Chapter 2

Literature review

Define literature review

A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the

literature related to your selected area of study. The review should describe,
summarise, evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for
the research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research.

2.1: CCS Production

2.2: production of methanol
2-steps methanol synthesis
Direct methanol synthesis
2.3: hazard
Definition of HAZOP
HAZOP Approach
Definition of HAZID
4Types of HAZID identification
2.4: Risk assessment
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Methanol
2.5: Design & Simulation
Description of the process involve
2.6: Aspen Plus
2.1 Carbon Recycling International

The CCS technique is a part of the new technology that been made by human today.
The purpose of this technique is to reduce the emission of the carbon dioxide to the
surrounding. As we know, this ccs technique it will affect the greenhouse system. The
CCS been chosen as the technology to reduce the emission because the lowest cost of
the process that the other that been made. The CCS also will help the plant industry
and other by creating a new alternative fuels that can be used again. The product of
the process is methanol. The methanol that we can get can be used as the alternative
of fuels(Anicic, Trop, & Goricanec, 2014). The first example is as a fuel to move a
vehicle or equipment and many more. The product of the CCS (methanol) can make a
lot of benefit to the company that implied this technique from aspect cost. Today one
of the company that been imply this technique is the Carbon Recycling International
(CRI) is a company that based on the Rejakvik, Iceland. The company implemented
the CCS technique of their company. The objective of the company was to reduce the
emission of the carbon dioxide to the surrounding, besides it also had ability to store
the stranded energy.(International & Storage, n.d.)

Figure 1.1: carbon recycling international Iceland(International & Storage, n.d.)

 The CCS will need the carbon dioxide that been capture to be process as their
feedstock. The reduction of the carbon dioxide will increase the efficiency and
increase the share of the renewable energy. As we know the cost of fossil fuel was
increase year by year. From that fact, we utilize the carbon dioxide as the alternative
fuels. It was more save and also same quality with the original of fuels. If the carbon
dioxide was release to the surrounding without been process it will affected the
greenhouse gas emission by increase the world temperature around 0.6 celsius and
also increase the carbon dioxide to surrounding around 180ppm(International &
Storage, n.d.)

In Iceland, the only difference of the alternative fuels that being produced using
renewable technology with other fuels was the alternative fuels will support
immediate in the development fuel. The carbon recycling company do not take along
to become the competitive in the market.

The CCS that been implemented by the CRI was made from 5 technologies of
building block. First, the CO2 in the waste gases is been transfer by the pipe from the
point of the where the gas emit which was at the stacked then to the purification
system. Then, it will undergo a process of the removal of the impurities that contain in
the gas. Secondly, the hydrogen gas was produced from the electrolysis of the water
using an art electrolyzers technology. Thirdly, the conversion of the carbon dioxide
with the hydrogen gas were pressurized in the reactor to the certain pressure and
mixed in the ratio of 3:1. Fourthly, the methanol system was modified to have flexible
capacity to adapt to the possible addition of modules later. Lastly and fifth, the
distillation column was made to purify the renewable crude to the fuel grade
renewable methanol to blend with gasoline.(International & Storage, n.d.)
 A Clean Fuel

Less Fossil Energy In, Less CO2 Out, Same Distance Out

95 octane gasoline 164 g

CO2

2.14
1 km
MJ

Vehicles

148 g
CO2
95 octane RM10

1.9 MJ 1 km

Vehicles

Sources:
Well to Wheel Analysis of future automotive fuels and power trains in the European Context, EC JRC, EUCAR, CONCAWE
(2007)
CRI Well to Wheels report (2009)

Carbon RecyclingInternational

Figure 1.2: A clean fuels.(International & Storage, n.d.)

The combination of the gasoline with the renewable methanol will result a clean
fossil fuel, which less CO2 out with the same distance. The less fossil energy in
around 1.9MJ in the combination of the methanol with the gasoline but for in the
industry that will produce 2.14MJ per km output. The less CO2 out means around 148
g produce by the industry with the 164g, per km output from the combination. From
this, test, we can see the alternative fuels that released from the CCS ws more cleaner
than the CO2 that directly released from the plant(International & Storage, n.d.)
2.2 Production of Methanol

The methanol been produced in 2 type of technique. The first technique was the 2-
steps synthesis of methanol and the second technique is the direct synthesis method.
According to the (Anicic et al., 2014) both of the technique have advantage and the
disadvantage from many aspect. In the 2-steps synthesis of methanol method, it will
involve of 2 steps process. In the 1st steps, the process was known as the RGWS
(reverse water gas shift) reaction which will convert the carbon dioxide into carbon
monoxide. The 2nd steps namely as the WGS (water gas shift). This step will depend
on the conversion of the carbon dioxide in the 1st process.

Figure 2.2.1: 2-steps methanol synthesis(Anicic et al., 2014)

The 2nd technique was the direct methanol synthesis that not more different from the
1st technique. Only the composition of the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen in the
form ratio of 3:1 is directly channel to the reactor for the synthesis for the synthesis of
methanol. In this method it would be 2 type of product that will produce which are the
methanol and DME(Anicic et al., 2014). Below the process flow diagram of the direct
synthesis method

Figure 2.2.2: direct synthesis of methanol(Anicic et al., 2014)

Both of the techniques were been implemented in the industries but only the best one
will make benefit to human and also surrounding. Both of the techniques will be
compared from many parameters such as econimical efficiency and energy efficiency.
Both of this methods was using as the same component to produce the methanol and
been said this technologies will be guaranteed the reduction of the greenhouse effect.
As a result that shown, in the term of the energy efficiency, both of the methods will
show the higher difference results. Besides these methods were in the early of
development and would be expected to be overcome the disadvantage in the future.
The 2-steps methanol synthesis is been chosen as the reliable method that can be
implemented today based on certain criteria which was the location of the plant.
2.3 Hazard

The company that involved in the manufacture of chemical in all industry will not run
from any accident as the part of the process. The history will tell, how many accident
that happened which involve from the early of beginning development of the chemical
manufacture. This industry that involve the making of reactive chemical and toxic
flammable liquid, gas, vapour and powder (Barton and Rogers, 1997).The accident
happened will cause many fatalities such as life, casualities that happen to many
people who live near the company and many more. Hazard was been defined as a
risky or dangerous. Identification of hazard could be studied through the accidents
that being repeated. The identification steps were includes the source of hazard in the
early of steps. The sources of hazard were divided into 4 different types (Barton and
Rogers, 1997)

1. General hazard at the workplace

2. Health and environmental hazard, toxicity and eco-toxicity
3. Hazard that associate with the operation
4. Hazard related with chemical activity

HAZOP was the technique that being used as the analysis in the chemical process
design by detecting the potential part of the critical points that will lead to the
accident in the production cycle hazard for health and safety for the operator and
environment, equipment or plant. The HAZOP procedure was divided into 3 main
steps(Ghasemzadeh et al., 2013)

1. Identification f abnormal behaviour of the unit under different abnormal input

2. An assessment to the abnormal behaviour
3. Recommendation to mitigate the abnormality that happen

In the HAZOP analysis, the use of guide word was important because it will
differentiate the accident that will happen. These words will make the possible the
individual deviation happen from the optimal design condition. (Ghasemzadeh et al.,
2013)

Consider the chemical process unit e.g.

membrane reactor,
 Choose the key parameter
e.g. temperature, pressure, flow rate ,

NO Is deviation possible?

Yes

NO Is it hazardous?

Yes

Identification of the deviation causes.

Determination of consequences.

Suggestion of solutions or
recommendations

Were all key parameters NO

studied?

Yes

Report the results

as table form

Figure 2.3.1: HAZOP Approach (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2013)

The identification of the hazard known as the structured hazard identification

(HAZID) (Wilday, Wardman, Johnson, & Haines, 2011). There will be 4 type of the
HAZID identification can make from the CCS processes as it been draft in the form of
block diagram.

2.3.1 HAZID (Processes Block Diagram and Change)

Firstly in the CCS process, the capture of the carbon dioxide molecule that been
released to surrounding needed to use back in the pre-combustion method. It was
because the IGCC (Integrated gasification combined cycle) will produce the synthesis
gas and the carbon dioxide will be separated from it before the combustion. Then the
flue gas will be transported by the pipeline before it been injected into geological
storage

2.3.2: HAZID 2(Top Down)

This part the structured of top down HAZID been approach by using the event that
relevant to the CCS processes. The keyword that was used in this HAZID 2 comes
from the brainstorming to represent the possible top event or the consequences. The
fire, explosion, toxic, and many more and were the keyword that were used and it also
were been agreed by the team. It is the similar meeting to HAZID study at the feed

2.3.4: HAZID 3(The Implication of Changes)

The carbon dioxide was assumed to be produce from the power station. The lines in
the CCS chained was been consider systematic the changes by the CCS process and
needed to think again by brainstorming. For each of the changes that made, it needed
to think again for the hazard and safety implication before to been finalised. The
hazard and safety needed to include the preventive, control, and the mitigation of the
hazardous event

2.3.5: HAZID 4(Identification of Barrier)

In this part, the final analyse and the brainstormed will repeated to the structure of the
draft bow-ties in the early of the part and the further barrier to the realisation of the
top event.

In the 4 type of HAZID which were the block diagram, the result showed that in the
CCS process, we can identify the hazard which involve in the process. An example of
hazard which can identify come from the aspect of disease such the asphyxiation from
the released of carbon to surrounding, effect of the respiratory, cardiovascular and the
central nervous system when the concentration of the carbon dioxide increase. Apart
from that, the identification of hazard will involve of other materials such as the flue
gas. As we know. The duct or pipeline that transfer the gas need to be consider also in
the terms of the size and it will be difficult to isolate them in when an accident was
occur like leak and hard to tight it using valve or damper. The topography of the pipe
can cause a hazard too from the aspect of leak because it will make pollution occur in
the form of air or water pollution if the pipe was builds near to human living. The
catastrophic failure of the longitudinal ripping of pipeline was cause by the pressure
energy that been release by the gas. The steps can be takes to prevent the failure are
by:

1. Prevent free water or hydrate being happen

2. Put an extra wall thickness around 19mm. concrete slab coverage
3. Add an additional washout protection

All the point above were important to make a choice of an appropriate pipeline
important because it can prevented the initial failure become a running fracture thus to
the relevant to all the mechanism include in the process. According to the (Wilday et
al., 2011). , modelling show the carbon dioxide pipeline to be more susceptible than
hydrocarbon pipeline to running fracture.

2.4 Risks
One of the objectives of the CCS method was to prevent damages to surrounding or
environment especially to human. The technology will ensured the reduction of
greenhouse gas emission from the fossil fuels that produce by the plant industry. As
the technology show an improvement, the people or the public started to accept this
method and the risk that related to carbon capture and they need to be full
understanding. As the regulation framework required for this implemented can be
formulated.

In this section, we will evaluate the predicted risk to the human. The risks will be
predicted the potential instead of actual risks human health. Risk was defined as the
potential of unwanted negative consequences and in terms of the risks assessment it
was a step approach used to collect and structure the information that gather to
identify what the existing hazardous situation will occur and what the associated
related to hazard can be risk to human as environment(Koiwanit, Manuilova, Chan,
Wilson, & Tontiwachwuthikul, 2016)

In this test, we used the America Meteorological Society Environmental Protection

Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) and the Health Canada`s Air Quality Benefit
Assessment Tools (AQBAT) as the references. The Agency regulatory Model
(AERMOD) and CALPUFF were a method that can test the pollution of the air.
AERMOD was a steady state gauss plume model (GPM) which the dispersion was
based on the assumption that was describe by normal distribution. To calculate the
pollutant impact on the both simplex and complex within the same framework we
used the GPM model that been developed by (Turner, 1997).CALPUFF was a method
of non-steady state meteorological and air quality modelling system for complex
terrain effect, coastal interaction effect, building downwash and many more(Koiwanit
et al., 2016)

For human health risks analysis, the method between AQBAT known as the health
Canada`s air quality benefit assessment tool and (BENMAP), Environmental Benefit
Mapping and Analysis Program. The model of AQBAT was developed by the health
Canada organization to estimate the results of the human health when changes of an
ambient air quality happen. One of the benefit using the AQBAT method, it can be
assessment the human health when any changes happen related to ambient air quality.
 It will calculate the human health outcome that effect from the air concentration from
the baseline(Koiwanit et al., 2016)

Table 2.4.1

The result from the AERMOD method is in the effect of air dispersion modelling
happen around human tells below in the table

Year Scenarios NO2 Receptor SO2 Receptor PM2.5

2003 No capture 0.33456 (492.40, 0.19344 (492.40, 0.19261
Post-combustion 0.3182 (250.00, 433.01) 0.00123 (250.00, 433.01) 0.12213 (250.00,
2004 (Baseline
Oxy-fuel 0.10213 86.82)
(383.02 0 86.82)
0.00954
Post-combustion 0.25537 (321.39, 383.02) 0.00098 (321.39, 383.02) 0.09801 (321.39,
2005 Oxy-fuel 0.06626 (492.40 0 0.00619
Post-combustion 0.26623 (383.02, 321.39) 0.00103 (383.02, 321.39) 0.10218 (383.02,
2006 Oxy-fuel 0.09586 (383.02 0 0.00896
Post-combustion 0.24065 (0.00, 500.00) 0.00093 (0.00, 500.00) 0.09236 (0.00,

Maximum predicted 24-h average concentrations of the three pollutants from

AERMOD model of each years scenario (g/m3).

The objective of the AQBAT method, is to conduct the risks assessment by the
modelling of the post-combustion and oxy-combustion carbon dioxide capture
technologies by using the AQBAT software that been develop. In this test we took the
4years scenario starting from the 2004-2007 to be examined. The result from the
Table2.4.2

Health outcome CO2 capture technologies 2004 2005 2 2007 Total

Post-combustion 657.57 881.87 8 946.99 3328.6
1. Acute Respiratory Symptom Days Oxy-fuel combustion 1764.81 1737.71 1 1762.23 6975.2
Post-combustion 0.23 0.30 0. 0.33 1.15
2. Adult Chronic Bronchitis Cases Oxy-fuel combustion 0.61 0.60 0. 0.62 2.42
Post-combustion 11.86 15.91 1 17.09 60.06
3. Asthma Symptom Days Oxy-fuel combustion 31.85 31.36 3 31.79 125.87
Post-combustion 0.03 0.05 0. 0.05 0.18
4. Cardiac Emergency Room Visits Oxy-fuel combustion 0.09 0.10 0. 0.10 0.39
Post-combustion 0.03 0.04 0. 0.04 0.14
5. Cardiac Hospital Admissions Oxy-fuel combustion 0.07 0.07 0. 0.08 0.29
Post-combustion 2.05 2.70 2. 2.81 10.09
6. Child Acute Bronchitis Episodes Oxy-fuel combustion 5.56 5.36 5. 5.28 21.38
Post-combustion 0.09 0.14 0. 0.15 0.51
7. Respiratory Emergency Room Visits Oxy-fuel combustion 0.27 0.27 0. 0.27 1.08
Post-combustion 0.02 0.03 0. 0.03 0.10
8. Respiratory Hospital Admissions Oxy-fuel combustion 0.05 0.05 0. 0.06 0.21
Post-combustion 252.30 340.97 3 370.45 1291.7
9. Restricted Activity Days Oxy-fuel combustion 678.22 672.74 6 690.22 2708.2
Post-combustion 0.02 0.03 0. 0.03 0.10
10. Chronic Exposure Respiratory Mortality Oxy-fuel combustion 0.05 0.05 0. 0.06 0.21
Post-combustion 0.04 0.04 0. 0.05 0.17
11. Chronic Exposure Cerebrovascular Mortalit Oxy-fuel combustion 0.09 0.09 0. 0.09 0.35
12. Chronic Exposure Ischemic Heart Disease Post-combustion 0.16 0.22 0. 0.24 0.83
Mortality Oxy-fuel combustion 0.42 0.43 0. 0.45 1.73
Post-combustion 0.03 0.04 0. 0.05 0.16
13. Chronic Exposure Lung Cancer Mortality Oxy-fuel combustion 0.08 0.08 0. 0.09 0.34
0

An Annual Reduction In Health Outcomes from changes in PM2.5 pollutant concentrations from 2004 to 2007
Based on the above result, we can see that the better process that can cause less effect
to human health is the oxy-combustion method. It was because the air emit by the
method has been cleaned, dried and compressed. Thus, it will benefit to the human
health.

Hydrogen as the one of the compound that involves in the production of methanol
through hydrogenation process and it also had their hazard and risk when an accident
happened. In the process of CCS, one of the example need to consider to avoid the
hazard occur was the transmission of natural gas using pipeline that use in this
process.(Messaoudani, Rigas, Binti Hamid, & Che Hassan, 2016). One of the example
of hazard that will occur was the leaked of pipe. The higher pressurized of hydrogen
comes from the leaked of the pipe intend to cause of automatically ignition of fire that
will lead to explosion. As natural, through the periodic table, we can saw that
hydrogen was at the top in the periodic table because of the reactivity and physical of
it, as the hydrogen was more lightly other than the natural gases and the leakage from
the pipe were 1.3- to 2.8 times more larger than other element such as hydrocarbon.
When the hydrogen release to surrounding, the element will took only a few second
for large flammable gases cloud can be formed. Due to the nature of hydrogen gas, the
cloud that formed has higher probability lead to explosion

Secondly, the hydrogen was a flammable gas and intends to turn fires always high. In
that case, we need to know and detect what was the limit flammability and the
condition required as preventive safety measure can be done.(Messaoudani et al.,
2016) As natural, through the periodic table, we can saw that hydrogen was at the top
in the periodic table because of the reactivity and physical of it, as the hydrogen was
more light that the natural gases and the leakage from the pipe were 1.3- to 2.8 times
more larger than other element such as hydrocarbon. When the hydrogen release to
surrounding, the element will took only a few second for large flammable gases cloud
can be formed. Due to the nature of hydrogen gas, the cloud that formed has higher
probability lead to explosion
In the production of methanol that produced by the catalytic hydrogenation could also
had effect to the people by attack their health or to the environment. Methanol
compound was a colourless organic liquid at room temperature and known as the
methyl or wood alcohol compound.(Zhen & Wang, 2015)

As we know, the methanol was a compound that toxic to humans, but the methanol
also already contained inside in our body but in the small quantity. The methanol was
absorbed to the human body using ingestion and inhalation slowly through the skin
exposure. FDA stated that, human body only stand around 500mg per days of
methanol in the diet. The methanol will converted to the formaldehyde before turn to
formate after been synthesize in the liver of the human body. Formate compound was
the biological molecule that important things in the survival. One of the examples,
when we take extra excessive of methanol per-days, the formate compound will build-
up the body which can effected by toxicity and even death. Another examples,
poisoning of methanol can cause permanent blindness or death although the recovery
from the methanol was success(Zhen & Wang, 2015). Through the above point given,
we need to handle the methanol properly in any circumstance to prevented the
negative things happen. The exposure of methanol can prevent by using the proper
design of fuel container and system because it is important that everyone knows what
the effect of methanol to human(Zhen & Wang, 2015)

Methanol that would effects the environment from the aspect of solubility, volatility
and toxicity. The high vapour pressure of the methanol was the one type of example
that can cause an effect when release into the air but when release into the ground it
will concentrate in soil gas within the pore spaces. A volatile methanol can be used in
the formation of photochemical smog. The methanol can be gather from the
decomposition of different animal and plant. The decomposition of the things will
produce the natural gas to the surrounding in the form of methane. According to the
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), when the methanol was released to the
surrounding it can easily be broken down into other compound and miscible in water.
Water contaminated with methanol and waste methanol, were the type of the hazard
waste and need to throw away instead recycle it. The waste methanol needed to
incinerate first for heating recovery because it can be used as the engine fuels. (Zhen
& Wang, 2015)
2.5 Design and Simulation

In this topic, we can know the step to produce divide into 2 different ways. One of
the steps was the conversion of directly hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. In 2nd steps
known as the (RGWS) Reverse Gas Water Shift, which the carbon dioxide will
convert directly into the carbon monoxide then will undergo hydrogenated process to
methanol. All the reaction that involve are exothermic reaction and it will produce the
methanol product(Van-Dal & Bouallou, 2013)

CO+2H2 CH3OH
CO2+3H2 CH3OH+H2O

The 3rd reaction which is the RGWS reaction will occur also as the site reaction in the
production of methanol

CO2+H2 CO+H2O

Based on the above reaction, these are the reaction that will involve in the process
production of methanol. According to(Park, Joo, Jung, Kim, & Han, 2001), in the 2
steps production that involve in this reaction it has been concluded that higher yield of
methanol will be produce in the one step process only.

Based on the study by the (Mignard & Pritchard, 2006), we will used the
Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 as our catalyst in the production of methanol although it is less
efficient with the supply of carbon dioxide that carbon monoxide. The function of the
catalyst to allow the production of methanol under the condition 210-270 Celcius and
pressure around 50-100 bar with the selectivity around 99%. Alongside the methanol
production, the alcohol, methane, methyl formate and also DME will also produce as
the by-product of the reaction

In this section the method had been proposed by the (Sayah, Hosseinabadi, & Farazar,
2010) that will provide the greater calculation and also in this analysis. The process
started with the capture of carbon dioxide from the coal power plant and the
production of hydrogen from the electrolysis that fed into the methanol plant.
 The electrolysis of hydrogen came from the water that will produce hydrogen
element by using the carbon free-electricity source. Apart from that, the capture of
carbon dioxide and methanol unit were supplied using the electricity from the coal
plant. Thus, it will no problem that would occur from the imported of hydrogen from
the free-electricity source( renewable energy). Since the renewable energy can be
provide from the climatic factor as a factor like wind and the sunlight from the sun.

The aspen plus v8.4 was used for process design and simulation and also as the
platform the test the method or analysis it. The process started fed up with the 88.0t/h
of carbon dioxide and 12.2t/h of hydrogen. To calculate the thermodynamic properties
of the stream at high pressure we will used the Redlich-Kwong Soave Equation add
with some modified Huron-Vidal rules.

In the electrolysis of water to produce the hydrogen, the energy consumption by this
process was equal to 4.8kWhe/m3. The hydrogen molecule will undergo the condition
of 30bar pressure and temperature at 25 celcius to be fed into the methanol plant.

H2O H2+1/2O2

The oxygen also would produce in the electrolyser as the by-product of the
electrolysis process. To increase the concentration of carbon dioxide flue gas and also
the reduce the energy consumption of it capture, the by-product of the oxygen would
be be sent to the power plant to do the oxygen-combustion.

Another part in the production of methanol is the carbon capture process. This is the
process where the free carbon dioxide been capture by chemical absorption(Van-Dal
& Bouallou, 2013). To compensate the pressure drop in the absorption column, the
flue gas of carbon dioxide would be treated by compress it before the capture process
can occur. The compress of gas take place at the bottom of absorption column and the
carbon dioxide that poor in the solvent was introduce at the top of the absorption
column as the MEA react with carbon dioxide. The top of the column will be
contained a low level of carbon dioxide that was been recovered in the process
whereas the bottom of the column will contained high rich CO 2 with solvent that
leave the column. High rich carbon dioxide will undergo heated process with the
regeneration solvent before sent to the regenerate column.(Van-Dal & Bouallou,
2013). In the regenerated column, it have the reboiler and condensation equipment
that imply in the process where, the reboiler will recover the energy from the
condensation of low pressure steam from the reverse process reaction of between the
carbon dioxide and amine. The extraction of the water vapour from the gas flow from
the regeneration process will condense at re-injected into the column. For the
regeneration solvent, it is fed into back to the absorption column. At the top of the
regeneration column, the example gas that was recovered mainly carbon dioxide and
water vapour. The detail above was the complete gases flow reaction

The net electrical power when the process not involve of carbon dioxide capture, it
would be around 556MW with the ratio of 857g/kWh of carbon dioxide emission.
Besides that, the efficiency of power plant was 38.5%.

According to the (Van-Dal & Bouallou, 2013), the reduction of the compressor and
also the heat exchanger will make the capital cost was decrease without an increase of
the energy cost. Apart from that, the simulation of the distillation column would be
more realistic without the perfect separation between the gas and liquid because a
faction of gases was also has been considered in the feed of the column. In the
production of methanol, the catalysts that were use were Cu/ZnO/Al 2O3 and it is good
in the precision of the methanol production and also the RGWS reaction.in the heat
exchanger that was used in this process, the most important criteria is the pinch
analysis because the analysis of pinch would reduce the energy cost. The Aspen Heat
Exchanger was the software that been develop to calculate the pressure drops that
happen in the heat exchanger. For the steam and electricity generation, it contained
mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methanol and 85% of
efficiency was consider happen in the boiler.

H2+1/2O2 H2O
CO+1/2O2 CO2
2CH3OH+3 O2 2CO2+4H2O

In the mass and energy balance of the production of the methanol shown in the table
below:

Table2.5.1 Mass Balance (not including CO2 emissions from energy consumption).
Compound In (t/h) Out (t/h)

CO2 88.0 5.82a

CO 0 0.51a

H2 0 0.87a

H2O 108.1 33.7

Methanol 0 59.3

O2 0 96.0b

MEA 0.09 0.09

Contained in stream 24, 30 and/or 38 before their combustion.

Oxygen generated by water electrolysis

Table 2.5.2 Energy Balance

Unit operation Amount Amount/tMetOH

Water electrolysis Power to 645.1MWel 39.3 GJel/tMetOH
electrolysis

CO2 capture Flue gases 3.9 MWel 0.236 GJel/tMetOH

compression

Steam column 77.7 MWth 4.74 GJth/tMetOH

Methanol synthesis Fresh feed 16.9 MWel 1.03 GJel/tMetOH

and purification compression

Compressor 2.9 MWel 0.175 GJel/tMetOH

Steam to methanol

Distillation 0 MWth 0 GJth/tMetOH

Steam generation 28.3 MWth 1.72 GJth/tMetOH

Electricity 2.2 MWel 0.131 GJel/tMetOH

generation

Total net electricity 666.6 MWel 40.6 GJel/tMetOH

consumption

Total net thermal 49.4 MWth 3.0 GJth/tMetOH

energy
consumption
In table 1, the yield of the methanol was 0.67t per tonne and for the production of
oxygen show around 1,1t per tonne from the carbon dioxide supplied. The total
production of methanol was equal to 470,500 t when we consider the operation of the
plant operate at 8000h/y. in table 6, 97% of electricity was used by water electricity
whereas the input of synthesis methanol not used external heat.3 different steps for the
emission of carbon dioxide could happen. First by carbon dioxide rejected that came
from the methanol synthesis unit. Secondly, came from the thermal energy
consumption and lastly, the electricity consumption. The total net of electricity
consumption in the methanol production was 17.6MW. In the terms of carbon dioxide
emission from the power plant, the rate after installing the capture unit equal to
723g/kWh. Thus after the installing of capture unit, the electricity consumption was
reduce to 12.8 t of carbon dioxide per hour

2.6 Aspen Plus

Aspen simulation workbook was simulation software that allowed Aspen HYSYS and
Aspen Plus to expert in created a clean user interface in Microsoft Excel based on
their model. The purpose of these things to manipulate complex Aspen HYSYS and
Aspen Plus simulation without disturbed the model itself. With the using of Aspen
Simulation Workbook it could allow the communication effectively within different
member of the design team (Tremblay, Management, Technology, & Mantrala, 2014)
The Aspen Software was the most technology that been implemented in all field of
engineering such as mechanical, civil and chemical. The function of this software act
as a basis for designing a new process flow diagram of the process that was used in
certain production of chemical manufacture. This software was the most leading
chemical process optimization that were used by the bulk, fine, specialty and many
more. Addition to the information, this software also was used in the constructing
model apart making business from the result of simulation(Vanhove & Matos, 2015).
With the combination off all engineering innovation and advance in information
technology, and yield reliable result that been tested in real plant, all the model of
aspen software were based on the knowledge of technological processes

In this production of methanol from the reaction of the carbon dioxide and hydrogen
as the feedstock was shown below. The equipment that involved were reactor, gas
compressor, heat exchanger, separator, distillation tower, valve and mixer. In each of
the model all the specific input was given(Vanhove & Matos, 2015)

Figure 2.6.1: The CO2 and H2 to methanol simulation( Vanhove & Matos, 2015)

Hydrogenation was the process that convert the reaction of carbon dioxide and
hydrogen to the methanol as the product. In this production it consist of 2 reaction as
one of it as the side reaction. To get a higher conversion of methanol, catalyst was one
of the main factors that will measure and took place in the reactor. Beside thats, the
condition of the reactor also was important and decisive. A higher pressure and
temperature were the aspect to produce a higher conversion and selectivity.(Vanhove
& Matos, 2015)