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239 views109 pagesChap3 PDF
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Pedro MeloCopyright
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/ 109
3.1 Water flows steadily through the vari-
able area horizontal pipe shown in Fig. P3.1. The
velocity is given by V = 10(1 + x)i ft/s, where
x isin feet. Viscous effects are neglected. (a) De-
termine the pressure gradient, ap/ax, (as a func-
tion of x) needed to produce this low. (b) If the
Pressure at section (1) is 50 psi, determine the
pressure at (2) by: (i) integration of the pressure
gradient obtained in (a); (ii) application of the FIGURE P3.1
Bernoulli equation.
|
| (a) “hen = eV but 00 and V=10(/ +x) ft/s
| = a or 46 = eV = -0 (ioli#x)) (0)
a $6 = ~1.94 PB (10 ” (14x) , with X in feet
= - 194 # .
y= 3
(YO P= -194014%) 50 that th = 19 S(14N)d
H=50Psi X20
wi) ptteMsrz, =p, +£eKr+ 0% or with 2,-Z,
7.742 0(V7- VW) where Vy = 10(140) = 10
Vy = 10 (143) = 4o#
Thos,
paz sopsi + £(199 Shs) (0 gor) $e ( fH, )
or f= Sopsi-194(3 ay (He ) = 50 -10.1=39,9 pst Ze {2
|
(a) -S sino -3#2 = eV with 0=- 90° and V=10(1tN EL
B=-pvsl+r on B =-eVH +S =-ellollen) (i) +0
Thus, 38 2-194 SWB(0L)* (148) + 62.4 Hho, with x in feet
= ~/9# (1FX) #624 HB,
3.2. Repeat Problem 3.1 if the pipe is vertical with the flow down,
X2=3
CH) = -i99 (14x) 484 50 tt E ferried
geste “Kye
on f= Sopsi ~194 (342). ( LAE) + scart (HEE) |
= 50 -/0.1+43 = 4L2psi
iy gp ttenr tz, = pr koeed2, on with 2-0, 20-34
and Y,=so(/to) = we » Ye lolit3) -Ko
ph tte (YW) -b2.
= sopst + (1.94 SHB) yo" 407) ~ 62.4 fa (-3 FO 3.3
(-» 5 x = =a) is found to be V = Vo(1 + a/x), where a is
the radius of curvature of the front of the object and Vp is the Y@,
upstream velocity. (a) Determine the pressure gradient along “Pe
this streamline. (b) If the upstream pressure is po, integrate the
pressure gradient to obtain the pressure p(x) for —2 Sx 5 ~a.
(© Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure atthe stag-
nation point (x = —a) is py + pV3/2, as expected from the
Bernoulli equation,
(a) Ba evgl where V=V, (1+ #)
me Ha dle- Mag
- Hee lle i BB p
| 0 (Ba . eal f (ted
(c) From part (b), when X=-a
xea
From the Bernoulli equation po, +2 pl
where
vev| = W(ieee) =°
xera
Thus, p, = fytt pM" as expected.
3.3 An incompressible fluid with density p flows steadily
past the object shown in Video V3.3 and Fig. P3.3. The fluid Dividing
Velocity along the horizontal dividing streamline streariine
pl = preset tae] = greet
m FIGURE P3.3
Note ‘Ph at Xe~09
=f +toy;"
3-3 34
3.4 What pressure gradient along the
streamline, dp/ds, is required to accelerate water
in a horizontal pipe at a rate of 30 m/s"?
2 2 ~5sind — OVE where @=0 and
Vik =a, = 0%
Thus,
wh = - pa, = -999 3%, 00%) = ~s0p00( ps )/m
or
38 = ~ 30.0 kPa/m
taey-
3.5 Ata given location the air speed is 20 m/s and the
pressure gradient along the streamline is 100 N/m’, Estimate
the air speed at a point 0.5 m further along the streamline.
- pve or Sh =-18 AV
o
"R= 00h /(1.23 ,)(20B) =< Kort i
Thus,
Ve av bs = (-#07g) (0.5m) =-2.03% sothat V+5V=20% -2.03 2
{ or Ve /eo2
Tf neglect gravity | #2
i 3.6 What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp/ds, is
required to accelerate water upward in a vertical pipe at a rate
of 30 ft/s*? What is the answer if the flow is downward?
36 = sind -eVE where 8 = 90° for yptiw ,
0 = -90' for down flow,
and Vit =a, = 30 $f
Thus, for yp tlw a 8s 88
YB 2 -62.4() Hy — 194 sgs(o ft) = —120.6(e3)/#t =-a830 eg!
and tor down flow —
He = a2 4-198 sigs (so) = 420 (1%) /14 =aoana St
3-4 3.7 Consider a compressible fluid for which to obtain the “Bernoulli equation” for this com-
the pressure and density are related by pip" = _pressible flow as [n/n ~ 1)]p/p + V22 +
Cy, where m and Cy are constants. Integrate the gz = constant.
equation of motion along the streamline, Eq. 3.6,
\¢ + ¥ + gz constant along a streamline
and. ts
et 7 ety so that
4 7 thes
(+ = Gt (4 =ah(¢ "yp = GP aa A” test.
Thus,
[4 arog) oar
Hence: 2 4 +£V7+g2 = constant along a streamline
Tae rire
3S BB The Bernoulli equation is valid for steady, inviscid, in-
‘compressible flows with constant acceleration of gravity. Con- z
sider flow on a planet where the acceleration of gravity varies
s
with height so that ¢ = go — ¢2, where gp and z are constants.
Integrate "F = ma’ along a streamline to obtain the equivalent
Of the Bernoulli equation fortis lw dm
7 nn
From & bf = éma@, one obtains .
ap +zed(V’) +d? where ¥=09
(see £q, 3.5)
Thus
dp + d(zev*)+ 0 (Go- 62) dz=0 , or by integrating from () to(2):
2 @) a
Sd +f d(zpv*) + ef (g,-c2)d# 20
a a a
or
BPit ¢ e(y- V7) + 09, (#2-%)) - 2 0C (27-2) =0
Thus,
pt tpev* +¢9,2 -tecz* = constant along a streamline. 39 Consider a compressible liquid that has a constant bulk
"modulus, Integrate “F = ma" along a streamline to obtain the
equivalent of the Bernoulli equation for this flow. Assume
steady, inviscid flow.
From £9, 3.6
dp+zed(V*)+¥dz=0 where ¥= 09
and dp-£, 42 where
£, = bulk modulus = constant
(see £q, 1.13)
Thus, along a streamline:
£,# +ied(v?) + egde =O or
d bye 20 which be integrate d
Fy ee d(aV+) sgdz 20 which can, be integrated between
2 Ya Fa
6 He» aur (gas 0
a Y B
or
-6,[$.° &] + dl v7] +g L221 -0
Hence + D
z- Eee $ =constant along a streamline 310 J
s
3.10 Water flows around the vertical two-di-
mensional bend with circular streamlines and
constant velocity as shown in Fig. P3.10. If the
pressure is 40 kPa at point (1), determine the
pressures at points (2) and (3). Assume that the
velocity profile is uniform as indicated.
FIGURE P3.10
2
we -3f = a with #2 2) and V=lom/s
Thus, with R= 6-n
6-n
{fae =-(rdn - (OLY
so that since ¥ ank Vare constants
pop = nbn ~ ev oe
neo
Thos, ;
P= A -8n- eV lhe)
With po, = #0kPs and Mg 21m! fy =¥olPa 28110 fs (1m)
- 999-8 (108) In (-$-)
or
A= 12.0 kPa
and
with f= #0KPy and My = 2m ' fa = 40 kf 9.80410 fis (2m)
-999 5 (i08Y In C$)
or
fs = 220k Po
3-8 3.12 Waterin a container and airin a tomado flow in hor- .
izontal cirular streamlines of radius rand speed Vas shown
in Video V3.2 and Fig. P3.2.Determine the radial pressure
aradient, 2p/ar, needed forthe following situati
fluid is water with r = 3 in. and V = 0.8 fs. ()
is air with r = 300 ft and V = 200 mph.
(a) The
mw FIGURE P3.12
For curved streamlines,
-2- ova ye , or with 420 (horizantal streamlines), =r,
and £ =e & this becomes
= ov"
go
a With r= AH and V=0.8H and water (p=19# ae),
dp. 1. she (0.8 #)* = 497 lit, 2 497 1
a (a) Ae Se
£
(b) With r= 300f and V= 200 meh Oe) 203 ft
and air (p= 0.00238 Se)
slogs (944)
¥g = 2.00038 “Hh (2995) - 0.681-25,- = 0.681 4s
300 ft fF 3.1/3
3.13. As shown in Fig. P3.13 and Video V3.2, the swirling
‘motion of a liquid can cause a depression in the free surface.
‘Assume that an inviscid liquid in a tank with an R = 1.0 ft ra-
dius is rotated sufficiently to produce a free surface that is
hi = 2.0 ft below the liquid at the edge of the tank at a position
r= 0:5 ft from the center of the tank. Also assume that the liq-
uid velocity is given by V = K/r, where K is a constant. (a)
‘Show that h = K?[(1/P) — (1/R’)}/(2g). (b) Determine the
value of K for this problem.
Vv 2
o-oo Pose
Thus, fe afk k*
(‘= 0K ( 45 or g-p--F]
P r
But p_7Sh and pO at r onthe free surtace.
Ths,
the- kT -p] or since S09,
~ K
he sel - a] a
(b) With he2tt, R= lft, and r=0.s# Eqn.) gives
-—_K? ft. 1
2t= realest ~ THF]
or a
Kz 6.55 # B14
3M Water flows from the faucet on the first floor of the =
building shown in Fig. P3.14 with a maximum velocity of 20
fi/s, For steady inviscid flow, determine the maximum water
velocity from the basement faucet and from the faucet on the
second floor (assume each floor is 12 ft tal) @ a]
eb
m FIGURE P3.14
e + Ge 2 = constant
Tins Sera = Gib wih p= p= Kate
” wot) re and “y= 20fS , 2,2 4ff
= =— ett, eee
2228 Shee 2G2.28) )
or y= nad
and Aart +z," Bi wrz, wih pr=p,=0 Cree jet)
and V,=20f 1 2 r4H
a 2, =/6
2
(208) +164
2(32.2. By +#ft = 2032. 2032.2)
en Ay
=7 07 -2(32.2)(/2) = 7 -373 Impossible! Mo tlow
‘nv? from second tfoor favest.
Bl [2.15
|
| 3.15 Water flows from a pop bottle that has holes in it
| as shown in Video V3.5 and Fig. P3.15. Two streams com-
j ing from holes located distances h, and A, below the free
| surface intersect at a distance L from the side of the bottle.
| __ Hfviscous effects are negligible andthe flow is quasi-steady,
show that L = 2(hyh,)", Compare this result with experi-
‘mental data measured from the paused video for which the
| holes are 2 inches apart
z-O
mw FIGURE P3.15
For steady inviscid flow, the velocities of the horizontal jets of water
at points (1) and (2) are obtained from the Bernoylli equation as‘
Prt telertz= p+ teurtz, =p, these where
Pro™ f= f279; Yor; Zoxhy ; Z =hy-h,; and 2270
z
| Thus, = [29h and \,=Y2gh, a ,
Once outside the tank, gravity is the only force on
the flvid particles. Hence the horizontal componemt
of velocity remains constant, but the particles
accelerate downward with the acceleration of gravity, Thus, for a fluid
particle that exited the tank t seconds ago at z-h i follows that
X=Vt and 2=h-2gte hgnz
By eliminating £, this gives
the particle path (¢,e. the
shape of the waler jet as
2
zeh- * x
Thus, the shapesof the
two water jets are as shown
in the figure.
0
z= heh,
(con't)
3-12 BIS
leon)
The streams intersect when X-L and %,=Z,. This, from Fens. (2)and @)
(ha-h,) - fee = -sELL? which can be rearranged to give
we oe a ol
Vi UE” 2ghi 2ghe
Ths, by combining Eqns. (#) and (5) we obtain
Ze
ie 2 bd / ee ~# “”
From Eqn. (1),
- ot at = the =h) G
gh - 24 byhy
Note that although V, and Va are a function of 4g, the distance L is not.
Two tanks, one on Earth, the other on Mars wevid drain at different
rates, bit the intersection distance, L, of tun streams would be the same.
3-1/3 | 3.16 A 100 fs jet of air flows past a ball as shown in
Video V3.1 and Fig. P3.16, When the ball is not centered
in the jet, the air velocity is greater on the side of the ball
near the jet center {point (1)] than it is on the other side of Vy= 110 tUs
the ball [point (2)]. Determine the pressure difference,
Pi ~ Pi» across the ball if V, = 140 fs and V; = 110 fs.
Neglect gravity and viscous effects.
\
= 140 tus
The Bernoulli equation trom
point (3) to (2) and (#) to (1) with Ww FIGURE P3.16
gravity neglected gives
Ps *Fele = prtteve and pert eve = p,+4 eV?
But f3> fer? and \4= Vy
Thus, eventhough points (1) and (2) are nof on the same streamline,
prtel= prtee
or
pfx Fev) = Floooase Sgt i4e #— (10 £7]
= 6.93 HBS = 9.93 th
3-4 3.18 A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of 14
in. According to some fire codes, the nozzle must
be capable of delivering at least 250 gal/min. If
the nozzle is attached to a 3-in.-diameter hose,
what pressure must be maintained just upstream
of the nozzle to deliver this flowrate?
He a
with 2,=22 » Aax0
HS i is
and @ =(250 984) (231 46) (LE) (ait) = 0.557 HP
Thos,
pa [We-vi] where oe = SPE gor
and
D=3in.
ez =4+% ag,
1 ‘2
4 jar Dae
so thet with fe
nek sigs] e0.7- 11347] £
= 6190 6 = 43.0 psi
a = 730 psi
3/5 379
3.19 Water flowing from the 0.75-in.-diameter outlet
shown in Video V8.6 and Fig. P3.19 rises 2.8 inches above
the outlet. Determine the flowrate,
w FIGURE P3.19
The flowrate is Q@=A,V,, where from
the Bernoulli equation
Bi rz, = Bi Bag
Thus, with Pit fae ie =O we obtain
Y= (29% = (22.28 A) (28/2) = 3.88 fife
so that
Q= AY, = FCA) (see) = oon £
3-5 3.20
3.20 Pop (with the same properties as water) flows from a
‘Lin, diameter pop container that contains three holes as shown in
Fig. P3.20 (see Video 3.5). The diameter of each fluid stream is
(0.13 in. and the distance between holes is 2 in. If viscous effects
are negligible and quasi-steady conditions are assumed, determine
the time at which the pop stops draining from the top hole.
‘Assume the pop surface is 2 in, above the top hole when 1 = 0.
Compare your results withthe time you measure from the video.
Surface
Hb E>
Q=9,+%+Q, = -A, dh m FIGURE P3.20
where Q; = VA: = V2gh: A, and A,-Ay-A,-F(GEA)
(6#1,2,3) = 1,.227x/0°H
Thos A= B( EM) *= 0.0873 H*
Pe Alt +th +h | =-A, Hh where h,=h,h,=h+L, hy=h#2L
Hence, and L=2in.
where ¢ is the time it
t o
- dh
(FA faa a“ “ (Uh +Vhed #08922) sabe for the free surtece
to reqch the yppor hole
or L theo) teow’
fe A { __ dh
Aes), Wh red ova)
= 0.0873 H* ‘ dh
(naara io FHF )fe)(32.2 wa ‘hel *he2L)
This, L
where L= FH = 0.1867 ff
dh
= 88.7 | —____.__
oe (a + hel +Vpr2L)
a
Note: With L inteet, this evation gives 4 in seconds.
Since there is no closed form
con't)
3-17 3.20 | (con't)
The numerical yalve of the integral is obtained by vsing the
trapezoidal rule since the closed form analytical solution
is not given in integral tables. The EXCEL spread sheet sed
for this is given below.
L
4288.7 (fh) dh where fth= me
|
Yoo +*fh+22)
= 887/280 (4 Hy hare) | (00.7 )fo.20l > 10.78
gel
hin hy ft fh), MR? CAR) + es = WDA
0.0 0.0000 1,015 0.00804 1
01 0.0083 0.914 0.00743 2
02 0.0167 0.870 0.00711 3
03 0.0250 0.837 0.00686 4
04 0.0333, 0.810 0.00665. 5
05 0.0417 0.786 0.00646 6
06 0.0500 0.764 0.00629 7
07 © 005830745 0.00614 8
08 0.0667 0.728 0.00600 9
09 0.0750 0.712 0.00587 10
1.0 0.0833 0.697 0.00575 11
Wd 0.0917 0.684 0.00564 12
12 0.1000 0.671 0.00554 13
13 0.1083, 0.659 0.00544 14
14 0.1167, 0.647 0.00535 15
15 0.1250 0.637 0.00526 18
16 0.1333 «(0627 0.00518 7
17 0.1417 0.617 0.00510 18
18 0.1500 0.608 0.00503 19
19 0.1583 0.599 0.00496 20
20 0.1667 0591 21
Sum of column = integral = 0.12011
Thus, t = 88.70.1201 = 10.75
3-18 2.21
2
gravity
Water flowing from a pipe or @ tank is acted upon by
and follows a curved trajectory as shown in Fig. P3.21 (eee
and Videos V3.5 and V4.3. A simple flow meter can be con-
structed as shown in Fig. P3.21. A point gage mounted a dis-
tance L from the end of the horizontal pipe is adjusted to indi-
cate that the top of the water stream is a distance x below the
outlet of the pipe. Show that the flowrate from this pipe of di-
ameter
Dis given by Q = wD°L g'7/(2"* 2"), |
y
m FIGURE P3.21
The only force acting of any water particle inthe free
jet is that due to gravity — the particles weight.
Thos, for the X-y axes shown
Beg and gy <0 which fora particle starting
at x-y=0 at t20 give
x=dgt" and y= VE
Eliminate ¢ +o give the water trajectory as
-g(4) or x=tghh
Thus, with y=L?
VY L and
Q=AV= Bo = 7 DL GA" ir)
3-19 3.22 |
3.22 A person holds her hand out of an open
car window while the car drives through still air
at 65 mph. Under standard atmospheric condi-
tions, what is the maximum pressure on her hand?
What would be the maximum pressure if the “car’
were an Indy 500 racer traveling 220 mph?
tea a Hh Z,<,
apace eae ce Le és moh (20% ) =95.3 £
/ youn 5
Thus, #70 ,4=0
Acs j>= eM" or = £(2.38x16* $695.32)"
HY = 220mph(£2%) =323f | then
A et (2.38x10° 49 (333 y= r2¥ #
3,23
3.23 A differential pressure gage attached to a Pitot-static
tube (see Video V3.4) is calibrated to give speed rather than the
difference between the stagnation and static pressures. The cal-
‘bration is done so that the speed indicated on the gage is the
actual fluid speed if the fluid flowing past the Pitot-static tube
is air at standard sea level conditions. Assume the same device
is used in water and the gage indicates a speed of 200 knots.
Determine the water speed.
Ap- tev?
In air, fin = $ (0.00238 sli ) (2.00 knots)”
In water, A fh atop = x (194 slags) ( vy"
so that with 2fgjn =A Punter s
£ (0.00238 (200) 2 £ (1.9%) V7
or
V= Z.0/ knots
320 324 4 40-mph wind blowing past your house speeds up as
it flows up and over the roof. If elevation effects are negligible,
determine (a) the pressure at the point on the roof where the
speed is 60 mph if the pressure in the free stream blowing to-
ward your house is 14.7 psia, Would this effect tend to push
the root down against the house, or would it tend to lift the
roof? (b) Determine the pressure on a window facing the wind
if the window is assumed to be a stagnation point.
The Bernovifi equatien gives Y
Pte = ps tt ple Nezie
on na & Tin Ue ro Ne
In time t =time for one revolution of sopoly pipe about center pivot
avunitorm depth, h, of water is to be applied throughout. Thus,
Q; = volome flowrate from nozzle i = Ah /t where a
A; = area covered by é* poasle = 7(r*-r7)
But Vy = ee where Pip = pressure in the supply pipe= constent.
so that
AG = AM = Fd" \& where d; =diameter of (4 nogale.
eh ie
4, we ai -(#) 7
But, from Eq. (0:
AAA AE
"Aaa *
@
Thus, trom Eqs. (2) and (3): ¢ nf | di/do
29% | 30 0.229
2 60 0.397
———— 3 go 0.513
These results are given 4 120 0.607
in the table. s 150 0.688
6 180 0.76!
7 210 0.827
8 240 0.889
q 270 0446
10
300 100 355 rel ise
| height, (2), as a function of x and the other important para~
3.55. Air flows steadily through a converging-diverging
re ‘ctangular channel of constant width as shown in Fig. P3.55
and Video V3.6, The height of the channel at the exit and the
exit velocity are Hp and Vo, respectively. The channel is to be
shaped so that the distance, d, that water is drawn up into tubes
attached to static pressure taps along the channel wall is lin-
ear with distance along the channel. That is, d= (dmy/L) x,
where L is the channel length and dyy, is the maximum water
depth (at the minimum channel height; x = L). Determine the
meters.
w FIGURE P3.55
Pret td ev? s giz dt +del” where p-air density
hi
Fa20 1 foH0, P~tned = Tyo Set x
Thos,
~Gigy Seer + dev" = tev?
But
AVeAw, or Ve Bie BY so thet
Te Marx 40( HU) = te
“i 1
Ho 72 Bina daax \X Typical shapes are shown below.
iy ev dt
oD 3,55
*3.56
Air flows through a horizontal pipe of variable di-
ameter, D = D(x), at a rate of 1.5 f€/s. The static pressure
distribution obtained from a set of 12 static pressure taps along
the pipe wall is as shown below. Plot the pipe shape, D(x), if
the diameter at x = 0 is 1, 2, or 3 in. Neglect viscous and
compressibility effects
Gin, H,0) x (in) (in, H,0)
fee Baz $ibez, where Z=Z
Thus,
Ve [i+ LGD pith y= 4 = ae =e E where Det
and
Hence, with Q=2.38x10° 2 Wwe obiain
v= [ug Bap) 28 samcrs]*
* 38x08
Als, AV=@ or 2O°V=@ so thet
Bye
D= [Syi- [ re r= can or when combined with Eq.)
p= 382
[BS +4s701-h)|
Plot D=D&) with D,= 7 ,¢, and ¢ Ht, using the values of h=h(o
from the table. Note + h is the same a “pin. #20)" in the table.
An EXCEL program was ysed to cbtain the following recv/ts.
iy 4, where D,~ tt, hein.
(con't)
#o~ P= Yigg (ho-h) = 5B in wh) = .20(1-h) with hein
a
@
3-5! 43.56
in, —D, ft (Dy = 1/4 ft)
° 0.24996
1 0.20277
2 0.16776
3 0.13999,
4 0.15299
5 0.17245
6 0.17841
7 0.18123,
8 0.18558
9 0.19616
10 0.20944
"1 0.22710
12 0.24996
D, ft (Dp= 1/6 ft) D, ft (Dp= 1/12 ft) p, in. HO
0.16664
0.18733
0.14435
0.12870
0.13687
0.14849
0.14902
0.16015
0.18173
0.15537
0.15911
0.16300
0.16664
Dvs x
0.08332
0.08299
0.08234
0.08112
0.08182
0.08247
0.08260
0.08266
0.08274
0.08291
0.08308
0.08320
0.08332
1,00
0.72
0.16
0.96
0.31
0.27
0.39
0.44
0.51
0.65
078
0.90
4.00
fp - Deaf
(— -D=16#
[——D = 1/12 ft}
3-52 3.57
3.57 The vent on the tank shown in Fig. P3.57 is closed
‘and the tank pressurized to increase the flowrate. What pres-
‘ure, pj, is needed to produce twice the flowrate of that when
the vent is open?
FIGURE P3..
With the vent open+ 3-57
Ae Gi EG ig
Ths,
z= es or Wye ga, = [22.2 Alioti) = 25.4
To have dovble the flowrate with the vent clsed (p, #0)!
2
& +z = ag where for this care Vi = 2(25.4#)< soe
+42 where fy _. VP
ea = 2g +z
age
Since AV, =A. and Y= |¥| ot $e (shea)
we obtain =2.7ax/0° @
TR (2.78x10°) =F (0.008m)*/2 (9.8/2) Z ,
where R and 2 are ~m
which, if y<> 5.0mm), becomes
Thus,
R= 0.998 z2
or
am Rm
0 0 Vessel Radius, R, vs Water Level, z
0.02 0.375
a0 0472
0420587
0.22 0.683
032 ost
0.42 0.803
0.52 0.847
0.62 0.886
0.72 0.919
0.82 0.950
0.92 0.977
1.02 1.003
41249027
221049
3-71 3.18* A spherical tank of diameter D has a
drain hole of diameter d at its bottom. A vent at
the top of the tank maintains atmospheric pres- flrs
sure within the tank. The flow is quasisteady and ¥
inviscid and the tank is full of water initially. De- ! 2
termine the water depth as a function of time, 4
h = h(O, and plot graphs of h(#) for tank diam- '
eters of 1, 5, 10, and 20 ft if d = 1 in. |
@
» a
he teg, -Biken ey
where $,=0, fp 0,2,=h, 2,20 and Yeh *204.81m/s*)
or
Paz llexi Dh = Lt kPa
a
+/0m 3.92 |
3.62. Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe
shown in Fig. P3.82at a rate of 10 ft/s. If viscous effects are
negligible, determine the water speed at section (2), the pressure
at section (3), and the flowrate at section (4).
Ag = 0.078
A. jesvon
lofi
pi= lO psi
m FIGURE P3.82
From ()tol2): Brie tz, < Gt ia, where 2225, rm
pe 2Spsi,and \jz & or
yo BE AP) 2 rod
Thus, with = 0g Vacca
(otynei®) . Uod)*_ csAymniy , v2 = 2908
GES +f 2 Ce Stes) tp kn Bee
: z
From (1) tol3): Bb +h 42, < & + 43, where 2,22, f= lop,
Ths, V=108t and V, = 208
(ohne) elie (20 Hy?
62.4 By * 20225) ~ ak * 3@a2H)
or Ib .
fe =150 $s = 7:98 ps1
Also,
Qy = Q-Q - Qs = Q, - fae Aas
or
Q, = 10 - oo7s# (29.08) -o2tt20#) =
3-8 3.83 Water flows from a large tank through
a large pipe that splits into two smaller pipes as
shown in Fig, P3.83. If viscous effects are negli-
gible, determine the flowrate from the tank and
the pressure at point (1).
FIGURE P3.63
2
tease +29 = Be Bon where f=, f=9
Thos, and Z= 4m
Ke 23 (4-22) = 12 48l)(7-#m =
Siler
Vy = 129 (20-%) = 7228144) (7m) = 72
Ths, = G48, =F 4 +P ON *
ol
Q= F[aoam)* (2472) +(0.02m)(L7Z)] = G10 x10 Le
Also,
1 Wy =2, 2527
Bi Miz, «fy toh oz, where 2,20 and =
or 28. goer
\y Ge 2 (0.08m)* = Keg
‘4.63 #
4 #]- P.Bon0 He] 7 - - fee] = 5.7610
or
# Qs
)
0.20 ft
oat
3.84 Water flows through the horizontal Y-fitting shown in
Fig. P3:84 If the flowrate and pressure in pipe (1) are Q, = ae
23 ft'/s and p, = 50 Ib/in?, determine the pressures, p, and o
Ps, in pipes (2) and (3) under the assumption that the flowrate
divides evenly between pipes (2) and (3). 25 ft
FIGURE P3.84
&
fe, Ve
Bir rz, = "Ft ag t 22 where Z,=22 and ye @ a
7 _@ =95&
2.3£ ft Be
=a: a Ai
Thus, \y Fost 32,56 Te
(0.5)(2.3F)
Ye “E025” = 23.4 so that Ey.()) becomes
fax pr tbeliP-V) = 50 psi +d i sf -(s4¥]
= 50psi +(493 By, =53,4 psi
Si imelarly vit)
@
Are, fe, 73 3 zs where 2,2, and \e=G=%
Thus, y, = (osvles #8) _ 36.6
E (0.204)* *
so that -
Pax fy th UE VE) = Spe +d (94 SB (02.07—(26.8) rE (e.
= 48/psi 3.85
3.85 Water flows from the pipe shown in Fig.
P3.85as a free jet and strikes a circular flat plate.
The flow geometry shown is axisymmetrical. De-
termine the flowrate and the manometer reading,
H.
FIGURE P3.85
A ;
Auf +22 Bt ze, where £,=0, p70, 2, +0, and 2,7 02m
Thus,
% - Bex where AY =A Kk =O w
ory 2 hy « Thy - ehy - 4(olm(4x0%m) y _
Wn Fars Sphy = (0.01m> 4 =L6\e
Hence, Fa. () gives
oon y = Vi +2(9.81%)(0.2m) op Vax 1592
So
Q= AM = P(O1m) 410m) (L592) = 2.00x10 2
Also, . 4
ar# +z, Bre +2, where Vj=0, 2,=0.2m, V=160\%
Thos, or Vy = 16001592) = 2.542 and p=0
7 .
He he = of 2, = eee 0.2m = 0.129 m
3 84 B6
3.86 Air, assumed incompressible and inviscid, flows into
the outdoor cooking grill through nine holes of 0.40-in. diam-
‘ter as shown in Fig. P3.86 . If a flowrate of 40 in,
grill is required to maintain the correct cooking conditions, de~
termine the pressure within the grill near the holes. FIGURE P3.86
9 holes, each
(oon. diameter
# 2
Q=7A,\, where Q= on = 0.0231 © and fy= Foy
Thus,
y= Q = 784 _ 40.0231 $ Yo aut
Ais, TE
Be Boz, = Herz where ,=0, 2,=2 , and Vj=0
Thee i 2 a
2 :
p= -£eNy = -2 (238x106 Plaats) == 103 x10
or
f= wZlt xo psi
3-85 [3-67
3.87 A conical plug is used to regulate the air
flow from the pipe shown in Fig. P3.97 . The air
leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thick-
ness of 0.02 m. If viscous effects are negligible
and the flowrate is 0.50 m*/s, determine the pres-
sure within the pipe.
Pipe:
Ko)
FIGURE P3,87 0.02 on
ait Vg G+, =#4,¥ a Wem, where Zs and far0
Ase," -
GSS = 2,00
Yea E (023m) leas
and fon ost!
onQheeecee ss a
\e 4 2mnRh — 2m (0,2m)(0.02m =/9.9S
Thus,
p= te(\e- V2) so that p<0. There i's a Vacwm within the gap.
The card is sucked against the spool. The harder one blows through
the spool larger), the larger the vactwm, and the harder the card is
held against the spool. 3.90
EA cn?
3.90 Water lows over a weir plate (see Video V10.7) which AE 9 t =
has a parabolic opening as shown in Fig, P3.90, That ithe 7g Nat te
‘opening in the weir plate has a width CH'?, where Cis acon. | 4! Sy | oh
stant, Determine the functional dependence of the flowrate on
the head, Q = OCH) aA
220
Q= fu dA where u is a fonction of h.
Thal ic, from Beri sz, = Ber Boze with Ai -H-4,,Weu
, ? 4p <0 (‘tree jet’)
and 2,°4-h
or 2 2
(4-2) if 42, 20 tig
Thus,
u=YoghtV* = fogh if Vis “small”
Also
dha CVE dz (<0, d'eode tor 2-0, df =cVH for 224) vo thet
Q = (ig th clF a2 where h=H-2.
+ (HA)
B20 H
Thos, Q= clog (Yei-2 dz, where
H ° eH
(VePde= ]lef Yie-a™ + (4) sie (2-4 nal]
“hich reduces 40: me
= Belay H* That is Q~H™
Alternatively, Q=VA where the average velocity is propartional
to WH (i.e. V~ pt) and the total flow area is proportional
to H% (0. A~ Hx (CHE) = CH), Thus,
Q~ fight (cw) = cag H
That is, Q~ H” as obtained above.
3-89 3.91
391 A weir (see Video V10.7) of trapezoidal cross section
is used to measure the flowrate in a channel as shown in Fig.
3.91. If the flowrate is Qp when H = €/2, what flowrate is ex-
pected when H = €?
FIGURE P3.9/
Q=AV where it is expected that Vis a function of the head, H.
That is, V~y2gh
Also, from the geometry A=£H(L+4,) where h=L+2H tant
Thus, A= H(B + Htan30°) so that
Q=6 fag (L4H tanzct)H"® where G, is a constant
Let Q, = flowrate when Hed
and Qy= flowrate when H=£
Thos, 3
Gp fag (2+ 2 tanse)(E)” _ (itt tanse) _
Qe Gyag (2 + £ tan 30") (2) — (1+ Fan 30) (2%) = 0.284
or
Q= 3:46 %
3-90 3.92 Water flows down the sloping ramp
shown in Fig. P3.92 with negligible viscous ef yo ws—ge {mT
fects. The flow is uniform at sections (1) and (2) 7
For the conditions given show that three solutions
for the downstream depth, fi, are obtained by
use of the Bernoulli and continuity equations.
However, show that only two of these solutions
are realistic. Determine these values.
FIGURE P3.42
a
where fy =9 , f2=9, 2) * st,
and 2, 7h,
Also, Ay = Az Ve
or
Vp= pe hy = wee) 10
Thus, b, oO beans
ob ag, CA) yp
2 (32.2 BY ~ 2632.2 #) 2
or
b44h3 - 293/27 +100 <0
ha.
By using a root finding program the three roots to this cubic
equation are found to be*
b= 0,630 ft
= “4af
= anegative root Clearly if is no} possible (physically)
to have Mg below the energy line, starting
at the free surface ere %=0 and ending at the pipe axit
where ,=0 and # zh, At point ( the pressure head
is pif = (2.88- “/4,s) 1 ( Leia Lega) foe fi = - 2684,
and z,=0. 2
In the #in. pipe Vy = Ax Vt =(G) Vy so that
P(e Ve [Day "
+ (RB) & =(B)h (Fr) = 0.12 #
The corresponding EL and H6L are drawn to scale below.
2 wwe ebrrenergy Line (EL)
= “)
1 ce - oes ZO
pipe vzlerlie) 1 pe i794
29
'
| |Bs-260f
e
Hydravlic Grade —
Line (H6L) ‘
'
'
t
1
1 3.99 Draw the energy line and hydraulic
grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.65.
2in.-diameter
hose.
For inviscid flow with no pumps or turbines, the enery line (EL)
is horizontal, at an elevation of the free surface. The bydraviic
grade line (H6L) is one velrcily head hwer. Since 7&2 3H
if follows that the HEL passes through the tip of the nozzle.
Also, since Vy - “(Bs yu it follows that
2 eva 4
Hh =e) =(L) CM = HH. Threughost the pine
the velocity head is constant so that the following is obtained:
3-98 3./00*
3.100* Water flows up the ramp shown in Fig.
P3.100 with negligible viscous losses. The up-
2
stream depth and velocity are maintained at h ope ala
= 0.3 mand V, = 6 m/s, Plot a graph of the a —",
downstream depth, ft, as a function of the ramp Y= 6 mT
height, H, for 0 <.H = 2m. Note that for each 4 Fr
‘ #
vane of H there are three solutions. not all of FIGURE P3.100
2 a
4 +f +2, -B+4 ¥ +2, where f,-0, f2=0,2,=0.3m,
ind Z_= Hh,
Also, Alt = tele so thet eet
1 0.3m)(6
“aH 4 Y= fosnyle®) where h,~m
Thus, Ep 0) becomes
HE +03m= = Gel sah) or with W262,
tn
(64) +2(2.81%)(0.3 -H-hy)m =(42) Be
which can be writfen as*
he = (2.135-H) hy 40.1851 =O @
For O