7

Analysis of Stress
and Strain

Plane Stress

Problem 7.2-1 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses y

x
6500 psi,
y
1700 psi, and xy
2750 psi, as shown in the
figure.
y = 1700 psi
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at an
angle 
60 from the x axis, where the angle  is positive when
counterclockwise. Show these stresses on a sketch of an element

x = 6500 psi
oriented at the angle .
O x
xy = 2750 psi

Solution 7.2-1 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
6500 psi
y
1700 psi xy
2750 psi

60
2920 psi sx  sy sx  sy
5280 psi sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

5280 psi

60
sx  sy
O x tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2
3450 psi

3450 psi
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
2920 psi

Problem 7.2-2 Solve the preceding problem for
x
80 MPa, 52 MPa

y
52 MPa, xy
48 MPa, and 
25 (see figure).
48 MPa
80 MPa

425

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426 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Solution 7.2-2 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
80 MPa
y
52 MPa xy
48 MPa

25
20.2 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
111.8 MPa sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

111.8 MPa

25
sx  sy
O x tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
20.1 MPa 2

20.1 MPa
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
20.2 MPa

Problem 7.2-3 Solve Problem 7.2-1 for
x
9,900 psi, 3,400 psi

y
3,400 psi, xy
3,600 psi, and 
50 (see figure).
3,600 psi

9,900 psi

Solution 7.2-3 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
9900 psi
y
3400 psi xy
3600 psi

50
10,760 psi
sx  sy sx  sy
2,540 psi sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

2540 psi

50
sx  sy
O x tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2,580 psi 2

2580 psi
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
10,760 psi

Problem 7.2-4 The stresses acting on element A in the web

of a train rail are found to be 42 MPa tension in the horizontal 140 MPa
direction and 140 MPa compression in the vertical direction
(see figure). Also, shear stresses of magnitude 60 MPa act in
the directions shown. 42 MPa
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at A
a counterclockwise angle of 48 from the horizontal. Show A
60 MPa
these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at this angle.
Side Cross
View Section

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 SECTION 7.2 Plane Stress 427

Solution 7.2-4 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
42 MPa
y
140 MPa xy
60 MPa

48
20.2 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
118.2 MPa sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

48
118.2 MPa
O sx  sy
x tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
84.2 MPa 2

84.2 MPa
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
20.2 MPa

20,500 psi
Problem 7.2-5 Solve the preceding problem if the normal
and shear stresses acting on element A are 7,500 psi, 20,500 psi,
and 4,800 psi (in the directions shown in the figure) and the angle
is 30 (counterclockwise). 7,500 psi
A

4,800 psi

Solution 7.2-5 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
7,500 psi
y
20,500 psi
xy
4,800 psi
9,340 psi

30
3,660 psi sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

30

3,660 psi
O x
sx  sy
14,520 psi tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2

14, 520 psi
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
9,340 psi

Problem 7.2-6 An element in plane stress from the fuselage of 6.5 MPa
an airplane is subjected to compressive stresses of magnitude
25.5 MPa in the horizontal direction and tensile stresses of magnitude
6.5 MPa in the vertical direction (see figure). Also, shear stresses of
25.5 MPa
magnitude 12.0 MPa act in the directions shown.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at a clockwise
angle of 40 from the horizontal. Show these stresses on a sketch of an 12.0 MPa
element oriented at this angle.

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428 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Solution 7.2-6 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
25.5 MPa
y
6.5 MPa
xy
12.0 MPa

40
17.8 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
18.5 MPa sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

0.5 MPa
O x
sx  sy

 40 tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2

17.8 MPa
0.5 MPa
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
18.5 MPa

Problem 7.2-7 The stresses acting on element B in the

3,000 psi
web of a wide-flange beam are found to be 11,000 psi
compression in the horizontal direction and 3,000 psi
compression in the vertical direction (see figure). Also,
shear stresses of magnitude 4,200 psi act in the directions B 11,000 psi
shown. B
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented 4,200 psi
at a counterclockwise angle of 41 from the horizontal. Side Cross
Show these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented View Section
at this angle.

Solution 7.2-7 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
11,000 psi
y
3,000 psi
xy
4,200 psi
2,280 psi 
41
11,720 psi sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

41

11,720 psi
O x sx  sy
3,380 psi tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2

3,380 psi
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
2,280 psi

Problem 7.2-8 Solve the preceding problem if the normal and shear 12 MPa
stresses acting on element B are 54 MPa, 12 MPa, and 20 MPa (in the
directions shown in the figure) and the angle is 42.5 (clockwise).
20 MPa
B
54 MPa

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 SECTION 7.2 Plane Stress 429

Solution 7.2-8 Plane stress (angle )

y
x
54 MPa
y
12 MPa xy
20 MPa

42.5
19.2 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
11.2 MPa 2 2

54.8 MPa
sx  sy
O x tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2

42.5

19.2 MPa
54.8 MPa sy1
sx  sy  sx1
11.2 MPa

y
Problem 7.2-9 The polyethylene liner of a settling pond
is subjected to stresses
x
350 psi,
y
112 psi, and 112 psi
xy
120 psi, as shown by the plane-stress element in 30
the first part of the figure.
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a
seam oriented at an angle of 30 to the element, as shown 350 psi
in the second part of the figure. Show these stresses on a O x
sketch of an element having its sides parallel and 120 psi Seam
perpendicular to the seam.

Solution 7.2-9 Plane stress (angle )

275 psi
187 psi


30 
O x
163 psi

x
350 psi
y
112 psi xy
120 psi The normal stress on the seam equals 187 psi

30 tension.
sx  sy sx  sy The shear stress on the seam equals 163 psi, acting
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u clockwise against the seam.
2 2

187 psi
sx  sy
tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2

163 psi
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
275 psi

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430 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

y
Problem 7.2-10 Solve the preceding problem if the normal
and shear stresses acting on the element are
x
2100 kPa, 300 kPa 22.5

y
300 kPa, and xy
560 kPa, and the seam is oriented
at an angle of 22.5 to the element (see figure).

2100 kPa
O x
560 kPa Seam

Solution 7.2-10 Plane stress (angle )

y sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2
960 kPa

1440 kPa
1440 kPa
sx  sy

22.5
tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2
O

1030 kPa
x
1030 kPa sy1
sx  sy  sx1
960 kPa

The normal stress on the seam equals 1440 kPa

tension.

x
2100 kPa
y
300 kPa xy
560 kPa The shear stress on the seam equals 1030 kPa, acting

22.5 clockwise against the seam.

350 psi
Problem 7.2-11 A rectangular plate of dimensions 3.0 in.  5.0 in. is
formed by welding two triangular plates (see figure). The plate is subjected
to a tensile stress of 500 psi in the long direction and a compressive stress of
350 psi in the short direction. ld
Determine the normal stress
w acting perpendicular to the line of the We 3 in. 500 psi
weld and the shear stress w acting parallel to the weld. (Assume that the 5 in.
normal stress
w is positive when it acts in tension against the weld and the
shear stress w is positive when it acts counterclockwise against the weld.)

Solution 7.2-11 Biaxial stress (welded joint) sx  sy sx  sy

y sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2
125 psi
275 psi
sx  sy
275 psi tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
375 psi
2

30.96
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
125 psi
O x STRESSES ACTING ON THE WELD
375 psi 125 psi

w

x
500 psi
y
350 psi xy
0 w 375 psi

 
30.96
3 in.
u
arctan
arctan 0.6
30.96
5 in.

w
125 psi
w
375 psi

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 SECTION 7.2 Plane Stress 431

Problem 7.2-12 Solve the preceding problem for a plate of 12.0 MPa
dimensions 100 mm  250 mm subjected to a compressive
stress of 2.5 MPa in the long direction and a tensile stress of
12.0 MPa in the short direction (see figure).
ld
We 100 mm 2.5 MPa
250 mm

Solution 7.2-12 Biaxial stress (welded joint)

y
sx  sy
tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
5.0 MPa
10.0 MPa 2
0.5 MPa sy1
sx  sy  sx1
10.0 MPa


21.80  STRESSES ACTING ON THE WELD

O x
w 10.0 MPa
5.0 MPa 5.0 MPa
w
 
21.80

x
2.5 MPa
y
12.0 MPa xy
0
u
arctan
100 mm

arctan 0.4
21.80
w
10.0 MPa
250 mm w
5.0 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

0.5 MPa

y
Problem 7.2-13 At a point on the surface of a machine the material
is in biaxial stress with
x
3600 psi and
y
1600 psi, as shown 1600 psi a
in the first part of the figure. The second part of the figure shows
an inclined plane aa cut through the same point in the material but

oriented at an angle . 3600 psi
Determine the value of the angle  between zero and 90 O x
such that no normal stress acts on plane aa. Sketch a stress element
having plane aa as one of its sides and show all stresses acting on a
the element.

Solution 7.2-13 Biaxial stress STRESS ELEMENT

a

sx1
0 
56.31
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
2000 psi

sx  sy

x
3600 psi tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
2

y
1600 psi

2400 psi
a xy
0
Find angle  for

0. y
2000 psi


normal stress on plane a-a
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2 
56.31

1000  2600 cos 2 (psi) O x
1000
For sx1
0, we obtain cos 2u
 2400 psi
2600

2
112.62 and 
56.31

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432 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Problem 7.2-14 Solve the preceding problem for
x
32 MPa y

and
y
50 MPa (see figure).
50 MPa a


32 MPa
O x

Solution 7.2-14 Biaxial stress

a STRESS ELEMENT

sx1
0 
38.66
 sy1
sx  sy  sx1
18 MPa
sx  sy

x
32 MPa tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u

y
50 MPa 2
a xy
0
40 MPa
Find angles  for

0. y


normal stress on plane a-a 18 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2 
38.66

9  41 cos 2 (MPa)
9 O x
For sx1
0, we obtain cos 2u
40 MPa
41

2
77.32 and 
38.66

y
Problem 7.2-15 An element in plane stress from the frame of a racing
car is oriented at a known angle  (see figure). On this inclined element,
the normal and shear stresses have the magnitudes and directions shown 4,180 psi 2,360 psi
in the figure.  = 30
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on an element whose 15,220 psi
sides are parallel to the xy axes; that is, determine
x,
y, and xy. Show O x
the results on a sketch of an element oriented at 
0.

Solution 7.2-15 Plane stress 4,900 psi

Transform from 
30 to 
0.
Let:
x
15,220 psi,
y
4,180 psi, y
xy
2,360 psi, and 
30. 14,500 psi
sx  sy sx  sy O x
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

14,500 psi 3,600 psi
sx  sy
tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
3,600 psi FOR 
0:
2 sx
sx1
14,500 psi
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
4,900 psi
sy
sy1
4,900 psi
txy
tx1y1
3,600 psi

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 SECTION 7.2 Plane Stress 433

Problem 7.2-16 Solve the preceding problem for the element shown in y 26.7 MPa
the figure.

66.7 MPa  = 60

O x
25.0 MPa

Solution 7.2-16 Plane stress

Transform from 
60 to 
0. FOR 
0:
Let:
x
26.7 MPa,
y
66.7 MPa, sx
sx1
65 MPa
xy
25.0 MPa, and 
60. sy
sy1
25 MPa
txy
tx1y1
28 MPa
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2

65 MPa 25 MPa
sx  sy
tx1y1
 sin 2u  txy cos 2u
28 MPa y
2 65 MPa
sy1
sx  sy  sx1
25 MPa O x

28 MPa

y
Problem 7.2-17 A plate in plane stress is subjected to normal
stresses
x and
y and shear stress xy, as shown in the figure. At
counterclockwise angles 
40 and 
80 from the x axis the
y
normal stress is 5000 psi tension.
If the stress
x equals 2000 psi tension, what are the stresses xy

y and xy?
x = 2000 psi
O x

Solution 7.2-17 Plane stress

x
2000 psi
y
? xy
? FOR 
80:
At 
40 and 
80; sx1
5000 psi (tension) sx1
5000
Find
y and xy.
2000  sy 2000  sy
sx  sy sx  sy
 cos 160  txy sin 160
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u 2 2
2 2 or 0.96985
y  0.34202xy
4939.7 psi (2)
FOR 
40: SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
sx1
5000

y
4370 psi xy
2050 psi
2000  sy 2000  sy

 cos 80  txy sin 80
2 2
or 0.41318
y  0.98481xy
3826.4 psi (1)

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434 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Problem 7.2-18 The surface of an airplane wing is subjected to plane y

stress with normal stresses
x and
y and shear stress xy, as shown in
the figure. At a counterclockwise angle 
30 from the x axis the

y
normal stress is 35 MPa tension, and at an angle 
50 it is 10 MPa
compression.
xy
If the stress
x equals 100 MPa tension, what are the stresses
y
and xy?
x = 100 MPa
O x

Solution 7.2-18 Plane stress

x
100 MPa
y
? xy
? FOR 
50:
At 
30, sx1
35 MPa (tension)
sx1
10
At 
50, sx1
10 MPa (compression)
Find
y and xy 100  sy 100  sy

 cos 100  txy sin 100
sx  sy sx  sy 2 2
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u or 0.58682
y  0.98481xy
51.318 MPa (2)
2 2
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
FOR 
30:

y
19.3 MPa xy
40.6 MPa
sx1
35
100  sy 100  sy

 cos 60  txy sin 60
2 2
or 0.25
y  0.86603xy
40 MPa (1)

y
Problem 7.2-19 At a point in a structure subjected to plane stress,
the stresses are
x
4000 psi,
y
2500 psi, and xy
2800 psi
b
(the sign convention for these stresses is shown in Fig. 7-1). A stress b
element located at the same point in the structure, but oriented at a 2000 psi 1
counterclockwise angle 1 with respect to the x axis, is subjected
to the stresses shown in the figure (
b, b, and 2000 psi). O x
Assuming that the angle 1 is between zero and 90, calculate
the normal stress
b, the shear stress b, and the angle 1.

Solution 7.2-19 Plane stress

x
4000 psi
y
2500 psi xy
2800 psi ANGLE 1
sx  sy sx  sy
FOR 
1: sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2
sx1
2000 psi sy1
sb xy
b 2000 psi
750  3250 cos 21  2800 sin 21
Find
b, b, and 1 or 65 cos 21  56 sin 21  55
0
Solve numerically:
STRESS
b 21
89.12 1
44.56

b

x 
y  2000 psi
3500 psi
SHEAR STRESS b
sx  sy
tb
tx1y1
 sin 2u1  txy cos 2u1
2

3290 psi

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 SECTION 7.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 435

Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses

When solving the problems for Section 7.3, consider only the in-plane
stresses (the stresses in the xy plane).
Problem 7.3-1 An element in plane stress is subjected to
stresses
x
6500 psi,
y
1700 psi, and xy
2750 psi
(see the figure for Problem 7.2-1).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a
sketch of a properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-1 Principal stresses

x
6500 psi
y
1700 psi xy
2750 psi Therefore,
1
7750 psi and up1
24.44
PRINCIPAL STRESSES

2
450 psi and up2
114.44 }
2txy
tan 2up

1.1458
sx  sy y
2p
48.89 and p
24.44
450 psi
2p
228.89 and p
114.44
7750 psi
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u p1
24.44
2 2
O x
For 2p
48.89: sx1
7750 psi
For 2p
228.89: sx1
450 psi

Problem 7.3-2 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses

x
80 MPa,
y
52 MPa, and xy
48 MPa (see the figure for
Problem 7.2-2).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of
a properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-2 Principal stresses

Therefore,
1
116 MPa and up1
36.87

x
80 MPa
y
52 MPa xy
48 MPa

2
16 MPa and up2
126.87 }
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
y
2txy
tan 2up

3.429
sx  sy 16 MPa
116 MPa
2p
73.74 and p
36.87
2p
253.74 and p
126.87
p1
36.87
sx  sy sx  sy O x
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2
For 2p
73.74: sx1
116 MPa
For 2p
253.74: sx1
16 MPa

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436 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Problem 7.3-3 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses

x
9,900 psi,
y
3,400 psi, and xy
3,600 psi (see the figure
for Problem 7.2-3).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-3 Principal stresses

x
9900 psi
y
3400 psi xy
3600 psi Therefore,
1
1,800 psi and up1
66.04
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2
11,500 psi and up2
23.96 }
2txy y
tan 2up

1.1077
sx  sy
2p
47.92 and p
23.96 11,500 psi
1,800 psi
2p
132.08 and p
66.04
sx  sy sx  sy p1
66.04
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2 O x
For 2p
47.92: sx1
11,500 psi
For 2p
132.08: sx1
1,800 psi

Problem 7.3-4 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses

x
42 MPa,
y
140 MPa, and xy
60 MPa (see the figure
for Problem 7.2-4).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-4 Principal stresses

x
42 MPa
y
140 MPa Therefore,
1
60 MPa and up1
16.70
xy
60 MPa
2
158 MPa and up2
73.30 }
PRINCIPAL STRESSES

2txy y
tan 2up

0.6593
sx  sy
60 MPa
2p
33.40 and p
16.70 158 MPa
2p
146.60 and p
73.30
sx  sy sx  sy p2
73.30
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2 O x
For 2p
33.40: sx1
60 MPa
For 2p
146.60: sx1
158 MPa

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 SECTION 7.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 437

Problem 7.3-5 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x
7,500 psi,

y
20,500 psi, and xy
4,800 psi (see the figure for Problem 7.2-5).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses and
show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-5 Maximum shear stresses

x
7,500 psi
y
20,500 psi MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
xy
4,800 psi
sx  sy 2
tmax
 t2xy
14,800 psi

PRINCIPAL ANGLES B 2
us1
up1  45
54.46 and 
14,800 psi
tan 2up

2txy
sx  sy

0.3429

2p
18.92 and p
9.46

us2
up1  45
35.54 and 
14,800 psi
sx  sy
}
2p
161.08 and p
80.54 saver

6,500 psi
2
sx  sy sx  sy y
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2 6,500 psi
For 2p
18.92: sx1
8,300 psi 6,500 psi
For 2p
161.08: sx1
21,300 psi
Therefore, up1
9.46 s2
35.54
O x
14,800 psi

Problem 7.3-6 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x
25.5 MPa,

y
6.5 MPa, and xy
12.0 MPa (see the figure for Problem 7.2-6).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses and show
them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-6 Maximum shear stresses

x
25.5 MPa
y
6.5 MPa MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
xy
12.0 MPa sx  sy 2
tmax
 t2xy
20.0 MPa

B 2
PRINCIPAL ANGLES

tan 2up

2txy
sx  sy

0.7500
us1
up1  45
63.48 and 
20.0 MPa
us2
up1  45
153.43 and 
20.0 MPa
sx  sy
}
saver

9.5 MPa
2p
36.87 and p
18.43 2
2p
216.87 and p
108.43 y
sx  sy sx  sy 9.5 MPa
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u 9.5 MPa
2 2
For 2p
36.87: sx1
29.5 MPa s1
63.43
For 2p
216.87: sx1
10.5 MPa O x
Therefore, up1
108.4 20.0 MPa

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438 CHAPTER 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Problem 7.3-7 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses

x
11,000 psi,
y
3,000 psi, and xy
4200 psi (see the
figure for Problem 7.2-7).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal
stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-7 Maximum shear stresses

x
11,000 psi
y
3,000 psi MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
xy
4,200 psi
sx  sy 2
tmax
 t2xy
5,800 psi

PRINCIPAL ANGLES B 2

tan 2up

2txy
sx  sy

1.0500
us1
up1  45
68.20 and 
5,800 psi
us2
up1  45
158.20 and 
5,800 psi
sx  sy
}
saver

7,000 psi
2p
46.40 and p
23.20 2
2p
226.40 and p
113.20 y
sx  sy sx  sy
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u 7,000 psi
2 2 7,000 psi
For 2p
46.40: sx1
12,800 psi
For 2p
226.40: sx1
1,200 psi s1
68.20
Therefore, up1
113.20 O x
5,800 psi

Problem 7.3-8 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x
54 MPa,

y
12 MPa, and xy
20 MPa (see the figure for Problem 7.2-8).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses and
show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

Solution 7.3-8 Maximum shear stresses

x
54 MPa
y
12 MPa MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
xy
20 MPa
sx  sy 2
tmax
 t2xy
29.0 MPa

PRINCIPAL ANGLES B 2

tan 2up

2txy
sx  sy

0.9524
us1
up1  45
23.20 and 
29.0 MPa
us2
up1  45
113.20 and 
29.0 MPa
sx  sy
}
saver

33.0 MPa
2p
43.60 and p
21.80 2
2p
136.40 and p
68.20 y

sx  sy sx  sy 33.0 MPa
sx1
 cos 2u  txy sin 2u
2 2 33.0 MPa
For 2p
43.60: sx1
62 MPa
s1
23.20
For 2p
136.40: sx1
4.0 MPa
Therefore, up1
68.20 O x
29.0 MPa

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