Question: Twelve people are given two identical speakers,

which they are asked to listen to for differences, if any.

Suppose that these people answer simply by guessing.
Find the probability that three people claim to have
heard a difference between the two speakers ?
Edit

Answer: Here we have,

N = 12
p-value = 0.5
q-value = 1 0.5 = 0.5
And X = 3 people claim to have heard a difference between the two speakers
So the probability that three people claim to have heard a difference between
the two speakers is
= (NcX)(p^x)(q^(n-x))
= (12C3)*(.5^3)*(.5^9)
= 220*0.125* 0.001953125
= 0.053710938

Question 355234: An employee is selected from a staff of 10 to

supervise a certain project by selecting a tag at random from a box
containing 10 tags numbered 1-10. Find the formula for the probability
distribution of X representing the number on the tag that is drawn.
Find the probability that the number is less than 4. find the mean and
variance of this random variable

Each number is equally likely,

, for .

Mean=

Var=

In a certain city district, the need for money to buy drugs is given as the reason
for 75% of all thefts. Find the probability that, out of the next 5 theft cases
reported in this district

(a) exactly 2 resulted from the need for money to buy drugs

(b) at most 3 resulted from the need for money to buy drugs.
 Solution:

This problem uses the binomial distribution.

Success = theft results from the need for money to buy drugs

Failure = theft results from some other reason

n = total number of trials = 5

R = # of successes out of n

Pr(Success) = = 0.75

b(r; n, ) = n!/{r!(n-r)!} r (1- )n-r

(a) Pr(R=2) = b(2; 5, 0.75) =

5!/{2!(5-2)!}* 0.752 *(1-0.75)5-2 = 10*0.5625*0.0156 = 0.0878

(b) Pr(R<=3) = Pr(R=1)+Pr(R=2)+Pr(R=3) =

b(1; 5, 0.75) + b(2; 5,0.75) + b(3; 5, 0.75) =

0.0146 + 0.0878 + 0.2637 = 0.3661

One prominent physician claims that 70% of those

with lung cancer are chain smokers. If his assertion is
correct,
(a) nd the probability that of 10 such patients
recently admitted to a hospital, fewer than half are
chain smokers;
(b) nd the probability that of 20 such patients recently
admitted to a hospital, fewer than half are chain smokers.

qa
x is bin(10,0.7)
P(x<5) = sum C(10,5) *0.7^x *0.3^(10-x), x = 0 to 4 = 0.0473 <------

qb
x is (20,0.7)
P(x<10) = sum C(20,x) *0.7^x *0.3^(20-x), x = 0 to 9 = 0.0171 <------

According to a study published by a group of University of Massachusetts

sociologists, about 2/3 of the 20
million persons who take Valium are women. Assuming this figure to be a valid
estimate, find the probability that on a
given day the 5th prescription written by a doctor for Valium is
a) The first prescribing Valium for a woman;
b) The third prescribing Valium for a woman
a) 2/3^5 ~ 0.008...
b) (4C2)(8/3^5) ~ 0.1975...

In testing a certain kind of truck tire over rugged terrain, it is found that 25% of
the trucks fail to complete the test run without a blowout. Of the next 15 trucks
tested, find the probability that
(a) from 3 to 6 have blowouts;
(b) fewer than 4 have blowouts;
(c) more than 5 have blowouts
N = 15, p = 0.25, (1-p) = 0.75

a) Prob (X = 3) + Prob(X = 4) + Prob (X = 5) + Prob(X = 6).

= 15choose3 * 0.25^3 * 0.75^12 + 15choose4 * 0.25^4 *0.75^11 + ... +

15choose6 * 0.25^6 * 0.75^9

b) Prob (X = 0) + .. + Prob(X = 3). (see part a for how to do this)

c) Simplest calculation = 1 - [ Prob (X = 0) + .. + Prob(X=5)]

a nationwide survey of college seniors by the university of michigan

revealed that almost 70% disapprove of daily pot smoking, according to
a report in parade. if 12 seniors are selected at random and asked their
opinion, find the probability that the number who disapprove of
smoking pot daily: a. anywhere from 7 to 9, b. at most 5, c. not less
than 8
a nationwide survey of college seniors by the university of michigan
revealed that almost 70% disapprove of daily pot smoking, according to
a report in parade. if 12 seniors are selected at random and asked their
opinion, find the probability that the number who disapprove of
smoking pot daily:
-----
Binomial Problem with n = 12 and p(disapprove) = 0.7
--------------------------

a. P(7 to 9) = binomcdf(12,0.7,9)-binomcdf(12,0.7,6) = 0.6293

---------------------------
b. P(0<= x <= 5) = binomcdf(12,0.7,5) = 0.0386
----------------------------
c. P(not less than 8) = P(8<= x <=12) = 1 - binomcdf(12,0.7,7) = 0.7240
=============
Cheers,
Stan H.
--------------
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.9.
What is the probability that exactly 5 of the next 7 patients having this operation
survive.
Binomial with n = 7 and p = 0.9. P(X = 5) = 0.124

A traffic control engineer reports that 75% of the vehicles passing

through a checkpoint are from within the state. What is the
probability that 3 of the next 9 vehicles are from within the state?
What is the probability that fewer than 4 of the next nine vehicles
are from within the state?

Let X=# of vehicles out of the next 9 that are from within the state. Then,
pi=prob. that a vehicle is from within the state = 0.75 and n=9.

What is the probability that 3 out of the next 9 are from within state?

Pr(X=3) = b(3; 9, 0.75) = 9!/{3!6!} (0.75)3 (1-0.75)9-3

What is the probability that fewer than 4 of the next 9 are from within state?

Pr(X<4) = Pr(X=0) + Pr(X=1) + Pr(X=2) + Pr(X=3) = sum{x=0 to 3} b(x; 9, 0.75)

= 9!/{0!9!} (0.75)0 (1-0.75)9-0 + 9!/{1!8!} (0.75)1 (1-0.75)9-1 + 9!/{2!7!}

(0.75)2 (1-0.75)9-2 + 9!/{3!6!} (0.75)3 (1-0.75)9-3

It is known that the percentage of wins for the Chicago Bulls basketball
team going into the playoffs for the 1996-97 season was 87.7. Round the
87.7 to 90 in order to use Table A.1
(a) What is the probability that the Bulls will sweep (4-0) in the initial
best-of-7 playoff series?
(b) What is the probability that the Bulls would tain the initial best-of-7
playoff series?
(c) What very important assumption is made for answering parts (a) and (b)?
The probability of winning is 0.9 a)The probability that the Bulls will sweep 4-0 ,is
when they win 4 matches in a row.The probability is 0.9*0.9*0.9*0.9 =0
taking only win/lose scenario, CB must always win the last game, so the other
team can win 0 games, 1 of the first 4, 2 of the first 5 or 3 of the first 6
Pr = 0.877^4(1 + 4c1*0.123 + 5c2*0.123^2 + 6c3*0.123^3)
= 0.9941

It is known that 60% of mice inoclated with a serum are protected from
a certain disease. if 5 mice are inoculated find the probability that (a)
none contracts the disease, (b) fewer than 2 contract the disease and
(c) more than 3 contract the disease
P=0.6, protected
P=0.4, not protected

a) P(5 protected)=
.
.
b) Fewer than two, means zero or 1 mice not protected.
P(0 not protected)=P(5 protected)=

P(1 not protected)=P(4 protected)=

.
.
c)More than 3 contract means, only zero or 1 mice protected.

P(0 protected)=

P(1 protected)=

i) Suppose that airplane engines operate independently and fail

with probability 0.35. Assuming that a plane makes a safe
flight if at least half the numbers of engine run. Find whether a
6 engine plane or a 4 engine plane has a higher probability of
successful flight.
ii) logically it would appear that the plane with 6 engines will have a probability
of success greater than a plane with 4 engines.

let's see if that's true.

this appears to be a binomial probability where:

p(x) = C(n,x) * p^x * q^(n-x)

p is the probability of success which is equal to .65

q is the probability of failure which is equal to .35

iii)
for the 4 engine plane, we want the probability that 2 or more engines are
operating successfully.

this would be equal to p(2) + p(3) + p(4)

for the 6 engine plane, we want the probability that 3 or more enginers are
operating successfully.
 this would be equal to p(3) + p(4) + p(5) + p(6).

the complete probabilities are shown n the following tables calculated by

using excel.

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As a student drives to school, he encounters a

trac signal. This trac signal stays green for 35 seconds,
yellow for 5 seconds, and red for 60 seconds. Assume
that the student goes to school each weekday
between 8:00 and 8:30 a.m. Let X
1
be the number of
times he encounters a green light, X
2
be the number
of times he encounters a yellow light, and X
3
be the
number of times he encounters a red light. Find the
joint distribution of X
1
,X
2
, and X
3
.
First, let's discuss some difficulties with the question itself. Although it mentions
the traffic signal, it doesn't discuss the real impact of other drivers. For instance,
if there is traffic congestion due to many people commuting at that hour, then it
is quite possible to be at the traffic signal for more than one full cycle (that is,
the student might wait for a red light to change to green, yet still not pass
through before the light turns back to red). Also, since the signal is strictly (and
therefore predictably) timed, the student might learn (as is expected of all
students), and thereby synchronize leaving for school so as to always reach the
signal when it is green. As you should see, such possibilities could have a
profound effect on the probability distribution, and should be recognized.
However, instead of dealing with these issues directly here, we'll just state that
they are important, and answer the question conditionally. That is, we'll give a
distribution which is conditioned on there being no significant congestion and
with the student's precise departure time independent of the traffic signal's
cycles.

There are various approaches that will get to the same distribution here. For
instance, you might use the binomial distribution more than once, and combine
the results with proper conditioning. However, if you have familiarity with some
of the more basic probability distributions, you should recognize that this
appears to be an instance of the multinomial distribution, which generalizes the
binomial distribution. (Since there are three possibilities for the state of the
traffic signal, you could call this trinomial if you like.) To help with readability,
let's define some more notation.

Let
g be a particular number of green lights encountered,
y be a particular number of yellow lights encountered, and
r be a particular number of red lights encountered.

That is, g is a realization of X1, y is a realization of X2, and r is a realization of X3,

where for any given week g + y + r = 5.

Then we can write the corresponding multinomial probability mass function as

follows.

f(X1 = g, X2 = y, X3 = r)
= (g + y + r)! / [g! y! r!] P(light is green)^g P(light is yellow)^y P(light is red)^r,
for g, y, and r in {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, and g + y + r = 5.

Given the signal has a 100-second total cycle time, and the condition we
imposed (but which was not stated in the question) that the student's departure
times are independent of the signal's cycles, then the probabilities in the
distribution are easy to obtain.

P(light is green) = 35 / 100 = 0.35,

P(light is yellow) = 5 / 100 = 0.05, and
P(light is red) = 60 / 100 = 0.60.

With that information the distribution can be rewritten slightly.

f(X1 = g, X2 = y, X3 = r)
= (g + y + r)! / [g! y! r!] (0.35)^g (0.05)^y (0.60)^r,
for g, y, and r in {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, and g + y + r = 5.

Now, if you want, you can exhaustively plug in every feasible set of values for g,
y, and r, from which you can construct a table for f(X1, X2, X3). Since this is a
homework assignment, it would probably be good for you to do that if you think
your teacher wants it. (Using a small computer program or online calculator
could save significant time here.) If so, then you might get something like the
table below.

X1 X2 X3 probability
0 0 5 0.0777600000
0 1 4 0.0324000000
0 2 3 0.0054000000
0 3 2 0.0004500000
0 4 1 0.0000187500
0 5 0 0.0000003125
1 0 4 0.2268000000
1 1 3 0.0756000000
 1 2 2 0.0094500000
1 3 1 0.0005250000
1 4 0 0.0000109375
2 0 3 0.2646000000
2 1 2 0.0661500000
2 2 1 0.0055125000
2 3 0 0.0001531250
3 0 2 0.1543500000
3 1 1 0.0257250000
3 2 0 0.0010718750
4 0 1 0.0450187500
4 1 0 0.0037515625
5 0 0 0.0052521875

The surface of a circular dart board has a small

center circle called the bulls-eye and 20 pie-shaped regions
numbered from 1 to 20. Each of the pie-shaped
regions is further divided into three parts such that a
person throwing a dart that lands in a specic region
scores the value of the number, double the number,
or triple the number, depending on which of the three
parts the dart hits. If a person hits the bulls-eye with
probability 0.01, hits a double with probability 0.10,
hits a triple with probability 0.05, and misses the dart
board with probability 0.02, what is the probability
that 7 throws will result in no bulls-eyes, no triples, a
double twice, and a complete miss once?

P(bull's-eye) = 0.01
P(miss) = 0.02
P(triple) = 0.05
P(double) = 0.10
P(single) = 1 - 0.01 - 0.10 - 0.05 - 0.02 = 0.82

Assuming that the 7 throws are independent, we want to know the probability
that:
Exactly 4 of them were singles.
Exactly 2 of them were doubles.
Exactly 1 of them was a miss.

Since order doesn't matter, the probability that this occurs is:
[7!/(4!2!1!)] * (0.82)^4 * (0.10)^2 * (0.02)^1 = 0.00949455696

according to the theory of genetics a certain cross of guinea pigs will

result in red,black,and white offspring in the ratio 8:4:4.find the
probability that among 8 such offspring 5 will be red ,2 black,and 1
white.
red,black,and white offspring in the ratio 8:4:4 ,
P(red) = 8/16 = 1/2
P(black) = 4/16 = 1/4
P(white) = 4/16 = 1/4
Each birth an Independent Event(with a probability of its own)
P(5 will be red ,2 black,and 1 white.) = (1/2)^5(1/4)^2(1/4)
........
Another example: 5 children...probability of 3G and 2B = (1/2)^3(1/2)^2 =
(1/2)^5

The probabilities are 0.4, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.1, respectively,

that a delegate to a certain convention arrived
by air, bus, automobile, or train.
n=9; Xair=1, Xbus=3, Xauto=3, Xtrain=2; P(Xair)=0.4, P(Xbus)=0.2,
P(Xauto)=0.3, P(Xtrain)=0.1 + f(1,3,3,2;0.4,0.2,0.3,0.1,9) = 4.3546x10-3

A safety engineer claims that only 40% of all

workers wear safety helmets when they eat lunch at
the workplace. Assuming that this claim is right, nd
the probability that 4 of 6 workers randomly chosen
will be wearing their helmets while having lunch at the
workplace.
The probability that 4 or fewer workers are wearing helmets is the complement
of the probability that 5 or 6 workers are not wearing helmets.

1 - [ C(6, 5) (0.6) (0.4) + (0.6) ]

1 - 0.233

77%

Q-6) If the probability that a fluorescent light

has a useful life of at least 800 hours is
0.9, find the probabilities that among 20
such lights at least 2 will not have a useful
life of at least 800 hours.

A manufacturer knows that on average 20% of

the electric toasters produced require repairs within 1
year after they are sold. When 20 toasters are randomly
selected, nd appropriate numbers x and y such
that
(a) the probability that at least x of them will require
repairs is less than 0.5;
(b) the probability that at least y of them will not require
repairs is greater than 0.8.
It's a binomial distribution.
(require repair) p = 0.2
(not need repair (q = 0.8)
n = 20
Just expand (p + q) to get your answers.

You will have use a normal approximation here.

X ~ N(4, 3.6)

a) This one's easy since it is the mean. The answer is 4.

(b) Y ~ N(16, 3.6)

You'll have to find the z-score first, than turn it into a Y-score.