Long Report Lab 7

EEEB 111
(Electrical/ Electronics Measurement Laboratory)

Experiment 7: Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifiers
Long Report
Date: 6 January 2015
Name
Hong Kah Foo
Surenderan Logan
OBJECTIVE
Student ID
ME092983
ME093015
Section
9
9
The objective of this is experiment is to get used to operational amplifier characteristics and
circuit connections for the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the characteristics of operational amplifier,
which is the relationship between the input voltage signal and the output voltage signal, and its
circuit connections involving the inverting and the non-inverting amplifiers.
EQUIPMENTS:
1
Resistors: 1k (2 nos.), 10k(2nos.), 20k, 33k, 47k, and 68k
Operational Amplifier A741
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Oscilloscope
Function Generator (AC Power Supply)
DC Power Supply
DMM Probes x 2nos.
Oscilloscope Probes x 2nos.
BNC-Crocodile Clips Probe x 1no.
10 Crocodile Clips Connectors x 4nos.

11 Protoboard
12 Wire 22 AWG x 6nos.
PROCEDURE:
Part A: Inverting Amplifier
1
a
Circuit Assembly
The op amp is positioned on the protoboard in a way that the pin 1 is at the top left. Each
pin has been made sure to be inserted into a separate hole.

The resistance of RS and Rf which is 10K are measureed using the DMM to find the
actual their resistances are recorded in Table 1.1.
Figure 1.2
c
d
The DC power supply voltages of +15V and -15V with respect to the ground.
The inverting amplifier is built as shown in Figure 1.2.
Variable Feedback Resistor, Rf

a A 4V peak-to-peak 1kHz sine wave was sett up as input Vs.
b The peak-to-peak amplitude of the output Vo is measured and the gain, A V wass
calculated.
The oscilloscope has been used to display Vs and Vo waveforms and

measurements is repeated for Rf =20 k, 33 k, 47 k, and 68 k with Rs= 10
k. respectively.
The theoretical gain, AR is compared to the measured gain, AV:
R f Vo
=
R s Vs
-where Rf and Rs are measured values and Vo is 180 out of phase with Vs.
e
f
The readings is then tabulated in Table 1.3

The percentage errors are then calculated.
3. Variable Input Voltages, Vs

a
b
Rs is set to be 10 k and Rf =47 k.

With an input sine wave of frequency 1 kHz, output voltage is measured for the
c
d
input voltages of 1V, 2V, 4V, and 8V respectively.

Results are then tabulated in Table 1.4.
The gain voltage for each input is the calculated.
4. Variable Bias Voltages

a
b
The same circuit was used, with Rs =10 k and Rf= 47 k for the resistors.
With an input sine wave of frequency 1 kHz, the amplitude of Vs is slowly
increased from 0 until Vo, the distortion on either the positive or negative cycle
(clipped).
The peak-to-peak input and output voltages are recorded during clipping and
d
e
recorded in Table 1.5.

The bias voltages of pin 7 and 4 is replaced by +12V and -12V respectively.
The steps b and c was repeated.
Part B: Non-inverting Amplifier

a
Using DMM, the resistance of R = 1 k and R f =1 k are measured and
tabulated in Table 1.6.

The bias voltages were set to +15V and -15V.
The non-inverting amplifier is then built as shown in Figure 1.7, with R=R f=
d
e
1k.
The input sine wave is set to be of the frequency 1 kHz.
The output voltage Vo is measured when Vs is set to 2V, 3V, 4V, and 5V peak-to-
f
g
peak respectively.
The readings are tabulated as in Table 1.8.
The theoretical VO obtain from measured Rf , R and VS , is compared with the
measured value.
Figure 1.7
RESULTS:
Table 1.1: Measured Resistance
Resistance
RS
Rf
Nominal
()
10k
10k
Actual
()
9.96k
9.81k
Rf ()
Vs (V)
Vo (V)
AR
=RF/RS
Av
= Vo/Vs
Nominal
Measured
Nominal
Measured
Measured
Theoretical
Measured
10k
9.81k
4.20
1.00
1.00
20k
19.84k
8.20
2.00
1.95
2.50
33k
32.44k
13.30
3.30
3.14
4.80
47k
46.39k
19.2
4.70
4.57
2.77
68k
67.68k
27.10
6.80
6.45
5.15
4.2
%
Error
Table 1.3: Results for Varying Feedback Resistors
Table 1.4: Results to Verify Output Relationship
Vs p-p
Vo p-p
Av
= Vo/ Vs
Nominal
measured
1.05
4.70
4.50
2.05
9.30
4.50
4.01
19.30
4.80
8.40
28.10
3.50
Table 1.5: Results for Varying Bias Voltages
Bias
Voltages (V)
Vs p-p
Vo p-p
+15 and -15
6.00
26.90
+12 and -12
4.40
20.9
Table 1.6: Measured Resistance
Resistor
Nominal
(ohms)
Actual
(ohms)
1k
0.99k
Rf
1k
1k
Table 1.8: Results to verify Output Relationship
Vs p-p
Nominal
Measured
Vo p-p
Nominal
Measured
% Error
2.20
4.00
4.40
10.00
3.10
6.00
6.40
6.67
4.20
8.00
8.40
5.00
5.20
10.00
10.50
5.00
ANALYSIS:
From Table 1.3:

AR
(Theoretical) =
Rf
Rs
Rf
and
Rs
are measured value)
Eg:
AR = 9.81k/9.96k=0.98
AR= 67.68k/9.96k=6.80
AV
(
Vo
(Measured)
and
VS
Vo
VS
are measured value)
Eg:
AV=4.2/4.2= 1.00
AV= 27.1/4.2= 6.45
Percentage Error (%)
Formula
( theoreticalmeasured )
100
theoretical
[(AR(theoretical)AV(measured)) / AR(theoretical)] * 100%

Eg :
((1.00-1.00)/ 1.00) * 100% = 0%
((6.80-6.45)/ 6.80)* 100% = 5.15%
From Table 1.4:

AV
(
Vo
(Measured)
and
VS
Vo
VS
are measured value)
Eg:
AV = 4.70 / 1.05 = 4.50
AV = 28.10 / 8.40 = 3.50
From Table 1.8:
V O (calculated )=
R f ( actual)
+1 V S (measured )
R(actual)
Eg:
VO
P-P
(V) = [(1.00k/0.99k) +1] * 2.2 = 4.40V
VO
P-P
(V) = [(1.00k/0.99k) +1]* 5.20 = 10.50V
DISCUSSION:
The figure above showing detailed internal view of the op amp which may provide some
explanations on the errors that might have affected the results of the experiment.
Bias currents Ib- and Ib+ and output load current Io
Three types of internal resistance and capacitance
(1) Common-mode Rcm and Ccm, referring to internal ground Vee
(2) Differential Rdiff and Cdiff between positive and negative input
(3) output Ro
Internal ground reference Vee as middle of positive and negative supply
Errors through internal components

Rcm causes small errors, as it is usually > 1000M
Through Ccm (< 5pF) higher gain errors will be produced in higher
frequencies(Rc=1/j c)
-Example: at 1 Mhz Ccm reactance is at 32k, which shunts the external resistance, therefore
creating a higher gain error.
LT SPICE Simulation
1. Schematics
2.
VS
Waveform (Input)
3.
V o1
4.
Vo
Waveform (Inverting Amplifier Output)
Waveform (Non-Inverting Output)
5. Combined Waveform
* C:\Users\ASUS\Desktop\Draft2.asc
R1 N003 Vin 1k
R2 N004 N003 4k
R3 Vout N002 6k
V1 0 Vin SINE(0 1 1k)
V2 N001 0 20
V3 0 N005 20
R4 N002 0 2k
XU3 N004 N002 N001 N005 Vout LT1001
XU1 0 N003 N001 N005 N004 LT1001
.tran 0.01
.lib LTC.lib
.backanno
.end
6. Netlist
SUGGESTION:
To reduce or minimize measurements errors it is best to avoid very high and very low resistor
values. This is because very high or very low resistor values may lead to an effect called the
loading effect.
a) Define sustainability in engineering.
1. Sustainability in engineering is defined as a task that needs to be carried out by designers and
engineers that follow in the future, in which the basic foundation has already been laid through
notable and important innovations at the present. It is suggested that without question, design for
sustainability is one of today's most complex technical undertakings being engaged by engineers
of all types.
2. The engineering profession is central to achieving sustainable
date, engineering contributions to sustainability have focused on reducing
impacts of development and improving the efficiency of resource use.
consistent with dominant policy responses to environmental problems,
characterized as ecological modernization.
development. To
the environmental
This approach is
which have been
b) Propose 3 precautions in preventing the Operational Amplifiers from burning out

during the lab experiment.
1. Ensure that the power supply do not exceed the rated voltage.
2. Put a current limiting resistor in series with the output.
3. Check and correct errors before switching on the power supply.
CONCLUSION:
For an inverting amplifier, the output voltage signal is always 180 out of phase with the input
voltage signal. The input voltage signal is amplified to a certain value depending on the overall
voltage gain of the circuit.
For a non-inverting amplifier, it is observed that the output voltage signal is always in phase with
the input voltage signal. The output voltage is also magnified to a certain value depending on the
voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier.
REFERENCE
1.
Title: Chapter 2 The twelve principles of green engineering as a foundation for
sustainability
Name of authors : P.T. Anastasa, J.B. Zimmermanb, c
Year of publication: 2006
2.
Title: Engineers, Society, and Sustainability
Name of author:Bell, S.
Year of publication: 2011

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EEEB 111

(Electrical/ Electronics Measurement Laboratory)

Resistors: 1k (2 nos.), 10k(2nos.), 20k, 33k, 47k, and 68k

Operational Amplifier A741

Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Function Generator (AC Power Supply)

DMM Probes x 2nos.

Oscilloscope Probes x 2nos.

BNC-Crocodile Clips Probe x 1no.

10 Crocodile Clips Connectors x 4nos.

pin has been made sure to be inserted into a separate hole.

Variable Feedback Resistor, Rf

The oscilloscope has been used to display Vs and Vo waveforms and

The readings is then tabulated in Table 1.3

3. Variable Input Voltages, Vs

Rs is set to be 10 k and Rf =47 k.

input voltages of 1V, 2V, 4V, and 8V respectively.

4. Variable Bias Voltages

recorded in Table 1.5.

Part B: Non-inverting Amplifier

Using DMM, the resistance of R = 1 k and R f =1 k are measured and

tabulated in Table 1.6.

Table 1.3: Results for Varying Feedback Resistors

Table 1.4: Results to Verify Output Relationship

Table 1.5: Results for Varying Bias Voltages

+15 and -15

+12 and -12

Table 1.6: Measured Resistance

Table 1.8: Results to verify Output Relationship

From Table 1.3:

are measured value)

are measured value)

[(AR(theoretical)AV(measured)) / AR(theoretical)] * 100%

From Table 1.4:

are measured value)

From Table 1.8:

(V) = [(1.00k/0.99k) +1] * 2.2 = 4.40V

(V) = [(1.00k/0.99k) +1]* 5.20 = 10.50V

Errors through internal components

Waveform (Inverting Amplifier Output)

Waveform (Non-Inverting Output)

a) Define sustainability in engineering.

b) Propose 3 precautions in preventing the Operational Amplifiers from burning out

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