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Madelung Constant

1) Madelung constant represents the effect of a crystal structure's geometric arrangement of ions on the electrostatic potential energy. 2) For a linear chain of alternating positive and negative ions, the Madelung constant is 2 log 2 per ion. 3) For an NaCl crystal structure, the Madelung constant is calculated by summing the attractive and repulsive Coulomb energies between all ions in the crystal. The Madelung constant for NaCl is 1.75 per kmol.

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978 views

Madelung Constant

1) Madelung constant represents the effect of a crystal structure's geometric arrangement of ions on the electrostatic potential energy. 2) For a linear chain of alternating positive and negative ions, the Madelung constant is 2 log 2 per ion. 3) For an NaCl crystal structure, the Madelung constant is calculated by summing the attractive and repulsive Coulomb energies between all ions in the crystal. The Madelung constant for NaCl is 1.75 per kmol.

Uploaded by

sarthak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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ATOMIC COHESION

AND
CRYSTAL BINDING
Lecture - 5
By
Dr. J. K. Baria
Professor Of Physics
V. P. & R. P. T. P. Science College
Vidyanagar 388 120
Knowledge Keeps the mind always young
CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

Madelung constant represents the effect of a specific geometrical array of


ions on the electrostatic potential energy. It is a property of the crystal
structure and depends on the lattice parameters, anion-cation distances, or
molecular volume of the crystal. Before considering a three-dimensional
crystal lattice, we shall discuss the calculation of Madelung constant in a
linear chain of ions of alternate signs as in following figure,

A hypothetical one-dimensional NaCl lattice.


CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

Let us pick up a positive ion for reference, and let r0 be the shortest distance
between adjacent ions. This ion has two negative ions as its neighbours on
either side at a distance r0.

Now the attractive Coulomb energy due to the nearest neighbours is

e2 e2 2 e2
+ =
4 2 0 r0 4 0 r0 4 0 r0
Similarly the repulsive energy due to the two positive ions at a distance of 2r0 is

2 e2
4 0 (2 r0 )
and the attractive Coulomb energy due to the two next neighbours at a
distance 3r0 is

2 e2

4 0 (3 r0 )
CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

Thus the total energy due to all the ions in the linear array is
2 e2 2 e2 2 e2 2 e2
= + +
4 0 (r0 ) 4 0 (2 r0 ) 4 0 (3 r0 ) 4 0 (4 r0 )

e2 1 1 1 e2 e2
= 2 1 + + ... = [2 log(1 + 1)] = [2 log 2]
4 0 r0 2 3 4 4 0 r0 4 0 r0

Thus, 2 log 2 is the Madelung constant per molecule of the

ionic solid. Hence, 2 N A log 2 is the Madelung constant per

kmol of the ionic solid.


CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

In three dimensions the series does present greater difficulty and it is not
possible to sum the series conveniently as in the case of one-dimensional
lattice. For definiteness let us consider the NaCl lattice of the structure
represented in the following figure,

NaCl Structure
CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

The total potential energy is obtained by adding all the


attractive and repulsive energies between all the ions. The
sodium ion Na+ at point A is coordinated by 6 Cl- ions at a
distance r0. Therefore, the attractive potential energy of the
sodium ion at A due to these 6 Cl- ions is , 6 e 2
4 0 r0

2 r0
Similarly 12 Na+ ions at and 6 Na+ ions at 2 r0
12 e 2
respectively contribute and 6 e2
4 0 (2 r0 )
respectively.
4 0 2 r0

Thus the Coulomb energy of this Na+ ion at A in the field of all

other ions is,


CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

6 e2 12 e 2 8 e2 6 e2
U = + + + ...
4 0 r0 4 0 2 r0 4 0 3 r0 4 0 (2 r0 )

e2 12 8 6
U = 6 + + ...
4 0 r0 2 3 4

For a kmol of the crystal, the total Coulomb energy is

N A e2 12 8 6 N A A e2
U = 6 + + ... =
4 0 r0 2 3 4 4 0 r0
The constant A is called Madelung constant and A = 1.75 for
NaCl structure.
CALCULATION OF MADELUNG CONSTANT OF IONIC CRYSTALS

Madelung constant for some structures.

Crystal structure Madelung constant


Sodium chloride 1.747558
Cesium chloride 1.762670
Zinc blende 1.6381

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