Energy Sources - Solar Energy

PENG 101:SURVEY OF THE
ENERGY INDUSTRY LECTURE

NOTES
Lecturer: Justice Sarkodie-Kyeremeh

Office: Lab 3
Telephone: +233 (0)503671146
E-mail: justice.sarkodie-kyeremeh@uenr.edu.gh
COURSE OUTLINE
•Overview of the global energy supply and demand
•Types of Energy
•Solar Energy
•Wind Energy
•Hydroelectric Energy
•Geothermal Energy
•Biomass Energy
•Tidal Energy
•Nuclear Energy
•Fossil Fuel
•Energy challenges, Sustainability and Environmental Protection
An energy resource is something that can
produce heat, power life, move objects, or
produce electricity.
Matter that stores energy is called a fuel.
3 SURVEY OF ENERGY INDUSTRIES 11/11/2019

The Need and Measures for Energy Generation
 The world population is currently around 8 billion and it’s
estimated to be in excess of 12 billion in the year 2100.
 If the current trends in technological progress and innovation
continue, the demand for energy then will be five times greater
than what it is now.
 Nevertheless, the world has also been faced with the challenge
of climate change and global warming in recent times in an
attempt to meet its energy demand.
 This demands pragmatic measures to ensure ‘Sustainable
Development’ by rapidly developing alternative energy
sources such as ‘Renewable Energy’ sources.

SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCE
 The solar energy absorbed by the earth surface is 1.2 x
105 TW but only 600 TW of that energy is practicable or
feasible in the generation of energy.
 Sun radiates energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
which include heat and light (photons).
 Conversion of solar energy to electrical energy is
achieved either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or
indirectly using concentrated solar power.

Types of Solar Energy systems
 There are two forms of solar energy systems:
a) Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system: This uses PV cells
(solar cells) to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
Photovoltaic cells work by capturing the energy in the Sun’s
radiation, called photons causing excitation of an electron
or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state within a
material inside the cell. The flow of the electrons produce
an electric current.

b) Solar thermal power systems: These are also known
as concentrating solar power (CSP). CSP systems
generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to
concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy,
onto a small area.
Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is
converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually
a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power
generator.

Solar Radiation
 Components of Radiation:
a) Direct Beam is the component of the solar irradiance
that reaches the collector directly from the sun’s
apparent position in the sky. But does not represent all
the radiation that reaches the surface.
b) Diffuse component is the component that comes from
other parts of the sky after multiple scattering from
water vapour molecules, dust particles and clouds. On
an overcast day the diffuse component dominates the
direct beam but can be substantial even on a clear day.

Measurement of Solar Radiation
 There are two main types of instrument used for solar
radiation measurement namely:
Pyrheliometer: which is used to measure the direct
beam component of radiation.
Pyranometer: which is used to measure the diffuse
component of radiation).
 Global Irradiation is the sum of the beam and diffuse
radiation for a given surface.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Systems
Advantages
 Very low running cost (only replacement of
components required)
 No environmental pollution
 Can be sited near the load, hence, no need for long
transmission power lines.
 It is perpetual as the source is the sun.
 Quick to install

Disadvantages
 It is intermittent as it depends on the availability of the
sun to produce electricity.
 Its energy production is thus, affected by weather
conditions.
 Its initial cost is also high.
 need access to the Sun about 60 percent of time
 manufacturing produces hazardous silicon wastes

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PENG 101:SURVEY OF THE

ENERGY INDUSTRY LECTURE

Lecturer: Justice Sarkodie-Kyeremeh

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