International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-4, April 2016

An Example of Solar Tracking System & Hybrid

Power Generation in Jordan
Mahmoud S. Awad, Khalaf Y. Al-Zyoud
components are collector and storage unit. The collector
Abstract This paper is designed to improve existing solar simply collects radiation that falls on it and converts fraction
collection system to provide higher efficiency for lower cost. The of it in to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or
existing system receives sun energy only for new hours, which is heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the
really not economical when compare the cost, which we are non-constant nature of solar energy; at a certain times only a
spending. Here the proposed system is designed to observe the
very small amount of radiation will be received. At a night or
sun light for the available maximum hours, for example 12
hours a day. This project operates a solar panel to constantly during heavy cloud cover eg, the amount energy produced by
face sun at 90 degrees to produce maximum voltage. It will the collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold the
move the solar panel from east to west to correct for the excess energy produced during the period of maximum
durational movement of the Sun in the sky. The set of Light productivity, and reels it when the productivity drops. In
Intensify Sensors give the input to the and it operates Stepper practice, backup power supply is usually added, too, for the
motors with mechanism. The solar tracker is a device, which situation when the amount of energy required is greater than
points a solar panel at the brightest part of the sky in order to both what is being produced and what is soared in the
achieve maximum power output from the solar panel. In Jordan container. Methods of collecting and solar energy vary
the solar panel will move as per the sun movement to collect
depending on the uses planed for the solar generator. In
maximum possible light energy from Morning 6.00 AM to
Evening 6.30 PM and in summer to 7 PM. general, there are three types of collectors and many forms of
storage units. The three types of collectors are flat plate,
Index Terms Solar, Tracking, Generation, Improve way, focusing and passive collectors.
efficiency
1.1 Earth-Sun Geometry

INTRODUCTION Our paper is based on microcontroller system for solar

tracking system. The major disadvantages of solar energy are
In todays climate growing energy needs and increasing the amount of sun light that arrives at the earth surface is not
environmental concern, alternatives to the use of non- constant. It depends on location, time of day, time of year,
-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. and weather conditions. Because the sun does not deliver that
One such alternative is solar energy. Solar energy is quite much energy to any one place at any one time, a large surface
simply the energy produced by directly by the sun and area is required to collect the energy at a useful rate. We use
collected elsewhere, normally the earth. The sun creates its solar panels to track the power from sun rays. Maximum
energy throw a thermonuclear process that converts about power can get when sun is at 90 to panel. But this is not
650, 000,000 tons of hydrogen to helium every second always possible because of earth rotation. The term earth
process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat rotation refers to the spinning of our planet on its axis.
remains in sun and is instrumental in maintaining the Because of rotation the earths surface moves at the equator
thermonuclear reaction. the electromagnetic radiation at a seed of about 467m per second. The ecliptic
(including visible light, infrared-red light and ultraviolet plane can be defined as two-dimensional flat surface that
radiation) streams out in to space in all directions. Only a geometrically intersects the earths orbital path around the
very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the
sun. On this plane, the earths axis is not right angles to this
earth. The radiation that does reach the earth is the indirect
surface, but inclined at an angle of about 23.5 from the
source of nearly every type of 0energy used today. The
exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and perpendicular
fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they
were once living plants and animals whose life was 1.2. Photovoltaic energy
dependant up on the sun. Much of worlds required energy can
be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be Photovoltaic energy is the conservation of sunlight into
provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell
examined as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, or PV cell, is the technology used to convert solar energy
the uses solar energy is currently applied to will be noted. directly into electrical energy. Structure of photovoltaic
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are frame electron leave their positions, holes are formed. When
required to haw a fictional solar energy generator. These two many electrons each carrying a negative charge, travel
towards the surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of
Mahmoud S. Awad, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of charge between the cells front and back surface create a
Engineering Technology Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan voltage potential like negative and positive terminals of a
P.O.Box. 15008 Amman- Marka ashamalyia battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an
Khalaf Y. Al-Zyoud, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering Technology Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan external load, electricity flows. The photovoltaic cell is the
P.O.Box. 15008 Amman- Marka ashamalyia basic building block of a photovoltaic system. Individual cell

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 An Example of Solar Tracking System & Hybrid Power Generation in Jordan

can vary in size from about (1cm - 0.5 inches) to about (10 cm change imposes a second requirement on prospective energy
- 4inches) across. However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 resource. They must produce energy without the emission of
watts which isnt enough power for most applications. To additional greenhouse gases. Stabilization of atmospheric
increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a CO2 level at even twice their pre anthropogenic value will
package weather-tight module. Modules can be further require amounts of carbon-neutral energy by mid-century.
connected to from an array. The term array refers to the entire The needed levels are in excess of 10 TW, increasing after
generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several 2050 to support economic growth for an expanding
thousand modules. The number of modules connected population.
together in an array depends on the amount of power output The three prominent options to meet this demand for
needed. carbon-neutral energy are fossil fuel use in conjunction with
The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon carbon sequestration, nuclear power, and solar power. The
sunlight. Climate condition (e.g. could, fog) have a challenge for carbon sequestration is finding secure storage
significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by a for the 25 billion metric tons of CO2 produced annually on
photovoltaic array and, in turn its performance. Most current earth. At atmospheric pressure, this yearly global emission of
technology photovoltaic modules are about 10 percent CO2 would occupy 12500 km3, equal to the volume of lake
efficient in converting sunlight. Further research is being superior, it is 600 times the amount of CO2 injected every
conducted to raise this efficiency to 20 percent. The year into oil wells to super productions,100 times amount of
photovoltaic effect is the electrical potential developed natural gas the industry draws in and out of geologic storage
between two dissimilar materials when their common in the united states each year to smooth seasonal demand, and
junction is illuminated with radiation of photons. The 20,000 times the amount of CO2 stored annually in Norways
photovoltaic cell, thus, converts light directly into electricity. sleipner reservoir. Beyond finding storage volume carbon
The PV effect was discovered in 1839 by French physicist sequestration also must prevent leakage. A 1%leak rate
Becquerel. Remained in the laboratory until 1954, when Bell would nullified the sequestration effort in a century, far too
Laboratories produced the first silicon solar cell. It soon short a time to have lasting impact on climate change.
found application in the U.S. space programs for its high Although many scientists are optimistic, the success of
power capacity per unit weight. Since then it has been an carbon sequestration on the required scale for sufficiently
important source of power for satellites. Having developed long time has not yet been demonstrated. Nuclear power is a
maturity in the space applications, the PV technology is now second conceptually viable option. Producing 10TW of
spreading into the terrestrial applications ranging from nuclear power would required construction of a new 1
powering remote sites to feeding the utility lines. G-watt-electric nuclear fission plant somewhere in the world
Some advantages of photovoltaic system are: every other day for the next 50 year. Once that level of
1) Conversion of sunlight to electricity is direct, so bulky deployment was reached, the terrestrial uranium resource
mechanical generator systems are unnecessary. base would be exhausted in 10 years. The required fuel would
2) PV array environmental impact is minimal, requiring no have to be mined from sea water or else breeder reactor
water for system cooling and generating no by-products. technology would have to be developed and disseminated to
Photovoltaic cell, like batteries, generates direct current (DC) countries wishing to meet their additional demand in this
which is generally used for small loads (electronic way. The third option is to exploit renewable energy sources,
equipment). When DC from photovoltaic cells is used for of which solar energy is by far the most prominent. The
commercial applications or sold to electric using the electric remaining global practically exploitable hydroelectric
grid, it must be converted to alternating current (AC) using sources is less than 0.5 TW. the cumulative energy in all the
inverters, solid state devices that convert DC power in to AC. tides and ocean current in the world amounts to less than
Historically; PV has been used at remote sites to provide 2TW. The total geothermal energy at the surface of earth,
electricity. In the future PV arrays may be located at sites that integrated over all the land area of the continents, is 12 TW,
are also connected to the electrical grid enhancing the of which only a small fraction could be practically extracted.
efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) arrays, and are essential for the amount of globally extractable wind power has been
concentration PV system. The project discusses a light estimated by the IPCC and others to be 2-4TWe.for
tracking servo model which comparison the solar constant at the top of the atmosphere is
170,000 TW, of which on average, 120,000 TW strikes the
earth. It is clear that solar energy can be exploited on the
GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES needed scale to meet global energy demand in a carbon-
neutral fashion without significantly affecting the solar
Current global energy consumption is 4.1*1020J annually, resource.
which is equivalent to an instantaneous yearly-averaged Solar energy storage and distribution are critical to match
consumption rate of 13*1012 W (13 trillion watts, or 13 demand. The amount of produced by covering 0.16% of the
terawatts TW). Projected population and economic growth earths land area with 10% efficient solar cell is equal to that
will more than double this global energy consumption rate by produced by 20000 1-GWe nuclear fission plants.
the mid -21st century and more than triple rate by 2100, even
with aggressive conservation efforts. Hence to contribute 2.1 .Diffuse and Direct Solar Radiation
significantly to global primary energy supply, a prospective
resource has to be capable of providing at least 1-10 TW of As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, some of it is
power for an extended period of time. The threat of climate absorbed, scattered, and reflected by the following:

53 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-4, April 2016
Air molecules efficiency (FSEC 2005). The efficiency of each individual
Water vapour PV cell directly determines the efficiency of the PV panel.
Clouds PV cells can be categorized into different types according to
Dust their component materials and structural features. Efficiency
Pollutants of commercially available PV panels is typically 7-17%
Forest fires (Green et al. 2005).
Volcanoes.
This is called diffuse solar radiation. The solar radiation that 3.1 Types of solar photovoltaic cells
reaches the Earth's surface without being diffused is called
PV cells can be divided in to three categories
direct beam solar radiation. The sum of the diffuse and direct
1. Inorganic cells, based on solid-state inorganic
solar radiation is called global solar radiation. Atmospheric semiconductors;
conditions can reduce direct beam radiation by 10% on clear, 2. Organic cells , based on organic semiconductors;&
dry days and by 100% during thick, cloudy days. 3. PEC cells, based on interfaces between semiconductors &
molecules

WORKING OF PV CELLS
When light hits a surface, it may be reflected, transmitted, or
absorbed. Absorption of light is simply the conversion of the
energy contained in the incident photon to some other form of
energy. Typically, this energy is in the form of heat; however,
some absorbing materials such as photovoltaic (PV) cells
convert the incident photons into electrical energy. A PV
panel has one or more PV modules, which consist of
connected PV cells. Figure 1 shows the schematic structure
and operation of a PV cell.

Fig. 2. Structure of solar cell

The figure 2-3 shows the structure of an inorganic solar cells

based on the sandwich structure of two types of
semiconductor material, one type has mobile free negative
electrons (called an n type semiconductor ) & the second type
mobile free positive holes (called a p type semiconductor).
The sandwich, called a p-n junction, allows the
photo-generated electrons & holes to be separated. &
transferred to external wires for electrical power production.
PV cells have no moving parts & are silent.
Fig.1. PV cell structure and operation schematic
3.2 Basic PV cell construction
Typically, a silicon PV cell contains two layers. The top layer
consists of a thin sheet of phosphorus-doped (negatively
charged or n-type) silicon. Underneath this sheet is a thicker
layer of boron-doped (positively charged or p-type) silicon. A
unique characteristic of these two layers is that a
positive-negative (pn) junction is created when these two
materials are in contact. A pn junction is actually an electric
field that is capable of creating an electrical potential when
sunlight shines on the PV cell. When sunlight hits the PV
cell, some of the electrons in the p-type silicon layer will be
stimulated to move across the pn junction to the n-type
silicon layer, causing the p-type layer to have a higher voltage
potential than the n-type layer. This creates an electric current
flow when the PV cell is connected to a load. The voltage
potential created by a typical silicon PV cell is about 0.5 to
0.6 volts dc under open-circuit, no-load conditions. The
power of a PV cell depends on the intensity of the solar
Fig. 3. Basic PV cell construction
radiation, the surface area of the PV cell, and its overall

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 An Example of Solar Tracking System & Hybrid Power Generation in Jordan

OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE AND SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT and the power is absorbed by the cell. However, beyond a
The two most important parameters widely used for certain negative voltage, the junction breaks down as in a
describing the cell electrical performance is the open-circuit diode and the current rises to a high value. In the dark, the
current is zero for voltage up to the breakdown voltage which
voltage Voc and the short-circuit current Isc. The
is the same as in the illuminated condition.
short-circuit current is measured by shorting the output
terminals, and measuring the terminal current under full
4.2 P-V Curve
illumination. Ignoring the small diode and the
ground-leakage currents under zero-terminal voltage, the
short-circuit current under this condition is the photocurrent
IL. The maximum photo voltage is produced under the
open-circuit voltage. Again, by ignoring the ground-leakage
current, the open-circuit voltage as the following:

The constant KT/Q is the absolute temperature expressed in

voltage (300K = 0.026 volt). In practical photocells, the
photocurrent is several orders of magnitude greater than the
reverse saturation current. Therefore, the open-circuit voltage Fig.5. Graph -Power versus voltage (p-v) characteristics of
is many times the KT/Q value. Under condition of constant the PV module in sunlight.
illumination, IL/ID is a sufficiently strong function of the cell
temperature, and the solar cell ordinarily shows a negative The power output of the panel is the product of the voltage
temperature coefficient of the open-circuit voltage. and the current outputs. In Figure, the power is plotted
against the voltage. Notice that the cell produces no power at
4.1 I-V Curve zero voltage or zero current, and produces the maximum
power at voltage corresponding to the knee point of the i-v
The electrical characteristic of the PV cell is generally curve. This is why PV power circuits are designed such that
represented by the current versus voltage (I,V) curve. the modules operate closed to the knee point, slightly on the
left hand side. The PV modules are modelled approximately
Figureshows the I-V characteristic of a PV module under two
as a constant current source in the electrical analysis of the
conditions, in sunlight and in dark. In the first quadrant, the
system. The photo conversion efficiency of the PV cell is
top left of the I-V curve at zero voltage is called the short
defined as the following:
circuit current. This is the current we would measure with the
output terminals shorted (zero voltage). The bottom right of
the curve at zero current is called the open-circuit voltage.
This is the voltage we would measure with the output
terminals open (zero current). In the left shaded region, the
cell works like a constant current source, generating voltage
Obviously, the higher the efficiency, the higher the
to match with the load resistance. In the shaded region on the
right, the current drops rapidly with a small rise in voltage. In output power we get under a given illumination.
this region, the cell works like a constant voltage source with
an internal resistance. Somewhere in the middle of the two SOLAR TRACKERS
shaded regions, the curve has a knee point. A solar tracker is a generic term used to describe devices that
orient various payloads toward the sun. Payloads can be
photovoltaic panels, reflectors, lenses or other optical
devices. In standard photovoltaic (PV) applications trackers
are used to minimize the angle of incidence between the
incoming light and a photovoltaic panel. This increases the
amount of energy produced from a fixed amount of installed
power generating capacity. In standard photovoltaic
applications, it is estimated that trackers are used in at least
85% of commercial installations greater than 1MW from
2009 to 2014.

In concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and concentrated solar

thermal (CSP) applications trackers are used to enable the
Fig. 4. Graph -Current versus voltage (i-v) characteristics of optical components in the CPV and CSP systems. The optics
the pv module in sunlight and in dark. in concentrated solar applications accept the direct
component of sunlight light and therefore must be oriented
If the voltage is externally applied in the reverse direction, appropriately to collect energy. Tracking systems are found
say during a system fault transient, the current remains flat

55 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-4, April 2016
in all concentrator applications because such systems do not generating power from sunlight. It will process the input
produce energy unless oriented closely toward the sun. voltage from the Battery and control the direction in which
the motor has to be rotated so that it will receive maximum
5.1. Sun Tracking System intensity of light from the sun.
From the various Electric Energy sources the solar now
becoming more and more important for the human life. We 6.2. Solar panel:
can generate the solar energy from the sunlight by using solar
panels which is becoming the individual energy generator Solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy either
with less resources and more useful. Currently the solar indirectly (by first converting it into heat) or through a direct
panels are fixed on the roof of the building, which collects the process known as the photovoltaic effect.
sunlight and generates the electric energy. But from sunrise
to sunset the position of the sun is not fixed and therefore the
generated solar energy varies with sunlight collected by the
panel. Sun Tracking System is mainly designed to find out
the actual position on sun at daytime. The system detects the
ultimate position at which the maximum solar energy will be
generated by the panel. As the system is a closed loop system,
it keeps the track of the percentage of energy generation at
various positions. The solar panel alignment to the maximum
power generation is controlled by the means of stepper
motor.
Photovoltaic trackers can be grouped into classes by the
number and orientation of the trackers axes. Compared to a
fixed amount, a single axis tracker increases annual output by
approximately 30% and a dual axis tracker an additional 6%.
The selection of tracker type is dependent on many factors
including installation size, electric rates, government Fig7. Solar panel specifications: 20 Watt, 1.25A, 16V,
incentives, land constraints, latitude, and local with 3. Length 63.5 CM, Width 35.56 CM, Weight -3.2kg, Cell
material silicon crystal

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT The most common types of solar cells are based on the
photovoltaic effect. This happens when light falls on a
6.1. Block Diagram
two-layer semiconductor material and results in a potential
difference, or voltage, between the two layers. The voltage
produced in the cell is capable of driving a current through an
external electrical circuit that can be utilised to power
electrical devices. Solar cells are usually made from silicon,
which is treated to release electrons-thereby generating an
electric current-when light strikes it.

6.3. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)

Fig.8. LCD Display Panel 2 Line 16 Character

An LCD is a small low cost display. It is easy to interface

with a micro-controller because of an embedded controller.
This controller is standard across many displays which means
Fig.6. Fir-Tracking system of typical solar system many micro-controller have libraries that make displaying
messages as easy as a single line of code. LCD Display Panel
This is a solar tracking system which can be used as a power 2 Line 16 Character Wide Viewing Angle
generating method from sunlight. This method of power
generation is simple and is taken from natural resource. This Specifications:
needs only maximum sunlight to generate power. This Number of Characters: 16 characters x 2 lines
project helps for power generation by setting the equipment
Module Dimension: 85(W) x 30(H) x 13.2(T)mm
to get maximum sunlight automatically. This system is
Viewing Display Area: 65(W) x 16(H)mm
tracking for maximum intensity of light. When there is
Character Size: 2.78(W) x 4.89(H)mm
decrease in intensity of light, this system automatically
changes its direction to get maximum intensity of light. Other Mechanical Data: Yellow Green, 1/16 Duty, 12
Here we are using the micro-controller for tracking and oclock

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 An Example of Solar Tracking System & Hybrid Power Generation in Jordan

Supply Voltage for Logic: VDD-VSS Min 4.5V, Typ: 5.0V, requirement of additional interfacing IC those are needed in
Max: 5.5V. microprocessor, the data which has to be read and controlled
6.4. Stepper motor is directly fed to microcontroller and the software is designed
in accordance with the requirement for controlling the circuit
and action is taken by proper output device.

High-performance, Low-power ,8-bit Microcontroller

Advanced Architecture

130 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock

Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Non-volatile Program and Data Memories
8K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
512 Bytes EPROM
Fig.9. Stepper motorspecifications: Input: 12 V, 0.5 A, 1K Byte Internal SRAM
Torque: 2 kg, Half step: 0.9deg, Full step: 1.8deg Programming Lock for Software Security

A bi-polar stepper motor is being used for rotation in both Peripheral Features
directions. The stepper motor covers an full step angle1.8 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate
degree per step and half step angle 0.9 degree. The output of Prescaler, one Compare Mode
the microcontroller is given to this motor through motor One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate
driver circuit and hence the motor is rotated accordingly, Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
pointing in the direction of maximum intensity of sunlight. Capture Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Three PWM Channels
6.5. Working of stepper motor
8 channel ADC , Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
The stepping motor is an electromagnetic device which 6 channel ADC in PDIP package
converts digital pulses into discrete mechanical rotational Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
movements. In rotary step motor, the output shaft of motor Programmable Serial USART
rotates in equal increments, in response to a train of input Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
pulses. We are used gear system for the purpose of Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate
movement of the solar panel from East to west and vice versa. On-chip Oscillator
The gear G1 is fitted on the shaft of the stepper motor. No of On-chip analog Comparator
teeths of G1 are 10. The gear G2 is fitted on the shaft of the Special Microcontroller Features
solar panel. No of teeths of G2 are 100. Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out
Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction,
Power-save, Power-down,
And Standby
I/O and Packages
23 Programmable I/O Lines
28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad
QFN/MLF
Operating Voltages
2.7 - 5.5V (ATmega8L)
4.5 - 5.5V (ATmega8)
Speed Grades
0 - 8 MHz (ATmega8L)
0 - 16 MHz (ATmega8)
Fig.10. Working of stepper motor Power Consumption at 4 MHZ, 3V, 25C
Active: 3.6 mA
6.6. Microcontroller: Idle Mode: 1.0 mA
Power-down Mode: 0.5 A
This is the heart of the circuit which performs all
commanding and controlling operations. Microcontroller
now days are becoming more popular because of several
advantages over microprocessor. As it reduces the

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-4, April 2016
6.7. Pin Configuration 7.3. (Comparison with fixed panel system)
Voltage output
Panel position Time [Hrs]
[Volts]
In east-west plane 7.00am Enough good
In east-west plane 8.00am Enough good
In east-west plane 9.00am Enough good
In east-west plane 10.00am Enough good
In east-west plane 11.00am Enough good
In east-west plane 12.00pm Enough good
In east-west plane 13.00pm Enough good
In east-west plane 14.00pm Enough good
In east-west plane 15.00pm Enough good
In east-west plane 16.00pm Enough good
In east-west plane 17.00pm Enough good
Fig11. Pin Configurations of Atmega8, VCC Digital supply
In east-west plane 18.00pm Enough good
voltage, GND Ground, Port B (PB7.PB0)
In east-west plane 19.00pm Enough good

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 7.4. Comparison of above results by at least two methods

(justification for the differences or error)
7.1. System Operation Solar tracking Fixed position
Time [Hrs]
The main theme of our project is hybrid power generation system system
and it is nothing but the combination of wind mill and solar 7.00am 11.2 volts 4.0volts
tracker, using this concept we can obtain maximum power. 8.00am 12.6 volts 6.5 volts
We give high priority to renewable energy sources and then 9.00am 13.5 volts 9.5 volts
authorized power system. So authorized power supply used 10.00am 14.0 volts 12.2 volts
as option. 11.00am 15.1 volts 14.7 volts
12.00pm 16.7 volts 16.7 volts
13.00pm 16.8 volts 16.7 volts
14.00pm 16.8 volts 16.3 volts
15.00pm 16.2 volts 14.2 volts
16.00pm 15.9 volts 12.2 volts
17.00pm 13.8 volts 10.5 volts
18.00pm 10.8 volts 7.9 volts
19.00pm 8.1volts 3.6 volts

It is clear that output of solar tracking system is more than

fixed panel system. So solar tracking system is better as
compared to normal system.

Fig.12. Solar tracking system CALCULATION FOR EFFICIENCY

7.2. Results at various stages compared with various inputs Wind power = 0.5**A*V3*Cp
Voltage output Here,
Panel position Time
(Volts) = air density in kg/m3
Towards East 7.00am Enough good A = area sweft by rotor in m2
Towards East 8.00am Enough good V = velocity of wind in m/s
Towards East 9.00am Enough good Cp = air coefficient
Towards East 10.00am Enough good
Wind power = 0.5*1.125*3.14*1.5 2*53*.59 = 293.08Actual
Towards East 11.00am Enough good
output = 7.6*12 = 91.2
Towards East 12.00pm Enough good
So, % efficiency = (91.2/293 08)*100 = 31.11
In east-west plane 13.00pm Enough good
In east-west plane 14.00pm Enough good
8.1. Tariff calculation:
Towards west 15.00pm Enough good Per hour wind mill output = 110W Average hours per day =
Towards west 16.00pm Enough good 10 hours So total output per day =10*110 = 1100W Per hour
Towards west 17.00pm Enough good solar tracking output = 20W Average hour per day = 10hours
Towards west 18.00pm Enough good So total output per day = 200W.
Towards west 19.00pm Enough good Total power obtained per day = 1100+200 = 1300W = 1.3unit
The model was analysed from 7.00am to19.00pm for one So if 1 unit = 3.50Rs Total cost per day =1.3*3.50 = 4.55Rs
day. The result obtained is tabulated in the above table. So total cost per month =30*4.55 = 136.5Rs Per year

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 An Example of Solar Tracking System & Hybrid Power Generation in Jordan

cost=136.5*12 = 1638Rs [16] K. Sato, Y. Gotoh, Y. Wakayama, Y. Hayashi, K. Adachi, and N.

Nishimura, Rep. Res. Lab., Asahi Glass Co. Ltd. 42, 129 (1992).
[17] D. Domin, P. Buehlmann, J. Bailat, A. Billet, A. Feltrin, and C. Ballif,
CONCLUSIONS Phys. Status Solidi-R 2, 163 (2008).
[18] B. Mills, (2007), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
To investigate the PV output power for tracking mode and Gallium-arsenide-unit-cell- 3D-balls.png.
fixed mode an experimental study is done under local [19] Mukund R. Patel, wind & solar power systems 1999
climate. Designed simplicity, Low cost and material [20] Basic Research needs of solar energy utilization, report California
availability will make the designed tracking system more institute of technology,pp,16 ,6 march 2011
[21] H.P. Garg& J. Prakash solar energy - fundamentals & application,
effective and acceptable in the market. This tracking system Tata McGraw hill, pp.2,3
is more compact and easier than any other tracking system
with minimum cost. This device does not need auxiliary Mahmoud Awad: received his Master Degree in
power and may adjust automatically depending on the Electrical Networks and Systems, (1990).from Kiev
Institute of Engineering (Ukraine). And the Ph.D. in
direction of the sun. With the designed Sun tracker, it is Engineering Sciences (1994) Electrical Engineering /
possible to get substantially more power from each PV panel Power Kiev Institute of Engineering (Ukraine). He is
and this increase in power results in lower cost per watt. currently promoted the Associate professor with
From the result of the performance test of designed system Department of electrical engineering Faculty of
Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt,
the following conclusion can be drawn.
The designed solar tracker automatically controlled and Dr. Khalaf Yasin Al-Zyoud received his PhD IN
follows the sun path preciously; 1997 from Technical University. of Lodz Poland He
The efficiency of the tracking solar panel with respect to is curantlly working as a assistant professor in Faculty
of enegineering technology at ALBalqa Applied
fixed panel was 23% at average intensity 1100 W/m2; University in Jordan .
The use of software outside the mechanical part makes
the tracker flexible for future development. The experiments
done were implemented during three month. It is necessary to
test during other months and The future development of the
tracker should include a new case containing the method and
all moving parts with electronics circuit, allowing continuous
operation under local conditions. Although ASTS is a
prototype towards a real system, but still its software and
hardware can be used to drive a real and very huge solar
panel. A small portable battery can drive its control circuitry.
Therefore by just replacing the sensing instrument, its
algorithm and control system can be used in RADAR and
moveable Dish Antennas. The original purpose of this paper
is the power generation by setting the equipment to get
maximum sunlight automatically. Although due to resources
constraints we just accomplished the tracking part of the
system.

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