James Ruse 2014 Chemistry HY & Solutions

Chemistry Assessment
Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory
Acidic Environment
& Chemical Monitoring
General Instructions Total Marks 41
Reading time 5 minutes Part A 9 marks
Working time 55 minutes Attempt Questions 1 9
Confidential
Write using black or blue pen
Allow about 10 minutes for this
part
Keep
Write your Student Secure
Number on top of
Part B 32 marks
pages 6 and 7.
Board-approved calculators may be used Attempt Questions 10 16

A data sheet and a periodic table are provided part
Part B 28 marks
Part A: Multiple Choice:
Attempt Questions 1 9
Allow about 10 minutes for this part
Mark your answers for the multiple choice questions in the multiple choice grid on page 6
JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 2 of 11

Multiple Choice (Mark your answers on the multiple choice grid on page 6 )
1. Who was the first scientist to attribute acidity of a substance to the presence of a particular
element in the substance?
(A) Lavoisier
(B) Davy
(C) Arrhenius
(D) Bronsted
2. Which of the pairs of species listed below are conjugate acid-base pairs?
(i) H2 H+
(ii) NH3 NH2
(iii) H2O OH
(iv) H2O O2
(A) (i) (iv)

(B) (ii), (iii), (iv) only
(C) (ii) and (iii) only
(D) (i) and (iv) only
3. The forward reaction in the equilibrium shown below is endothermic.
OCl (aq) + H2O (l) HOCl (aq) + OH (aq)
Which change increases the concentration of hypochlorous acid (HOCl)?
(A) increasing the pressure
(B) increasing the pH
(C) lowering the temperature
(D) adding sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

4. The air quality in large cities is often adversely affected by emissions from car exhausts.
Which lower atmosphere pollutant is found in the highest concentration in emissions from
car exhausts?
(A) Ozone
(B) CFCs
(C) Halons
(D) Oxides of nitrogen
5. Ammonia is produced during an industrial process that involves the use of a catalyst.
What catalyst is used?
(A) Concentrated sulfuric acid

(B) Finely ground iron particles
(C) Hot metal coils
(D) Aluminium silicate
6. Which class of compounds is commonly used to flavour foods?
(A) Esters
(B) Haloalkanes
(C) Bases
(D) Alkanes
7. A 0.10 mol L1 solution of a certain acid HA has a pH of 1.00.
What will be the hydronium ion concentration in mol L1 if 810 mL of the solution is
diluted to 1.00 L?
(A) 0.081
(B) 0.0081
(C) 0.019
(D) 0.0019

8 Which of the following alternatives show the three compounds listed in order of decreasing boiling
point?
(A) Pentane, butanol, propanoic acid
(B) Propanoic acid, butanol, pentane
(C) Propanoic acid, pentane, butanol
(D) Butanol, propanoic acid, pentane
9. The figure shows the pH values of some substances.
Stomach Lemon Distilled Baking Soap Laundry Oven

Acid juice Wine Rain Milk water Seawater soda solution detergent Bleach cleaner
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Based on the pH values shown in the figure, which of the following statements about the
concentration of hydrogen ions is correct?
(A) It is 1000 times lower in distilled water than in soap.
(B) It is 3 times lower in wine than in bleach.
(C) It is 1000 000 times lower in soap than in wine.
(D) It is 2 times lower in milk than in lemon juice

Student Number .......................................
Part A . Answer grid for multiple choice questions Total ...................
1. AO BO CO DO
2. AO BO CO DO
3. AO BO CO DO
4. AO BO CO DO
5. AO BO CO DO
6. AO BO CO DO
7. AO BO CO DO
8. AO BO CO DO
9. AO BO CO DO
Total .....................

Student Number
Part B: Free Response Questions: (32 marks)
Attempt Questions 10 - 16 Allow about 45 minutes for this part.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Marks
Question 10 (2 marks)
Describe how indicators are used in soil testing. 2
........................................................................................................................................................
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a chemical substance with many uses due to its amphiprotic
properties.
(a) Use ionic equations to illustrate the amphiprotic nature of sodium hydrogen carbonate. 2
(b) Describe a practical use of sodium hydrogen carbonate which is due to its amphiprotic
property. 2

Marks
The burning of coal to create steam is the major method used to produce electricity in NSW.
An analysis of a coal sample was completed and the results are shown below.
Percentage composition of coal sample

Ash 13.20
Water 8.30
Nitrogen 0.50
Sulfur 0.40
Total carbon 77.60
(a) Explain, using Le Chateliers Principle and relevant chemical equations, how an
increase in the burning of coal can change the pH of the oceans. 4
(b) Calculate the maximum volume of sulfur dioxide that could be produced at 298 K and
100 kPa from the burning of 100.0 g of this coal sample. 2

Marks
Ammonia is manufactured in a process between two naturally occurring diatomic gases, in the
presence of a catalyst.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent this reaction. 1
(b) The reaction mixture is passed into a chamber at a pressure of 200 Atm at 450C in
contact with a catalyst. These conditions are relatively unique for an industrial process.
In particular, the temperature is unusually low.
Explain why the conditions are used in the production of ammonia. 5

Marks
A solution of hydrochloric acid has a pH of 1.50.
(a) Calculate the [H+] of this solution. 1
(b) 10.0 mL of this solution is made up to 1.00 L with distilled water.

Calculate the pH of the new solution. 2
Methanol and butanoic acid are reacted using appropriate apparatus and specific conditions.
(a) Identify a catalyst used in this reaction. 1
(b) Draw a balanced chemical equation using structural formulae to show the reaction between
methanol and butanoic acid. Name the products. 3
Question 15 continues on the next page.

Question 15 continues
Marks
(c) Identify the specialised glassware used to prepare the major product and give
TWO reasons for its use. 3
Solutions of 0.01 mol L1 acetic acid, citric acid and hydrochloric acid were prepared.
The pH of each solution were measured and found to be 3.41, 2.65 and 2.00 respectively.
(a) Describe how the pH of the solutions were measured. 1
(b) Explain the difference in pH between the 0.01 mol L1 solution of the three acids. 3
END of Theory Test

Chemistry Assessment
Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory
Acidic Environment
& Chemical Monitoring ANSWERS
General Instructions Total Marks 41
Reading time 5 minutes Part A 9 marks
Working time 55 minutes Attempt Questions
Confidential
Write using black or blue pen
part
Keep
Write your Student Secure
Number on top of
Part B 32 marks
pages 6 and 7
Board-approved calculators may be used Attempt Questions

A data sheet and a periodic table are provided part
Part B 28 marks
Part A: Multiple Choice:
Attempt Questions 1 11
Allow about 10 minutes for this part
Mark your answers for the multiple choice questions in the multiple choice grid on page 6
Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014_ ANS page 2 of 13

Multiple Choice (Mark your answers on the multiple choice grid on page 6 )
1. Who is the first scientist to attribute acidity of a substance to the presence of a particular
element in the substance?
(A) Lavoisier
(B) Davy
(C) Arrhenius
(D) Bronsted
Outcome(s): H1
2. Which of the pairs of species listed below are conjugate acid-base pairs?
(i) H2 H+
(ii) NH3 NH2
(iii) H2O OH
(iv) H2O O2
(A) (i) (iv)

(B) (ii), (iii), (iv) only
(C) (ii) and (iii) only
(D) (i) and (iv) only
3. The forward reaction in the equilibrium shown below is endothermic.
OCl- (aq) + H2O (l) HOCl (aq) + OH- (aq)
Which change increases the concentration of hypochlorous acid?
(A) adding water
(B) increasing the pH
(C) lowering the temperature
(D) adding sodium hypochlorite
Outcomes : H4, H8

4. The air quality in large cities is often adversely affected by emissions from car exhausts.
Which lower atmosphere pollutant is found in the highest concentration in emissions from
car exhausts?
(A) Ozone
(B) CFCs
(C) Halons
(D) Oxides of nitrogen
Outcomes :H1, H4, H9
5. Ammonia is produced during an industrial process that involves the use of a catalyst.
What catalyst is used?
(A) Concentrated sulfuric acid.
(B) Finely ground iron particles.
(C) Hot metal coils
(D) Aluminium silicate
Outcome(s): H3
6. Which class of compounds is commonly used to flavour foods ?
(A) Esters
(B) Haloalkanes
(C) Bases
(D) Alkanes
Outcomes :H6
7. A 0.10 molL-1 solution of a certain acid HA has a pH of 1.00.
What will be the hydronium ion concentration in mol L-1 if 810 mL of the solution is
diluted to to 1.00 L?
(A) 0.081
(B) 0.0081
(C) 0.019
(D) 0.0019
Outcomes : H10

8. Which of the following alternatives show the three compounds listed in order of decreasing boiling
point?
(A) Pentane, butanol, propanoic acid
(B) Propanoic acid, butanol, pentane
(C) Propanoic acid, pentane, butanol
(D) Butanol, propanoic acid, pentane
Outcomes :H9
9. The figure shows the pH values of some substances.
Stomach Lemon Distilled Baking Soap Laundry Oven

Acid juice Wine Rain Milk water Seawater soda solution detergent Bleach cleaner
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Based on the pH values shown in the figure, which of the following statements about the
concentration of hydrogen ions is correct ?
(A) It is 1000 times lower in distilled water than in soap.
(B) It is 3 times lower in wine than in bleach.
(C) It is 1000000 times lower in soap than in wine.
(D) It is 2 times lower in milk than in lemon juice.
Outcomes :H4

Student Number .......................................
Part A . Answer grid for multiple choice questions Total ...................
1. A BO CO DO
2. AO BO C DO
3. AO BO CO D
4. AO BO CO D
5. AO B CO DO
6. A BO CO DO
7. A BO CO DO
8. AO B CO DO
9. AO BO C DO
Total .....................

Student Number
Part B: Free Response Questions: (32 marks)
Attempt Questions 10-16 Allow about 45 minutes for this part.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Marks
Describe how indicators are used in soil testing. 2
Outcome(s):H13
Sample answer:
Indicators are used to ascertain the pH of soil in order to decide the suitability of the soil to the cultivation
of particular crops. Testing consists of sprinkling barium sulfate, as white background, on the soil and
then adding a drop of universal indicator. The colour developed indicates the pH of the soil.
Marking Guidelines
Criteria Marks
A detailed description of how indicators are used in agriculture which may include soil testing 2
OR a detailed description of how the test is conducted
A description of how indicators are used in agriculture with no actual details on the technique 1
involved.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a chemical substance with many uses due to its amphiprotic
properties.
(a) Use ionic equations to illustrate the amphiprotic nature of sodium hydrogen carbonate (3 marks)
Outcome(s):H4, H9, H13
Sample answer:
An amphiprotic substance is a substance able to donate a proton to a base or to a weaker acid or accept a
proton from a stronger acid and thus act as a base.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an amphiprotic substance which exhibits the following behaviour in acid
and basic media:
as a base in acid medium: HCO3- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) H2CO3 (aq) H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
as an acid in basic medium: HCO3- (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O(l) + CO32-(aq)
Marking Guidelines
Criteria Marks
two equations to show amphiprotic nature of the hydrogen carbonate ion 2
equation which should involve an acid and a base as reactants
two equations to show amphiprotic nature of the hydrogen carbonate ion involving 1
water as reactant in the two roles
(b) Describe a practical use of sodium hydrogen carbonate which is due to its amphiprotic property.
(2 marks)
Sample answer:
As an amphiprotic substance, sodium hydrogen carbonate is useful as a neutralizer in both

acidic and basic chemical spill. It is a weak acid and a weak base and hence an excess
of the substance will harm neither the experimenter nor the environment.
Marking guidelines
Criteria Marks
correct use of sodium hydrogen carbonate with a detailed explanation of how it works 2
correct use of sodium hydrogen carbonate with no detailed explanation on how it 1
works
The burning of coal to create steam is the major method used to produce electricity in NSW.
An analysis of a coal sample was completed and the results are shown below.
Percentage composition of coal sample

Ash 13.20
Water 8.30
Nitrogen 0.50
Sulfur 0.40
Total carbon 77.60
(a) Explain, using Le Chateliers Principle and relevant chemical equations, how an increase
in the burning of coal can change the pH of the oceans. (4 marks)
Sample answer
C (s) + O2(g) CO2 (g)
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
Carbon in the coal burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide forms an equilibrium in water with carbonic acid.
By Le Chateliers Principle, an increase in carbon dioxide will cause the equilibrium to shift to the right
increasing the concentration of acid in the ocean and therefore causing a decrease in the pH.
Marking Guidelines

Criteria Marks
Demonstrates an understanding of Le Chateliers Principle 4
Explains that an increase in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH
Gives two relevant equations including the equilibrium that involves carbon dioxide
as an acid
Demonstrates an understanding of Le Chateliers Principle 3
Explains that an increase in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH
Gives one relevant equations including the equilibrium that involves carbon dioxide
as an acid
Gives one relevant equation AND 2
Identifies that the ocean will become more acidic
Gives one relevant equation OR 1
Identifies that the ocean will become more acidic
Outcome(s):H4, H8, H9
(b) Calculate the maximum volume of sulfur dioxide that could be produced from the burning
of 100.0 g of this coal sample at 298 K and 100 kPa.
Sample answer
Mass of sulfur in 100.0 g is 0.40% x 100.0 = 0.40g

Mol S = mass/molar mass = 0.40/32.06 = 0.0125 mol
S + O2 SO2
Mol S =mol SO2
V SO2 at 298 K =mol x 24.79 L
= 0.125 x 24.79 L
= 0.31L
Marking Guidelines
Criteria Marks
Complete calculation with relevant working 2
Some correct working 1
Outcome(s):H10
Question 13 (1 mark)
Ammonia is manufactured in a process between two naturally occurring diatomic gases, in the
presence of a catalyst.
(a) Write an appropriate balanced chemical equation to represent this reaction. (1 mark)
Fe
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2 NH3(g) (1 mark)
Outcome(s): H6, H7
(b) The reaction mixture is passed into a chamber at a pressure of 200 Atm at 450C in
contact with a catalyst. These conditions are relatively unique for an industrial process.
In particular, the temperature is unusually low.
Explain why the conditions are used during the production of ammonia.
Outcome(s):H3, H7, H8, H10
ANSWERS MARKS
The production of ammonia is an equilibrium reaction and requires a compromise.
OR
Mentions Le Chatelier and relates to reaction
AND
Exothermic Reaction so heat is released in forward reaction. Higher temperatures would
push the reaction to the left to use up heat and reduce ammonia production.
AND
Moderately high temperatures are required to produce a reasonable yield. 5 marks
AND
The catalyst increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reaction.
AND
A relatively high pressure of 200 Atm is required to push equilibrium to the right. More
moles of gas on LHS than on RHS.
OR
Mentions Le Chatelier and relates to reaction.
AND
push the reaction to the left to use up heat and reduce ammonia production. 4 marks
AND
Moderately high temperatures are required to produce a reasonable yield.
AND
Implies that the production of ammonia requires a compromise.
OR
Recognises that it is an equilibrium process.
OR
AND 3 marks
AND

AND
push the reaction to the left to use up heat and reduce ammonia production. 2 marks

OR
AND

OR
A relatively high pressure of 200 Atm is require to push equilibrium to the right. More
OR 1 mark
OR
Demonstrates no understanding of the equilibrium or the Haber Process. 0 marks
Sample Answer
Le Chatelier states that by disturbing a system that is at equilibrium, the system will shift to reduce the effects of
the disturbance. The production of ammonia is an equilibrium process that is exothermic in the forward reaction.
Higher temperatures would push the reaction to the left to use up heat but this will reduce ammonia yield.
Moderately high temperatures (450C) are required to produce a reasonable yield. A catalyst is used to
increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reaction. A relatively high pressure of 200 Atm is required to
push equilibrium to the right. More moles of gas on LHS than on RHS. The production of ammonia requires a
compromise. This is achieved by using moderately high temperatures and high pressure in the presence of a
catalyst.
A solution of hydrochloric acid has a pH of 1.50.
(a) Calculate the [H+] of this solution. (1 mark)
(b) 10.0 mL of this solution is made up to 1.00 L with distilled water.

Calculate the pH of the new solution. (2 marks)
Sample Answer :
pH = 1.5 thus [H+] = 10-1.5 = 3.16 X 10-2 molL-1

new [H+] = 3.16 X 10-2 X 10 / 1000 = 3.16 X 10-4 molL-1
thus pH = -log10 [ 3.16 X 10-4] = 3.5
14 a) Marking Guidelines
Criteria Marks
Correct calculation of [H+] and use of pH = -log10[H+]
Correct use of pH = -log10[H+] 1

14 b) Marking Guidelines
Criteria Marks
Correct calculation of new [H+] and follow through correct calculation of pH 3
Correct calculation of pH with a follow through error from incorrect [H+] 2
calculation
1
Outcome: H8, H9
Methanol and butanoic acid are reacted using appropriate apparatus and specific conditions.
(a) Identify the catalyst used in this process. (1 mark)
conc sulfuric acid or H2SO4
(b) Write a chemical equation using structural formula to show the reaction between
methanol and butanoic acid. Name the products. (3 marks)
H H H H H H H
O
conc sulfuric acid
H C OH + H C C C COOH H C C C C + H2O
H H H H O CH3
H H H
methanol butanoic acid water
methyl butanoate
(c) Identify the specialised glassware used to prepare the major product and give
TWO reasons for its use. (3 marks)
Sample Answer :
Concentrated sulphuric acid or H2SO4
Reflux condenser and refluxing ; so that volatile reactants and products are condensed back to liquid state to
allow them to react further.
15a) Marking Guidelines

Criteria Marks
Correct identification of the catalyst used in the process. 1
15 b
Criteria Marks
Correct structural formula and names for reactants and products 4
One incorrect formula or name 3

Two incorrect formula or name 2
Three incorrect formula or name 1
15 c
Criteria Marks
Correct identification of glassware/apparatus, process and explanation for use of 3
this process
One of the above incorrect or incomplete explanation 2
Two of the above incorrect or incomplete explanation 1
Outcomes: H6, H8
A 0.01 mol L-1 solutions of acetic acid, citric acid and hydrochloric acid were prepared
The pH of each solution were measured and found to be 3.41, 2.65 and 2.00 respectively.
(a) Describe how the pH of the solutions were measured (1 mark)
(b) Explain the difference in pH between the 0.01 mol L-1 solution of the three acids. (3 marks)
Sample Answers :
Place a pH probe connected to a calibrated pH meter in each solution with rinsing in distilled water between
solutions OR appropriate use of a range of indicators with varying pH ranges.
All 3 acids have the same concentration but different pHs due to different degrees of
ionisation of each acid. HCl is the strongest acid thus ionises to the greatest extent(complete ionization) thus
has the highest [H+] and lowest pH.
Acetic acid is the weakest acid thus ionises least(incomplete ionization) and has the lowest [H+] and highest pH.
Citric acid is also a weak acid but ionizes to a greater extent than acetic acid thus has a higher [H+] than acetic
acid thus has a higher pH than HCl but lower than acetic acid.
16a) Marking Guidelines

Criteria Mark
One correct outline of measuring pH 1
16b
Criteria Marks
Correct and complete explanation of the differences in pH for the same 3
concentration of each of the 3 acids
Correct and complete explanation of the differences for 2 of the acids or outline 2
of differences for the 3 acids
Correct explanation for one of the acids or outline of the differences for 2 acids 1
END of Theory Test

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Chemistry Assessment

Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory

General Instructions Total Marks 41

Reading time 5 minutes Part A 9 marks

Working time 55 minutes Attempt Questions 1 9

Board-approved calculators may be used Attempt Questions 10 16

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 2 of 11

(A) (i) (iv)

3. The forward reaction in the equilibrium shown below is endothermic.

OCl (aq) + H2O (l) HOCl (aq) + OH (aq)

Which change increases the concentration of hypochlorous acid (HOCl)?

(A) increasing the pressure

(B) increasing the pH

(C) lowering the temperature

(D) adding sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 3 of 11

(A) Concentrated sulfuric acid

6. Which class of compounds is commonly used to flavour foods?

7. A 0.10 mol L1 solution of a certain acid HA has a pH of 1.00.

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 4 of 11

(A) Pentane, butanol, propanoic acid

(B) Propanoic acid, butanol, pentane

(C) Propanoic acid, pentane, butanol

(D) Butanol, propanoic acid, pentane

9. The figure shows the pH values of some substances.

Stomach Lemon Distilled Baking Soap Laundry Oven

(A) It is 1000 times lower in distilled water than in soap.

(B) It is 3 times lower in wine than in bleach.

(C) It is 1000 000 times lower in soap than in wine.

(D) It is 2 times lower in milk than in lemon juice

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 5 of 11

Part A . Answer grid for multiple choice questions Total ...................

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 6 of 11

Part B: Free Response Questions: (32 marks)

Attempt Questions 10 - 16 Allow about 45 minutes for this part.

Describe how indicators are used in soil testing. 2

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 7 of 11

Percentage composition of coal sample

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent this reaction. 1

Explain why the conditions are used in the production of ammonia. 5

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 9 of 11

A solution of hydrochloric acid has a pH of 1.50.

(a) Calculate the [H+] of this solution. 1

(b) 10.0 mL of this solution is made up to 1.00 L with distilled water.

(a) Identify a catalyst used in this reaction. 1

Question 15 continues on the next page.

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 10 of 11

(a) Describe how the pH of the solutions were measured. 1

END of Theory Test

JRAHS Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014 Theory page 11 of 11

General Instructions Total Marks 41

Reading time 5 minutes Part A 9 marks

Working time 55 minutes Attempt Questions

Board-approved calculators may be used Attempt Questions

Year 12 Chemistry Task 2 Term 1 2014_ ANS page 2 of 13