Introduction of Solar Cell

and Processes
Solar Cell Technology and Lab - Index

1. Introduction of solar cell and its applications

2. Semiconductor basics
3. Solar cell technologies
4. Silicon ingot and wafer
5. Clean room and solar cell processing
6. Solar cell module
7. PCS and systems
Introductions of solar cell
and its applications
 Renewable Energy (from Wikipedia)
• energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat
• provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and
water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
• Based on REN21's 2017 report, renewables contributed 19.3% to
humans‘ global energy consumption and 24.5% to their generation of
electricity in 2016.
• As of 2019 worldwide, more than two-thirds of all new electricity capacity
installed was renewable.[9] Growth in consumption of coal and oil could
end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas.
• At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have
renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply.
 Photovoltaics (PV)
• the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting
materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect
• Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source: once installed,
its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas
emissions, it shows simple scalability in respect of power needs and
silicon has large availability in the Earth’s crust.
• Advances in technology and increased manufacturing scale have in
any case reduced the cost,[4] increased the reliability, and increased
the efficiency of photovoltaic installations.
• Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can
be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.
 Photovoltaic (PV)
• Advantages of solar energy

 In a few minutes, the sun can supplies the energy the mankind
consumes in 1 year

 Direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy

 Growth of Photovoltaics
• Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has been close to exponential
between 1992 and 2018
• Cost of solar declined significantly due to improvements in technology
and economies of scale
• Historically, the United States was the leader of installed photovoltaics for
many years
→ From the late 1990s, Japan was the world's leader of produced solar
electricity until 2005
→ Germany took the lead and by 2016 had a capacity of over 40
gigawatts
→ In 2015, China surpassed Germany to become the world's largest
producer of photovoltaic power, and in 2017 became the first country to
surpass the 100 GW of installed capacity
 Growth of Photovoltaics
• By the end of 2018, global cumulative installed PV capacity reached about
512 gigawatts (GW), of which about 180 GW (c. 35%) were utility-scale
plants
• This is sufficient to supply about 3% of global electricity demand
• Bloomberg NEF projects global solar installations to grow in 2019, adding
another 125–141 GW resulting in a total capacity of 637–653 GW by the
end of the year
• By 2050, the IEA foresees solar PV to reach 4.7 terawatts (4,674 GW) in its
high-renewable scenario, of which more than half will be deployed in
China and India, making solar power the world's largest source of
electricity
 Worldwide Growth of Photovoltaics
 Worldwide Growth of Photovoltaics
 Price of Photovoltaics
 Main Terrestrial Applications
World Energy Consumption by Energy Source (1990–2040)
Global Power Generation by 2050
World Electricity Generation by Source (1980–2050)
Projected Electricity Generation Worldwide by Source (2015–2050)
World Net Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2012-40
Projected Global Electricity Demand

(Source: Renewable Energy Scenario to 2040, published by the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC)
Power Cost Targets for Solar Power Generation
 Photovoltaic market
 Photovoltaic market in China
 Photovoltaic market in Europe
 Top 10 Countries in PV market (2017)
 Top 10 Countries in PV market (2018)
Installed capacity of coal power plants worldwide as of 2018
Proposed Coal-Fired Plants in Asia (2015)
 more than 500 coal-fired plants were built in Asia alone in 2015
PV contribution to electricity demand (2017)
 more than 500 coal-fired plants were built in Asia alone in 2015
Silicon Solar Cell Technologies
Photo Voltaic Production Technologies and Market
Average Module Sales Price
Contributions to Multi-Si OV module prices
Solar Cells

Solar PV capacity projection

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell http://www.firstgreen.co/2014/11/india-is-likely-to-achieve-the-target-of-
installing-2-gw-of-solar-energy-every-year/
Solar Cells
Principle of Solar Cell

https://quote.com/solar/questions/
Principle of Solar Cell

• 1st step
Sun light gives electrons energy

high energy

Sun light

low energy
electron
Principle of Solar Cell

• 2nd step
Electrons go to external circuit with this energy

high energy

low energy
Principle of Solar Cell

• 2nd step
Electrons go to external circuit with this energy

high energy

Do work

low energy
Principle of Solar Cell

• 2nd step
Electrons go to external circuit with this energy

high energy

Do work
Do work

low energy

And go back to solar cell to receive energy from sunlight again

Principle of Solar Cell

Any electric plug has at least two poles to close this cycle

high energy

Do work
Sun light

low energy

And go back to solar cell to receive energy from sunlight again

Power of the Sun
Power of the Sun

• Earth energy cycle

https://firstgreenconsulting.wordpress.com/2012/05/16/the-suns-energy-distribution/earth-energy-cycle/
Power of the Sun

• Insolation World Map

https://morgansolar.wordpress.com/2009/04/26/two-conferences-this-week/world_map/
Solar Radiation

Composition (by mass):

Hydrogen (H): 73.5 %
Helium (He): 25.0 %
Heavier elements: 1.5 %

Energy generation by nuclear fusion (H → He)

Core temperature: ≈ 13.6 x 106 K

Surface temperature: ≈ 5800 K (photosphere)

(Photosphere: outer visible layer of the sun)

Solar Radiation
• Black body radiation
Solar radiation: Black Body Radiation
Solar radiation: Black Body Radiation
Solar Electromagnetic Radiation
Solar Electromagnetic Radiation
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸 ↔ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜈 : 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 ℎ: 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜈 ↔ 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜆 : 𝑐 = 𝜆𝜈 𝑐: 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

ℎ𝑐 𝑐0
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑬 ↔ 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝝀 : 𝐸= 𝑐= ,
𝜆 𝑛
8𝑚
𝑐0 = 3 × 10 𝑠 , 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 𝑛1 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 2 𝑛2

 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜈 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
Solar Constant: Entry point into Atmosphere

from Newport on Google

Extraterrestrial Solar radiation
Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation

𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑷𝒆 [𝑾]

𝑃𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑒2 ∙ 𝐸𝑠𝑒 = 1.8 × 1017 𝑊
𝜋𝑟𝑒2 : 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐

𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑾𝒆 [𝑾𝒔]

𝑊𝑒 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∙ 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∙ 𝑃𝑒 = 1.6 × 1018 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Losses by Absorption in Solar Radiation

from Arno Smets of Delft U Tech

Terrestrial Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Solar Radiation
 AM 1.5 is the standard for solar cell characterization

𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝑴𝑿

𝐻 1
sin 𝛼 = → 𝑋=
𝑋𝐻 sin 𝛼
Terrestrial Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Solar Radiation

from Arno Smets of Delft U Tech

Extraterrestrial and Terrestrial Solar Spectrum

from Arno Smets of Delft U Tech

Irradiance and Spectral Power Density for AM1.5

from Arno Smets of Delft U Tech

Solar Spectrum and Absorption
Solar spectrum

• Absorption of sunlight

Energy [W/cm2m]
Which light rays
get absorbed?

Wavelength of light [nm]

Absorption of Sunlight

Gap
Energy

Space x
Absorption of Sunlight

Energie E

Ort x

if light energy low

 no absorption of light
Absorption of Sunlight
Solar spectrum

Energy [W/cm2m]
• 1st loss mechanism:

no absorption in the IR
above 1.15 m wavelength

Wavelength of light [nm]

Absorption of Sunlight

Absorption of light
Electron receives energy
Absorption of Sunlight
Solar spectrum

Energy [W/cm2m]
• 2nd loss mechanism:

thermalisation to band edge

Wavelength of light [nm]

Absorption of Sunlight

Absorption of light → electron grains energy → thermalisation → emission of light

Absorption of Sunlight

• 3rd loss mechanism:

radiative recombination
is reverse to absorption
Absorption of Sunlight

Energie E

Ort x
Absorption of Sunlight

• 4th loss mechanism:

non-radiative recombination

through defects Auger

Absorption of Sunlight

• Conclusion:

Recombination is when a electron loses its energy

radiative through defects Auger

Solar Power in Indonesia

Most of Indonesia lies close to the equator with maximum sun intensity year-round. An average daily insolation
said to range from 4.5 to 5.1 kWh/m2, indicating good solar potential, especially suitable for remote islands
and communities with limited or no grid connections. The country’s current installed solar capacity is low
(27.23 MW) relative to its potential, but PLN has plans to scale up solar capacity before 2020, particularly to
displace isolated diesel power. These plans include 140 MW of solar PV by 2015 and 620 MW of solar power
plants by 2020 (including solar thermal power plants)

Solar energy development in Indonesia is appropriate for mini-grids for lighting and thermal purposes, in
isolated grids (with possibility for urban loads outside the country’s main power centers), solar home
systems in very remote, off-grid areas of rural Indonesia, or solar rooftops in urban areas. MEMR and PLN
have created three main development categories for solar power by size: (i) below 100 kilowatt peak (kWp),
to be implemented by MEMR through its own procurement system and by PLN; (ii) between 100 kWp and 1
MWp, intended by PLN as hybrid systems with existing small-scale power plants (mostly diesel); and (iii)
above 1 MWp, intended for IPPs. The government is also interested in pursuing solar PV rooftop power as a
way to supplement power in urban grids, and a new regulation is expected to be issued in 2015.
Solar Power in Indonesia

The government has put in place a pricing regime for solar PV power intended to attract IPP investment.
MEMR issued a regulation in 2013 to establish a bidding process to tender out grid-connected solar PV
capacity to IPPs using a ceiling price of $0.25/kwh (or $0.30/kwh if local contents and processes total more
than 40% of the project). This system is intended to bring online 140 MWp of new solar capacity across 82
locations across the country. However, several complications such as proper site selection, lack of solar
resource availability data, grid interconnection, and limited bid preparation times will need to be addressed
before this system can be heavily utilized by IPPs

The government and PLN have also made several trial attempts to launch solar power as a wide-ranging
option for rural electrification. PLN has a longer-term solar development plan called the Thousand Islands
Program, which aims to expand the installed capacity of solar power stations by both PLN and IPPs to 620
MW by 2020. Unfortunately, many of the initial attempts to implement PLN’s Thousand Islands Program
have been delayed by financing and technical difficulties.39 Both PLN and MEMR have also tried using solar
home systems in rural areas, sometimes in overlapping villages, but no sustainable operations or financial
management systems have yet been established to make solar home systems a viable option for off-grid
electrification in rural Indonesia. As a result, many of PLN and MEMR systems are in technical or financial
default.
 Solar Power in Indonesia
The solar systems already installed by PLN have faced significant technical difficulties, especially in operation.
After the peak hours of solar power generation during the day, hybrid systems must be switched to
alternative power in the system, usually diesel or biomass. This switching must be done manually, and power
outages in these small grids due to operational errors are frequently reported. Introducing energy
management systems may resolve this issue, but PLN has yet to assess the financial viability of such systems,
especially since panel-only systems have been cheaper at procurement stages. Identifying optimal panel
configuration, management systems and batteries according to the needs of each micro- or small grid is
urgently needed for PLN to optimize solar potential.

As part of its support for the Sumba Iconic Island program, a least-cost electrification study for Sumba
found that off-grid solutions, at the village or household level, would be the least-cost means to supply
almost one third of the un-electrified households on Sumba. Solar PV mini-grid pilot project was designed
and planned to demonstrate a sustainable off-grid electrification model engaging the private sector that
would overcome problems with past efforts. This pilot project could not proceed because: (i) no mechanism
exists to readily engage PLN to operate and maintain grant assets, and (ii) no mechanism exists to engage
the private sector. It is not possible within the current institutional framework to provide the secure, long-
term operational subsidies needed to ensure supply affordability. Moreover, the regulations currently require
that off-grid tariffs be approved by local legislative bodies (DPRD Provinsi) on project-by-project basis,
introducing significant delay and risk to potential projects. The pilot project was canceled, but the
experience prompted a detailed review of Indonesia’s electrification policies and programs.
Solar Power in Indonesia

For large-scale, IPP-based solar projects, it may be necessary to develop several trial projects intended to
evaluate the effectiveness of new regulations on the ceiling price and auction system for solar energy.
Current regulations require IPPs to reach several key milestones very quickly, including financial close and
starting construction. Moreover, ADB’s experience in Sumba highlights several key regulations that will need
to be revised before private investment in off-grid solar becomes realistic.
Cost Estimation of PV
 Incident solar power: 1000 W/m2
 Electrical power (15% system): 150 W/m2
 For 100kW PV system: 667 m2 100 𝑘𝑊 ÷ 150 𝑊/ 𝑚2

 Incident solar energy 1000 kWh/year〮m2

(≅ 2.74ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦)
 Electrical energy (15% system) 150 kWh/year〮m2
 100 kW PV system (667 m2) ∼100000 kWh/year
667 𝑚2 × 150 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ∙ 𝑚2

 conservative assumption 90000 kWh/year

Cost Estimation of PV
 Feed-in tariff (06/2018): 228 ₩ = 0.2 $/kWh
 100 kW PV system: 22,800,000 ₩ (20,000$) /year
$
0.2 × 100000 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝑊ℎ

 price of 100 kW PV system: 250,000,000 ₩= 219,300 $

 Amortisation after about 11 years

 energy generate by a 100 kW PV system in 20 years:

2,000,000 kWh
How about electricity price per W?
Energy Production by Renewable Energy in Korea
Electricity Trade of Renewable Energy in Korea

Bio and etc.

Marine energy
Hydro Waste
Coal gasification
Rest

Solar
Wind
By-product gas
Fuel Cell
System Marginal Price (SMP, ₩) in Korea (2017)

(Won, ₩ )