Problems 133

References
1. Riley, W. F., and Sturges, L. D., Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1996.
2. Tipler, P. A., Physics, Worth, New York, 1982.
3. Panton, R. L., Incompressible Flow, Wiley, New York, 1984.

Review Problems
Go to Appendix G for a set of review problems with answers. De- Guide for Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al.
tailed solutions can be found in Student Solution Manual and Study (© 2009 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.).

Problems
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, use the values of fluid prop- front of the object and V0 is the upstream velocity. (a) Determine
erties found in the tables on the inside of the front cover. Prob- the pressure gradient along this streamline. (b) If the upstream
lems designated with an 1*2 are intended to be solved with the pressure is p0, integrate the pressure gradient to obtain the pres-
aid of a programmable calculator or a computer. Problems des- sure p1x2 for $% & x & $a. (c) Show from the result of part (b) that
ignated with a 1†2 are “open-ended” problems and require crit- the pressure at the stagnation point 1x ! $a2 is p0 # rV 20 "2, as
ical thinking in that to work them one must make various expected from the Bernoulli equation.
assumptions and provide the necessary data. There is not a
unique answer to these problems.
Answers to the even-numbered problems are listed at the
end of the book. Access to the videos that accompany problems
can be obtained through the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ Dividing
college/munson. The lab-type problems can also be accessed on streamline
this web site. x=0
V0
x
Section 3.2 F ! ma along a Streamline po a
Stagnation
point
3.1 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation which can be ana-
lyzed by use of the Bernoulli equation. Print this photo and write
a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved.
3.2 Air flows steadily along a streamline from point (1) to point (2)
with negligible viscous effects. The following conditions are mea- F I G U R E P3.5
sured: At point (1) z1 ! 2 m and p1 ! 0 kPa; at point (2) z2 ! 10
m, p2 ! 20 N/m2, and V2 ! 0. Determine the velocity at point (1).
3.6 What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp"ds, is required
3.3 Water flows steadily through the variable area horizontal pipe to accelerate water in a horizontal pipe at a rate of 30 m"s2?
shown in Fig. P3.3. The centerline velocity is given by V !
1011 # x2 î ft"s, where x is in feet. Viscous effects are neglected. 3.7 A fluid with a specific weight of 100 lb/ft3 and negligible vis-
(a) Determine the pressure gradient, 0p"0x, 1as a function of x2 cous effects flows in the pipe shown in Fig. P3.7. The pressures at
needed to produce this flow. (b) If the pressure at section 112 is points (1) and (2) are 400 lb/ft2 and 900 lb/ft2, respectively. The
50 psi, determine the pressure at 122 by 1i2 integration of the pres- velocities at points (1) and (2) are equal. Is the fluid accelerating
sure gradient obtained in (a), 1ii2 application of the Bernoulli uphill, downhill, or not accelerating? Explain.
equation.

(1) 10 ft
V(x)
Q
! = 3 ft

(2) 30'
(2)
(1)
x
F I G U R E P3.3 F I G U R E P3.7

3.8 What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp"ds, is required

3.4 Repeat Problem 3.3 if the pipe is vertical with the flow down. to accelerate water upward in a vertical pipe at a rate of 30 ft"s2?
What is the answer if the flow is downward?
3.5 An incompressible fluid with density r flows steadily past
the object shown in Video V3.7 and Fig. P3.5. The fluid velocity 3.9 Consider a compressible fluid for which the pressure and
along the horizontal dividing streamline 1$% & x & $a2 is found density are related by p"rn ! C0, where n and C0 are constants. In-
to be V ! V0 11 # a"x2, where a is the radius of curvature of the tegrate the equation of motion along the streamline, Eq. 3.6, to
134 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

obtain the “Bernoulli equation” for this compressible flow as

3n" 1n $ 12 4 p"r ! V 2"2 ! gz # constant. z (ft) V (ft"s)
3.10 An incompressible fluid flows steadily past a circular cylin- 0 0
der as shown in Fig. P3.10. The fluid velocity along the dividing 0.2 8.0
streamline 1$% & x & $a2 is found to be V # V0 11 $ a2"x2 2, 0.4 14.3
where a is the radius of the cylinder and V0 is the upstream ve- 0.6 20.0
locity. (a) Determine the pressure gradient along this streamline. 0.8 19.5
(b) If the upstream pressure is p0, integrate the pressure gradient 1.0 15.6
to obtain the pressure p 1x2 for $% & x & $a. (c) Show from 1.2 8.3
the result of part (b) that the pressure at the stagnation 1.4 6.2
point 1x # $a2 is p0 ! rV 20 "2, as expected from the Bernoulli 1.6 3.7
equation. 1.8 2.0
2.0 0

Dividing
streamline
V0 x=0
x g
p0 Stagnation
point a
20 ft

P1 = 25 psi
F I G U R E P3.10

3.11 Consider a compressible liquid that has a constant bulk mod- (1) a
ulus. Integrate “F # ma” along a streamline to obtain the equiva- 2 ft
lent of the Bernoulli equation for this flow. Assume steady, inviscid
V = V (z)
flow. z

Section 3.3 F ! ma Normal to a Streamline a

3.12 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which Newton’s F I G U R E P3.15
second law applied across the streamlines (as given by Eq. 3.12)
is important. Print this photo and write a brief paragrph that de-
scribes the situation involved. 3.16 Water in a container and air in a tornado flow in horizontal
circular streamlines of radius r and speed V as shown in Video
3.13 Air flows along a horizontal, curved streamline with a 20 ft V3.6 and Fig. P3.16. Determine the radial pressure gradient, 0p"0r,
radius with a speed of 100 ft/s. Determine the pressure gradient needed for the following situations: (a) The fluid is water with
normal to the streamline. r # 3 in. and V # 0.8 ft"s. (b) The fluid is air with r # 300 ft and
3.14 Water flows around the vertical two-dimensional bend with V # 200 mph.
circular streamlines and constant velocity as shown in Fig. P3.14.
If the pressure is 40 kPa at point 112, determine the pressures at y
points 122 and 132. Assume that the velocity profile is uniform as V
indicated.
r
x
g

4m

F I G U R E P3.16
(3)
2m 3.17 Air flows smoothly over the hood of your car and up past the
1m windshield. However, a bug in the air does not follow the same path;
V = 10m/s it becomes splattered against the windshield. Explain why this is so.
(2)

Section 3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic,

(1)
and Total Pressure
F I G U R E P3.14
3.18 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the con-
cept of the stagnation pressure is important. Print this photo and
*3.15 Water flows around the vertical two-dimensional bend with
write a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved.
circular streamlines as is shown in Fig. P3.15. The pressure at point
112 is measured to be p1 # 25 psi and the velocity across section 3.19 At a given point on a horizontal streamline in flowing air, the
a–a is as indicated in the table. Calculate and plot the pressure static pressure is $2.0 psi (i.e., a vacuum) and the velocity is 150 ft/s.
across section a– a of the channel [p # p(z) for 0 & z & 2 ft]. Determine the pressure at a stagnation point on that streamline.
 Problems 135
†3.20 Estimate the maximum pressure on the surface of your car 3.28 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Incorrect raindrop
when you wash it using a garden hose connected to your outside shape,” Section 3.2.) The speed, V, at which a raindrop falls is a
faucet. List all assumptions and show calculations. function of its diameter, D, as shown in Fig. P3.28. For what sized
raindrop will the stagnation pressure be equal to half the internal
3.21 When an airplane is flying 200 mph at 5000-ft altitude in a
pressure caused by surface tension? Recall from Section 1.9 that
standard atmosphere, the air velocity at a certain point on the wing
the pressure inside a drop is ¢p " 4s#D greater than the surround-
is 273 mph relative to the airplane. (a) What suction pressure is de-
ing pressure, where s is the surface tension.
veloped on the wing at that point? (b) What is the pressure at the
leading edge (a stagnation point) of the wing?
30
3.22 Some animals have learned to take advantage of Bernoulli ef-
fect without having read a fluid mechanics book. For example, a 25
typical prairie dog burrow contains two entrances—a flat front
door, and a mounded back door as shown in Fig. P3.22. When the 20
wind blows with velocity V0 across the front door, the average ve-

V, ft/s
locity across the back door is greater than V0 because of the mound. 15
Assume the air velocity across the back door is 1.07V0. For a wind
10
velocity of 6 m/s, what pressure differences, p1 ! p2, are generated
to provide a fresh air flow within the burrow? 5

0
1.07 V0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
V0
(2) D, in.
(1)
F I G U R E P3.28

3.29 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Pressurized eyes,”

Q
Section 3.5.) Determine the air velocity needed to produce a stag-
nation pressure equal to 10 mm of mercury.
F I G U R E P3.22
3.30 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Bugged and plugged
3.23 A loon is a diving bird equally at home “flying” in the air or Pitot tubes,” Section 3.5.) An airplane’s Pitot tube used to indicate
water. What swimming velocity under water will produce a dy- airspeed is partially plugged by an insect nest so that it measures
namic pressure equal to that when it flies in the air at 40 mph? 60% of the stagnation pressure rather than the actual stagnation
pressure. If the airspeed indicator indicates that the plane is flying
3.24 A person thrusts his hand into the water while traveling 3 m/s 150 mph, what is the actual airspeed?
in a motorboat. What is the maximum pressure on his hand?
3.25 A Pitot-static tube is used to measure the velocity of he- Section 3.6.1 Free Jets
lium in a pipe. The temperature and pressure are 40 °F and 3.31 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the con-
25 psia. A water manometer connected to the Pitot-static tube in- cept of a free jet is important. Print this photo and write a brief para-
dicates a reading of 2.3 in. Determine the helium velocity. Is it graph that describes the situation involved.
reasonable to consider the flow as incompressible? Explain.
3.32 Water flows through a hole in the bottom of a large, open tank
3.26 An inviscid fluid flows steadily along the stagnation stream- with a speed of 8 m/s. Determine the depth of water in the tank. Vis-
line shown in Fig. P3.26 and Video V3.7, starting with speed V0 far cous effects are negligible.
upstream of the object. Upon leaving the stagnation point, point
(1), the fluid speed along the surface of the object is assumed to be 3.33 Water flows from the faucet on the first floor of the building
given by V " 2 V0 sin u, where u is the angle indicated. At what an- shown in Fig. P3.33 with a maximum velocity of 20 ft!s. For steady
gular position, u2, should a hole be drilled to give a pressure differ-
ence of p1 ! p2 " rV 20 /2? Gravity is negligible.

(2)

4 ft
V0 θ θ2
(1)
8 ft

V = 20 ft/s 4 ft

F I G U R E P3.26

12 ft
3.27 A water-filled manometer is connected to a Pitot-static tube
to measure a nominal airspeed of 50 ft/s. It is assumed that a change 4 ft
in the manometer reading of 0.002 in. can be detected. What is the
minimum deviation from the 50 ft/s airspeed that can be detected
by this system? Repeat the problem if the nominal airspeed is 5 ft/s. F I G U R E P3.33
136 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

inviscid flow, determine the maximum water velocity from the

basement faucet and from the faucet on the second floor 1assume
each floor is 12 ft tall2.
20 ft
†3.34 The “super soaker” water gun shown in Fig. P3.34 can
shoot more than 30 ft in the horizontal direction. Estimate the
minimum pressure, p1, needed in the chamber in order to ac- 2 in.
complish this. List all assumptions and show all calculations. Air

2 ft

(1)

6 in.

F I G U R E P3.38

3.39 An inviscid, incompressible liquid flows steadily from the large

pressurized tank shown in Fig. P.3.39. The velocity at the exit is
40 ft/s. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid in the tank.

F I G U R E P3.34
10 psi

3.35* An inviscid liquid drains from a large tank through a square Air
duct of width b as shown in Fig. P3.35. The velocity of the fluid at
the outlet is not precisely uniform because of the difference in ele- 5 ft Liquid
vation across the outlet. If b " h, this difference in velocity is negli-
gible. For given b and h, determine v as a function of x and integrate
the results to determine the average velocity, V ! Q/b2. Plot the ve-
10 ft
locity distribution, v ! v1x2, across the outlet if h ! 1 and b ! 0.1,
0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m. How small must b be if the centerline
velocity, v at x ! b/2, is to be within 3% of the average velocity?
40 ft/s
F I G U R E P3.39

h
3.40 Water flows from the tank shown in Fig. P3.40. If viscous ef-
x υ = υ(x) fects are negligible, determine the value of h in terms of H and the
b/2 specific gravity, SG, of the manometer fluid.

F I G U R E P3.35

H
3.36 Several holes are punched into a tin can as shown in Fig.
P3.36. Which of the figures represents the variation of the water ve-
locity as it leaves the holes? Justify your choice.

SG
F I G U R E P3.40

3.41 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Armed with a water
(a) (b) (c)
jet for hunting,” Section 3.4.) Determine the pressure needed in
F I G U R E P3.36 the gills of an archerfish if it can shoot a jet of water 1 m vertically
upward. Assume steady, inviscid flow.
3.37 Water flows from a garden hose nozzle with a velocity of
15 m/s. What is the maximum height that it can reach above the Section 3.6.2 Confined Flows (Also see Lab Problems
nozzle? 3.118 and 3.120.)
3.38 Water flows from a pressurized tank, through a 6-in.-diameter 3.42 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation that involves a con-
pipe, exits from a 2-in.-diameter nozzle, and rises 20 ft above the fined flow for which the Bernoulli and continuity equations are
nozzle as shown in Fig. P3.38. Determine the pressure in the tank if important. Print this photo and write a brief paragraph that de-
the flow is steady, frictionless, and incompressible. scribes the situation involved.
 Problems 137
3.43 Air flows steadily through a horizontal 4-in.-diameter pipe and 3.48 Air is drawn into a wind tunnel used for testing automobiles
exits into the atmosphere through a 3-in.-diameter nozzle. The veloc- as shown in Fig. P3.48. (a) Determine the manometer reading, h,
ity at the nozzle exit is 150 ft/s. Determine the pressure in the pipe if when the velocity in the test section is 60 mph. Note that there is a
viscous effects are negligible. 1-in. column of oil on the water in the manometer. (b) Determine
the difference between the stagnation pressure on the front of the
3.44 A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of 118 in. According to some
automobile and the pressure in the test section.
fire codes, the nozzle must be capable of delivering at least
250 gal!min. If the nozzle is attached to a 3-in.-diameter hose, what
pressure must be maintained just upstream of the nozzle to deliver Wind tunnel
this flowrate?
3.45 Water flowing from the 0.75-in.-diameter outlet shown in 60 mph
Video V8.14 and Fig. P3.45 rises 2.8 in. above the outlet. Deter-
mine the flowrate.
Open Fan

h
1 in.
2.8 in. Water Oil (SG = 0.9)

F I G U R E P3.48
0.75 in.

3.49 Small-diameter, high-pressure liquid jets can be used to cut

Q various materials as shown in Fig. P3.49. If viscous effects are negli-
gible, estimate the pressure needed to produce a 0.10-mm-diameter
F I G U R E P3.45 water jet with a speed of 700 m!s. Determine the flowrate.

3.46 Pop (with the same properties as water) flows from a

4-in.-diameter pop container that contains three holes as shown in
Fig. P3.46 (see Video 3.9). The diameter of each fluid stream is
0.15 in., and the distance between holes is 2 in. If viscous effects
are negligible and quasi-steady conditions are assumed, determine
the time at which the pop stops draining from the top hole. Assume
the pop surface is 2 in. above the top hole when t ! 0. Compare
your results with the time you measure from the video.

0.1 mm

Surface at t = 0

2 in. 0.15 in.

2 in.

2 in.
F I G U R E P3.49

3.50 Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows steadily

with a speed of 10 ft/s from the large tank shown in Fig. P3.50. De-
4 in. termine the depth, H, of the layer of light liquid 1specific weight !
50 lb "ft3 2 that covers the water in the tank.
F I G U R E P3.46

3.47 Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows steadily 50 lb/ft3

in the vertical variable-area pipe shown in Fig. P3.47. Determine 10 ft/s
the flowrate if the pressure in each of the gages reads 50 kPa..
H

2m
5 ft
10 m p = 50 kPa Water 4 ft

1m F I G U R E P3.50

3.51 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.51.
For the given 0.2-m difference in manometer level, determine the
Q F I G U R E P3.47 flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small pipe, D.
138 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

Closed end

0.2 m

3-in.
diameter
Q 30.2 ft
0.1 m D
6 ft

F I G U R E P3.51

3.52 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.52. h
For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level, determine
the flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small pipe, D.
5-in. diameter

F I G U R E P3.57
0.2 m

Q D
0.1 m D

H
h
F I G U R E P3.52

d
3.53 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.53.
For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level, determine F I G U R E P3.58
the flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small pipe, D.
of the tank. For steady-state conditions, the water depth in the tank,
h, is constant. Plot a graph of the depth ratio h/H as a function of the
diameter ratio d/D.
0.2 m 3.59 A smooth plastic, 10-m-long garden hose with an inside diam-
eter of 20 mm is used to drain a wading pool as is shown in Fig. P3.59.
If viscous effects are neglected, what is the flowrate from the pool?
Q
0.1 m D 0.2 m

F I G U R E P3.53
0.23 m

3.54 A 0.15-m-diameter pipe discharges into a 0.10-m-diameter

pipe. Determine the velocity head in each pipe if they are carrying F I G U R E P3.59
0.12 m3!s of kerosene.
3.60 Water exits a pipe as a free jet and flows to a height h above
3.55 Carbon tetrachloride flows in a pipe of variable diameter with the exit plane as shown in Fig. P3.60. The flow is steady, incom-
negligible viscous effects. At point A in the pipe the pressure and pressible, and frictionless. (a) Determine the height h. (b) Deter-
velocity are 20 psi and 30 ft/s, respectively. At location B the pres- mine the velocity and pressure at section (1).
sure and velocity are 23 psi and 14 ft/s. Which point is at the higher
elevation and by how much?
3.56 The circular stream of water from a faucet is observed to ta-
per from a diameter of 20 mm to 10 mm in a distance of 50 cm. De-
termine the flowrate. h

3.57 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3.57. The V = 16 ft/s
water barometer indicates a reading of 30.2 ft. Determine the max-
imum value of h allowed without cavitation occurring. Note that 6-in. diameter
the pressure of the vapor in the closed end of the barometer equals 8 ft
the vapor pressure.
3.58 As shown in Fig. P3.58, water from a large reservoir flows (1)
without viscous effects through a siphon of diameter D and into a
4-in. diameter
tank. It exits from a hole in the bottom of the tank as a stream of di-
ameter d. The surface of the reservoir remains H above the bottom F I G U R E P3.60
 Problems 139
3.61 Water flows steadily from a large, closed tank as shown in of 0.30 kg/s. If the pipe reduces to 0.25-m-diameter determine the
Fig. P3.61. The deflection in the mercury manometer is 1 in. and pressure difference between these two sections. Assume incom-
viscous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the volume flowrate. pressible, inviscid flow.
(b) Determine the air pressure in the space above the surface of the
3.66 Water is pumped from a lake through an 8-in. pipe at a rate of
water in the tank.
10 ft3"s. If viscous effects are negligible, what is the pressure in the
suction pipe 1the pipe between the lake and the pump2 at an eleva-
tion 6 ft above the lake?
3.67 Air flows through a Venturi channel of rectangular cross sec-
Air tion as shown in Video V3.10 and Fig. P3.67. The constant width of
1-ft diameter the channel is 0.06 m and the height at the exit is 0.04 m. Com-
3-in. diameter
8 ft pressibility and viscous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the
flowrate when water is drawn up 0.10 m in a small tube attached
to the static pressure tap at the throat where the channel height is
0.02 m. (b) Determine the channel height, h2, at section (2)
where, for the same flowrate as in part (a), the water is drawn up
1 in. 0.05 m. (c) Determine the pressure needed at section (1) to pro-
duce this flow.
Mercury
F I G U R E P3.61
b = width = 0.06 m
Free jet
3.62 Blood (SG ! 1) flows with a velocity of 0.5 m/s in an artery. 0.02m
It then enters an aneurysm in the artery (i.e., an area of weakened (1) Q
(2) h2 Air
and stretched artery walls that cause a ballooning of the vessel)
whose cross-sectional area is 1.8 times that of the artery. Determine
the pressure difference between the blood in the aneurysm and that 0.04 m 0.10 m 0.04 m
0.05 m
in the artery. Assume the flow is steady and inviscid.
3.63 Water flows steadily through the variable area pipe shown in
Fig. P3.63 with negligible viscous effects. Determine the manome-
ter reading, H, if the flowrate is 0.5 m3/s and the density of the Water
manometer fluid is 600 kg/m3. F I G U R E P3.67

Density = 600 kg/m3

3.68 Water flows steadily from the large open tank shown in Fig.
P3.68. If viscous effects are negligible, determine (a) the flowrate,
H Q, and (b) the manometer reading, h.

Area = 0.05 m2 Area = 0.07 m2

F I G U R E P3.63 4m
h
2m
Q
3.64 Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects through
the pipe shown in Fig. P3.64. It is known that the 4-in.-diameter
Mercury
section of thin-walled tubing will collapse if the pressure within it 0.08 m
0.10 m
becomes less than 10 psi below atmospheric pressure. Determine
F I G U R E P3.68
the maximum value that h can have without causing collapse of the
tubing.
3.69 Water from a faucet fills a 16-oz glass (volume ! 28.9 in.3) in
20 s. If the diameter of the jet leaving the faucet is 0.60 in., what is
the diameter of the jet when it strikes the water surface in the glass
4 ft 4-in.-diameter thin-walled tubing which is positioned 14 in. below the faucet?
3.70 Air flows steadily through a converging–diverging rectangu-
lar channel of constant width as shown in Fig. P3.70 and Video
h V3.10. The height of the channel at the exit and the exit velocity
6 in.
are H0 and V0, respectively. The channel is to be shaped so that the
distance, d, that water is drawn up into tubes attached to static
pressure taps along the channel wall is linear with distance along
F I G U R E P3.64 the channel. That is, d ! 1dmax"L2 x, where L is the channel length
and dmax is the maximum water depth (at the minimum channel
3.65 Helium flows through a 0.30-m-diameter horizontal pipe height; x ! L). Determine the height, H1x2, as a function of x and
with a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 200 kPa (abs) at a rate the other important parameters.
140 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

x=L x x=0 Open

L
V0 Oil SG = 0.7

Q
Air
H(x) H0
1.5 m

1.2 m
dmax
d
2m
Water
1m
F I G U R E P3.70

*3.71 The device shown in Fig. P3.71 is used to spray an appro-

priate mixture of water and insecticide. The flowrate from tank A is F I G U R E P3.73
to be QA ! 0.02 gal/min when the water flowrate through the hose
is Q ! 1 gal/min. Determine the pressure needed at point (1) and
the diameter, D, of the device For the diameter determined above, 3.74 Air at 80 °F and 14.7 psia flows into the tank shown in Fig.
plot the ratio of insecticide flowrate to water flowrate as a function P3.74. Determine the flowrate in ft3#s, lb!s, and slugs!s. Assume in-
of water flowrate, Q, for 0.1 " Q " 1 gal/min. Can this device be compressible flow.
used to provide a reasonably constant ratio of insecticide to water
regardless of the water flowrate? Explain.
0.5 in. Hg vacuum
0.6-in.
0.10-in. diameter diameter
D
Q
Q Water Q + QA = Q
(1) Pump

0.015-in.
h = 6 in. diameter F I G U R E P3.74

QA Insecticide 3.75 Water flows from a large tank as shown in Fig. P3.75. At-
SG = 1.0 A
mospheric pressure is 14.5 psia, and the vapor pressure is 1.60 psia.
F I G U R E P3.71 If viscous effects are neglected, at what height, h, will cavitation
begin? To avoid cavitation, should the value of D1 be increased or
decreased? To avoid cavitation, should the value of D2 be increased
or decreased? Explain.
3.72 If viscous effects are neglected and the tank is large, deter-
mine the flowrate from the tank shown in Fig. P3.72.

Oil,
h
SG = 0.81 D3 = 4 in.
2m

0.7 m D1 = 1 in. D2 = 2 in.

F I G U R E P3.75
Water
50-mm
diameter
F I G U R E P3.72 3.76 Water flows into the sink shown in Fig. P3.76 and Video
V5.1 at a rate of 2 gal!min. If the drain is closed, the water will
eventually flow through the overflow drain holes rather than over
the edge of the sink. How many 0.4-in.-diameter drain holes are
3.73 Water flows steadily downward in the pipe shown in Fig. needed to ensure that the water does not overflow the sink? Neglect
3.73 with negligible losses. Determine the flowrate. viscous effects.
 Problems 141

1 in. H
Q = 2 gal/min
0.4-in. diameter
holes
2-in. diameter
9 ft

Stopper

3 ft

F I G U R E P3.76
F I G U R E P3.79

3.77 What pressure, p1, is needed to produce a flowrate of

0.09 ft "s from the tank shown in Fig. P3.77?
3
3.80 Determine the manometer reading, h, for the flow shown in
Fig. P3.80.
p1

Air

Gasoline 2.0 ft 0.37 m

h

Salt water
SG = 1.1 3.6 ft 0.08-m Free
diameter jet

0.06-ft diameter
0.05-m diameter
F I G U R E P3.80

F I G U R E P3.77
3.81 Air flows steadily through the variable area pipe shown in
3.78 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3.78. Deter- Fig. P3.81. Determine the flowrate if viscous and compressibility
mine the flowrate from the tank and the pressures at points 112, 122, effects are negligible.
and 132 if viscous effects are negligible.

(1)

3 ft 0.2 m
(2)
(3)
0.1 m
4 ft
0.1 ft 5 ft

0.1 m

Water
F I G U R E P3.78

F I G U R E P3.81
3.79 Water is siphoned from a large tank and discharges into
the atmosphere through a 2-in.-diameter tube as shown in Fig.
P3.79. The end of the tube is 3 ft below the tank bottom, and vis-
cous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the volume flowrate 3.82 JP-4 fuel 1SG ! 0.772 flows through the Venturi meter
from the tank. (b) Determine the maximum height, H, over shown in Fig. P3.82 with a velocity of 15 ft!s in the 6-in. pipe.
which the water can be siphoned without cavitation occurring. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the elevation, h, of
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia, and the water vapor pressure the fuel in the open tube connected to the throat of the Venturi
is 0.26 psia. meter.
142 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

6 ft
6 ft
6 in.
4 ft

3-in. 2 ft
JP-4 fuel
8 in. 20° diameter
4 in.
F I G U R E P3.86
h
6 in. *3.87 An inexpensive timer is to be made from a funnel as indi-
cated in Fig. P3.87. The funnel is filled to the top with water and the
plug is removed at time t ! 0 to allow the water to run out. Marks
V = 15 ft/s are to be placed on the wall of the funnel indicating the time in 15-s
intervals, from 0 to 3 min (at which time the funnel becomes empty).
F I G U R E P3.82 If the funnel outlet has a diameter of d ! 0.1 in., draw to scale the
funnel with the timing marks for funnels with angles of u ! 30, 45,
3.83 Repeat Problem 3.82 if the flowing fluid is water rather than and 60°. Repeat the problem if the diameter is changed to 0.05 in.
JP-4 fuel.
3.84 Oil flows through the system shown in Fig. P3.84 with negli-
gible losses. Determine the flowrate. 15
30
45
q 1:00
A = 20 in.2 1:15

d
Oil
SG = 0.86 Plug
F I G U R E P3.87

3.88 A long water trough of triangular cross section is formed from

5 ft two planks as is shown in Fig. P3.88. A gap of 0.1 in. remains at the
junction of the two planks. If the water depth initially was 2 ft, how
0.8 ft
long a time does it take for the water depth to reduce to 1 ft?

Q A = 50 in.2
SG = 2.5

F I G U R E P3.84

2 ft 90°
3.85 Water, considered an inviscid, incompressible fluid, flows
steadily as shown in Fig. P3.85. Determine h.
0.1 in.

Air
h F I G U R E P3.88
3
Q = 4 ft /s *3.89 A spherical tank of diameter D has a drain hole of diameter
Water d at its bottom. A vent at the top of the tank maintains atmospheric
pressure at the liquid surface within the tank. The flow is quasi-
0.5-ft diameter 1-ft diameter steady and inviscid and the tank is full of water initially. Determine
3 ft the water depth as a function of time, h ! h1t2, and plot graphs of
h1t2 for tank diameters of 1, 5, 10, and 20 ft if d ! 1 in.
3.90 When the drain plug is pulled, water flows from a hole in the
bottom of a large, open cylindrical tank. Show that if viscous ef-
fects are negligible and if the flow is assumed to be quasisteady,
F I G U R E P3.85 then it takes 3.41 times longer to empty the entire tank than it does
to empty the first half of the tank. Explain why this is so.
3.86 Determine the flowrate through the submerged orifice shown *3.91 The surface area, A, of the pond shown in Fig. P3.91 varies
in Fig. P3.86 if the contraction coefficient is Cc ! 0.63. with the water depth, h, as shown in the table. At time t ! 0 a valve is
 Problems 143
opened and the pond is allowed to drain through a pipe of diameter D. 3.94 Water flows from a large tank through a large pipe that splits
If viscous effects are negligible and quasisteady conditions are as- into two smaller pipes as shown in Fig. P3.94. If viscous effects are
sumed, plot the water depth as a function of time from when the valve negligible, determine the flowrate from the tank and the pressure at
is opened 1t " 02 until the pond is drained for pipe diameters of point 112.
D " 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 ft. Assume h " 18 ft at t " 0.

Area A
3m

h 3 ft 7m 0.03-m diameter
0.05-m diameter

D
(1)
F I G U R E P3.91 0.02-m diameter
F I G U R E P3.94

h (ft) A [acres (1 acre ! 43,560 ft2)] 3.95 An air cushion vehicle is supported by forcing air into the
0 0 chamber created by a skirt around the periphery of the vehicle as
2 0.3 shown in Fig. P3.95. The air escapes through the 3-in. clearance be-
4 0.5 tween the lower end of the skirt and the ground (or water). Assume
6 0.8 the vehicle weighs 10,000 lb and is essentially rectangular in shape,
8 0.9 30 by 65 ft. The volume of the chamber is large enough so that the
10 1.1 kinetic energy of the air within the chamber is negligible. Deter-
12 1.5 mine the flowrate, Q, needed to support the vehicle. If the ground
14 1.8 clearance were reduced to 2 in., what flowrate would be needed? If
16 2.4 the vehicle weight were reduced to 5000 lb and the ground clear-
18 2.8 ance maintained at 3 in., what flowrate would be needed?

3.92 Water flows through a horizontal branching pipe as shown in Fan Q

Vehicle
Fig. P3.92. Determine the pressure at section (3).
Skirt

V3
A3 = 0.07 m2
3 in.
(3) F I G U R E P3.95

3.96 Water flows from the pipe shown in Fig. P3.96 as a free jet and
V2 strikes a circular flat plate. The flow geometry shown is axisymmet-
p2 = 350 kPa rical. Determine the flowrate and the manometer reading, H.
(2)
A2 = 0.02 m2
(1)
V1 = 4 m/s
p1 = 400 kPa H
A1 = 0.1 m2 0.1-m
F I G U R E P3.92 diameter
V

3.93 Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe shown in

0.4 mm
Fig. P3.93 at a rate of 10 ft3!s. If viscous effects are negligible, de-
termine the water speed at section 122, the pressure at section 132,
0.2 m
and the flowrate at section 142.

A2 = 0.07 ft2 0.01-m

p2 = 5.0 psi diameter
(2) Pipe

2
A3 = 0.2 ft
Q
(1) V3 = 20 ft /s
F I G U R E P3.96
(3)
A1 = 1 ft2
Q1 = 10 ft3/s
3.97 Air flows from a hole of diameter 0.03 m in a flat plate as
p1 = 10 psi shown in Fig. P3.97. A circular disk of diameter D is placed a dis-
(4) tance h from the lower plate. The pressure in the tank is maintained
F I G U R E P3.93 at 1 kPa. Determine the flowrate as a function of h if viscous
144 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

D = 0.15 m Card

0.03-m diameter
Plate
Spool

Tank
p = 1.0 kPa
Q

F I G U R E P3.97
F I G U R E P3.100
effects and elevation changes are assumed negligible and the flow
exits radially from the circumference of the circular disk with uni-
form velocity. spool with the spool turned upside down. 1Note: It may be neces-
3.98 A conical plug is used to regulate the air flow from the sary to use a thumb tack to prevent the card from sliding from the
pipe shown in Fig. P3.98. The air leaves the edge of the cone spool.2 Explain this phenomenon.
with a uniform thickness of 0.02 m. If viscous effects are negli- 3.101 Water flows down the sloping ramp shown in Fig. P3.101
gible and the flowrate is 0.50 m3#s, determine the pressure with negligible viscous effects. The flow is uniform at sections 112
within the pipe. and 122. For the conditions given, show that three solutions for the
downstream depth, h2, are obtained by use of the Bernoulli and con-
V tinuity equations. However, show that only two of these solutions
are realistic. Determine these values.
Free jet

Pipe

0.20 m V1 = 10 ft/s h1 = 1 ft h2
Q = 0.50 m3/s 0.23 m
H = 2 ft V2
Cone

F I G U R E P3.101

0.02 m
3.102 Water flows in a rectangular channel that is 2.0 m wide as
V shown in Fig. P3.102. The upstream depth is 70 mm. The water sur-
F I G U R E P3.98 face rises 40 mm as it passes over a portion where the channel bottom
rises 10 mm. If viscous effects are negligible, what is the flowrate?
3.99 Water flows steadily from a nozzle into a large tank as shown
in Fig. P3.99. The water then flows from the tank as a jet of diame-
ter d. Determine the value of d if the water level in the tank remains
constant. Viscous effects are negligible.
100 mm

Q 70 mm 10 mm

4 ft
0.1-ft diameter F I G U R E P3.102

*3.103 Water flows up the ramp shown in Fig. P3.103 with negligi-
0.15-ft diameter ble viscous losses. The upstream depth and velocity are maintained at
h1 " 0.3 m and V1 " 6 m #s. Plot a graph of the downstream depth,
h2, as a function of the ramp height, H, for 0 ! H ! 2 m. Note that
for each value of H there are three solutions, not all of which are re-
3 ft d alistic.
1 ft

h2
F I G U R E P3.99
h1 = 0.3 m
3.100 A small card is placed on top of a spool as shown in V2
Fig. P3.100. It is not possible to blow the card off the spool by V1 = 6 m/s
blowing air through the hole in the center of the spool. The harder
one blows, the harder the card “sticks” to the spool. In fact, by H
blowing hard enough it is possible to keep the card against the F I G U R E P3.103
 Problems 145

Section 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement (Also see Lab

Problems 3.119 and 3.121.)
3.104 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation that involves some H
30°
type of flow meter. Print this photo and write a brief paragraph that
describes the situation involved. !

3.105 A Venturi meter with a minimum diameter of 3 in. is to be

used to measure the flowrate of water through a 4-in.-diameter
pipe. Determine the pressure difference indicated by the pressure F I G U R E P3.110
gage attached to the flow meter if the flowrate is 0.5 ft3/s and vis-
cous effects are negligible.
3.111 The flowrate in a water channel is sometimes determined by
3.106 Determine the flowrate through the Venturi meter shown in use of a device called a Venturi flume. As shown in Fig. P3.111, this
Fig. P3.106 if ideal conditions exist. device consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the channel. If
the water surface dips a distance of 0.07 m for the conditions
shown, what is the flowrate per width of the channel? Assume the
p1 = 735 kPa velocity is uniform and viscous effects are negligible.
p2 = 550 kPa

Q 0.07 m
31 mm 19 mm

γ = 9.1 kN/m3 V1 V2
1.2 m
F I G U R E P3.106

3.107 For what flowrate through the Venturi meter of Problem 0.2 m
3.106 will cavitation begin if p1 " 275 kPa gage, atmospheric pres- F I G U R E P3.111
sure is 101 kPa 1abs2, and the vapor pressure is 3.6 kPa 1abs2?
3.108 What diameter orifice hole, d, is needed if under ideal con- 3.112 Water flows under the inclined sluice gate shown in
ditions the flowrate through the orifice meter of Fig. P3.108 is to be Fig. P3.112. Determine the flowrate if the gate is 8 ft wide.
30 gal!min of seawater with p1 ! p2 " 2.37 lb #in.2? The contrac-
tion coefficient is assumed to be 0.63.

p1 p2

30°
d 6 ft
Q 2-in.
diameter
1.6 ft
1 ft
F I G U R E P3.108
F I G U R E P3.112

3.109 Water flows over a weir plate (see Video V10.13) which has
a parabolic opening as shown in Fig. P3.109. That is, the opening in Section 3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic
the weir plate has a width CH1#2, where C is a constant. Determine Grade Line
the functional dependence of the flowrate on the head, Q " Q1H2.
3.113 Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m diameter at a rate of
0.2 m3#s and a pressure of 200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine
the velocity head and pressure head at elevations of 20 and 55 m.
CH1/2
3.114 Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the
Q flow shown in Problem 3.78.
H
3.115 Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the
flow of Problem 3.75.
3.116 Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow
shown in Problem 3.64.
F I G U R E P3.109
Section 3.8 Restrictions on the Use of the Bernoulli
3.110 A weir (see Video V10.13) of trapezoidal cross section is
Equation
used to measure the flowrate in a channel as shown in Fig. P3.110. 3.117 Obtain a photograph/image of a flow in which it would not
If the flowrate is Q0 when H " /#2, what flowrate is expected be appropriate to use the Bernoulli equation. Print this photo and
when H " /? write a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved.
ANS-2 Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Homework Problems

2.70 3.55 m 3.72 0.0132 m3&s

2.72 1a2 2.11 m; 1b2 941 kN 3.74 0.346 ft3&s, 7.89 " 10#4 slugs&s; 0.0254 lb&s
2.74 78.5 kN; 2.03 m below free surface 3.76 4
2.76 102 ft ! lb 3.78 0.141 ft3&s, #499 lb&ft2, #312 lb&ft2, #312 lb&ft2
2.78 48.2 ft; 61.1 ft; 71.8 ft; 81.1 ft; 89.1 ft 3.80 0.37 m
2.84 20,200 lb 3.82 7.53 ft
2.86 7.77 " 109 lb acting 406 ft up from base of dam 3.84 1.38 ft3&s
2.88 64.4 kN 3.86 0.351 ft3&s
2.90 60.8 kN; 0.100 m below center of tank end wall 3.88 36.5 s
2.92 337 lb, 882 lb 3.92 404.5 kPa
2.94 485 kN 3.94 9.10 " 10#3 m3&s; 57.9 kPa
2.98 1a2 786,000 lb; 1b2 315,000 lb 3.96 2.00 " 10#4 m3&s; 0.129 m
2.100 54,600 lb 3.98 155 N &m2
2.104 2480 kg 3.102 0.174 m3 &s
2.106 681 lb up; 6.22 ft to right of A 3.106 6.10 " 10#3 m3&s
2.108 89.5 3.108 1.016 in.
2.110 #8.63 ft&s2 3.110 3.46 Q0
2.112 1a2 68.9 lb &ft2; 1b2 57.4 lb 3.112 145 ft3&s
2.114 37.4 deg
2.116 h % a/&g
Chapter 4
2.118 5.76 ft
4.6 5 ft&s; 1x2 $ 8x $ 2521&2 ft&s
2.120 28.8 kPa
4.8 20 ft &s for any x, y; #90 deg, #45 deg, 0 deg
Chapter 3 4.10 y2 % x $ c
4.12 y % e1x & 2#x2 # 1
2

3.2 13.7 m &s

4.14 1a2 0.712, #8.50; 1b2 1.69 ft &s
3.4 1a2 #19411 $ x2 $ 62.4 lb &ft3; 1b2 41.2 psi
3.6 #30.0 kPa &m 4.18 x &h % 1u0&v02 3 ln1h&1h # y2 # y &h 4
4.20 10 ft &s, 9 ft &s, 6 ft &s, 4 ft &s
3.8 #0.838 psi &ft; 0.0292 psi &ft
4.22 ax % 1V0&/2 2x; ay % 1V0&/2 2y
3.10 1a2 #2ra 2V02 [1 # 1a &x22]&x3
1b2 p0 $ rV02 [1a&x2 2 # 1a &x24 &2] 4.24 ax % x; ay % 8x 2y 214x2y # 12; az % #1x $ 4x 2y 22
3.14 12.0 kPa; #20.1 kPa 4.26 1a2 4 ft &s2, 2 ft &s2; 1b2 negative
3.16 1a2 4.97 lb &ft3; 1b2 0.681 lb &ft3 4.28 10 ft &s; 10 ft &s2
3.22 3.21 N &m2 4.30 #1.65 " 1011 ft&s2; #5.12 " 109
3.24 4.50 kPa 4.32 V0 11 # x&/2 3 ce#ct # 1V0&/2 11 # e#ct 2 2 4 ;
3.26 30 deg c % 0.490 s#1
3.28 0.14 in. 4.34 #33.8 ft&s2; 1.05
3.30 194 mph 4.36 1225x $ 1502 m&s2; 0; 1225x $ 1502 m &s2;
3.32 3.26 m 150 m&s2; 375 m &s2
3.36 Tank 1a2 4.42 0, K &r3
3.38 1248 lb &ft2 4.44 19V02&4a2 sin ! cos !; 19V02&4a2 sin2 !; 0 deg; 90 deg
3.40 h % 0 4.46 14V02&a2 sin ! cos !; 14V02 &a2 sin2 !
3.44 43.0 psi 4.48 1a2 0.4 ft &s2, 0; 1b2 1.28 ft &s2, 2.88 ft&s2;
3.46 10.7 s 1c2 1.34 ft &s2, 2.88 ft&s2
3.48 1a2 0.223 ft; 1b2 9.22 lb &ft2 4.50 3.13 " 10#5 m&s2; 2.00 " 10#3 m&s2
3.50 3.19 ft 4.52 25,600 ft&s2; 25.0 ft&s2
3.52 0.0156 D2&[10.124 # D4]1& 2 m3 &s when D ! m 4.54 40 mi&hr
3.54 2.35 m; 11.9 m 4.56 1a2 2.5 'F&hr; 1b2 1.25 'F&hr; 1c2 #10 'F&hr
3.56 2.54 " 10#4 m3 &s 4.60 5.0 m3&s
3.58 h &H % 1 &[1 $ 1d &D24] 4.62 132 ft3&s
3.60 1a2 3.98 ft; 1b2 36.0 ft &s, #510 lb &ft2 4.66 2V0hb&3
3.62 86.3 Pa 4.72 7.14 î slug ! ft &s2
3.64 1.31 ft
3.66 #8.11 psi Chapter 5
3.68 1a2 0.0696 m3 &s; 1b2 0.574 m 5.6 3.66 slugs &s
3.70 H&H0 % 1&11 $ cx&L21&2, where 5.8 1.70 ft &s
c % 2gH2O dmax&rV02 5.10 decrease