CHAPTER

1
HEAT TRANSFER
SME 4463

INSTRUCTOR: ASSOC PROF DR. MAZLAN ABDUL

WAHID
http://www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan

TEXT: Introduction to Heat Transfer

by Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, Lavine
5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
TEXT: Inroduction to Heat Transfer
by Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, Lavine John Wiley 1
and Sons

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER
Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamics is about:
Interaction of energy with system and surroundings.

surroundings
system
W boundary
Q

Energy can move in and out of a system in two forms

Work (W) and Heat (Q)
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Objectives 1
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Understand how thermodynamics and heat transfer are related to
each other,
Distinguish thermal energy from other forms of energy, and heat
transfer from other forms of energy transfer,
Perform general energy balances as well as surface energy balances,
Understand the basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are
conduction, convection, and radiation, and Fourier's law of heat
conduction, Newton's law of cooling, and the StefanBoltzmann law
of radiation,
Identify the mechanisms of heat transfer that occur simultaneously in
practice,
Develop an awareness of the cost associated with heat losses, and

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

2
 CHAPTER
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 1
The science of thermodynamics deals with the
amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another, and
makes no reference to how long the process will take.
The science of heat transfer deals
with the determination of the rates
of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a
result of temperature difference.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 1

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and
changes from one equilibrium state to another. Heat
transfer, on the other hand, deals with systems that lack
thermal equilibrium, and thus it is a nonequilibrium
phenomenon.
Therefore, the study of heat transfer cannot be based on
the principles of thermodynamics alone.
However, the laws of thermodynamics lay the
framework for the science of heat transfer.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

3
 CHAPTER
Heat Transfer 1
The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of a
temperature difference.

The second law requires that heat

be transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.

The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer.

The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the
magnitude of the temperature gradient in that direction.
The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate of heat
transfer.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
But thermodynamics .. 1
deals with the end states of the process
or
when the system reach equilibrium at the end states

It provides no information concerning

The nature of the interactions

The time rate at which it occurs

Heat transfer describes the nonequilibrium phenomena of the

transfer of energy due to temperature difference.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

4
 CHAPTER

EXAMPLE 1
Consider a can of drinks which you want to cool down you
would put it in a refrigerator.
20oC
Surrounding Air
T = 4oC

We know from experience that if we leave it in the fridge

ultimately it will reach equilibrium with its surroundings
AT WHAT RATE ? HOW?
Thermodynamics can not answer that.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
The nature of heat transfer
1
When there is temperature difference between two medium,
energy will transfer from a hotter medium to a colder
medium in a form of HEAT.
So heat transfer will occur when there is an energy
difference (temperature difference) in a medium or between
mediums

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

5
 CHAPTER
1
Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit
due to
temperature difference

The topic of Heat Transfer is about

understanding, determining and predicting flows of heat

All of Heat Transfer study is about answering the

question:
What is the heat flow rate from A to B?
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1
What is temperature ?

Thermal energy: atomic/molecular/electronic kinetic

energy
Measure to determine how hot/cold a material is
(intensity of thermal energy)
Criterion to determine the direction of thermal-energy
transport

From a microscopic view, temperature represents atomic or

molecular kinetic energy (translation / vibration / rotation)

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

6
 CHAPTER
Where is heat transfer falls at? 1
There are three principle laws upon which Engineering
studies are derived
Conservation of Momentum (Fluid Mechanics,
Mass Transfer)
Conservation of Energy (Thermodynamics, Heat
Transfer)
Conservation of Mass (Continuity, Mass Transfer)

In this course we are primarily interested in the

Conservation of Energy in Heat Transfer

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

Application Areas of Heat Transfer 1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

7
 CHAPTER
1
Importance of heat transfer in engineering

Power
High turbine inlet temperatures desired for efficiency.
Heat transfer from gas or steam to turbine blades (convection, radiation)
blades may fail.
Predict/control temperature of blades. Cooling strategies internal cool
air passages,
cool air bleed through perforated blade surface.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Turbine blade cooling 1

DR. MAZLAN
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA
Malaysia
HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

8
 CHAPTER
1
Biomedical

Thermal cancer treatments electromagnetic radiation (laser, radio),

ultrasonic waves, etc used to heat tumor.

Necessary to predict tumor temperature and understand heat transfer to

surrounding
tissue (conduction, convection).
Sometimes whole body temperature needs to be raised, lowered,
maintained water
and air blanket devices (convection and conduction), IR lamps (radiation).

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

Building
1

Heat is transferred through walls (conduction) to outside air

(convection), through
windows (radiation, convection, conduction), open doors/windows
(convection)
Heat loss (or gain) determines heating (air-conditioning)
requirements.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

9
 CHAPTER
Heat exchangers
devices designed specifically to promote heat transfer between two
1
fluids
car radiators, boilers, condensers, chip cooling, equipment cooling
and so on

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1
Fuel cells

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

10
 CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

Energy Transfer CHAPTER

Energy can be transferred to or from a given mass by two 1
mechanisms:
heat transfer, and
work.
The amount of heat transferred during a process is denoted by Q.

The amount of heat transferred per unit time is called heat
transfer rate, and is denoted by Q.
The total amount of heat transfer Q during a time interval t can
be determined from t
Q = Qdt
& (J)
0

The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction of
heat transfer is called heat flux, and the average heat flux is
expressed as Q&
q& = 2
(W/m )
A DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

11
 CHAPTER
The First Law of Thermodynamics
1
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can
neither be created nor destroyed during a process; it can only
change forms.
Total energy Total energy Change in the
entering the - leaving the = total energy of
system system the system
The energy balance for any system undergoing any process can
be expressed as (in the rate form)

E& in E& out = dEsystem dt (W)

Rate of net energy Rate of change in

transfer internal kinetic, potential,
by heat, work, and mass etc., energies DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1
Notation
Notation used in this course

Q - energy transfer in the form of heat (same as in thermo), J

q - heat transfer rate, W
q - heat transfer rate, per unit length, W/m
q - heat flux, heat transfer rate per unit area, W/m2
q
. - rate of energy generation per unit volume, W/m3

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

12
 CHAPTER
Methods of Heat Transfer
1
Objectives are to:
describe the three methods of heat transfer
give practical/environmental examples of each

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

Modes of Heat Transfer 1

Heat transfers across the systems boundary in three modes

Conduction

Convection

Radiation
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

13
 CHAPTER
Conduction
1
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
Conduction can take place in solids,
liquids, or gases
In gases and liquids conduction is due to
the collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion.
In solids conduction is due to the
combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy
transport by free electrons. DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Conduction 1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

14
 CHAPTER
Conduction
1

Straightforward transmission of heat within a stationary medium

Solid, liquid, or gas (usually most important in solids)
-Usually in solid(s) , maybe liquids
-Rarely gases (negligible to convection)
Mechanisms are on molecular/atomic level: molecular vibrations,
motion of free electrons
Can often come up with exact mathematical solutions
Need a temperature gradient
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Conduction 1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

15
 CHAPTER
Conduction
Conduction is simply:
1
Transfer of energy from more energetic to less
energetic particles of a substance due to interactions
between particles

From empirical observations (experiments)

Fouriers Law

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Conduction
1
T
qcond = kA
L

q: heat transfer rate

A: cross-sectional area
L: length
k: thermal conductivity
T: temperature difference across conductor
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

16
 CHAPTER
Thermal Conductivity 1

The thermal conductivity of a material is a

measure of the ability of the material to conduct
heat.
High value for thermal conductivity
good heat conductor
Low value
poor heat conductor or
insulator.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Thermal Conductivities of Materials 1
The thermal
conductivities of gases
such as air vary by a
factor of 104 from those
of pure metals such as
copper.
Pure crystals and metals
have the highest
thermal conductivities,
and gases and insulating
materials the lowest.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

17
 CHAPTER
Thermal Conductivities and Temperature 1
The thermal
conductivities of
materials vary with
temperature.
The temperature
dependence of
thermal conductivity
causes considerable
complexity in
conduction analysis.
A material is
normally assumed to
be isotropic. DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Thermal diffusivity 1
Heat conducted k
= = ( m2 s )
Heat stored cp

The thermal diffusivity represents how fast heat diffuses

through a material.
Appears in the transient heat conduction analysis.
A material that has a high thermal conductivity or a low heat
capacity will have a large thermal diffusivity.
The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the propagation of
heat into the medium. DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

18
 CHAPTER
Conduction
Example
1

A plain carbon steel rod of diameter 15 mm and length 420 mm has its
ends held at steady temperatures of 20C and 90C, respectively. What is
the heat flow rate?

k = conductivity = 60.5 W/m.K for plain carbon steel

(Fouriers Law).

q = -kAdT/dx = kA(T1- T2)/L

= 60.5 (0.015)2/4 (90 20) / 0.42
= 1.78 W
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

Under steady state conditions where temperature distribution 1

is linear, the temperature gradient may be expressed as

and the heat flux is then

or

Note: heat flux is rate per unit area. The heat rate by conduction,
qx (W), through a plane wall of area A is qx = qx " A
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

19
 CHAPTER
Conduction
Example 1
The heat flow rate through a wood board of 2 cm
thick for a temperature difference of 25oC
between the two surfaces is 150 W/m2. Calculate
the thermal conductivity of the wood.
T

50oC
25oC

L x DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

Convection

CONVECTION = Conduction + Advection (fluid motion)

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a

solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in
motion.
Convection is commonly classified into three sub-
modes:
Forced convection,
Natural (or free) convection,
Change of phase (liquid/vapor,
solid/liquid, etc.)

20
 Convection
T

Ts

The convection heat transfer mode is comprised two mechanisms:

1. Energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion)

2. Energy transfer due to bulk (or macroscopic) motion of the fluid

(called advection)

If both transport of energy is present, the term CONVECTION is generally

used.
If transport of energy due only to bulk motion of the fluid, the term
ADVECTION is used.

Convection

h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in

W/m2C.
h depends on variables such as the
surface geometry, the nature of fluid
motion, the properties of the fluid,
and the bulk fluid velocity.

21
 Convection
Convection is what happens when
the motion of a heat conducting
fluid increases the rate of
heat transfer.

In other words, the convective

air currents increase the rate
of heat transfer by improving
the conduction at the
surface.

Convection
Convection heat transfer normally takes place in a moving
liquid or gas

Conduction still takes place

Usually interested in cooling or heating of a solid object by a fluid

stream e.g. pipes in a boiler, cooling fin on an engine

Exact mathematical analysis usually impossible usually rely on

empirical correlations

22
 CHAPTER
Convection 1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1

Convection

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

23
 CHAPTER
Convection at Home
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

24
 CHAPTER
Convection 1
We are interested mainly in cases where there is heat transfer
between a fluid in motion and a bounding surface.
a. Velocity boundary layer
b. Thermal boundary layer
There are two types of convection:

Forced convection - flow caused by external means

Free convection - caused by buoyancy forces

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Convection
1
Newtons Law of Cooling:

q is the convective heat flux (W/m2), and is proportional to

the
difference between surface and fluid temps.
h (W/m2 K) is convective heat transfer coefficient -
depends on
conditions in boundary layer, surface geometry, nature of
fluid motion, and fluid thermo and transport properties.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

25
 CHAPTER
Convection
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
RADIATION
1
Radiation is energy emitted by matter
that
is at a finite temperature.
The emission is due to changes in
electron configurations of constituent
atoms or molecules.
Transported by electromagnetic
radiation.
Does not require a material
medium,
occurs most efficiently in vacuum.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

26
 CHAPTER
Radiation 1
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules.
Heat transfer by radiation does not require the presence of
an intervening medium.
In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal
radiation (radiation emitted by bodies because of their
temperature).
Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. However, radiation
is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon for
solids that are opaque to thermal radiation.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

27
 CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

Ideal Radiator CHAPTER

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at a 1

thermodynamic temperature Ts (in K) is given by the StefanBoltzmann law as
Ideal radiator
or Blackbody
where,
Ts is the absolute temp (K) of the surface
is the Stefan Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4)

The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is called a
blackbody.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

28
 CHAPTER
1
Heat flux emitted by a real object (less than that of a blackbody)

: emissivity, a radiative property of surface, how

efficient radiation emission is compared to blackbody

0 1
Determination of the net rate at which radiation is
exchanged between surfaces is complicated
Most often, we only need to know the net exchange
between a small surface and the surroundings.
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Small Surface and Large Surroundings 1
The net rate of radiation heat exchange between a small surface and
a large surroundings per a unit area of the small surface

T su r A su r
A

Ts

(
q = A TS TSUR
4 4
)
: emissivity
Maximum = 1.00, black charcoal surface, 0 1
Minimum = 0.01, shiny gold surface
: Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

29
 CHAPTER

(
q = A TS TSUR
4 4
) 1

Above eqn. can also be written in the following form,

q = hrA(Ts Tsur)

Where hr is the radiation heat transfer coefficient

hr= (T
s + Tsur) (Ts2 + Tsur2)

where we have linearized the equation shown earlier.

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1

Greenhouse
Effect

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

30
 CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Conservation of Energy 1
Surroundings, S

-Accumulation
Control Volume (Storage) E& st
(CV) Addition -Generation E& g
Loss
through inlet through outlet
Boundary, B E& in E& out
(Control Surface, CS)
dE
Energy conservation on a rate E& in + E& g E& out = st = E& st
dt
basis: Units W=J/s

Inflow and outflow are surface phenomena

Generation and accumulation are volumetric phenomena
DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

31
 Conservation of energy CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1
Ein

= dEst/dt =

= st

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

32
 CHAPTER
Surface Energy Balance
1
For a control surface:

qrad
qcond
T1 E& in E& out = 0
or
qconv "
qcond qconv
"
qrad
"
=0
T2
T
T
x
control surface DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
1
Surface energy balance

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

33
 The surface energy balance CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
Analysis of h.t problem Mesti buat seperti ini !!!
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

34
 Important! CHAPTER
1

DR. MAZLAN
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SKUDAI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

35