/3 Inorganic Chemistry III
KTT212 (s)
Ring, chain, cage and cluster of inorganic compounds. Halogen and inert gases:
halogens in positive oxidation states, halides and pseudo-halogen. Extension of
coordination chemistry: complex structures and reaction mechanisms.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate the role of inorganic chemistry in biological processes.

Apply the knowledge of bioinorganic chemistry to explain the reactions in biological
systems including ATP and ADP.
Discuss the organometallic compounds in relation to metal groups and the chemistry
of organometallic complexes.
Describe the synthesis, structure and bonding of organometallic compounds from
group 1 to 5.
Apply the organometallic chemistry on their relevant complexes and typical reaction
such as in catalysis.
210

1.
2.
3.
4.
C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 3 rd Edition, Pearson

Education Limited, Chapter 18 and 23 (2008).
C. Elschenbroich and A. Salzer, Organometallics - A Concise Introduction, 2nd Ed.,
VCH Publishers Inc. Chapter 8, p 94-115 (1992).
M. Bochmann, Organometallics 1: Complexes with Transition Metal-Carbon SigmaBonds. Oxford University Press Inc. (1994).
M. Bochmann, Organometallics 2: Complexes with Transition Metal-Carbon PiBonds, Publisher: Oxford University Press Inc. (1994).
KOE322/3 Natural Products Chemistry
KOT222 (s)
Chemistry and properties of biological molecules, fats and steroids. Vitamins.

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Amino acids and proteins. Nucleic
acids. Mechanisms of enzymic reactions.
Biogenesis and biosynthesis of various main groups of natural products - terpenes,
alkaloids, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives. Other compounds which will also be
described include prostaglandins, insect pheromones, antibiotics and current topics of
interest. Chemistry of natural product molecules or their synthetic analogs of
pharmaceutical or agricultural importance. Practical skill in natural product isolation and
structure elucidation.
Learning Outcomes
Part A: Theory
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identify the types of natural products and methods of extraction, isolation and
characterisation.
Use appropriate reagents in the synthesis of natural product analogues.
Relate reactions such as, alkylation, phenolic oxidative coupling, redox reaction,
oxidative cleavage of aromatic ring in the construction of natural products
compounds.
Demonstrate the acetate, shikimate, mevalonate pathways in the biosynthesis of
saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, prostaglandins, aromatic amino acids, alkaloids
and terpenes.
211
Part B: Practical
1.
2.
3.
Apply methods of extraction, isolation and characterisation in natural product

identification.
Analyse and interpret the experimental data obtained and write reports clearly and
appropriately.

1.
2.
3.
4.

P.M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Product A Biosynthetic Approach, 2 nd Edition,
Wiley & Son (2002).
J.M. Coxon and J.A. Gerrard, Worked Solutions in Organic Chemistry, 3 rd Edition,
Blackie Academic and Professional (1998).
K.C. Nicolaou and E.J. Sorensen, Classic in Total Synthesis. Targets, Strategies,
Methods, VCH (1996).
KFT332/3 Physical Chemistry II
KFT231 (s)
First, second and third laws of thermodynamics, work, heat and energy, enthalpy change,
heat capacity, adiabatic process, Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies, chemical potential,
fugacity and composition change.
Changes of State: physical transformation of pure substances and mixture. Phase
diagram, stability of phases, Clapeyron equation, partial molar quantities,
thermodynamics of mixing, properties of solution, activity, phase diagram for systems
with two and three components. Electrochemistry: Debye Huckel theory, electrochemical
cell, electrode potential and thermodynamics of cells.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apply the first, second and third laws of thermodynamics to solve problems in
physical chemistry.
Describe the partial molar quantities of a mixture.
Use appropriate equations to calculate the chemical potential.
Use the Debye-Huckel equation to calculate the thermodynamic equilibrium constant.
Relate the thermodynamic principles to electrochemical cells including the derivation
of the Nernst equation.
212

1.
2.
3.
4.
A.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty and M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition, John
P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 9 th Edition, Oxford University Press
(2010).
I.N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Ed. (2009).
J. Laider, J.H. Meiser and B.C. Sanctuary, Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition, Houghton
Mifflin Co. (2003).
KIE361/4 Industrial Training

The duration of Industrial Training in between 8-10 weeks at the local industries
identified by the school. At the end of the training, students must submit a report and
present a seminar at the school.
KUT407/2 Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Practical
KUT203 (s), KUT305 (s)
Spectra of metal carbonyls. Electronic spectra of coordination compounds. Preparation

and resolution of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) into optical isomers. Preparation of
ferrocene and its acetyl derivative. Application of IR spectroscopy to characterise linkage
isomer, nitropentaaminecobalt(III) chloride. Photometric titrations with UV-VIS
spectroscopic method. Determination of aluminium with 8-hydroxyquinoline through
fluorimetric method. Flame photometry. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Kinetic
method for the determination of selenium.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Demonstrate the advanced techniques on the synthesis, isolation and characterisation

of inorganic compounds.
Demonstrate advanced skills in various spectroscopic and separation techniques.
Write clear and concise practical reports related to experimental work.

213
KUT408/2 Physical and Organic Chemistry Practical
KUT206 (s), KUT304 (s)
Physical Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Spectrum of a particle in a box.

Heat of combustion by bomb calorimetry.
Absorption from solution.
Determination of surface areas of powders by physical adsorption of gases.
Partial molar volumes of water and methyl alcohol mixtures as a function of
concentrations.
Ampiphilic molecules.
Acidities and basicities of excited-state molecules.
Enzyme kinetics: Inversion of sucrose.
Vibrational-rotational spectra of HCl and DCl.
Organic Section
This practical course is designed to strengthen the students understanding of the
principles of organic synthesis and reaction mechanisms. It includes experiments which
illustrate the application of selected organic reactions in the preparation of organic
compounds and several methods for the study of organic reaction mechanisms.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate competence in a variety of physico-chemical measurement techniques.

Demonstrate competence in a wide selection of organic-chemistry laboratory
techniques.
Analyse and interpret the experimental data obtained and demonstrate scientific
communications through written reports.
Perform literature searches to find relevant information about specific substances,
groups, reactions and methods of synthesis.

214
KUE409/6 Chemistry Project

Research projects on various chemistry topics.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Demonstrate competence in various measurement techniques.

Identify problems and demonstrate problem solving skills.
Analyse and interpret the data, write concise reports and discuss the result orally.
Demonstrate the ability to use various retrieval methods to obtain information.
KTE411/3
KTT212 (s)
The chemistry of main group cluster compounds, transition metal cluster complexes,
halogen, phosphorus-nitrogen compounds, and organosilicon shall be discussed and
elaborated. Several advanced topics in the areas of organometallics, reaction mechanisms
and current development in inorganic chemistry may also be discussed.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
Explain the properties and structures of main group cluster, cage and ring
compounds.
Differentiate the different transition metal cluster complexes based on structure and
bonding properties.
Discuss the physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties of selected groups of
elements from group 14 18.

1.
2.
3.
C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 1st Edition, part of Chapter 2
pages 62-68 and Chapter 14 pages 315-350, Prentice Hall, England (2001).
C. Eaborn, Organosilicon Chemistry, Butterworth Publication Limited, Chapters:
1 - 4 (1960).
C. Elschenbroich and A. Salzer, Organometallics: A Concise Introduction. 2nd
Edition Published by VCH. Chapter 8 (1992).
215
KOT423/3 Organic Chemistry III
KOT222 (s)
Structure, synthesis and reaction of amines, carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid
derivatives. Condensations and alpha substitution of carbonyl compounds. Carbohydrates,
nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides and proteins.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
Predict the products and propose the appropriate mechanisms for the reactions of
amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, carbohydrates,
amino acids and peptides with various compounds.
Display the ability to predict the products and propose the appropriate mechanism for
Aldol and Claisen condensations, malonic ester and acetoacetic ester syntheses,
Michael reaction and Robinson annulation.
Use the appropriate carbon-carbon bond-formation reactions in organic synthesis.

1.
2.
3.
4.
P.Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 5h Edition, Prentice Hall (2007).
T.W. Solomons and C. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 7 th Edition, Wiley & Sons
(2000).
KFT431/3 Physical Chemistry III
KFT332 (s)
Quantum theory: Wave-particle duality, postulates, uncertainty principle, Schroedinger

equation, particle in a one dimensional box, harmonic oscillator and rigid rotor.
Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution, ensemble, partition functions,
calculation of thermodynamic functions.
Kinetics: transition state theory, thermodynamics of reactions, reaction in solution,
reactive species, photochemistry, oscillating reactions.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apply the postulates to formulate the modern quantum theory.

Solve the Schroedinger equation for the particle-in-a-box problems.
State and calculate the thermodynamic quantities from partition functions.
Demonstrate competence in applying the collision and transition-state theories.
Apply the Michaelis-Menten mechanism to explain an enzyme-catalysed reaction.
216

1.
2.
3.
4.
R.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty and M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4 th Edition, John
P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 9th Edition, Oxford University Press,
(2010).
I.N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition,
(2009).
J. Laider, J.H. Meiser and B.C. Sanctuary, Physical Chemistry, 4 th Edition, Houghton
Mifflin Co. (2003).
KFE432/3 Special Topics in Physical Chemistry
KFT332 (s)
This course contains the following topics. A few topics will be selected for each semester:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Physical chemical treatment of wastewater.

Approximation methods in quantum chemistry.
Physical aspects of polymer.
Molecular modeling and computational chemistry.
Adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis.
Application of electrochemistry.
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
Demonstrate understanding in the current issues related to physical chemistry.

Apply fundamentals of chemistry in solving current physical chemistry problems.
Display the ability to discuss the current issues orally and in writing.
217
Index of Courses
Organic Chemistry I
Inorganic Chemistry Practical
Organic Chemistry Practical
Organic Chemistry II
Inorganic Chemistry II
Analytical Chemistry I
Physical Chemistry Practical
Analytical Chemistry Practical
Research Methodology In Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry III
Physical Chemistry II
Industrial Training
Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Practical
Physical and Organic Chemistry Practical
Chemistry Project
Selected Topics In Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry III
Physical Chemistry III
218
(KUT101)
(KUT102)
(KTT112)
(KOT122)
(KUT203)
(KUT206)
(KOT222)
(KTT212)
(KFT231)
(KAT245)
(KUT304)
(KUT305)
(KUE306)
(KTT313)
(KOE322)
(KFT332)
(KIE361)
(KUT407)
(KUT408)
(KUE409)
(KTE411)
(KOT423)
(KFT431)
(KFE432)
199
199
199
200
201
202
202
203
204
205
205
206
207
207
208
209
210
210
211
212
212
213
213
214
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ACADEMIC SYSTEM AND GENERAL INFORMATION

School of Mathematical Sciences

ACADEMIC CALENDAR 2014/2015

Teaching & Learning

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Monday, 08.09.2014 - Friday, 12.09.2014

16.09.2013 Malaysia Day

Saturday, 20.12.2014 - Sunday, 28.12.2014

25.12.2014, Thursday - Christmas

Monday, 29.12.2014 - Friday, 02.01.2015

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Monday, 29.06.2015 - Sunday, 05.07.2015

Monday, 20.07.2015 - Friday, 24.07.2015

Monday, 03.08.2015 - Friday, 07.08.2015

19.02.2015,Thursday-Chinese New Year

01.05.2015, Friday - Labour Day

06.06.2015, Saturday - His Royal

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School of Biological Sciences

represent classification of courses in each school

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A provisional result (pass/fail) through the Tele-academic line: (600-83-7899) would be

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