Calibrating The Discharge Coefficient of Semicircular Crested Weir
Calibrating The Discharge Coefficient of Semicircular Crested Weir
Calibrating The Discharge Coefficient of Semicircular Crested Weir
24, 2010
Abstract
This study deals with the evaluation of discharge coefficient of semicircle
crested weir extending across the full width of the channel (suppressed).It is stable
over flow pattern, easy to pass floating debris, and has large coefficient of
discharge. Data obtained from laboratory experiments provide information on
head discharge relationship for three models with different radius of curvature.
Each model has an empirical head- discharge equation. The momentum equation
is applied to derive discharge per unit width. The predicted values of discharge
coefficient for the proposed models based on direct discharge measurement & the
derived discharge equation. The proper application of this study is an equation
show that the discharge coefficient is proportional with upstream head above weir
crest & inversely with the radius of curvature.
Keywords: Curvilinear flow, pressure distribution, discharge coefficient
semicircular.
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Introduction
A semicircular broad crested
weir consists of an obstruction in the
form of a raised portion of bed
extending across the full width of the
channel. This raised portion has a
shape of semicircle figure (1). The
basic difference between broad
crested weir and the present model is
Critical Depth
In a rectangular horizontal
channel with hydrostatic pressure
distribution, the flow depth at critical
flow condition equals:
(4)
dc is commonly called the critical
flow depth at the crest of semicircular weir, critical flow occurs but
the pressure distribution is not
hydrostatic.
The
stream
line
curvature implies that the pressure
gradient is less than hydrostatic and
velocity distribution is rapidly varied
[1].Critical depth and its position on
weir are governed mainly by
frictional effects and stream line
curvature. Therefore, curvilinear
flow (dc/y1)
while in parallel
flow (dc/y1)
[6]. For all these
reasons, the depth at the crest of
semi-circular weir is expected to
differ from equation (4).
Computation of Pressure
Distribution
equals
the
Where
piezometric head at point (1) and
point
(2)
respectively
and
is the loss of
piezometric head due to curvature of
surface line. A decrease of
piezometric head, which is due to
centrifugal acceleration, necessarily
a corresponding increase of velocity
head, thus:
6832
. (6)
Where (q) the discharge per unit
width, y1and y2 are upstream and
downstream
weir
depths.
Experimental data have shown that
on the average,
in that
case the above equation can be
simplified and solved for q as:
(5)
Where y1 is upstream flow depth.
The accuracy of the last assumption
has been checked by flow-net
analysis.
Evaluation of Discharge
The discharge per unit width
of a broad crested weir across a
rectangular channel (q) can be
determined by application of the
momentum principle. Since it deals
only with external forces represented
by
upstream and downstream
hydrostatic and pressure forces
acting on weir surface. The
assumptions to be made are the
frictional forces ( ), ( ) are
negligible, where first symbol is the
(7)
Where
,
( ) is coefficient has the dimension
of (L3), is gravity acceleration, and
( ) is the upstream head above the
weir crest. In practice the observed
discharge differs from equation (7)
because it based on idealized
assumptions such as: hydrostatic
pressure distribution and uniform
velocity distribution in reality these
effects do occur and the must be
6833
..
(For
R = 4 cm)..... (8)
(For
R = 6cm)..... (9)
(For
R = 7 cm).. (10)
Experimental data shows that the
practical range of the coefficient to
(
is varied as shown in table
(1).
Effect of Upstream Head on
Discharge Coefficient
The discharge coefficient data
are plotted as function of ratio (H/R).
The graphical representation show
that the discharge coefficient is
proportional to the ratio of (H/R) as
illustrated in figure (9). It appears
that if (R=) the stream lines are
straight and if they are curved there
is a significant flow velocity result is
increasing of discharge coefficient.
Effect of Radius of Curvature on
Discharge Coefficient.
The effect of radius of curvature was
investigated through series of
experiments. The average discharge
coefficients for each model are
plotted versus radius of curvature as
shown in the figure (10) which
reveal that the discharge coefficient
increased as the radius of curvature
decreased.
That is for any element of
stream line having radius of
curvature (r), has a normal
component of acceleration (an)
which is equal to ( 2/r) [9].
Resulting in non uniform velocity
distribution which has maximum
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Conclusions
The main objective of this study is to
estimate the discharge coefficient for
semicircular crested weir. The
experimental results and theoretical
discharge equation show that the
discharge coefficient increases as the
head upstream the weir crest
increased, the degree of curvature of
over flowing has a significant
influence on (Cd) and the discharge
coefficient
increases
if
the
streamlines curvature increases.
Thus the discharge coefficient is
depends on shape and type of the
measuring structure.
The pressure distribution varies
along the weir surface and there is a
transition from hydrostatic to
hydrodynamic pressure forces as the
flow moves in curvilinear vertical
plane however the determination of
these forces are calculated from
flow-net analysis.
From practical experiments
there are three different value of (C)
related to (H3/2) these values are
depend on the shape of approaching
channel section and to the power of
the head above the crest level. Each
of the empirical stage-discharge
equations (1, 2, 3) of this type have
been derived for that structure only.
References
[1] Chanson, H. and Montes, J.S. "
Over flow Characteristics of
Circular Weir: Effect of inflow
condition . "Journal of irrigation
and drainage energy. ASCE, Vol.
124, No.3, PP.152-162 (ISSNO
733-9437).
6836
Type
of
(C) value
Model I
1.7648
Model II
2.1898
Model III
2.1747
model
6837
6838
6839
Figure (6) the relationship between (q) with (H) for model (I)
Figure (7) the relationship between (q) with (H) for model (II)
6840
Figure (8) the relationship between (q) with (H) for model (III)
6841
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Appendix (A)
Experimental Data
Laboratory measurement for model (I) with (R = 4 cm) (the measured at equal distance of (1 cm) from the center line)
Q
Upstream
C.L
downstream
(l/s)
1.098 7.88 7.88 7.88 7.88 7.88 7.83 7.7
0.972
7.72 7.7
7.68 7.6
7.55 7.5
7.4
7.21 7.1
0.78
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.04 6.9
6.7
0.714
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.86 6.8
0.62
1.8
1.25
1.27 1.2
1.12 1.12
0.92
3.3
2.1
1.36 0.9
0.86
1.9
Laboratory measurement for model (II) with (R = 6 cm) (the measured at equal distance of (1 cm) from the center line)
Q (l/s)
Upstream
C.L
1.229
9.9
9.88 9.8
9.76 9.7
1.209
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
1.083
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
0.980
0.9337
9.14 9.1
9.2
downstream
8.7
8.5
8.35 8
6843
8.3
7.54 6.9
6.5
5.4
5.1
3.9
6.77 5.9
8.1
6.5
7.7
7.2
4.8
3.5
1.9
2.47 1.7
1.3
1.54 1.25
1.2
Laboratory measurement for model (III) with (R = 7 cm) (the measured at equal distance of (1 cm) from the center line)
Q (l/s)
1.25
Upstream
10.72
10.6
10.6
10.5
C.L
Downstream
9.92 9.5
9.14 8.6
8.1
7.4
6.5
9.51 9.2
8.9
8.45 7.8
7.1
6.26 5.1
8.6
8.2
0.9868 10.26
10
9.9
9.7
0.8282 9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.7
9.6
9.44 9.25 9
0.7587 9.67
9.67
9.67
9.67
9.65
9.5
9.4
9.2
0.6622 9.5
9.5
9.5
9.42
9.3
9.25
9.2
6844
3.75 2.6
8.09 7.6
7.9
6.8
5.7
2.9
1.77 1.2
1.1
1.32 1
2.6
1.5
0.75
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