Published by Express Publishing

Uberty House, Greenham Business Park, New bu ry,

Berksh ire RG19 6HW
Tel., (0044) 1635 817 363
Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
e-mai l: i nq u i ries@ex presspublishing .co.uk
http://www.exp ress pu bl ishi ng .co. u k

Cl Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley, 2012

Design and Illustration Express Publishing, 20 12

Colour Illustrations: Victor, Emma nuel, Angela, Simon And rews. Kyr Cl Express Publishing, 20 12

First published 2012

Made in EU

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form. or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or othelWise, without the prior
written permission of the publishers.

This book is not meant to be changed in any way.

ISBN 978'4715-0022-0

Acknowledgements
Authors' Acknow ledgements
We would like to thank all the staff at Express Publishing who have con t ributed their ski lls to producing this
book. Thanks for their support and patience are due in particular to: Megan Lawton (Editor in Chief); Mary Swan
and Sean Todd (senior editors); Michael Sadler and Steve Miller (editorial assistants); Richard White (senior
production controller); the Express design team; Sweetspot (recording producers); and Kevin Harris, Kimberly
Baker. Steven Gibbs and Christine Little. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted
the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the production of the book .

Phot og raph Acknowledgements

Glastonbury Festival () afp/www.iml.gr on p. 34; Mireya Mayor Cl WENN/www.iml.gr on p. 35; Bennini
Cl everettcollection/www.iml.gron p. 149

Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders. If any have been inadvertently overlooked. the publishers
will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
 Workbook & Grammar Book
Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley
this

4JlU~
Express Publishing
 Contents
Modu le 1 ( Module 5
la .............................................. . P 4 Sa ............ . p. 60
lb ....................................... . p. 5 5b ................... ............ . p. 61
le, d ............................................. . P 6 sc, d ....................................... . p. 62
le ............................................... . P 7 Se .................................... . p. 63
If ............. . P 8 51 .................................. . p. 64
19 .. . p 9 5g .................... . p. 65
lh .. p. 10 5h p. 66
l i ...... ................. . p. 11 Si ............................ . p. 67
" Speaking p. 13 5, Speaking .. ............ .. p. 69
language & Grammar Review p. 14 language & Grammar Review p. 70
Reading Task . .. ................ p. 15 Reading Task ... .......... .............. .. p. 71
Building Up Vocabulary p. 16 Building Up Vocabulary ....... . p. 72
language Knowledge ... .... ....... p. 17 language Knowledge p. 73
( Module 2 ( Module 6
2a ....... . p. 18 6a ... .............. . p. 74
2b ......... .. p 19 6b .............. . p. 75
2c, d ........ . p. 20 6c, d ........... . p. 76
2e p 21 6e ........... .. p. 77
21 ............ . ................ p. 22 61 ................ ..................... . p. 78
29 .................. . p 23 69 ............ . p. 79
2h .................. . p 24 6h ....................................... . p. 80
2i ................... ................... p. 25 6i ................................ ............. . p. 81
2, Speaking ...... ................ p. 27 6, Speaking ................................. . p. 83
language & Grammar Review ........ . p 28 language & Grammar Review ........ . p. 84
Reading Task ................ . p 29 Reading Task .................................. . p. 85
Building Up Vocabulary .............. . p 30 Building Up Vocabulary .......... . p. 86
language Knowledge p. 31 language Knowledge .............. . p. 87
( Module 3 ( Grammar Bank
3a ............ . p 32 Grammar Bank 1 p. 88
3b p 33 Grammar Bank 2 .................. . p. 97
3c, d ............ . p 34 Grammar Bank 3 p. 105
3e ................... .......... . p 35 Grammar Bank 4 p. 111
3f ......................... p. 36 Grammar Bank 5 p. 119
3g ........ ....... p. 37 Grammar Bank 6 p. 125
3h ............................ ............. p. 38
3i ............. ............. .
( Grammar Revision
p. 39
3, Speaking Key Word Transformations p. 135
p. 41
Phrasal Verbs ............. p. 137
Language & Grammar Review p. 42
Reading Task ............... . Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns
p. 43
Building Up Vocabulary p. 44
with Prepositions .............. ............. p. 138
language Knowledge ..... . p. 45 ( Revision Modules 1-6
( Module 4 Revision Module 1 p. 142
Revision Module 2 ....... . p. 145
4a ...................... . p. 46
4b ........................ . Revision Module 3 ...................... . p. 148
p. 47
4c, d ..................... .
Revision Module 4 ..... ................ . p. 151
p. 48
Revision Module 5 .... . p. 154
4e ...................... . p. 49
Revision Module 6 ..... p. 157
41 P 50
49 p. 51
Irregular Verbs . p. 160
4h P 52
4i ................... . P 53
4, Speaking .................... .. P 55
language & Grammar Review P 56
Reading Task P 57
Building Up Vocabulary P 58
language Knowledge P 59

3
 Vocabulary Grammar V,
1 a) * Match the words to make phrases. 3 * Complete the exchanges with the verbs 1
*
In brackets i n thepresent simple, present in:
0::0 mine A volcano continuous, past simple, past continuous, po
[IT] flaming hot B photographs present perfec~ or the present perfect continuous. su,
[IT] deafening C temperatures 1 A: You ......., ........ ................ (look) tired, Tom.
no
[ID stunning 0 eruption B: Yes, I . . ..... .... .... ." .... .. .... (hike) all day.
ITD
(?~~~h~v~) ~~p~v:~~id~~t;H
freelance E nights
[IT] dormant F gases 2 A .. H e!
[ID sleepless G roar B: Yes. I once : ...... ", ._ . ..... .. .... .... (trip) on a
[IT] freezing H photographer rock and . " .. .. (b rea k) my arm . One da
!ill poisonous I lava 3
A: What .. ...
animal
H..... , .............. (you /do)
[Q[] volcanic J collapse to your finger, j~ne? It Iflt')ks swollen . . over a(
B: I ....\ ,... .............. ........ , . ...... (slam) a door when (
b) ** Use some of the phrases above to
complete the sentences.
on it yeste rday morning.
4 A: How often .. ~H.. .. ..
and hE
" ...... .. (you /go) f1l<iio v
mountain climbing, Sam? the al
1 A(n) ............................. .. ...... sends ash and g~s
B: I ...... c .... .............. (go) about once a month . 5) .... ..
flying up into the atmosphere .
I ..... '.... .. .... .. .. (go) this weeke,\d act" " lv. plane.
2 Martin is a(n ) ......................... .......... who takes
5 A: Look at Mark and James! They :.-! .....-:-: .... ~.~ .:.. under
pictures of volcanoes all over the world.
.. .................. H. . (~ive) from t he cliff! 7) .... .
3 Sam hiked to the top of th e volcano in snow
B: Yes . I think they. . .. ,l.l.L f... . ,~ . ::"' ..... ...... ....... appro
and ......... .. ...... ........ ...... ..... .
(enjoy) themselves' to 9) .
4 Joh n spent three ... .... ........................ . cam ping
6 A: Whhat ' h' " .... .. :.> ......... & .. .. ..: ' ... (you /do) 10) ..
in the jungle. The mosquitoes kept him awake.
w er t e pa rthqu ake happened? .
B: I .. , .. : .... ....>J.~ . y .. :.. ... ... . (do) 'l1y homework
S Mauna Kea in Hawai i is a(n) ................ ... .... .... .
It hasn't erupted for at least 4,000 yea rs. , .::
w hile .Tim and Sa lly ..... ~..\.. ......:'.. ~. . ~, .. .'.:. '
6 He took some .............. .. .... ....... ... . of the
(watch) TV.
volcano erupting; they were so beautiful!
2
2 * Fill in: shake, stay, evacuate, block, take, 4 * Underline t he correct tense.
1
provide. 1 The plane leaves / ha ~left at 9 am tomorrow.
1 Volcano chasers have to wear a gas mask
order to ................... alive .
2 When Chile 's Puyehue volcano started erupti ng
In

the rubble for survivors. .-

2 The rescue workers are searching/search through

3 Mark has foundli s finding a new freela nce job.'

2

3
in 2011 , officials had to ................... thousands 4 The photographer has been taking / has taken V
of people from the area . pictures for three hours. ...-
4
3 Did you just feel the ground .... .. .... ..... ....... .. .. ? 5 They trav~lIed/were travelli!!g to Chile last year.
I th ink it was a small earthquake. 6 It ra ined while they ~ej1iki~g / hik.d through
S
4 Volcano chasers have to .............. .. .... .... .. .... .... .. the forest.
safety precautions such as wea ring a gas mask 7 He was climbing/climbed the mountain when 6
an d goggles. he ~/w-;;'lipping .
5 Some ta ll trees in the garden ............... ... .... ... .. . B Tom often is going/ oes camping at th e 7
t he view from my bedroom window. weekend.
6 Gloves ...... ... ....... ....... .............. volcano chasers 9 The miners dug/!:!ave been..Jlig!Ji!!.ll in the old
8
protection from hot lava . copper mine all day.
4
 .. Vocabulary Grammar
1 *rescue, despera te, struck,
in:
Read t he story and fi ll 3 * Put th e verb s in brackets in the
perfect or th e past perfect continuous.
past

pain, dehydration. broke,

1 They ............................. ..... (wal k) in the forest
survive, spotted, struggled,
for hou rs be fore they realised t hey were lost.
n. notify. remote.
2 Peter w:as upset because he " '. ..................... .. .. .
y. (see) a horrible car crash.
3 How long ........................................................ ..
,(Aron/ climb) before th e acci den t happened?
a 4 Ann felt cold because she .............. .............
One day in 2003,
n. (forget) to take her coat.
,) animal conservationist Greg Rasmussen was flying low
S Tom ........................ ... ................ (wait) for two
over a(n) 1) ................,...... ~ .. area in the..African savanna,
hours when the resc ue helicopter finally arrived.
when disaster 2) .. His plane crashed,
** ~
f ................. . .. , ....... . . .

and he 3) ................. ~ .................... both of his legs. His 4 Use the past perfect or the past perfect
radio wasn't working. so he couldn't 4) ........................... . continuous to complete t he se ntences.
the authorities. Before long. he smelled gas, so he 1 James was exhausted beca use ............. .. .. ....... .
h. 5) ...................................:... to dragllimself away from the 2 They had already . ~.. .......................... .
Y'J plane. He was in terrible 6) ....................... . He was out 3 By the t ime Brian arrived, ............................... .
I'
under the midday sun, and had 10 fight exhaustion and 4 He ha d been ............................ ...... ........ before
7) .......................................... As the sun set, wild animals
approached. It was a(n) 8) ................................... strugge S Kel ly was angry because ................................. .

J)
to 9) .............................. Just after daybreak, Greg heard a
10) ....................... helicopter. The pilot 11) .................... .. 5 * Put th e ve rb s in brackets into the past
perfect or the past perfect continuous.
him and his nightmare was finally over.
k
) -----~
In 1990, two friends Robert and Barry managed 10 survive the harsh
2 *delirious, motiva tional, disabled,
Fill in: sacrifice, credit, pros thetic, aid,
troublea.
conditions of the Sahara desert alone tor two days. The two friends
1) ............................................... (enrol) in the Marathon of the Sands
which was a seven day toot race through \tie Sahara desert. Before
Sam works as a(n) ............ :................. speaker,
the competition began they 2) .............................................. (pack) all
giving talks to teenagers about facing challenges.
the food, dothing and supplies they needed on their desert adventure
2 Sophie used her .............., ..................... card to
in large rucksacks, which they carried on their backs. On the firsl day
pay for the camp ing suppl ies.
of the event the two friends 3) ......................................... (walk) in the
3 Aron Ralston had to make an incredible ...............
desert fOf a few hours when all of a sudden a sand slorm appeared
" to survive; he (ut off his own arm.
out of nowhere. They had nowhere 10 take cover. Robert opened his
4 The Paralympic Games are for ........................ ..
rucksack only to realise that he 4) .......................................... (forget)
athletes.
to pack their oompass. Terrified, the men sal in the middleof the sand
5 Daniel hel ps .:.... :...................... teenagers who
storm and waited for help to arrive. They 5) ....................................... ..
have had prob lems with the police.
(wait) for two days beforethe organisers of theevenl realised thalthe
6 Aron Ralston now has a(n) ....... :......... .. ... ........ ..
two men were missing. The organisers sent a rescue leam which
arm after hi s terrible accident.
evenlually foundIhem. The two men fell extremely lucky10 be alive!
7 The rescue wo rker admin istered first .. ... ~: ..... .
to the injured man.
8 Aron Ralston beca me ~ N

from dehydrat ion.

 P

, c,d
Vocabulary Speaking 1
1 * Fill in: struggled. smashed, declared, pumped, 4 * Use the sentences (A F) to compl ete th e 1 ,
begged. dialogue. On e sentence isn't necessary. a
1 The president ......................... .......... a state of A Isn't there an ything else on ? 1 <t
emergency after the storm hit. B I like the sound of that! s
2 Rescue workers .................................... to (ope C OK. That's fine with me! 2 Ir
with deadly fl ood waters. D I happen to find it interest ing.
3 The flood victim s .............. ............ ... .... ....... for E Anyway, it's nearly fin ished . 3 ~

~1ro~Wr~~~~. . . ~~~~~. . . .... . . .

F Why don 't you look in the TV guide?
4 4 T
shop windows during the riot. tI
A: Why are you watching this Silly game show?
S People ................................. ............. water out S TI
B: IIIJ
of th eir houses after the flood. Sf
A: What's on later?
6 A
2 * Fill in the sente nces with the (orrect
B: ITIJ
A: After this the re's CSI on Channel 1 or a t~

I
words derived from the words in brackets. 7 TI
cooking show on Channel 3.
a(
1 Scientists fear that the storm will ............. B: [IT]
and become a major hurricane. (STRONG) A: The Daily Show is on Channel 2. You know, (
2 The mayor ordered the ..................... ............. of it's a talk show. We can watch that.
~
New Orleans to evacuate the city immediately. B: OK. ~ As long as we can change the 2
al
(RESIDE ) channel at 9. I want to see Grey's Anatomy.
g
3 The storm was so ................. ..................... that A: ITIJ
it destroyed the whole vi llage. (POWER) Ordinar
4 There was a lot of violence and .. .. .... ............... . molten
of department stores after Hurricane Katrina hit surface
the city. (LOOT) 5 ** Write a similar dialogue to the one in (1) .....
cone !
5 The city is making a slow ....... ........................ . Ex. 4. Use the TV guide below. Vesuvill
(RECOVER) (2) .....
It is or

3 * Complete the sentences with the correct

ChannelS Channel 6 nature
known,
word. (4) ....~
Garfield .. Sportsday " one sp
funny silly relaxing boring Sarah's - threat i
all) cooking show cartoon sports
predictable educational So wh
programme often t
1 The TV programme was so ............................... ; reserve
I nearly fell asleep. Earth's
_ _ Make The Penguin The Arnold ditferel
2 Some documentaries are very ............ ... ........... .
Qiij a deal - game March - Family - superv,
because you learn new things . USA. 1
documentary sitcom
3 Mark told a(n) ... ............. ............... ... joke and show natural
everybody laughed. (9) .....
e rupt~
4 They like ................................ and watching TV The Best of Simon's
News & and a
Meals -
on their sofa. all Weather Nature -
cooking show
becaus
the U
5 Most horror fi lms are ..................... ...... ........ .. wildlife
(12) ...
beca use you can guess what wi ll happen. programme temper
6 Janet disl ikes soap operas; she finds them mass e

6
 Vocabulary 3 ** For qu estio ns 1 12, rea d t he text

" 1 * Fill in: restore, whirling. phenomena, wildfire, below an d deci de which answer
(A, 8, C or D) best fits each gap.
astonished. ignited, miracle.
, 4t was a(n) ...... !:':).:.':{.~. .':J.t............... that she Exa mp le:
survived lost at sea for so many days. o @couple B set ( few D duet
2 Investigators have co ncl ud ed that lightn ing
.... ... ......."\........ l .f. .................... the forest fire. rt a (0) couple of
ccording to a recent news repo , this weekend
3 Meteorologists also study ma ny strange weather
.... :p.mA1.J .."'(?~ . ~. n ............. . A snowmobilers out for a (1) ....... eeding along
received quite a s~ock. As they wer.ea~foss what they
4 They were .'.l~1.\ . ~~~.. 6........ when they saw on their snow~oblles, they ~~d"~bandoned car. On
the explosion in the sky. thought was Simply a cr~~ngs weren't quite as they
1 closer (3) ....... , however,
5 The wind grew stronger and created a \N. \ LT~f'0.~ had first appeared.
snowstorm that blew snow everywhere. \ h a roximately one metre of
6 After the hurricane, it took years to .. x::r.~S... After (4) ....... throug pp (5) ....... at the car, they
snow in order to get a ~ettf~f a man (6) ....... up in a
the town back to its original (ondition. were amazed .to catch Sigh t of the vehicle. After being
7 The ....................................... has burned man y . 9 bag In the rear sea to
sIeepln r and subsequently (7) .......
acres of land. removed from the ca was named as 44-year-
hospital by rescuers , the man
Use of English old Peter Skyllberg. .
thin after hiS (8) ....... ,

I'y.
2 ** Fo r questio ns 1-12, re ad th e t ext bel ow Although weak fn~ ~:~ doctors that he had been
Skyllberg was ab e ? 19 December _ nearly two
and think of t he word which best fit s each (9) ....... in the car since . ' d for
d' ered l HaVing sU!Vlve
gap. Use onl y one word in each gap. months before he w~s r ISCO~jth no food and water ,
such a (10) ....... 0 lme Il'ng Skyllberg's survival
Ordinary volcanoes are formed by a column of very hot medical. (11) ........ a~e ~e~ are still trying to figure

in
molten rock, known (0) os magma, rising to the earth's
surface frpm deep within the Earth's (ore. This type
(1) ......D.-!t.............. volcano usually erupts from the top of a
cone shaped mountain, such as the famous volcano,
something of a mlrac e. d to stay alive (12) .......
out how Sky\,lbheatrgO:e~~~~epped to as low as _30C.
temperatures
\
Vesuvius, _ nea~ . ~aples in Italy. However, there is
(2) " ...... ~kind of tolcano, called a supervolcano. 1 A march G)ride C cruise D stroll
It is one of the (3) .~o.~"\ ........... destructive fo rces in 2 A we nt B got came D put
I nature but also one of the least understood. One thing that is
known, th9~h, is that if a supervolcano occurs, it
3 A exa minat ion ( analysis
(4) ....'Y,.,!.tA!1......... lead to mass ,e~.!!.~~tion of species, and B investigat ion @ inspection
one species in particular (5) .. W.\ ~..... will be under 4 A mining ( clawi ng
threat is the human race.
So what is a supervolcano exactly and (6) ..~~ ...... . ~ digging D scratching
often do they occur? A supervolcano is basically a huge 5 A look B scene {) view D glimpse
reservoir, or lake of boiling ~agllla that lies close to the 6 A packed C folded
Earth's surface. ~hey (7) ....D.X. .......... found in six \!) wrapped o d osed
different regions of the planet. One of the most famous
1 A relocated ~ t ransported
supervolcano regions is in Yellowstone Park in Wyoming,
USA. This park is (8) ... ~ ............. area of outstanding 8 wheeled D ca rried
natural be~~ but it is also a sleeping giant that could wake 8 A ordeal B trial ( agony @ torture
(9) ..... J~~ .......... at any~ time. The last time the area
erupted was (10) .... mM:f!. ..... than 600, 000 years ago
9 t rapped C captured
and a new eruption is now overdue. When it does erupt, 8 ca ught D seized
because (11 ) ..~ ..... day it will, it will virtually destroy 10 A heig ht B width C length @) d,pth
the USA. And the dust cloud it creates will block
(12) ....~u.,..,"'\............. the sun causing the Earth's
temperature to plummet threatening the whole planet with
11 @)person nel
B officers
C agents
D employers ,-
mass extinction. 12 A si nce ( despite
B although <Q) howeve r ..,
r p

Vocabulary Grammar V
1 * Fill in: evacuation, rubble, devastating, 3 * Und erline the correct item .
1 *
epicentre. shook, partial, courageous, collapse, of
(ran tic, aftershocks, stranded. triggered.
Hurricane Hits
1 The ............................... earthquake destroyed
Southern Florida in the US
many houses in the area.
2 There was a( n) ............ ....... .................. rush to
escape from the burning building.
3 The building was so damaged that t he police
worried it would .................. .......................
4 The police officer had only a(n) ....................... .
description of the missing boy.
S Scientists recorded a series of ......... .
after the strong quake.
6 The underwater earthquake ................. .
huge tsunami waves.
7 Thousands of people remained ....................... . A destructive hurricane which struck Southern Florida
after losing their homes in the flood. yesterday aft ernoon has injured I) many/much residents.
S Th ere are ............................ .... rescue workers The hu rricane caused a 2) couple/great deal of damage
who are ready to risk their lives to save others when heavy rain and wi nds of up to 88 kilometres per
in need. hour knocked down J) pl enty/a large amoun t of irees
9 The mayor ordered a(n) ............................. and power lines in the area.
of the area after the tsunami warning. 4) ]\-Ioslrroo mu ch homes across the state have lost
10 The quake was so strong t hat the bu ilding power. The viole nt storm has also destroyed 5) many/
........ .... ............... violently from side to side. much houses and bui ld ings and left thousands of people
11 Rescue workers tried to pull survivors out of homeless. Emergency workers have se t up 6) a few/a
the ..................... .. little shelters for the homeless as they struggle to
12 The quake's .... ............................ ..... was in the distribute food and wate r. 7) Some/E,'cry experts are now
*c
2 (om
sea, 100 kilometres from the coast . trying to est imate 8) how much/how many it wi ll cost 10
repair the damage due to the devastating hurricane. DA

2 * Choose the correct word. 9) Se\'ernVEach fo recasters at the National Hurricane

Cent re are worried that the storm will move along the
Bl,

CLEAR B
1 The tsunami swept/forced away many houses. East COast and hit other states in its path . IlPPROIlI
2 The accident ripped/ hurled the car apart.
l The hurricane moved /headed for the Ca ribbean
island. 4 * Fill in: whole. both. neither. either or none. RAlL ACC

4 An earthquake struck/slammed off the coast of 1 Jeff survived ................................... a hurricane

Chile yesterday. and a flood all in the same week.
LUCKY ES
S Power plants closed /crumbled down after the 2 ............................................ Tom or Sharon wi ll
earthquake hit. EMERGE~
ca ll the emergency services.
6 The injured child cried and held /clung to his 3 ..................................... Joe nor Pau l were near CRASH SI
mother. the mine when it collapsed. A BOMB
7 The wave floated/ rolled across the ocean and 4 ........................................... of my friends have THE CIT'
hit the coast. ever experienced an earthq uake.
S The damaged area was loaded /washed wi th S An earthquake destroyed a............ ............. .... CRUISE Sf
debris. village in Northern Chile.
8
,
 Vocabulary Speaking
1 * Com plete the crossword with the types 3 * Choose the (orrect exchange .
of disasters shown in the pictures.
1 A: Did you hear about the plane crash?
B: a Really?
b It 's awful. isn 't it?
2 A: Guess what happened?
B: a That 's so sad.
b What?
3 A: Look at this accident!
B: a I don't believe it !
b It's great!
4 A: There was an explosion.
B: a How horrible!
b Sure!

rid,
Listening
~ge 4 ** 0 You will hear part of an interview
pe< with a rescue worker who helped after the
rees earthquake and tsunam i in Japan in March
2011 . For each question, choose the correct
lost answer A, B or C.
Boyl
1 Simon helped after the disaster in Japan because
)ple
he was
~Mia
A a trained profes~iona l .
to
nOli'
2 * Choose the words from the list to B on holiday there.
(omplete the newspaper he adline s. C a volunteer charity worker.
10
1
Joe. DAMAGED BLACKENS ' COLLAPSES 2 The most difficult aspect of the rescue effort
>ne BLAST RESCUE INJURES was the
the A poor roads. B lack of machinery.
CLEAR BLUE SKY I) ....................... AS STORM
C poor weather.
APPROACHES
3 Simon became very disappointed one time w hen
le.
RAIL ACCIDENT 2) ...................... 10 PASSENGERS A he wasn't present when a survivor was found.
B his radio stopped working.
:ane C he hoped to find a survivor, but didn't.
lUCKY ESCAPI AlTER ROOF 31 ................................ .
will 4 Simon says it isn 't common to find survivors

lear
EMERGENCY CREWS 4) PLANE
CRASH SURVIVORS

A BOMB 5) SHOOK BUILDINGS IN

I A one week after a disaster.
B after four days.
C after such a terrible earthquake.
lave THE CITY CENTRE S He says he found the Japanese people
A organised . B hopeless.
CRUISESHIP6) ....... ............. .. .. .. .... ..... IN STORM C very positive .

9
 p

Vocabulary Listening ~
1 * Fill in: tectonic, powerful, undersea, fault, 4 * 0 You w ill hea r an interview w ith a 1 *
giant, tremendous. w om an ca lled Mary St ewa rt w ho is a f lood
1 WI
sa fety ex pert. For que sti ons 110, complete
1 The tsunami in Japan in 2011 caused ... ........... .
t he sentences.
damage. 2 WI
2 An earthquake is a ve ry ................................... . 3 wt
natural force. Mary gives advice on how to reduce flood 4 Ho
3 Tsunamis are ............. .................. waves 1
which can wipe out areas wit hin seconds.
Mary recommends installing sea lants on
4 Th e places in the Earth's crust where ......... .
plates meet and move against each other are
called .............................. lines.
2 and doors.
Mary tells us to place important documents on At
5 A(n) ....................................... ... earthquake 30 3 . ~ LaSI
kilometres below sea level caused the 2004 During a flood people should stay informed by the Carib
Asian tsunami . very rela;
turning on the 4 .
2 * Choose the correct word. Mary advises homeowners to have a(n)
every day
~ Tom
1 A light wind made ri pples/ pebbles on the river. 5 nearby. suggeste(
2 The large level /scale earthquake appears to Mary gives the example of flooding roads and happily ar
have caused massive damage. 6 as significant suddenly
3 Pred icting the speedli mpact of a tsunami on dangers in a flood. the sky ar
coastal areas is a difficult process. Before lor
4 The tornado fl attened /slid hundreds of homes. Mary tells us that evacuation
moving ul
S The ship was spotted drifting toward the inland / 7 must be fo llowed. ~ Tom
shore. Cars should keep away from flood waters or realised t~
6 The tornado destroyed everything in its line/ 8 . rescue di
path. extremely
Mary cautions us not to return to our homes
7 A natural disaster can cause damage/ loss of life. We were !
unless the 9 give us
long. Ther
3 * Choos e th e cor rect partici pl e. permission. was a res(

1 Th e rescue search was called out/ off due to bad

Drinking contaminated water can cause ~ Whe
10 . shaking w
weather conditions.
were ever
2 The police officer asked the drive r to bac k
knew we t
away/ up from his vehicle.
3 Janet refused to back away/dow n on her
demands.
4 Scientists are carrying off/ out research to 2 *R
eve r
predict natural di sasters.
5 Back up/down all your computer data on a 0 the I
floppy disk. 0 wev
6 Due to a severe injury, the athlete 0 alar
backed out/away of the com petition. 0 the I
7 The rescu e workers carried on/ back 0 wev
searching for survivors despite 0 wev
the darkness. 0 a stn

10
 Writing (a story) 3 * Which adjectives does th e writer use t o

1 * Read the story and answe r the questions . describe the follo w ing?

When and where did the story take place? ....... 1 .............. .... .. sailor 4 ..... ........... .. storm
2 ...................... time 5 ........................ sea
2 What is the climax event? ......... ............... . 3 ................... clouds 6 ......... escape
3 What happened in the end? ............. ............. .. ..
4 How did the characters fee l in the en d? ...... .
4 * Find the adverbs the writer uses to
describe these verbs .

- 1 had been sai ling ......... ... ......... ... .......... ... ....... .

EStApE
2 we .. ... .. ......................... ...... ............ .... realised

ALUCKY 3
4
had started to blow quite .. ........
was moving up and down .......... ........ ... ...........
~ last summer, I went on the holiday of a lifetime to 5 got t he resc ue dinghy ready ........... .............. ...
the Caribbean with my friends, Tom and Sarah. It was 6 It was ............... ..... .......... ..................... windy
very relaxing and beautiful there and the sun shone
~ery day. We fell like we were in paradise!

~ Tom is an experienced sailor and so one day, he

5 * Replace the adjecti ves in bold with :
dangerous, difficult. terrifying. pleased. calm.
suggested hiring a sailing yacht. We had been sailing thrilling. deafening, dark.
happily around all day and having a fantastic time, when
suddenly we realised that dark clouds had appeared in
the sky and the wind had started to blow quite strongly.
Before long, a violent storm broke out. The boat was
moving up and down wildly, when it hit a huge rock!
~ Tom tried to get control of the boat, but we soon
realised that the yacht was sinking. Tom quickly got the
rescue dinghy ready and we all jumped in. It was
extremely windy and frightening out on the open sea.
We were sure that we couldn't survive in the dinghy for
long. Then, we saw a motorboat speeding towards us. 11
was a rescue boat!
~ When we finally reached the shore, we were
shaking with shock, but very relieved. The next day, we
were even interviewed on the local radio station. We
knew we had had a very lucky escape!

2 * Read the story again and put the

events in the order they happened.

D the boat sta rted to si nk

D we we nt sai ling
D a large wave threw us aga inst a rock
D the local radio station interviewed us
D we went to the Ca ribbean
D we were rescued by a motorboat
D a strong win d sta rted to blow
 6 * Fi ll in : carefully, violently, rapidly, slowly, Setting scene
El
amciously, unexpectedly. W
In the first paragraph ef a story, include details
1 The boat was ................................. ....... tossed
around in the storm.
that set the scene e.g. describe the place (where),
the time (when), the weather, the people involved
1 *
cor
2 Mark looked .......................................... at his (who) and what happens. the
watch. He was going to be late. th e
3 The nurse ..... ...................... .......... removed his
bandage so she would not hurt his injury. 9 * Read the rubric and underline the
phrases/se ntences in the story in Ex. 1 that
4 The train stopped .. ................................ in the set the scene. On 5!h Au!
middle of the track.
5 Liam was frustrated as the traffic jam moved 10 a) * Read the rubric. Use the completed
table to set the scene for the story.
digging in ,
to a lands
....................... .... along the motorway. became Ira
Write a first paragraph for it. 69 days def
6 The raft was moving .... . .. ........... along
the fast-flowing river. r------------------,
I A magazine is asking for a story about a I
mine had
21 ....
I bad experience (120-180 words). I accidents
7 * Choose the correct lin king words. What When:
~------------------.
last weekend
31 ............ ..
survived !he
linking words are used in the story in Ex. 1?
Where: snowy mountain !he accident
1 We were rowing along when suddenly/finally Weather: sunny, cold S) ............ ..
we saw something moving in the river. the workers
Who: Tim & his friends to rescue tI
2 The car swerved . Then/later, it turned upside
What: go hiking mine. With()
down .
bore hole intc
3 It started to rain and finally /before long we b) look at the pictures and write a list of
the men foo<
were soaking wet. the main events in the story. Which
they had the
4 The river burst its banks. Ten minutes later/After, could be the climax event? enough to ca
the water was rushing down the road like a river. was 9) ......
5 When/As the car ro lled down the hill, it went However, a
faster and fClster. 101 ............ ..

Key
8 * link the sentences. Use the words in
brackets . 2 *
they
Cc
1 We arrived at the beach. We went for a swim.
ones,
(as soon as)
1 It's tv\
2 He put on his bathing suit. He went swimming. FOR
(then) 2 She hi
11 *sentences
* Use your answers from Ex. 10 and
from the box to
Useful language
TIME
3 The adults were sunbathing. The children were
write your story. 3 They c
swimming. (while)
Useful language after t
4 I arrived at the airport. I realised that I had SEFOR
Setting the scene: One cold day Tim and .... after
forgotten my passport. (when)
they ...
4 How le
Events: They were ... , all of a sudden ... , they saw ... ,
5 I checked out of the hotel. I packed my suitcase. then ... SPRAIf
(before) EndinglFeelings: Before long .... they sighed with 5 Kevin I
relief ... SINCE
12
L
 English in Use
Word Formation
1 * Read the tex t and Choose th e correct response.
(o mplete the ga ps with
the words derived f rom 1 A: What's on later?
the words in bold. B: a I don't know.
b I like the sound of that.
The Chilean Mining Accident
2 A: Is there anything else on?
()15th August 2010, two groups of 0) miners were MINE
digging in agoklcopper mine in San Jose, Chile, Due
B: a A talent show.
to a landslide, the tunnel collapsed and the men b We can watc h that.
became trapped, The 1) "..................... men survived BURY
3 A: Did you see the oi l spill on the news?
69 days deep ullderground tlefore their rescue. The old
mine had a kIog record of fines and safety
B: a Yes. I don't believe it.
2) ....................... which had resuHed in a series of VIOLATE b Yes. I don't think 50.
accidents in the past. As a resuH, auttlorities
4 A: Why are you watching this?
3) ....................... thought that the worKers hadn'l INITIAL
SIIYived the collapse. 4) ......................., 17 days after B: a I'm enjoying it.
LUCK
IIwl accident, Awas coofimed that the men were aliYf. b It's nearly finished.
5) ..... immediately devised a plan to keep RESCUE
5 A: What is it?
u ............... ,

the wtrtefs alive during their 6) ....................... and ENTRAP

to rescue them from the 7) ............. .......... of the B: a It's on channel nine.
OEEP
M . WithooI delay, they started drifting a narrow b It's a reality show.
borehoIe into the cavern where nwas possible to send
6 A: Did you hear about the tsunami?
the men food and medical 8) ......... Then, SUPPLY
they had the precarious task of drilling a hole large
B: a Guess what?
~ to carry the men to the surface as the ground b It's terrible, isn't it?
was 9) ....................... and vulnerable to collapse. STABLE
7 A: Why don't you look in the TV guide?
However, after several failed attempts, they
10) ...................... brought all 33 men to the surface~
B: a OK. A police drama is on next.
SUCCESS
b It's predictable.
Key Word Transformations 8 A: Soap operas are a waste of time!

2 * Com plete th e gapped se ntences so that

B: a No problem.
b I think t hey're interesting.
they have a si mil ar mea ning to the original
ones, using t he wo rd s given. 9 A: look at this plane crash!
B: a How horrible!
It's two weeks since Ted went camping.
b Not really!
FOR Ted ...... ......... .................. two weeks.
2 She had never experienced an earthquake before. 10 A: Can we change the channel?
TIM E It was ................................ ..... .... ... . . B: a That's fine with me.
experienced an earthquake. b I can't stand game shows.
3 They didn't declare a state of emergency until
11 A: Can you pass me the remote control?
after the storm had hit.
B: a That's great.
BEFORE They waited un t il the storm ..
b Here you are .
... a state of emergency.
4 How long is it since he spra ined his ankle? 12 A: The re's been a major t rain crash.
SPRAIN When ............................... his ankle? B: a That's so sad!
5 Kevin began rock climbing when he was 15. b Guess what happened!
SINCE Kevin ......... ..................... he was 15.
13
 Language & Grammar Review Re
Choose the (orrect answe r. Rea<
1 Bang ladesh is often under .... from flooding . 14 The vi llage is in a ..... location that is difficult to (ho(
A danger ( impact reach .
B t hreat 0 possibi lity A rare B remote ( stable 0 .
So
2 The ..... buried many houses und er mud . 15 Simon ..... to Brazil next week . about
A flood C avalanche A is going ( has gone but no
8 landslide o volcano B goes 0 has been going , to re
chasin
3 He just ..... the door on his finger. 16 Jane was cold because she ..... in the rain for As
A grazed ( banged hour. advent
to get
B gashed 0 slammed A had been walking ( has been walking guide,
4 A: Did you hear about the factory explosion? B is wa lking 0 has walked 11) the ro

B: 17 By the time they arrived at the campsite it ... Roger

Howe
A Guess what! C It's awful. isn't it? raining . encou
B look at this! o What is it? A stopped ( has stopped Aft
5 llike documentaries because they are ..... . B had stopped o stops 15 we wo
into th
A predictable ( funny 18 ..... people were injured in the ea rthqu ake. wrth th
B silly 0 educational A Every 8 Much ( Plenty 0 A lot of toward
6 Th e concert was ca lled ..... due to the storm. 19 The town didn't have ..... elect ricity after en rou
20 that se
A back B off ( out 0 up ea rthqu ake. pass s
7 Volcano chasers wear a mask to protect A any B some ( none 0 several genera
themselves aga inst ..... gases. 20 Th ey ..... TV when the storm hit. Aft
were j
A poisonous ( flam ing A watched ( had watched 2:'i amino
B deafening 0 violent B were watc hing o have been watchi could
8 Tom 's making a slow ..... from his accident. 21 The rescue team sea rching for earner
It was
A relief C rescue since this morning. swirlin
B struggle 0 recovery A has been ( were w washe
9 The earthquake caused the buildings to ..... . B had been o are
A trigger B smash ( strike 0 shake 1 For th
22 ..... of buildings were destroyed in the earthq,ual:e.1
impor
10 Jack likes to live his life . ... the fullest. A Several ( Much
holidz
A from B to ( In O at B A large number 0 All
A se
11 Fire-fighters ..... the floodwater out of the 23 ..... Jamie nor Peter were in Mexico when B fu
building. hurricane hit. ( he
A hurled B swept ( slid D pumped
A Either B Neither (Both 0 Nor til
24 Harold ..... in th is village since he was a child. D er
12 Th e doctor ..... first aid to the accident victim.
A dedicated ( administered A is living ( has been living
2 The v
B admitted 0 mended B lives 0 was living
a doS
13 The volcano eru pted with a ..... roar. 25 Have you ..... that new sitcom on TV ? illustl
A ringing ( flaming A been seeing ( saw A et
B deafening o crashing B seen 0 see B e:

14
 Read the article. For questions 1-6,
o (hoose the (orrect answer A, 8, Cor D.

3 What had surprised the writer 5 The writer uses the word 'it'
,. 1 For the writer, the most
important aspect of going on about Roger Hill? (line 46) to refer to
A He was unusually friendly. A a lightning storm
holiday is
B He looked old for his age. B a dust tornado
A seeing spectacular things.
e His clothing was old- e a cloud formation
le B fulfilling his dreams.
fashioned. D a sunset
C having an unforgettable
time. D He didn't seem 6 How does the writer reflect
adventurous. upon his experience?
0 enjoying the weather.
4 What was the writer's attitude A It was too short-lived.
2 The writer uses the phrase 'like
towards the long journey? B He will remember it
adog with two tails' (line 7) to
A He found it very relaxing.
forever.
illustrate that he felt
e peculiar B He grew disheartened. e Nature's power terrified
A content him.
8 excited D nervous e He was filled with suspense.
 Building Up Vocabulary
1 Complete t he se nt e nces usi ng one of t he 1 Ch.
words in th e box. 16 Yesterday's ......................... .. 1 Th e
headline tabloid broadsheet covered in deep snow.
mir
17 All the crops died during the ..........................., A,
1 lane buys ......... ............................. newspapers
leaving no food for t he villagers.
because she likes to read gossip columns. B I
18 People rummaged through the debris after the
2 The bold .............................. on the front page
................. destroyed everything in its path. 2
of the newspaper caught Dean's attention.
A.
3 Mark writes about complex financial issues for breezy cloudy stormy
B I
a respectable .... ............................. newspaper. 19 It looks like it might rain as it's a very grey and
3 Mi~
I announcer commentator journa list I ..................... day.
A.
20 Our flight has been cancelled due to .............. .
4 Maria is an experienced . ................................. B I
weather.
who has written many articles. 4
21 If you hang out your washing on a
5 On the radio, the ................ .................... reads AI
day, it will dry quickly.
out the latest news every hour. B <
6 During the football game, the
kept the audience up-ta-date. 2 Complet e th e se ntences with a w ord 5 By t
derived f rom the words in bold . A \
bulletin newsflash broadcast B
7 Barry always watches the nightly news Mother nature is 1) ....................... .... .. (CDN5TANn C
...... ............... while he eats his dinner. surprising us with new types of weather! For D
SKate glanced at the news ...... .... .... ......... to instance, did you know there is such a thing as a fire 6 The
get a brief summary of t he day's events. rainbow? Th is 2) ............... (NATURE) phenomenon the
9 While we were watching a film last night, it creates a mag ni ficen t 3) .... .. ...... .. ........ (EXPLOD E) AI
was interrupted by a ....................... . of colou r that looks like a ra inbow on fire! However, B,
this cou ldn't be further from the 4) ............ (TRUE).
audience spectator viewer 7 Th e
Fire rainbows are anything but hot! In fact, they are
AI
10 The average ............ .. ........ .. .. .. of this TV show caused by 5) ................ .. ..... (FREEZE) ice crystals in
B
is in their early twenties. thin, high-al t itude clouds . When these clouds lie
11 John enjoys being a ............................... at live 6) ............ (HORIZON) against t he sun, the sunlight 2 Fil l
sporting events such as rugby. hits the crystals at the perfect angle to produce an
the
12 The ............................ ....... clapped their hands 7) ................. . (IMPRESS) rainbow across the entire
when the performance came to an end. sky' They truly are a B) ............................. (MAGIC) 1 Nice
sight to behold! Unfortunately, they only take place hou
I contestants opponents participants
9) ........ .............. .. .. (OCCASION), and are limited to 2 The
13 The team shook hands with their .................... . certain parts of the world. Those living in northern eve
before the match began. Europe will be 10) ............... (APPOINTED) to learn 3 Fior
14 Many of the ................. in the ma rathon that they are almost non-existent in that region. In m Ol
were raising money for chari ty. fact, they appea r so 11) .......... .... .. .. (FREQUENTlY) 4 Da n
15 There were ten ............................ on the game that to witness one would be nothing short of a
show who were competi ng to win 1 million! miracle! However, they are a fairly common 5 Who
12) .. ................... (OCCUR) in the Uni ted States and (k nl
have been spotted mul t iple ti mes in a single year. (vis
16
 Language Knowledge - Module 1
1 Choose the correct Item. Key Word Transformations
The news (rew arrived after they ..... the trapped 3 Complete the sentences using the word in
miners. bold. Use two to five words.
A rescued ( had rescued 1 The volcano started erupting two hours ago.
B has rescued o were rescuing BEEN The volcano ................................ ..
2 ..... homes were damaged in the hurricane.
............................. ......... two hours.
2 The last time Jo drove was when the accident
A A large number of C Much of
happened.
B little of 0 A great deal of
DRIVEN lo ..... ................ ......................... ..... .
3 Mike is exhausted; he ..... well lately. .. ................ the accident happened.
A doesn't sleep ( didn't sleep 3 Newspapers cost the same now as they did last
B hasn 't been sleeping 0 hadn 't slept year.
4 ..... of the passengers were injured. CHANGED Newspaper prices ........... .... .......... .
A Either ( Every .................. ............... ........ last year.
B Several 0 Each 4 By the time we got to the theatre, nearly all the
tickets had been sold.
By the time they found the boy, rescuers ..... all day.
HARDLY There .................................... .
A were searching
B had been searching ............................................. tickets
C searched left by the time we got to the theatre.
S The hurricane destroyed our house one year ago.
o have been searching
HM ~ ...... . ...... ....
6 There is ..... chance of finding survivors from the hurricane destroyed our house.
the explosion. 6 I don't usually fl y, so I was a little nervous.
A little ( few USED I am ............ .. .. .. ............................. .
B a small number of 0 any ................ .. so I was a little nervous .
7 The search helicopter .. .. in an hour. 7 I had never experienced an earthquake before.
A has been leaving C has left FIRST It .................................................... .
B left 0 is leaving I had ever experienced an earthquake.
S A great deaJ has changed in our town since the
2 Fill in the gaps. Use the appropriate form of hurricane.
the word in brackets when given . LOTS There .............................................. .
.. ....... in our town since the hurricane.
Nicol a ................. ...... ................ (work) for ten
9 The emergency shelter opened a year ago.
hours before she ...................... (take) a break.
FOR The emergency shelter .................. ..
The scientist .................. (go) to the laboratory
.............................................. a year.
every day to carry ...................... .... some tests.
10 They started watching the documentary when I
3 Fiona .......... ............... (watch) TV since 10 this
arrived.
morning instead of .... ..... ...... ......... ..... (study).
UNTIL They .............................................. .
4 Dan ....................... be a journalist, but now he
starting to watch the documentary.
............. ...... . (present) the news on television.
11 Few people buy video cassettes these days.
S When liam arrived at the airport, he ............. .
MANY There ................................ ........ buy
(know) where to go because he ...
.. ............. video casettes these days.
(visit) the city many times before.
17
 Vocabulary 4 ... Fill in the correct word derived from the
word in brackets.
*' Match the shops (1-6) to w hat the
speakers say (A-F). , The carpente r worked on the ............ ............ .
1
w
of the new kitchen cabinets. (ASSEMB LE ) to
I ' I I chemist's 14 1 I opt ician 's 2 The possibilities for 3D printers are ................ . th
121 I florist's 151 I su perma rket (END) gr
13 I I butcher's 16 1 1 baker's 3 Scientists have developed clothing that monitors p X
A "Could you direct me to the tinned food s our ................................................... levels. (FIT) R S
aisle. please?" 4 The ful ly ....................... .......... ............ . airbik, E l
is made of nylon. (FUNCTION)
P I
B "I have an appointment for an eye test." A D
C "I'll take one kilo of minced beef, please." 5 Fabrican promises a T-shirt that you ca n spray C I
0 "Do you have any wholegrain loafs?" on and wear almost ............. ...... (INSTANT) K N
A G
E "A dozen roses, please."
G 0
F "I'd like to collect my prescription, please."
Grammar E 0
D 0
2 * Fill in: invent. develop, generate. turn into, 5 ** Complete the exchanges w ith will,
0
F R
5
going to, present continuous, or future
dissolve , on sole, print out, demonstrate in the 0 A
correct form . continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. D X
Q C
1 A: We ............................... (spend) a weekend
1 Th e new technology has taken scientists years
in Las Vegas soon . Do you want to come?
to ............................... . 2
B: Sure. that sounds fantast ic!
2 Stir the coffee until the sugar ........................ . gra
2 A: Th is time tomorrow, Tom and I ....................
3 Jane often ......... ............ .................. copies of cou
articles she finds on the Internet.
4 Many power stations burn coal to ................ .
............................... ............. (fly) to Hawaii.
B: Wow ! You must be so excited!
, Ma
3 A: I .. ...................... (go) shopping today. for
electricity.
B: Oh. I thi nk I ........................ ............. (co m,) rea
5 The professor wi ll ...................... ......... .......... .
with you! wa!
his new invention at the science fair.
4 A: We .................. ............. (move) to Brenton 2 In s
6 The new printer wi ll soon go ....... ..................
next month.
for about 100.
B: I'm sure you ........................ . (love) it there mo~
7 Alexander Graham Bell ............ ....................... .
5 A: Why is Ken wearing those old clothes? the
the telephone in 1876.
B: He .......................... (paint) the house late/. 3 Let '
8 In the future, a window made of "smart glass"
6 A: ................................ (you/ meet) the othe will
wi ll ............................................... a TV screen.
at 3 o'clock, Annie? 4 Mrs
* Match the words to make phrases. B: I don't think so.
Use a phrase to label the picture. I ...................... .......... (study) at that time the
7 A: The leather handbag costs 150. supe
.............................................
8: Wow. I'm afraid I ......................................... 5 Johr
I' I consumer A advice (not/take) it. It's too expensive! supe
12 I acrylic B access 8 A: What are you doing on Saturday afternoon) such
13 1dietary C society 8: I ......................... ............. (have) lunch wit 6 Jane
4 1burn 0 victims my friends at the new shopping centre. the s
5 I Internet E fibers 9 A: Can someone give me a hand with thes 7 Look
That
6 I voice-activated F computers shoppi ng bags?
G graft B: I ........................... .......... .......... (help) you. 8 Sam
71 1 skin
to e~
1
Vocabu/a
* Find 10
wo rds related
to supermarkets in
<:::./.
/-,' r 3
Gramma
Put the adject ives in brackets into th e co rrect forms.

1 Kroger is ............................. (large) supermarket in the USA.

the wordsearch 2 .....................................
................... (h ungry) the customers
grid. in a supermarket are, ................................. (much) they buy!
p X U 3 The sandwiches here are a lot .............................................. ..
A I S l E ( K
R 5 R G J A E W U S (expensive) than those in the supermarket across the street.
E l A A G F F U S H 4 Eco-friendly manufacturers are trying to use ........... .............
P I R S J T E D T E and .......................................... (littl e) packaging these days.
A D Y I W R M I 0 l 5 The shop's own brands are often as .......................................
C I R E B 0 K S M V
K N R D H l B P E E (good ) t he brand names.
A G F 0 N l A l R S 6 This shopping centre is by far .............. ......................... (big)
G D H X A E R A S U I've ever been to.
E 0 U R Y Y D Y 0 S
0 0 S
f R (
K N
H E
A
(
H
K
S K P
0 U T 4 * Put the verbs in brackets into the -;n9 form,
0 5 F V G Q 0 G I P to- infi nitive or inf initive withoutto, the n do t he quiz by
0 A ( A S H I E R U checki ng yes or no.
0 X H S K J R Z N U
Q ( A N S B E W Y S

* Fill in: level, overflowing,

grabbed, waste, treats, deal, line,
coupons. YES NO
Mary only went to the supermarket 1 I'm never too tired .............................. (go)
for a few things, but when she shopping.
reached the checkout, her trol ley 2 I'd like ....................................... (buy) some
was ........................................... ! new clothes this Saturday.
2 In supermarkets, products at eye 3 I wa nt shops ........................................ (be)
................ ............ are usually the open later at night.
most expensive because they're 4 I often read a shop's adverts ..................... ..
the first ones the customer sees. (find out) about special offers.
3 let's eat the leftovers, or they 5 I don't mind ...................................... (wal k)
will go to ................................ . around the shopping centre all day.
4 Mrs Baker uses the money-off 6 In my opinion, .................................... (use)
............................ she receives in a credit card is OK if you run out of money.
the post when she goes to the 7 I can't ............................................... (st ick)
supermarket. to a list when shopping.
S John often returns from the 8 I never regret ..................................... (pay)
supermarket with ...................... . a little more for certain things.
such as sweets and cakes. 9 I prefer ........................................... (spend)
6 Jane had to wait in ...................... at to ......................................... (save).
the supermarket checkout for ages. 10 I enjoy .............................. ................ (look)
7 look! 2 pizzas for the price of 1. for bargains.
That's a great .................... . Mostly YES : Oh dear! You might be a shopping addict!
8 Sam .................................. a bite
to eat before he left for work. Mostly NO: You are a careful shopper!
19
 Vocabulary 3 * Fill in : coffon, wonder, sales, crispy. V,
1 * Fill in: generation, goes back. big hit. 1 Her trousers are 100 % 1 *
durable. invented, stop/e. 2 Dan loves to ea t ........................ potato chips.
1 Ma
3 The shop owner noticed an increase in
cor
during the holiday season.
nei,
4 Do you ever ....................... ........ what life was
2 It"
like without electricity?
ti91
Speaking 3 Joal
4 * Read and circle the correct word. live
4 Betl
1 A: These jeans are on sale / deal at th e moment. dint
aren 't they? 5 Kev
B: Yes, but we've almost sold out / off. the
2 A: What size / item are you? 6 In t(
B: I'm a 10. is ac
3 A: Can I try / put them on, please? 7 Unfl
The story of sneakers 1) .............. ..... to the B: Sure, the fitting rooms are over there. 8 My
late 18t h cen tury when there were basic canvas 4 A: Any good? trad
beach shoes wi th a( n) 2) ............................ rubber B: Yes, they suit I fit me really well.
sole ca lled 'sand shoes.' Then, arou nd 1892, the S A: Can I pay by / for credit card? 2 *1-
deri
American Rubber Company 3) ............................. . B: Yes, tha,t's no problem.
some more comfortable rubber-soled shoes which 6 A: Your receipt I refund is in the bag.
they called 'sneakers'; their rubber soles were so B: Thank you very much. Did you ~
quiet that a person wearing them (ould easily Well, tha
sneak up on someo ne ! At first, sneakers were 5 * Fill in : What (alan) or how. scientists
1) ...........
worn only for sport, but when 19505 movie stars
1 .................. ........ great hat! ham burgl
like James Dea n started wea rin g them , they produced
2 .............. .... . nice you look in that dress!
became a(n) 4) ............................ Today, sneakers on farms I
3 ...... .. .. ......... gorgeous shoes!
are a(n) 5) .............................. fashion item for a thought
4 .......................... rude of me!
whole 6) .............................. of young people! greenhou
6 * * Wr ite a dialog ue. Use the exchanges share thar
is no long
in Ex. 4 and the plan below.
why the)

2 * Choose the correct word .

6)
Ask if B need s any help.
o
Say what you're looking
5) ...........
problem.
for. fa rmland,
1 Most young kids are fussy/thrilled eaters. Ask B for size. .....-"''-- , Say what size. (E NVIROr
2 The components in the fragrance are currently look for/Find item of --'---.. Ask to try it/them on. synthetica
a manual/trade secret. probably
clothing. 7) ...........
3 What are the servings/ingredients in this Tell B where fitting / Say you like the clothei be impro\t
delicious sauce? room is. Ask if good. / & want to buy them. 8) ...........
4 Th e pharmaceutical compa ny refused to reveal Agree & say the pri ce. \ Ask to pay for them their bur
the formula /medicine for the ir new drug. _\..... (credit card ). tra nsform
S The government has punished/banned smoking Ask B to sign ..... ----:- Offer credit card . you think?
in all public places. Give cardlreceipt to B . ~ Respond. do you
6 larry cooked a brass/batch of fries for dinner. Reply. .. Thank A & say goodbye 10) ..........
20

 Vocabula 'y 3 ** For que stions 112, read the text
* Choose t he (o rrect words.
belo w and decide w hich answer
(A. B. C or D) best fi ts each gap.
Mary bought a few second-hand appliances! Examp le:
conveniences including an old toaster from a o A exist live C breathe D survive
neighbour's garage sale.
2 It was stylish in the SOs to wear pencil skirts with a
tight/wide belt.
Shop ti you DROPI
3 Joanne Massey admits tollongs to go back and If you (0) live to shop, then London is the place for you -
live in the 19505. it's a shopper's paradise! No (1) ....... your budget,
London has something for everyone. For those with little
4 Beth got out her best dishesl accessories for her cash to (2) ....... , there are the markets. Covent Garden
dinner party. and Cam den lock Markets are open daily and sell
S Kevin wore a stylish/bland suit and a trilby hat to everything from clothes to jewellery to furnishings - all
the 50s convention. at (3) ....... bottom prices.
6 In today's fast-paced/a uthentic society, technology If you're one of the lucky (4) ....... for whom 'money is
is advancing at an incredible rate. no object', you might want to stop by the world-
1 Unfortunately, the rain spoiledl wi ped the picnic. renowned Harrods (5) ....... located near Knightsbridge
Tube Station. Occupying a huge 20,000 sq metre site
S My grandparents tried to pass on to me their
and boasting over 330 departments full of brand name
traditional values/tips as well as good manners. goods, Harrods is a (6) ....... for those in need of a few
'** Com plete t he ga ps wi th words hours of high-quality shopping (7) ....... !
derived fro m th e wo rds in bold. And, of course, no shopping spree in London would be
(8) ....... without a visit to Oxford Street in the city's West
End. (9) ....... as Europe's busiest shopping street, Oxford
Did you know that meat can be grown in a laboratory? Street is (10) ....... with shop after shop selling the widest
Well, that's 0) precisely (PRECISE) what some Dutch range of designer (11 ) ....... and luxury goods imaginable.
scientists have managed to do! Their goal is to Be honest, can you thi nk of a better way to round
1) ................................ (ARTIFICIAL) create a (12) ....... a day of shopping in England's capital?
Ilamburger in order to reduce the need for farming. Meat
1 A concern C problem
p-oduced the 2) ................................ (TRADITION) way
B t rou ble D matter
on farms has a massive impact on the planet. In fact, it is
2 A give B donate C spare D afford
thought that livestock is responsible for 18% of
~""house gas 3) ................................ (EMIT); a bigger
3 A rubble B boulder C stone D rock
share than transport! Many experts believe that farming 4 A exceptional C unusual
.00 ~nger 4) ................................ (SUSTAIN). which is
B
5 A
rare
conveniently
D
C
few
usefully
vdly they have turned to lab-grown meat as a(n)
~ ................................ (EFfECT) solution to the B easily D helpfully
p-obIem. Not only does it eliminate the need for 6 A need C should
farmland, but it is also 6) .............................. .. B must D would
(ENVIRONMENT) friendly! However, what will a 7 A treatment C remedy
I)'Ilthetkally grown hamburger taste like? Well, it will B therapy D cure
probably taste quite bland at first; but scientists are B A finished C complete
n............................... (OPTIMI ST) that the flavour can B ended D done
I>e improved at a later stage. They even plan to ask a(n) 9 A Regarded C Believed
8) ................................ (fAM E) celebrity chef to cook B Said D Thought
thEir burger. who will 9) ................................ (HOPE) 10 A encircled C walled
transform it into a mouth-watering delight! So what do B lined D enclosed
you think? Are you tempted by a testtube hamburger, or 11 A tags C tickets
00 you find the thought of it rather B stickers D labels
10) ................................ (APPEALING)? 12 A in B on C off D up
21
 RI
Vocabulary Grammar
1 * Fill in: wonders, 3 * Underlin e the correct ve rb form . 1 *
par
mankind. structure, he c:
nutrients, 1 The gardener will have mowed/will have
not
mowi ng the lawn by noon .
environmentally, lush,
2 By the end of the year, the author will
soared, consume,
wasteland, convert. finished/will have been fin ishing his new
3 Mary will have been writing/will have wr,itterll
1 Cycling is a(n) ..... ................................ .. ........... . h.r r.port by Friday. "11" 1 --, 11
friendly form of transport. 4 By 2050, the global popu lation will have a
2 Vitami ns and minerals are ................... . increasing/will have increased to 9 bill ion. b
the body needs to function properly. 5 At 5 o'clock the mechanic will have r'l>airedl. ~
3 The Taj Mahal is one of the seven ..................... . will have been re pairing the tractor for fv
of the world . hour. tt
4 The building was a fivestorey stone ............... . 6 It's no use going to the supermarket now; fc
will have been cl os ing/will have closed by 2 If
5 Organ ic farming may prove to be beneficial for IT
time we get there.
G
7 By the time they reach the fa rm, they will ill
6 Researchers have found a way to ..................... travelled /will have been travelling for in
food waste into fue l. hours. h'
7 Industrial pollution has turned the area into WI
tir
a(n) ........................ .. .
8 People should try to ,.. ... ................. ................ . 4 * Put the verbs in bracket s into t he future "r
le
less energy at home. perfect or th e future perfect continuous.
3 A,
9 The bui lding is surrounded by ......................... . 1 A: Have they bui lt the vertical farm yet? m
green ga rdens. d,
B: No, not yet. But by the end of this year, cl;
10 Pet rol prices have ...... .. .... ................... recently. .................................................... (finish) itl ot
2 A: John will be tired when he arrives. D'
2 * Choose the correct word. B: I know he .............. ............................ . ... ........ .....1
(d rive) for 6 hours non-stop.
dj.
ce
1 The price of food has rise n/advanced in recent 3 A: How long have you been with the wmp,anyl 4 M
wi
years. Kevin? .c
2 The design of a skyscraper is a huge challeng e/ B: By the end of this month I ......................... .1 s~
exam for architects. ............................ .. . (work) here for 5 Pl
3 Supermarkets sell fresh produce/outlet such as 4 A: Why are you upset?
fruits and vegetables. B: Because by the time the architect Lis
4 Wind farms are springing /growi ng up
throughout the countryside.
here, I ........................................ ....... .
for an hour.
2 * (,
a nd
S Most businesses are trying to find ways to save/ 5 A: Has Ran sold his farm equipment yet? spec:
conserve on shipping costs. B: No, but he ............................. .............. .
6 High levels of consumption are dra ining / it by next week. A I'm (
ex hausting the planet of its resources . 6 A: Sally is doing well at work, isn't she? 8 I'm r
7 Solar panels are controlled/powered by the sun. B: Oh, yes! I'm sure that by next year, she C I thir
S The human population is raising /rising every ................ ................. (rece ive) a prc>m(ltic'"l D I ani'
year. E I try
F I OftE

22
 Re
* Read the art icle. Match the
paragraphs (1-6) with their correct
hea dings (A-H) . Two heading s do
not match .
\G,i~~ lllle ll\Q)' ll\QDJtley
Don 't let retailers take you for a ride!
Wise up and shop smart!.
lbae~~!
I1 has happened to most of us. You buy something such whether they want shop credit or their money back.
111 11'-"--' as a video camera. You gel it home, take it out of the ITIJ When most people buy an item abroad and it turns out
box and try 10 turn it on. It doesn't work. You take it to be faulty, they think that there is little they can do
back to the shop you bought it from , bullhey refuse to about it. However, if the item was purchased by credit
give you a refund. What are your consumer rights? card and cost over 100 then UK customers have the
Most people have no idea and many shops count on righlto make a claim against their card company. This
this to lake advantage of them. So what are you waiting right is detailed under the Consumer Credit Act 1974,
for? Become a smart shopper and learn your rights! which holds the card company partially liable for any
I "en If you change your mind about an item and want your breaches of contract between the trader and consumer.
money back, you can get it! Under the UK Sale of So, the next time you're on holiday. bear this in mind.
Goods Act 1979, all shoppers are entitled to reject an [!IJ Some shops will try to direct you to the manufacturer of
item that is not of 'satisfactory quality'. TIming plays an an item when it turns out to be faulty. But under the law,
important role in what you are entitled to. If you still your sales agreement is with the shop, nol the
have your receipt, you can usually get a full refund manufacturer. Therefore, the shop must honour the
within four weeks from the date of purchase. After this refund. If the shop refuses, contact the manager and
timeframe however, you are not entitled to a refund explain your rights. Most likely, they will return your
unless the item is faulty or fails to last a reasonable money once they realise that you know your rights. So
length of time. now that you are an informed consumer you have
According to the Sale of Goods Act 1979, a product nothing to fear! You can shop easily knowing you are
must not only be satisfactory in quality, but also as protected. Happy shopping!
described. That is to say if a package or sales assistant
claims something about a product then it must be true, A DON'T BElIEVE TH E SIGN
otherwise it is considered defective. For example, if a
DVD player claims to play all types of DVDs but you BORDE RIN G ONlINE
discover that it doesn'l, then you have the right to a full C RAPID RETURNS
refund. D GETTO KNOW THE LAW
Many shops claim they have a "no refunds policy~ and E PROOF OF PURCHASE
will offer shop credit instead. This however has no F WHERE THE RESPONSIBILITY LIES
actual legal standing and the law cancels out any
shop's poticy. It doesn't matter how many notices are G FALSE ADVERTISING
put on display. Il's up to the consumer to decide H INTERNATIONAL SHOPPER

Llstemng 'ab
* 0 You will hear five people talking a bout sho ppin g Rea d th e compl ai nts and
and spending. listen and match the sentences to the choo se the correct words .
speakers . One sentence does not match.
1 There's a chip/break in this coffee
A I'm carefu l wit h my money. mug.
Speaker 1
6 I'm not rea lly a fan of shopping. 2 Don't buy that shirt; there's a
Speaker 2
C I think many people spend too much. scratch /hole in the sleeve.
Spea ker 3
0 I only buy t he best. 3 Three buttons are damagedl
Speaker 4
1 I try to be an ethical shopper. missing from th is blo use.
Spea ker 5
F 1often buy t hings I don't need. 4 Th is jacket is torn /cracked; can I
get a replacement?
23
 Vocabulary Listening W ri
1 * Fill in: bargain-hunting. conditions. treat, 4 *0 You will hear an interview with an coml
throw out, reduced. online sho pping expert. For questions 1-1, 1 * Re
choose the best answer (A, B or C), quest
1 Don 't ....................................... your old items;
sell them on eBay or donate them to charity. 1 What
2 This week Techfair is selling its computers
at ............................ prices; some are 200 off! 2 What
3 The employees of that factory work long
hours and don't get a break. Th eir working 3 What
............... .................................... are very poor.
4 We love .............................. ............. and trying
to find the cheapest prices online.
5 Companies should ....... .................................... .
their employees with respect. What is the main advantage of shopping
A The products are cheap.
B It's a quick process. Dear Sir/Ma
2 * Fill in the correct word derived from the C It isn't necessary to visit the shops. ..... I am w
word in brackets. 2 What is the point of auction websites? customer se
A You set your own prices for an item. supermarke
1 The organisation has been working to raise B You pay a fee to use the site. ~th When I
............................... of human rights. (AWARE) 13 , I reali~
C You win the item without paying for it.
2 Due to a decline in sales the company wanted cloth ing de'
3 What is a disadvantage of shopping online? a hole in th.
to (ut all .......................................................... .
A It is impossible to inspect.the product despite tryi
expenses. (NECESSARY) purchase. When I trie
3 It's perfectly ........ ... ........ ................ to inspect B The photos of the products may be un(learl the staff at
a product before you buy it. (ACCEPT) C The return poli cy may not be indicated unhelp ful.
4 It's important that adolescents learn to spend many sites. carried on (
their money .................... ............... .... (WISE) with my Cl
4 Betty advises shoppers to avoid finally hel~
S There are many ....... ............................ charity
A sites with extra charges. replaced th
shops in London. (TRADITION) B unprotected websites. complained
C shops that appear unreliable. shirt was in

3 * Choose the correct participle. 5 What does Betty say about using debit ~ Overal
service I rf
online? apology al
1 Peter did up/over the buttons of his shirt. A They offer customers more security. customer SE
2 Joan and Ma ry get ahead/along very well. B They have higher interest rates. will look inl
3 Robert dropped out/by of university after his C It is not the best way to pay for Yours faithf
first year. 6 Why should people check their credit ca rd Ann Robert
4 He's a good spokesperson and gets his views statements?
alo ng /across well.
S Can you drop by/out the chemist's on your
A To spot extra charges.
B To ensu re they don't ove rspend .
2 * Co
and t
way home ? C To see if a lot of money is missing.
6 Joa n worked long hours in order to get alongl 7 Updating your computer's browser
ahead in her job. A helps increase computer security.
7 The computer crashed and I lost my work. I'll B expands your on line connections.
have to do it up/over. C improves your anti-virus programme.

24
 Writing (a letter/an email of 3 * Match the opening remarks (1-3) to the
complaint) clos ing remarks (A-C) .

* Read the email and answe r the

qu est ions. Opening remarks ..
What is Ann's reason for writing?
OIJ I am writing to complain about a flaw with
a product I recently bought from your
company.
2 What action does she want ta ken?
[IIJ I feel I must complain about the inefficiency
of your mail-order service.
What greeting/ending does she use?
[ID I would like to express my dissatisfaction
with the attitude of the staff at your shop.

Ta: customerservice@mychoicesupermarkets,com ~.~------~----~

Ffom: AnnRoberts@mymail.com Closing remarks ...
Slbject Customer Service
[KJ I hope that you will look into this rude behaviour
Sir/Madam, and t hat I will receive a written apology.
am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the [!] I will have no choice but to cancel my order
service I received at the Unton branch of your unless I receive the items within three
'pe,ma"keton January 14th.
working days.
I got home after visiting the shop on January
I realised that the item I had purchased from the [f] I would appreciate it if you would repair or
department was damaged. There was actually replace the product as soon as possible.
the sleeve of the shirt which I had not noticed,
trying it on in the changing rooms at the time.
I tried to take it back to the shop the next day, 4 * Read the following extracts and say
staff at the customer services desk were extremely which of them are mild (m) or strong (5)
"h"lpfull In fact, they completely ignored me and complaints.
on chatting with each other instead of dealing
my complaint. Furthermore, the clerk who did ITIJ I have been a reg ular customer at your
11 help me was inaedibly rude. Although she su permarket, and have always been
I the shirt for me with an undamaged one, she satisfied with your produce in the past. I
loudly that I should have checked that the hope that this matter will be resolved soon.
was in good condition before I bought it!

rds
Overall, I am extremely disappointed wit h the [IIJ I insist upon a personal apology for the

I::::, 1 received. Therefore, I would appreciate an

and an investigation into the way the
service desk treats customers. I hope that you
distress your staff have caused my family,
and shall not be recommending your hotel
to any of my friends.
will look into this matter promptly.
,g. Yoors faith fu lly, [l[] I am writing to express my disgust at the
Roberts quality of the products I recently purchased
from your shop.

* Complete the table with the complaints [i[] The camera I ordered from you r website has
and their justifications in Ex . 1. arrived with a crack in the lens. I trust you
will send a replacement.
Complaints Justifications
~ I am writing to co mplai n about a shirt I
pu rchased on your website. I ordered this
item three weeks ago, but it has not been
delivered yet.

25
 5 * Study the box, then join the sentences 7 Fill in: furthermore, but, however. despite, En
using the words in the brackets . therefore, although. Op
Clau ses of Concession
I have been a loyal customer at Marshall's Electronics 1 .. F
for many years, 1) ............................. yesterday I was whi
although / even though + clause
outraged by the terrible customer service I received in e
despitelin spite of + noun/-ing/the fact that
in you . last week, I purchased a camera from your
shop. When I brought it home, 2) .................. ..........,
1 I paid for next-day delivery. The item took Vending
I realised that the lens cover was missing.
three days to arrive. (despite the fact that)
3) ................................. , the lens had been scratched.
When I took it back to the shop and asked for a Did you k
2 I had my receipt. Th e sales assistant wouldn 't people in F
replacement, the shop assistant refused to supply
give me a refund. (in spite of) can obtain f
one, 4) ........................ the fact that I had my receipt.
bread 24 hOL
When I asked to speak to the manager, he was also
3 The jacket was expensive. The quality of it was come1) ......
extremely rude to me. 5) ....................................... he Unlike fresh
poor. (although)
did exchange the camera for a new one, he accused used 3) .......
me of damaging the lens myself! I would like to last longer 4
4 I received a refund . I am still not satisfied .
think that you value you r customers' opinions. cooked Dreac
(even though) The entire pr
6) .................................... I would appreciate it if you
MId crispy Fr
could look into th is matter further.
5 The shop wouldn't replace the item. It was Hecht invent
damaged. (despite)
8 * Read the rubric and answer the questiion, I 7) .............. .
cisturbances
r--------------
I
___ _
You recently bought a faulty product I
pvehim a m
mns firstmo
6 a) * Circle the correct linking words/ I from a shop. When you took it back to I
I . I
I exchange it, the sales assistant was rude I
has 10) ..
claims that tt
phrases.
I to you. Write an ema il of complaint to the vending mac
1 But I Even though the advertisement said the : head office of the shop (120-180 words).
laptop came with a free case, it is miSSing. I Explain why you are unhappy. Ke
2 However I Although the DVD player had a ~------------------
one-year guarantee, the assistant refused to 1 Who are you writing to? ...................................................I
2 What are your opening remarks/reasons
2 *c
give me a new one. tha'
3 The service in your restaurant was very slow, but / writing? ....... .. . ori9
in spite of the fact that when I complained to the 3 What are you going to complain about?
1 I'd r
manager, he was very rude to me.
THA
4 The shirt you sold me has a button missing. 4 How will you end your email? ... .... .
Furthermore I But, it has a hole in the sleeve.
S Despite I However payi ng for four items on your 9 ** Use your answers in Ex. 8 and the 2 Crisl
lES!
sentences from the Useful language box to
website, I only received three in the post.
write an email of complaint.
6 Your staff were very rude to me. In addition I
3 She
Therefore, I demand an apology.
Useful language FOR

b) * What linking words are used in the

Reason for writing: I am writing to complain about
... /1want to express my dissatisfaction with ... 4 He"
emai l in Ex. 17 GOII
Your complaints: I bought ... , but ... , To make
matters worse ...
Your demands: I would appreciate jf you ... 5 I'd b,
Closing remarks: I hope that you will; look into this
HEll
matter ...11look forward to ...
26
 English in Use
o Speakmg
Read t he tex t and think of th e word
Choose the correct response.
whi ch best fits each gap. Use only one word
in each gap. 1 A: Where can I try these jeans on?
B: a The fitting rooms are over there.
ending Machine b They are on sale at the moment.
Bakery 2 A: What size are you?
know DJ that B: a I'm ten.
i1 Paris, France b I'm a twelve.
00tain freshly baked
14 3 A: Ca n I pay by credi t ca rd?
1)", .......... ,.. with the idea 01 selling baguettes in avending machine! B: a You 're in luck.
fresh bread these baguettes 2) ................. pre<:ooked, a technique b Yes, that's no problem.
3) ................ industrial bread producers. This means the bread can
b::gef 4) ................. fresh dough. The machine takes the partially 4 A: Are they the right size ?
bread, bakes n and delivers ~ to customers 5) ................. only 1! B: a We don't have many left.
em process takes a 6) ................. secorlds, and the result is a hot b They fit me really well .
cnspy French baguette.
mnted his machine after hungry customers came knocking S A: Your receipt is in your bag.
...... his door wflen his bakery had already closed. The many B: a Thank you .
led him 8) ................. develop a bread dispenser that would b You 're wel co me.
lina much-needed break 9) ................. his job!
tsts/ roonth alone the vending machine sold over 1,500 baguettes and 6 A: Can I get a refund?
10) ............. .... growing in popularity ever 11) ................. . Hecht B: a The goods ha ven 't arrived .
lllat this is the bakery 12) ................. the future and he foresees his b Of course.
machines expanding throughOll! Paris and even Europe.
7 A: Do you need any help?
B: a I'm looki ng for a jumper.
Key Word Tran. forma on.
b We've almost sold out.
* Complete the gapped sentences so
S A: I'd like to exchange these earphones.
that they have a similar meaning to the
B: a Can you take a look at it?
original ones, using the word gi ven .
b Could I see your receipt ?
I'd rather watch TV than go shopping.
9 A: What's wrong with the handbag?
THA N I'd prefer ...................................... .
B: a There is a payment problem.
...................................... shopping.
b The strap is broken.
2 Crisps are not as nutritious as vegetables.
LESS Crisps .... ......... ............ ... .............. . 10 A: That's 24.99 then .
.. ...... ............................ vegetables. B: a Just sign here.
3 She can't wait to go to the new mall. b Here you are.
FORWARD She's really ...... .. .............. .
11 A: They' re on sale aren 't they?
... ....... ............... .. ..... the new mall. B: a Yes , they fit me perfect ly.
4 He plans on getting a new flat-screen TV.
b Yes, but we're almost sold out.
GOING He .... .. ...... .... .................. ........ .... ..
............. ....... a new flat-screen TV. 12 A: Cou ld I have your to , please?
5 I'd be grateful if you could help me with these bags. B: a Sure . No problem.
HELPING Would ...................... ........ .. b Yes. I'll take them.
......................... ......... these bags?
27
 Language & Grammar Review Rea
Choose the correct answe r. Read t
senter
1 Tanya li kes to buy cheap ..... clothes on eBay. 14 Sara enjoys ..... hunting during the sales.
from t
A second-hand C hard-earned A deal ( price
B throwaway 0 money-off the se
B bargain D cost
th at f i
2 Supermarkets always have ..... produce. 15 I' ve saved enough money ..... a new printer. Th ere
A natural ( new A buy C to buy
B fresh o instan t B buying D to be buying
3 The heel on Jane's new shoes ,.. 16 Th is laptop is ..... al l.
A tore ( broke A faster than ( the f astest of
B damaged o scratched B as fast as D most fast of
4 Can yo u ..... so me milk from the supermarket? 17 In the future most people ..... the Internet
A check out C throw in shopping . The year is
B pick up 0 get across A will use ( are going to use you see a ,
B are using D have used mobile pho
5 People shou ld ..... their rooftops into gardens.
screen on !
A develop ( generate I
18 The shop will ..... my camera by the weekend jacket, info.
B consume 0 con vert A be repairing" ( have been can purcha
6 The new spray dries ..... on your skin! B have repaired D repaired science fic t
may not be
A individu ally ( instantly 19 Ellie hates ..... in a queue at the supermarket. Shopp ing r
B poss ibly 0 horizontally A waiting ( wait over the y
7 Drop " ... later and see my new clothes. B to wait D to be waiting popular as c
prefer to se
A out B up ( by 0 across 20 By March, Sue ..... at the bakery for two
Shop retail
8 This computer can ..... your fitness level. A is working shopping a
A develop ( generate B will work One piece ,
B monitor 0 work ( wi ll have been working called Radi
D wi ll be working radio w ave~
9 Those jean s ..... you rea lly well. Th ey are the on an obj-
rig ht si ze . 21 Stanton's is by ..... the most expensive shop . identifying
A fit B su it ( match 0 grab A far ( the farthest mobile pho
B farther D most far links onlim
10 ( an I interest you in the shop's ..... card? purchasing
A savi ng B loyalty ( deal 0 bargain 22 Tim agreed .... me his MP3 player.
into the Ol
A sell ing C sell smart phon
11 There are always ..... of sweets at a checkout.
B to be selling D to sell they are int
A aisles ( lines
23 ..... fabulous outfit! One area 0
B displays o batches on line shop
A How B What ( What a D Howa
12 The device has voice ..... controls. and try on
A operated ( generated 24 We ....... Jane at the ma ll at seven o'clock . shops are ~
A are meeting ( have met room with
B required o activated
8 meet D have been meeting information
13 A: How do the tro users fit you? accessories
B: 25 This time tomorrow, I ..... .. my new DVD
A No problem. ( You're in luck. A w ill enjoy ( am enjoying
B Really well. D I' m a 10. 8 will be enjoying 0 am going to enjoy

28
 Reading T s
Read the text . Seven
sentences ha ve been removed
fro m th e art icle . Choose from
th e sentences A H the one
that fits each gap (1-7) .

year is 2020. You are walking down the street, when equipped with electronic scanners that scan your body
~ee a girl wearing a great jacket. You pull out your shape and show images of you wearing the best fitting
'le phone, point it at her jacket and click a button. The styles without having to try on anything. Furthermore, what
n on your phone instantly reveals the brand of the if you want a second opinion on an outfit? A webcam in the
information about the jacket and shops where you dressing room will project an image of you wearing the
purchase it. ffiJ Sound like something out of a outfit on a website for your friend) to see. []I] Once
ce fiction film? Well such 'point and click shopping' again traditional shopping is combined with the cyber
not be that far off in the future. world in what retailers call Hsocial retailing N Through online
ping habits of consumers have changed dramatically shop accounts or social networking sites shoppers can share
the years with the advent of online shopping. As possible purchases and receive feedback from friends or
ular as online shopping has become, many shoppers still even an on line community of like-minded shoppers.

.. fer to see products in person and go out to the shops .

retailers are trying to make a traditional l ay l oui
Retailers benefit in that shoppers spread what they like
t rrgi social networking sites in a form of free advertising.
ping a high-tech and interactive experience. 2 7 Thus, shoppers sharing items they like is probably
piece of technology thClt is allowing this to happen is the best advert of all.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) which uses All this exchange in electronic information in the future
b, w,,,,, to transfer data from an electronic tag or label will transform a typical day out at the shops into an
an object to a reader device with the purpose of informative, interactive and personal shopping experience
."Ulyi"Q the item. [IIJ By using RFID readers in our for consumers. Shopping has never been so much fun!
.... "h",." we can turn our physical world into clickable
ooline, providing us with useful information and
jllthasii,ng options. Retailers can also send their products
the outside world. [!IJ Passers by can use their
phones to point at them and click on any products
are interested in.
area of retail which has been slow to expand into the
shopping trend is clothing. Most people want to see
a try on clothing items before purchasing them. Clothing
are bringing advanced technology to the changing
with screens instead of mirrors that provide useful
i about a clothing item, ~t matching
'g
li.U
i and display alternative styles. Afterward s,
yer. compare on the screen the different outfits you tried
n".' of trying on endless amounts of clothing to find the
y fit or style? Changing rooms of the future will be
 Building Up Vocabulary LE

Co mp lete the sentences usi ng one of the 1 Ch

words in the box. 16 The shop assistant deposited the week's 1 ThE
L . bargain discount offer into the bank.
17 Eve made a large ......................... selling
A
1 There was a special ........................................ .. B
jewellery for high prices.
on apples at the supe rmarket. 2 ThE
18 The government generates ...................... 1
2 Debra enjoys ...................... .. tha
through taxatio n.
hunting in charity sho ps. A .
3 (an you give me a(n)
3 Th e
on these jeans? 19 Th e flat-pack furniture we bought had to
'. financial economical costly ................................. befu~u~. A
20 My new sports ca r was ........... ..... in Ge,milny! B \
4 My mother is very .......................................... .
21 The antique clock was ..................................... 1
and only spends money when necessary. 4 At
by a skilled craftsman .
5 Owning a car (an be very ............................. . offi
because of the rising price of fuel. A i
2 Comp let e the sentences with a word B ,
6 Now that Robert has a job, he is in a better
derived from the words in bold .
................................ situation. 5 Did
[ label brand trademark Forget cleaning! A team of 1) ........................................... 1 A ~
(RESEARCH) in China have now invented a fabri c B ~
7 When you see a designer . .............................. , cleans itself! l aundry will become 'a thing of the past
you know the item wi ll be expensive. 6 Sue
this 2) .. ............................... (INNOVATE) substance
A t
8 Th e company's ................................ is a simple all the hard work for you. It works by spraying
fibres with a special chemical compound. Th is co;:~:::;~
B t
blue and white logo.
9 I always buy this ... ............... ............ of coffee has the ability to remove dirt when exposed to 7 I prc
This means that the wearer could go for a 3) ............. 1
because it has the best flavour. A a
(LEISUR E) stroll in the sun in order to clean their
co company business corporation What's more, the coating is not only good for
4) ............................. (REMOV E), but also for elii'niinatiol
B v

10 Th e salesman handed me his ................... card. body odours. No longer will you have to worry Fill
11 Rita is the manager of a ........................ . S) ................................. (EMBARRASS) moments on
2
oft
that sells sportswear. humid days. Your outfit will keep you fresh and clean
12 The multinational ....... .................. has over 30 day long! And if the item is 6) ... ................... .. 1 This
branches across the world .
stained, it can be cleaned using a washing mach ine. wit~
what are the 7) ............................... .. to b
prospectus brochure leaflet Well, critics warn that the spray may be 8) ... .... ... ....... . 1
2 Julie
(POISON) and could harm a person 's health
the
13 The travel ............................. contained photos breathe in particles from their 9) ................................. 1
of sandy beaches and blue skies. (ClOTH) . Moreover, it has been suggested that 3 Can l
14 Whi le I was at the dental surgery, I picked up an substance is not 10) ....................... .. mu(
information .................................... about friendly. Further tests are being carried out to ensure advc
spray is not 11) ............................ (HARM) to 4
tooth whitening.
However, the manufacturers of the product the I
15 Oma r browsed th rough the university
12) ...... ............................. (CON FIDE) that it will
to find a course that was right for him. h ou~
available on the high street soon!
5 I pro

30
 Langua e ge - Module 2
Choose th e (orrect Item . Y Word Transformations
There are ..... small shops left on High Street. 3 Complete the sentences using the word in
A hardly any C little bold. Use two to five words.
B any 0 neither 1 You are too yo ung to have a credit card.
2 The books at this bookshop are ..... chea per ENOUGH You ................ .. ..... .. ..... ..... ........ .. ..
than the other bookshops. ..... ........ ......... to have a credit card.
A a lot B as ( more 0 the 2 The depart ment store opened a year ago.
FOR The depart men t store ..... ............... .
1 The shop assistant was fired after a customer
............... ... ...... ................... .. a year.
..... of poor service.
3 Mary plans on returning her new MP3 player.
A had complained C complain
GOING Mary ............................................... .
B were complaining o had been compla ining
........................ her new MP3 player.
4 At the end of this month , she ..... at the post 4 The shop allows payment by cash or credit card .
office fo r ten years. EITHER You ................................................. .
A is going to work ( is working ..................... by cash or cred it card .
B will work o will have been working S I can't wait to get my new computer.
5 Did you remember ..... the credit card bill? FORWARD I'm reall y .............. ............. ... .......... .
A payi ng C pays ........................... my new computer.
B pay D to pay 6 I don't feel like shopp ing today.
PREFER I'd ........................................
6 Sue is too tired ..... on clothes fight now.
.............. ................. ............ .. today.
A tryi ng C to try
7 Yo ur new lap top is faster t han mine.
B try 0 tries
AS My lap top ........ ..... .. .......... .
7 I promise I ..... the shoppi ng at the su permarket. ............................................. yours.
A am doing C am going to do 8 It's not a problem for me to go to the chem ist.
B will do 0 will be doing MIND I ................. ....... .......... .................... .
................................ to the chem ist.
fill in the gaps. Use the appropriate forms 9 There are no other refrigerators on t he market
of th e word in bra ckets w hen given . better than this one.
FAR This ... ........ .... ................................ .
1 This time tomorrow, I ..................... ...... (shop)
............. refrigerator on the market.
with my best friend in ........ ... ......................... .
10 She is not allowed by her parents to shop online.
to buy a new dress for the prom.
LET Her parents ..................................... .
2 Julie ........... ....................... (finish) studying by
.... ............................... ........ on line.
the time Bill drops ................. .................. later.
11 Amber hasn't been shopping for over two months.
3 Candice regrets ... ........... ................. (spend) so
MORE It ......... .................... ... .... ......... ....... .
much money, but couldn 't resist taki ng
....... .. .. .............. .. .......... two months
advantage ....................... . her new credit ca rd!
since Ambe r has been shopping.
4 ................... quickly time passes! By the end of
12 My parents thoug ht that it was n't worth
the month I ............. ...................... (live) in t his
spe nding so much money on a new laptop.
house for ten yea rs!
POINT My parents thought there ..... .
5 I promise I .. .................... ......... (try) my
......................... ................ spending
....................... (good) to get you a better deal.
so much money on a new laptop. 31
 Vocabulary 3 * Fill in criticises, eyeopening, Vo
1 a) * Match the words to make phra ses . chatty, embarrassed, invisible,
treat, debts, accused in the 1 * F
correct form . hygil
ITD go A money to charity
!ID wear B stray animals 1 Tom couldn't believe the pOl"~ 1 Chil,
!ID feel C embarrassed he saw in India; it was a habi
[IC] make D old materials ................................. expe"ien,,1 2 Stre~
[}I] donate E scruffy clothes 2 We shou ld all .......... .. shac
I1IJ recycle F at a soup kitchen the elderly with respect. 3 Theil
lID look after G small talk 3 Polly felt really ........ ........ .. and
[![J cross H the road Tom was rude to th e wa itress. 4 He h
[![J have undercover 4 Now that Jill is unemployed lectu
i!Q[] volunteer J no official identit y having difficulty paying her ........ .. 5 Spea

5 Maggie often .. ~ . ~.~~;~hed;~;;;.1

b) ** Use some of the phrases from Ex. la in the her sister for the way she
(orrect for m to (omplete the sentences. 6 Barbara is a(n) .
person who enjoys speaking
1 The commun ity is encouraging residents to ......... ...... .......... .
people when she's out and 1 Max
...................................................... in order to reduce waste.
7 The shop assistant .... his f
2 Molly .......................................... as an elderly lady for a day;
the young man of stealing aroul
no one knew she was really only 251
jacket. 2 If Sa
3 Tim often ......................................................... like worn out
S People walk by Patty, misst
jeans and old T-shirts.
homeless, every day as if they 3 After
4 Joan .................................................... in her community; she
see her; she feels ......................... .. pave
serves hot meals to homeless people every week.
4 A fa
5 Henry finds it easy to ..... ............... ...................... at parties;
parer
he chats about everyday topics like sport and movies. Grammar 5 Peop
6 We should ............................................................ and not let
them roam on the st reets.
4 * Rewrite the sentences.
(ould, should, (an/(an't , mu'srn'tol
si tu a
6 The r

2 * Fill in: for, across, in to, out, of, up and off.

didn 't have to.

1 It's forbidden to park your carh e~

lettin
7 Some
1 John dozed ....................................... watching the late news. to su
.. ................................................ I
2 This chair isn't ve ry comfortable; it digs .................. my back. 2 It wasn't necessary for Jo to
3 The dog curled ................................. next to the fireplace and fell a donation.
asleep.
4 We tried to get rid ........................ the annoying salesman by
3 * Fi
wo rd
3 It's impossible for Alan
tell ing him we didn't have any money. unemployment benefits. 1 The t,
5 Tracy set ................ ............ ... to investigate what happened
to the missing money. 4 Is it OK if I borrow your car? 2 Child,
6 I headed ................................ the quietest place in the library on Tv
to study. 5 John had the ability to 3 The .
7 They were walking in the park when they came ..... .......... ..... . when he was three yea rs old. worri ,
a lost puppy. 4 Brazil
6 It's a good idea to hold a 190 IT
fun draiser.

32
 Vocabulary Grammar
1 * Fill in: appalling. nerve-racking, reputation,
hygiene, affection.
4 * Put the verbs in brackets in the correct
tense.
Children must be taught personal ................. . 1 If I were you, I ...................................... (spend)
habits from an early age. my summer holiday volun teeri ng.
2 Street children in Brazil live in ........................ .. 2 If you .................................................... (listen)
shacks. in class, you would have understood how to do
Their mother never showed them much love the assignment.
n and ......................... . 3 Samantha wishes she
4 He had the ............................. of being a good (have) a job.
is lecturer. 4 If I had the time and money, I ......................... ..
S Speaking in front of the classroom can be a(n) (go) back packing around the world .
......................... experience for many students. S When you give money to shelters, you ............ .
.......................... (help) many homeless people.

r
:0
* Choose the (orrect words. 6 It's chilly; I wish I ................................... (bring)
a sweater.
Max had a privileged/worthwhile chi ldhood; 7 If he ............................................ (study) hard,
his family was wealthy and they took trips he wi ll pass his exam.
e around the world. 8 If people ............................................... (drink),
2 If Sally hadn't volunteered, she would have contaminated water, they get sick.
, 's missed out/ given up on a great experience!
't 3 After the earthquake, workers built a makeshift!
Listening
poverty school out of cheap materials.
4 A fallen /broken home is one in which the 5 * 0 You'll he ar an interview with a young
parents have separated or divorced. woman called Samantha who worked on a
S People in favelas live in very bad conditions! charity project in India. listen and write
e: situations, with no running water or electricity. T (true) or F (false).
or 6 The roof of our house is leaking!dripping and
letting water in.
1 Some homeless people turn to/look after crime
to support themselves.

* Fill in th e sente nces with the correct

word derived from the word in brackets.
1 The teachers in this school are all very ........... ..
................................ ...... and helpful. (fRIEND) 1 Samantha found out about the charity
2 Children see too much ................................ .. project from a TV program.
on TV these days. (VIOLENT) 2 She tells us that climate change has
3 The ........................................ of the town are caused people to move to slums.
worried about toxic waste in the river. (RESIDE) 3 Her job was to build water facilities.
4 Brazil has a ........................... of approximately 4 The locals are now helping with the
190 million people. (POPULATE) project.
S Samantha feels the experience changed
her character.
33
 Vocabulary 3 * Fill in: for (x2), of, over, in. V,
1 * Fill in: legends, loyal, solstice, traditions, 1 They held a concert to raise money 1
stands. performances, mystical. 2 People shou ld have the right to freedom . *
ph.
expression.
3 He wandered ....... ......... to the stage to
favou rite band up close.
I , I 11
4 The city is famous .. .. ........ .. . its diverse
121 11
events all year round.
131 I.
5 If ................. doubt, cali the charity orlla nise"l 1
4 11
Speaking 5 I(
Have the time of your life!
Every year thou sands of 1) .......... ... .......... ... .: .. .
4 * Use the sentences to complete the 6
7
Is
Ir
dialogue.
fa ns come to the Glastonbury Festival to see lIve 81 I i
2) ................... ..... .. ........ of their favourite bands. A And what's the expi ratio n date? 91 I c
The festival is usually on the first weekend after B Can I get you r full name and address, please? 101 l e
the summer 3) ........ ... ............... ...................... It C I'd like to make a single donation of 50,
occurs in a 4) ............ .... ....... ..... .. .. .... ...... place, o I'd like to make a donation, please.
in the Vale of Avalon, an area that has a number of E Could you give me your cred it or debit
5) ...................... ... ............... ............ and spiritual number, please? G,
6) ... ................... ... .. .... .............. But mu sic is not
the only attraction at the festival; there is also a
A: Hello, Oxfam. How can I help you? 2 *1
B: [IT] who
great selection of food 7) .............. ........... ........ ... . A: Would you like to make a single donation neCI
to visit! It's sure to be a great weekend so don't
miss it!
a regu lar monthly donatio n?
B: I1TI
, Wat
char
A: That's great. lID Fest
B: Sure, it's Sally Harding and my address is 2 Siml
Colechester Street. london. lead
A: [IT] of tl
B: Yes, it's 8765 9687 9465 8364.
3 Jenr
A: [IT] witt
B: It's October of th is yea r.
year
A: OK, that's all. Thank you so much.
4 The
B: You 're welcome.
live
2 * Choose the correct word. 5 ** Use the leaflet below and your own Soul

, After they had pitched/raised their tent in a ideas to write a dialogue similar to the 5 Johr
fri er
field, they went to walk around the festival. in B,
2 Kim exp lored /wandered around the festival, 6 The
stopping to enjoy the different performers and one
entertainers. warl
3 Festival organisers attract/promote green issues
by encouraging festival-goers to recycle and
leave the site tidy.
4 Please encourage/support Greenpeace by coming
to our demonstration tomorrow.
34
 Vocabulary 3 ** For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide
* Match the words to make which answer (A, B, ( or D) best fits each gap.
phrases. Example:
o A known aware ( read o informed
brave A tribes
hostile B pit viper
go on a
jungle
C expedi t ion
D of wasps
Answers from the Ice Age
E moment(s) We are all too well (0) aware that the extinction of animal
hair-raising
and plant species is one of the biggest and most horrifying
deadly f explorer threats (1) ....... our planet these days. Having said that,
swarm G with there has recently been some good (2) ....... out of Russia
natural exhaustion regarding something called regeneration - a(n) (3) ...... .
H a bow solution to this ever- growing problem.
inject
collapse with Regeneration involves (4) ....... tissue from a plant or animal
antibiotics that has become extinct and 'bringing it back (5) ....... life'. In
draw
won der recent Russian experiments, scientists took fruit and seeds
from the underground burrow of a long dead Siberian
squirrel and (6) ....... to regenerate a beautiful flower called
the Silene stenophylla. To (7) ....... , it is the oldest plant to be
Grammar produced from the innovative regeneration (8) ....... .

*whose, adding commas where

Fill in who, which . where. Understandably, experts are over the (9) ....... about their
success as it shows once and for (10) ....... that tissue can
survive ice conservation for thousands of years. Those who
necessary. participated in the regeneration of the flower are pleased and
are now (11) ....... to find pre-historic squirrel tissue or
Wateraid and Oxfam are two
perhaps even (12) ....... tissue from the great woolly
charities ............ the Glastonbury mammoth, which could lead to the resurrection of those two
Festival supports. species.
2 Simon .............. is an expedition
leader agreed to take us on a tour
of the jungle.
1 A facing B challenging C heading D confronting
3 Jenny is the girl .. ........... worked
2 A reports B information ( news D statements
with poor children in India last
3 A probable B expected C possible D likely
year. B moving C pulling D bringing
4 A taking
4 The favela .............. the children
5 A in B for C to D at
live is one of the largest slums in
6 A conducted B managed C directed D succeeded
South America .
7 A time B date C month D year
S John .............. brother is my best process C practice D manner
B A action B
frie nd is teaching street children
9 A moon B galaxy C star D sun
in Brazil. D all
10 A any B both C every
6 The snake .............. we saw was imagining B hoping C wishing D dreaming
11 A
one of the most dangerous in the
12 A freezi ng B iced C frozen D icy
world.

35
 ReadJ
4 * Fillin: harsh. catastrophe, race, colonies.
warms up, re/ease , afford. self-sufficient. 1 * Read
questio
1 In the future, scientists hope to build ....... .
correct
in space.
2 The weather always ................... ... in su,nmel 1 How did
3 Not all governments can ........ ......................... I name th
to invest money in space travel. A from
4 One day, new technologies w ill make 8 due
.................................... in space as they will recyc
ITIJ final A exploratio n able to produce what they need. e from
[ID solar B war S Cars " ............................... toxic emissions D beca r
[IIJ space e frontier damage our environment. type
[!IJ nuclear 0 system 6 Global wa rming (o uld lead to an em,ironm,en~ 2 ' Ear ths~
I}TI carbon E fic t ion A do n
[iIJ science F dioxide 7 Astronauts wear space sui ts to protect B recy'
from the ..................................... . e don '
of outer space. D can,
2 * Complete the sentences with the S Will the human .............. . elecl
phrases from Ex. 1. in the future? 3 What p
1 The Earth 's atmosphere contains ............... . encoun
buildin~
...................... gas. Grammar
A He c
2 Space is often referred to as the ..................... .
...................... ; the unexplored territory. 5 * Rewrite the fol lowing as mixed B Othl
conditional se ntences. his ..
3 The ..................................... ....... is made up of
all the planets that orbit the sun. 1 Mark didn't study, so he wo n't pass his e His (
4 Every new step we make in ............................. . test. buih
........ advances our knowledge of the universe. o Nob
S The .................................... film is set on Mars. 2 Jane arrived on time, so she wi ll have 4 What fi
6 The threat of ............................. is frightening . time to visit the planetarium. becom(
.... , .. , " " " " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " " " " ' " ' ' ' ' ' ' " ....,.,.,,''''' ' " . " " " ...~ A chal
3 He isn't well-qualified, so he didn't get the B the
3 * Choose the correct word. at the space centre. e rebl
, With new technolog ies the possibilities for space """".,""""""""""""" """"""""" """

4 They didn't buy cinema tickets,

"""" ....~ o
S Micha
buil

travel are continuous/endless.

see the new science fiction film tonight. A is H
2 The Earth has rich supplieslresourceslike natural
env
gas and oil. 5 Em ily wasn't told about it, so she isn't at B will
l Solar panels construct/generate electricity from
science fair now. env
sunlight.
e will
4 Mankind still has many challenges to pass/
overcome before space colonisation becomes a
6 The researcher was working late last nig ht, o will
he is exhausted now. 6 Micha(
reality.
5 The Russia n satell ite wi ll leap/orbit the earth A crei
7 Sally doesn't take her studies seriously, so 8 she

'.
for the next six years. didn't get into university.
6 Astronomers revealed that a comet could extract/ e sho
....... ,",.,"" ........ ,"""""'"'".,,''''''' ""'"'' """ ",. "'"" " D ere,
wipe out life on Earth.
36
 .M'B81tIlle
Reading
Rullllish
* Read th e art icle. For H
e has been called the 'The King of Rubbish', 'The Rubbish Architect' and most
recently the 'The Rubbish Warrior'. Michael Reynolds doesn't just collect rubbish
questions 1-6, choose the and recycle it; he turns it into sustainable green homes known as 'earthships'. These
correct an swer A, 8, Cor O. eco-friendly houses are made from natural and recycled materials. Anything from old
tyres, glass, plastic bottles and tins to old electrical appliances and cars are used as
How did Michael Reynolds get the building materials. The homes are selfsufficient with solar panels and wind turbines
name the 'Rubbish Warrior'? to generate electricity. They also have rainwater collection systems and a constant
A from his use of recycling inside temperature that allows reSidents to grow a small vegetable and fruit garden
B due to the la rge amount of indoors. All these design factors contribute to the total independence of the home by
recycling he does every day using natural resources. By providing their own power and water, operation costs of
C from being the first to recycle these earthships are low with little to no utility bills. Building materials are also
o because he recycles almost every inexpensive, making these homes affordable for everyone.
type of rubbish Trained as an architect, Michael responded to concerns back in the 1970s about the
ever increasing rubbish problem and environmental crisis by building sustainable
2 'Earthships' homes out of the rubbish. 'Thirty five years ago I saw darl\ clouds on the horizon ...
A do not cost anythi ng to run. Lots of people also saw the environmental crisis coming but weren't inspired to do
S recycle their own water. anything. They thought I was a fool gOing to the dump and recycling rubbish before
( don't consume energy. recycling even existed.' Michael says, looking back. Well, no one is laughing at him
o can generate their own anymore. After years of being snubbed by the arcMecturaJ community and battling
electricity. outdated building laws, Michael's work is now being taken very seriously. He started
with building homes for himself and likeminded people in New Mexico. The owners
1 What problem did Michael appreciated the homes and understood their importance but publicly they were still
encounter when he started seen as radicals. The value of Michaers work came into the spotlight when he and his
building earthships? team were invited to the tsunami hit area of the Bay of Bengal in 2004. Michael and his
A He couldn't find materials. team passed on their knowledge to the desperate people there while at the same time
B Other architects interfered with building several critical shelters with the tons of rubbish left behind from the disaster.
his work. This provided Michael with the opportunity to experiment and create some of his most
C His designs did not comply with inspired designs while not being restricted by building regulations. The homes are
e earthquake and hurricane proof and built to collect rainwater. Micheal and his crew
building regulations.
have visited other disaster areas to help rebuild communities including areas hit by
D Nobody wanted his work.
I)urricane Katrina and more recently the earthquake in Haiti in 2010. As word catches
h 4 What finally helped Michael's work on, his designs have spread to every corner of the globe. Michael has even created a
become accepted? name for his type of work, 'bioteclure' to describe the deSigning of buildings with the
A changes in building regulations goal of sustainability. According 10 Michael it's a sort of 'combination of biology and
o B the architectu ral community architecture' that addresses a number of serious problems now facing mankind.
( rebuilding after disasters When rubbish becomes the building material, less waste goes to over-burdened
o building homes in New Mexico landfill sites.
Shortages of water and energy are eased when households create their own supply.
t Michaels believes 'biotecture' Michael calls himself and others working like him' biotects' and sees their creations
A is the answer to all not just as homes but as an anemative way of
environmental problems. living. "Earthships are amodel of the future
8 will solve some important that goes beyond house and architecture,
environmental issues. he explains. Residents become an active
part of their local ecosystem, living
, C will spread around the world.
D will solve our energy shortages.
hand in hand with nature and not
just consuming it. It's a
6 Michael feels 'biotects' sustainable way of Hving
, A create new ecosystems.
B shouldn't use natural resources.
that this warrior will
continue to fight for.
C should fight consumerism.
D create a new lifestyle.
 Vocabulary Listening W
1 *released.
Fill in: grazed, diseases, threat, harmful. 4 *0 You 'll hear people talking in eight
different situ ations . For questions 1-8,
1 *
choose the correct answer A, 8 or C.
... ....... ............... pest icides sprayed on vegetables 1 You hear a woman talking about volunteeri _
can have a rea lly bad effect on ou r health. at a commun ity centre. What does she do ~
2 Improved clean liness helps to prevent the spread of the centre now?
............... .............. .
A spends time wit h the elderly
The fi ~e at the factory ................. ...... .... poisonous
B helps with art classes for ch ildren
gases mto the atmosphere.
Sea pollution is a terrible ( teac hes computer skills to the disabled
1 Wh,
to sea creatures such as ~h~I~~~~d ~i~i~hi~~: 2 You hear a man talking on the radio about c 2 Whi
Sever~ 1 sheep ...................... .............. . on the long festival. What can festiva l-goers do in t
grass In the field. t he
afternoon? 3 Whi
A listen to bands
B play in the annual football matches
( see exhibits on environmental issues
2 *1
3 You hear a woman tal ki ng about a charity sk Ex.
race. How did she feel at the end of the race?
A thri lled B disappointed C proud
In m
4 You hear a filmm aker being interviewed on t choose t
radio. Why did he make the film ? families.
A to ra ise money for a charity
as thei r r
B to inform people about a problem
2 * Fill in : fo r. to , under. out, down. C to make money for his film school
First
offer ex
1 The Arct ic glaciers are ......... .......... t hreat from S You hear a man talki ng. What is he? person .
global warm ing. A disabled B homeless C elderly fa cilities
2 If deforestation continues, thousands of animal where t~
6 You hear a woman talk ing to her friend. Why
species will die ....... . have prc
she talking to him? Sect
3 Forests are home .................. many an imal and
A to offer him help
plant species. be too '
B to give him a warning
4 We are all responsible ................ ..... protecting want to
( to convince him about somethi ng
the environment. lives, by
S Loggers (ut ...... ......... trees and destroy an imal 7 You hear a lectu re about illiteracy. What is th On t
habitats. lecturer describing? should a
after eld
3 * Fill in: on. out. in (x2), over.
A a solution to the problem
B the causes of t he problem after yOl
1 Hang ........ Peter. I'll be ready in a few minutes. C the impact of the problem should 9
2 The thief demanded that the man hand .......... . Al l iI
8 You hear a t eenager talking about an anima
his wa llet. each farT
shelter. How does she feel about the shelter?
3 I have to hand .................. my science project by live in a
A It needs more money.
3 pm today. they ca
B It needs more volunteers.
4 Bi ll is handing ... ..... festival flyers to passers-by. envi ronn
( It doesn't help many animals.
S They have just started an environmental clu b at
school. Why don't we join . ........... ?
38
 Writing (an opinion essay) 3 * Which paragraph contains:
1 * Read the rubric and answer the questions. 1 the writer's fi rst viewpoint & example/reason?
~-------------------~
I Your college English magazine is asking 2 the writer's opin ion? ...... .
: for essays on the following statement: It's 3 the writer's second viewpoint & example/reason?
I better for elderly relatives to be looked after in
: nursing homes. Write your essay for the 4 the writer's opinion restated? ...... .
, giving reasons/examples to support it.
I magazine, stating your opinion and
I
5 an opposing viewpoint & example/reason? ...... .

~-------------------~
1 What do you have to write? ........................... .
4 a) * Underline the writer's opinion in the
model essay.
, 2 Which two reasons can you think of to support
the statement? ................................................ . b) * Complete the table with information
3 What can the opposite viewpoint be? ............ . from the model essay.

paragraph viewpoint reasons/examples

* Read the essay. Which of your ideas in 2
Anursing home
can offer ...
They often have
great facilities ...
Ex. 1 are mentioned?
l
4
In many countries these days, elderly people often
.e to live in nursing homes and not with their
. ies. In my opinion, this can be a really good idea 5 a) * Complete the table with t he linkers
their needs can often be best met there. in bold in the model.
First of all, a carefully-chosen nursing home can
er excellent care and facilities for an elderly listing points
."',son.. For example, they often ha~e great
.Jldlitie! - such as lV rooms - and special events adding more points
re the residents can socialise. In addition, they
is e professional care staff such as trained nurses. introduce an opinion
Secondly, many elderly people do not wish to introduce an
loo dependent on their families. They do not opposite viewpoint
ant to put a burden on their family members' busy introduce examples/
by taking care of them 24 hours every day. reasons
he n, On the other hand, some people believe that it
always be the family's responsibi lity to look show results
er elderly relatives. They argue that they looked
conclude
er you when you were a child and so now you
Id give them the love and care they need.

nal
All in all, I believe that, while it is the choice of
hfamily, it is often better for an elderly person to
b) * Add these linkers to the table .
Moreover In the first place
in a carefully-chosen nursing home. This way,
Although Such as To sum up
can live more independent lives in an
As a result It seems to me
vironment that caters to all their needs.
Lastly/Finally However Also

39
 6 * Choose th e correct linker. 9 * Read the rubric, then match the
viewpoints (13) to the examples / rea so ns
1 If recycling were mandatory, it would reduce
(A-C). Try to think of an opposing viewp" ir
waste. However/ Moreover, it would help the
and examples / reasons .
envi ronment.
2 Volunteer work is rewarding. For example/Such r-------------------
Your teacher has asked you to write an
as it helps young people to develop their
giving your opin ion on the topic
confidence . Most pe
Unemployed people should do volunteer work J
3 Space exploration is ve ry costly. On the other a 0) ri.
their community in order to get unemployment Christin
hand /So, it would help mankind discover new
benefits. " foot sh:
things .
Write your essay (120180 words). How de
4 All things considered/Although , I feel that
~------------------- the al
making recycling mandatory would be an excellent
2) ...... .
way to help the environment.
[I[J a chance to learn new skills pores a
5 We should reduce the price of public transport. the anir
[ID prevent a feeling of being useless
Secondly/As a consequence, people wou ld be and it
[ID wi ll stop lazy people from taking
its biz
likely to use buses instead of cars.
advantage of the benefits 5) ...... .
6 The agency helps unemployed people to find
any ch
work. For instancelTo sum up, they provide A unemployed people can become suit as
educat ion and sk ills training . depressed without a purpose in life sleepin

7 * Rewrite the sentences using the linking

B they wi ll no longer be able to claim
benefits without any effort
7)
order I
wo rds in brackets. C teamwork and orga nisational ski ll s will or tenc
injury.
1 The government is going to reduce the speed be useful for future jobs
for 15
limit. There will be fewer traffic accidents. these
(Consequently) ............. ................................... . specie
2 The homeless shelter is going to be demolished.
The charity will have to relocate. (As a result) 10 ** Use ideas from Ex. 9 and sentences
from the Useful language box to write your
3 Recycling bins will be install ed in the city. opinion essay on the topic (120180 wordsU Key \
People wi ll be able to dispose of their waste.
(50) ................... .. ......... ....................... ........... . 2 * Co n
th ey h

8 a) * Replace the topic sentences in the

Useful language
State topic & opinion : Unemployed people ... In my
o nes, I

main body paragraphs in the essay in 1 It isn't

opinion ...
Ex. 2 with other appropriate ones. Present viewpoints: Firstly ... For example ... Moreover ... HAVE

b) * Read the topic sentences and write

Present opposite viewpoints: On the other ha nd, it
could be argued ...
2 Tom w
WHERI
suitable supporting sentences using the Restate opinion: All in all, I believe ... This way ...
prompts. Use appropriate linkers.
3 If you c
Cycling lanes should be created in the city. UNLES
encourages people to exercise
reduces traffic and pollution 4 It's a s
2 Firstly, many people feel that stray animals WISH
should be put in a shelter.
keeps the streets clean 5 Using
helps animals find a new home 5HOU
40
,
Speaking
Choose the correct respon se.

1 A: How can I help you?

'Y,
B: a I've been read ing your leaflets .
Most people would think that shar1l charming is b I'd like to make a donation, please.
in
a 0) nsky pastime, but not nalian diver
nt Chrishna Zenato! She is able 10 balance aten- 2 A: I think we must stop cutting down trees.
foot shark 1) ............................. in her hand. B: a I tota lly agree.
How does she manage that? She can induce b In my opinio n.
the animal into a state of paralysis
2) . ........ ........ by rubbing the ielly-filled 3 A: Could you give me your credi t ca rd number?
pores around its nose and mouth. In this state, B: a Yes, it expires in May.
!he anjmaJ appeMs to be 3) .................. b Yes, it', 7895 554154742552 .
and ~ is completely 4) ............................. of
as bizarre position. However, despite her 4 A: How much would you like to donate ?
S) ............................ talent, she doesn't take B: a 15 a month.
any chances and always wears a chain ma~ b On the 15th of the month.
sun as a(n) 6) ............................. in case the
sleeping giant awakens. She uses her 5 A: May I speak to Mr Davis, please?
7) ........................... to immobilise sharks in B: a That's great .
ooIer to educate other 8) ............................. b Certainly.
ex tend to the animals' woonds in case of an
illUfY. Chlistina has been working With sharks 6 A: Co uld I get your address, please?
II)' 15 years and wants to spread the news that B: a It's Jeff Taylor.
these animals are a(n) 9) ...... ............ b it's 589 Maple Street.
species and vulnera~le to 10) ................ ...... !
7 A: When does the ca rd expire?
B: a In May next year.
b It's a debit ca rd .

Key Word Transformations S A: Thank yo u for your donation.

* Complete th e gapped sentences so that

B: a Goodbye and thank you again.
b You' re very welcome.
they have a si mil ar mea ning to the original
ones, us ing t he w ord s give n. 9 A: Would you like to leave a message ?
B: a Cou ld you ask Mrs Jones to call me back ?
It isn't necessary for you to attend the event.
b And a contact number?
HAV E You ....................... ............ the event.
2 Tom worked at a wildl ife park. 10 A: We should protect endangered animals.
WHERE The place ............................ ............ .. B: a I think that too .
..................... ............ a wildlife park . b The way I see it.
3 If you don't follow the hiking trail, you will get lost.
11 A: What kind of donation would you like to
UNLESS You wil) get lo, t .................... .. ........ ..
make?
................................. the hi king trail.
B: a It 's a credi t card.
4 It's a shame that we didn't go to the festival.
b A single donation of 15.
WISH We .. ..... ........... ............. ........ .. ... ........ .
... ............ ..... ..... .......... to the festival. 12 A: We should recycle more waste .
USi ng public transport regularly is a good idea. B: a You' re completely right.
SHOULD We ........ ............ ....... regularly. b Don't yo u think so?
41
 Language & Grammar Review
Choose the correct answer. Rea

'1[
1 A lot of people look ..... stray cats. 14 The old hotel has been ..... into a hOlme l~11
A after B up ( to 0 out shelter.
2 Ann 's first English class was a ..... experience. A generated C constru cted
A puffy-eyed ( hard-working B turned o conserved
B sharp-toothed o nerve-wracking 15 If I ..... rich, I would donate lots of money
charity. the group
3 Ed Stafford ..... many challeng es while wa lking wave
through the Amazon. A am B were C be D was and the
A made B met ( faced 0 approached 16 Visitors ..... take pictures in the museum. their {
forbidden . Ocean.
4 The hot, humid air made Beth 's hair. Despite
A shouldn't C don't have to to expe<
A pale B frizzy C scruffy 0 puffy
B mustn 't o couldn't adventUl
5 The mayo r wants to ... .. public awareness about ' ..n"othe At
17 I wish I ..... more free time.
the town's rubbish problem. irrlOn<lV throu'
A would have C had lD,en to non-
A gather B organise ( reach 0 raise
B have 0 was having trek, ski ar
6 Gold. oil and wood are all ..... resources. 18 If you don't study, then you ..... pass the test. upper Konga
A natural C common efforts to pro'
A didn't C wouldn't Proceeds ra
B physical o familiar B couldn 't o won't Foundation.
7 I was once chased by a swarm of ..... ! 19 If Tom had invited Jane to the lecture, she ... The first task
runs from .
A snakes B wasps ( fish 0 eels here now. Unfortunatel~
8 Tim is staying with a(n) ..... family whi le studying A wi ll be C would have been was unable!
in Brazil. B would be 0 will have been only on hiki
involving cre
A unofficial C host 20 If onl y I ..... to my parents' advice. After a gruell
B private o adopted A will listen C had listened stunning vie
9 Jim hates making ..... talk with people. B listen o was listening fearless caril
With the cor
A quick B simple C basic 0 small 21 What .... . do if you found some money? canoes for
10 The brightly-coloured poster was designed to ..... A would you C will you extremely st
B do you 0 have you fully-loaded
people's attention. to travel on
A reach B gather C grab 0 spread 22 Tom, ..... was a sales cterk, is now homeless. day. This w
A whose B that C which 0 who river finally (
11 Th e cha rity held a demonstration to help .....
23 Stella ..... volunteer at the shelter this weekend. The canoe~
t heir cause. the most d
A donate C conserve she has to study. thrilled to !
B promote o generate A mu stn 't C can 't through ani
B doesn't have to o couldn't Finally, the
12 A: What's the expiration date? beach and
B: 24 When people don't find jobs, the cri me rate . icebergs. T
A wi ll rise C would rise landing s!ri
A It's 553 -9465. C 45 Springhill Drive.
B rises D will be rising follow therr
B March next year. o 30. please. they set up
25 If the charity had the money, it a meeting th
13 The protesters succeeded ..... stoppi ng a plan to
shelter by now. last time, I
build a new factory in town. have felt a
A would bu ild C had built
A in B on C for D over new land!
B would be building 0 would have built
42
 Read th e text . For each question choose the correct answer A. B, ( or D.

InlO IIIe SIeal 1 Upon arrival at the Valley the team

f!1lJ111B Nonll
A didn't know which direction to go.
B felt concerned about the task ahead.
group of five adventurers watched their small plane flyaway, a C realised the plane had left without
wave of spread through them. They realised they were all them.
,and theonllv way out of the massive valley where they stood was to o lacked experience for such a trip.
"", CC"",,,, and paddle down the Kongakut River 209 km to the
A plane was scheduled to pick them up there two weeks 2 The Across the Atlas organisation
Despite being very experienced trekkers, the team was unsure of A hired the adventure team.
such a journey had never been completed before.
B is an tourist travel agency.
team are volunteers for an organisation known as
extreme adventure exped~ions that raise ( is a wildlife conservation group.
and donations. The money raised is then D donates money to various charities.
i causes. The challenge this time was
across one of the most remote places on Earth: the 3 The team didn 't ski on the trip
in northern Alaska. The team's goal was 10 support A because the climb took the entire day.
r and conservation of this unique area of the world. B due to hundreds of caribou.
by the team would go 10 the Colorado Cancer
( due to the lack of snow.
of the trip was to climb the Alaskan Continental Divide which D due to very steep mountains.
tom the base of the Kongakut River to the Arctic Ocean.
, due to global warming, there was little snow, so the team 4 While canoeing, the team was surprised
ski the surrounding mountains as planned and had to settle A by the depth of the river.
hiking the divide. The hike turned out to be a strenuous task, B at the difficulty of the river rapids.
crossing raging rivers and climbing steep mountainous terrain.
"~,:~
m
i I I day covering 4,500 feet, the team reached the top to enjoy
of the surrounding valleys. They encountered hundreds of
( by the glaciers floating on the river.
D at how far the ocean was.
caribou that appeared to have never seen humans before,
5 When the team arrived at the Ocean,
IttIe corltiilnentall divide conquered, the team assembled their inflatable
lar the journey downriver. To their amazement. the river was A they encountered a polar bear.
shallow in many sections so the team had to push and drag their B they camped on the beach.
boats downstream. The first couple of days the team managed ( they paddled to the landing strip.
only 35 kilometres per day instead of the estimated 24 km per
o they waited for the plane.
very discouraging and tiring for the team. Fortunately, the
ofrl21y deep'med and narrowed allowing the canoes 10 pick up speed.
eventually encountered some challenging rapids which were
ld;
rrKI'SI difficuH the adventurers had ever experienced. The team was
to see ancient glaciers on the river and at one point paddled
one to find themselves surrounded by blue ice.
, the river met the Arctic Ocean and the team built shelters on the
and watched in the distance as waves crashed against drifting
The next day they set off in their canoes to meet their plane at the
strip. Along the way, they saw a polar bear. The bear began to
for some distance, but eventually gave up. At the landing strip
to enjoy one final evening in the Arctic wilderness before
er ti plane the next day. As they sat around the campsite for the
bme, the five adventurers knew how the first explorers must
after discovering a
Ondl
 Building Up Vocabulary
1 Complete the sentences using one of the
words in the box. 1 Cha
16 When your car breaks down, you can take it
waste leftover scrap a mechanic for ................................................ . 1 If w
17 You must .................., ............... your pa,,,portl A v
1 Peter had a great idea, so he wrote it down on
every ten years. B v
a .......................... of paper.
18 Experts are work ing ha rd to ............................ . 2 By 1
2 We can reduce ................... ........... by recycl ing
the ancient building to its former glory. to s
cans and bottles.
3 Try not to be wastefu l by throwing out any A v
................ .... ...... food. B ~
19 I pay a mon th ly ..................................... for
favourite fashion magazine . 3 You
donation allowance grant
20 The shop allows ............ ................... by
hay,
4 Debbie receives a travel .................. every An
cash or credit card .
month in her new job.
S Fred makes a monthly ..................................... .
21 She made a small . .............. to the '00,,,,,,.1 B a
4 The
to a charity that cares for child ren in need.
6 James was lucky enough to receive a(n) 2 Complete the sentences with a word bet<
derived from th~ words in bold. A ~
to pay for his university fees.
B ~
endangered threatened extinct 5 The
Can you imagine having hundreds of cats roaming around
7 The museum contains replicas of inside your house? Well, for l ynea lattanzio, the
species like the dinosau r. 1) ......... ...................... (EXACT) how she likes it! Lynea i A \
8 The world 's rainforests are being .............. ...... . the proud 2) ............................... (FOUND) of the laroest.
no-cage cat sanctuary in California. Inside l ynea's 1 6
by deforestation.
home, there are over 700 feline 3) ... ....................... A f
9 Pandas are a(n) ..................................... species (INHABIT); and she is the only person living among themI
that are protected by the World Wildlife Fu nd. 7 Mik
Her 4) ... ........................ ...... (OBSESS) with cats started.
wa!
during her childhood years. She had longed for a
urban rural commercial but her mother would not allow it. As a resu lt, A
10 Maria enjoys ................................. life as there decided to rescue them in later life. She even enrolled in B I
veterinary S) ... .................. ... (TRAIN) course in order
are always things to do in a big city.
administer healthcare to the animals. Indeed, lynea is 2 Fill
11 Danny works in an office in the ...................... . of '
6) .............................. (PASSION) about cats that she
district of town . rescued around 19,000 of them! It's very 7) .... . .............. I
12 Mike wanted to experience ............................. . 1 If B
(D EMAND) work, but fortunately l ynea isn't alone!
livi ng so he moved to the countryside. has the support and 8) ............................. (DEDICATE) fun
25 members of sta ff to help keep the shelter run,ni"gI the
settlement colony community 9) ............ ..................... (SMOOTH). However, caring 2 It i:
13 Scientists hope to establ ish a ................... . so many animals is very 10) ........................... (EXPENSE) for
work, and Lynea receives no government 11) 3 I ..
in outer space.
(FUND). Instead, the charity relies on public donations to
14 Next year, the mayor plans to build a new ant
cover their costs, and Lynea has been deeply touched by
............................................ ha ll. 4 Iw
the continued 12) ....................... (GENEROUS) of all of
15 The tribe lives in a small ................................. . their donors. in I
deep in the rainforest. (ri(
5 Tht
wi l
44 cu1
 Language Knowledge - Module 3
Choose th e (orrect Item. Key Word Transformations

If we hadn't raised the money, the shelter ..... now. 3 Complete th e se ntences using the word in
ort A would be closed ( had been closed bold. Use two to five w ord s.
B wi ll close o was closed 1 It's a shame I can't go to the cha rity dance.
2 ay this time next month, we ..... enough food ABLE I wish .. .......................................... ..
to send to the orphanage. ....................... to t he charity dance.
A will collect C will have collected 2 We volunteered for the envi ronmental day
] because our teacher asked us to.
B have collected o are collecting
my HAVE If our teacher hadn't asked us, ....... .
3 You ..... bring lunch to the charity run; they will
have food stands there.
for the environmental day.
A mustn't C can't
3 I really want to find a job.
B don't have to o shouldn't
ON~ W ................................................... .
4 The factory ..... waste in the river for years ............................................... a job.
before the government stopped them. 4 Sarah donated 1 ,000 to th e shelter.
A had dumped ( were dumping ONE Sarah ............................................. .
B had been dumping 0 have dumped ........ donated 1,000 to the shelter.
The conservation group, ..... works to protect S It's forbidden to throw rubbish in the park..
the rainforest. needs volunteers. NOT you .................................................. .
A whose B where ( which 0 who ......................... rubbish in the park.
6 Max didn't volunteer at the homeless shelter.
..... people in the town recycle their rubbish .
WHO It .................... ........... ............. .
A Plenty B Much ( Every 0 Most
.......... at the homeless shelter.
Mike wishes he ..... clean up the beach but he 7 She has sold as many raffle tickets as I have.
was sick. NUMBER She has sold ............................. ...... .
A helped C would help .................... raffle tickets as I have.
B had helped D was helping S She needn't have cleaned up all the house.
fill in t he gaps, Use the appropriate forms HAVE She ............... .......................... .
of t he word in brackets w hen gi ven. ............................. up all the house.
9 It's a shame that they closed the homeless shelter.
If Bill .................................... (know) about the ONLY If ............................................ .
fun run, he would have joined ....................... . .. ..................... the homeless shelter.
the race. 10 My mother used to volunteer at that school.
It is Candice ................. raised the most money IS That ................................................ .
for charity ....................... holding a fundraiser. ......... my mother used to volunteer.
I ................ like to help, but I have a headache 11 JiII regrets spending so much money at the
and I think it's getting ........................... (bad). festival.
I wish there ........... ......... (be) more cycle lanes WISHES Jill ........ ............... .................... ........ .
in town because I enjoy .......................... . .. ..... so much money at the festiva l.
(ride) my bicycle. 12 It wasn't a good idea to qui t your job.
S The animals ..................... live in the rainforest HAVE You ................................................. .
will suffer ................................ we do !lot stop .......................................... your job.
cutting down trees.
 Vocabulary Grammar V,
1 * Fill in: saucer. autopsy, eye-witness, 4 * Rewrite the newspaper headlines in the 1 *
sightings, footprints, sceptic, wreckage. passive. 0 PHOTOGRAPHER FILMED COL

I
STRANGE OBJECT IN THE SKY
1 Some teenagers found strange ..................... ...
in the sand that didn 't look human.
o 1 Usi
fro
EXPLORERS DISCOVER 0 BELGIAN UFO
2 Ben thought he saw a flying .. ........................ . .!!NUSUAl CRAFT IN HIM~~AYAS HOAX HAS 2 ThE
hovering over the city. e MAYO R WILL OI'EN NE W - J FOOLED of I
3 Scientists performed a(n) ................... . PLAN ETARIUM TOMO ~R O\v THOUSANDS 3 501
to look inside the strange creature . A .. .......... ...... ... .... ... ............ ..... bel
4 Oanny is a ...... ........ ...... ........... .... .... who does B .. ................ ............ . 4 Res
not believe UFOs exist. C of i
S Army officials are investigating the ...... .......... . o ..................................................................... _ 5 The
of a plane crash. of<
6 There have been many UFO .. ...................... .... .
around Roswell.
5 * Fill in by or with. 6 Scil
ape
7 One ......... .. ........ ..... ............... claimed that she 1 Alan cla imed that he was abducted ...... .
saw strange lights in the sky. 2 The UFO was seen ... ......... a local resident.

2 * Choose the correct word.

3 Some pieces of the destroyed spaceship
found ............ metal detectors. 2 *
4 The autopsy was performed ............ a doctor. 1 Din
1 Usa went on a trip/tour to Roswell hoping to S locals were fooled by a fake alien body Ion!
see a UFO. ............ rubber and cardboard. 2 The
2 Investigators examined/experienced the debris
but found no evidence of any spacecraft. 6 * Comp lete the text with the passive
3 Bef.
glal
of th e verbs. 4 The
3 He had a great sight/view of the area from his
balcony. glal
4 The events/facts that happened in Roswell 5 She
remain a mystery to this day. tho
S The aircraft soared/burst high above the 6 Ben
clouds. star
6 The man gave journalists a report/witness on 7 As
the UFO sighting. ang
A series of mysterious lights 1). .. ........ ...
7 Helicopters that hovered /floated over Roswell 8 He
(spot) above Cambridge late Sunday night. Video
were thought to be UFOs. stra
of the unusual sighting 2) ............................... (capture) .
eye-Witness Sleven Morgan, an amateur astronomer.
3 *impressive, intelligent, eerie.
Fill in the correct adjective: oval-shaped, strange phenomenon 3) .................................... .
by Morgan while he was studying a passing meteor
In an interview with local joumalists, he claimed the i
3 *
1 Some people believe that there is ............. ...... . 1
were a bright blue colour. At the moment, the video
life in the universe. 4) ..................................... (examine) by experts at
2 The
2 Sally looked up and saw a(n) ........ .......... .. ...... .. University to determine whether it is a hoax. An anir
object with large windows in the sky. report S) ............................................... (not/release) 3 Who
3 Dean felt uneasy when he walked down the However. it 6) ........................................ (believe) by for
dark ....... ................... .. ....... road. who have viewed the video that the lights were filre.'o"'! 4 Scel
4 An eye-witness said the massive spacecraft was from a nearby festiva l. Expert opinion on the
a(n) ................................... sight. 7) ...................................... (reveal) in the

46
 Vocabulary 4 * Complete the text
* Fill in: hair samples, specimen, life-size,
with these words .
prehistoric
countless, mobility, native.
secret ive
Using a needle, scientists took a blood ............
legendary
from the (reature to study.
sightings
2 There have been ................................ sightings
sceptics
of 8igfoot over the years .
hoax
Some .............. ......... tribes of Central America
evidence
believe in a monster called 'E l Chupaca bra'.
4 Researchers fou nd .......... ............. ... ... .............. . In Scotland there is a
of an unknown creature in a cave . t) ............................ tale
5 The museum has got a ................... ........ model of a beast called the loch
of a dinosaur. Ness Monster that lives in the
6 Scientists bel ieve that 8i9foot moves like an waters of Loch Ness. To the
ape with limited ............................. .............. . locals it is simply known as 'Nessie'.
The word 'loch' is Scottish for 'lake'. The loch is very deep
and long, which makes it an ideal place for such a shy and
* Choose the (orrect word . 2) ..................................... creature to hide. There have
been many recorded 3) ...................................... of the
Dinosaurs have been extinct/unknown for a monster going back as far as the 6th century. The first
t long time. photographic 4) ............................................ was captured
2 The monster let out a terrible scratch/screech. in 1934 by Or Kenneth Wilson, a physician from London .
The picture apparently shows a 5) ...................................... .
Before starting the experiment. the scientist
dinosaur-like beast with a long neck emerging out of the
glanced/gazed at her watch .
murky waters. The photo created quite a fuss and is still
4 The forest felt eerie as the hunter peered/
the centre of controversy to this day. Some 6) ....................
glared into the darkness.
argue that the photograph is either a 7) ............................
5 She peeped /stared th roug h the key hole and or an honest mistake. They believe that what people have
thought she saw a ghost! seen are seals or otters that are sometimes found in the
6 Ben gazed /stared t hrough his telescope at the loch, or even objects such as tree trunks. Whatever lives in
stars in the sky. the loch, it brings many tourists each year hoping to see itl
7 As the hunter approached the animal, the
angry beast glared fglanced at him.
8 He caught a glimpse/glance of somet hing
strange in the woods. Grammar
5 * Complete the sentences in the passive.

* Fill in: to (x2), on, with. 1 People think the creature walks like a gorilla.
The creature ..... . .............................
............... date, nobody has captured a Bigfoot. 2 They think the government found a UFO.
2 The scientist is an expert ............... prehistoric The government ................................. ........... .
animals. 3 Experts bel ieve that he didn't see a ghost.
When I feel scared, I turn ............... my mother He .. ..... .. .................... .... .. .. ... ................
for comfort. 4 They report that natives have spotted Big foot.
4 Sceptics take eye-witness accounts of UFOs ~ ........... ... .... ...... . ... ... ... ....... ... ... ............ .. ...... .
............... a pinch of salt. 5 People say t he loch Ness Monster exists.
The loch Ness monster ....................... .

47
 Vocabulary Speaking 1 '
1 * Fill cruel, trials. torture, graveyard,
in: 4 * Use the sent ences to complete the dialogue.
Exam~
beheaded. usher, ha unted.
A Could you tell me what the ticket price includes, o A
1 In med ieval times, .................... .. ............ were please?
held in the Tower of London courthouse. B That will be 25, please .
2 The tombstones in the .............. .. ................... . C When would you like to go? It goes w
looked eerie at night. D How many t icket s wo uld you like? Earth's fOI
3 At the funfair, we took a ride in the ............... . E That sou nd s great! and all arr
from 'The
house. F It starts at Mercat Cross at 7 pm. The Austr;
4 The London Dungeons have a ........................ . G Is this where ' I can buy tickets for the Ghosts weigh abo
history. and Ghouls tour?
head and
such a (7)
5 When we entered the theatre. the .................. (8) .. ....... .
led us to our seats. (9) ......... .
6 In med ieval t imes to make criminals con f ess,
A: Good afternoon. ITIJ curious . 1"1
B: Yes, it is. alarmed it
they would som etimes ............... .......... them . A: Great. I1IJ climbs up
passed.
7 King Henry VIII had his wife ........................... .. B: Sure. It includes a tour of Edinburgh's dark past
in the Tower of london. and entry to the underground vaults. You also 1 A
get a free drink at Meggat's Cellar at the end. 2 A
2 * Fill in the correct word derived from the A: [IIJ I'd like .to buy some tickets, please. 3 A
word in the brackets. B: Sure. [!IJ 4 A
A: Tonight if possible . 5 A
1 Ann gasped when she saw a ........................... ..
B: That's fine . [}IJ 6 A
face in the w indow . (GHOST) 7 A
A: Could I have 1 adult and 2 children, please?
2 The criminal was sentenced to life ....... .. ..... .... . B: OK. lID 8 A
(IMPRISON) A : Great. Here you are. Could you tell me where 9 A
3 There were many public .. .... .......................... in the tour starts from? 10 A
medieval times. (EXECUTE) B: Of co urse. lID 11 A
4 Ghost sighti ngs in London were a common A: Thank yo u. 12 A
.............................. .. . (OCCU R)
S There have been many . ..... .............. .......... ...... .
B: My pleas ure. Enjoy yo ur visit.
2 *
wo
performances at the Theatre Royal. (SUCC ESS) 5 ** Write a simi lar dia logue. Use th e advert
below and the dialogue in Ex. 4 as a
Grammar model.
For (0) m.
3 * Choose the correct question tag. mysterious
in a haze (
clothes ana
1 Sally will come on the tour, w ill she/won't she? piano musk
2 let's visi t the Castle, will we/ shall we? The owners
3 Don't forget to bring the tickets, ghosl coold
dealer (6) ...
do you/ will you ? The tour experience: was shocket
4 He isn't scared of the dark, isn 't he/ is he ? ., Walking tour of York's haunted lotatlons. in his drawii
S Chris can 't com e to the haunted house, ,. Splne.tingllng stories, told by our professional tour home.
could he/can he? Now veryClf
guides.
6 They went to the theatre, didn't t heyl ,. Historical re-enactments.
weren't they?
Tours start at the Roman Column by York Minster
7 John likes going sightseeing, does he/
every night at 7pm. Cost: Adults 5, Children 3.
doesn't he?
48 6~n~ early t~ aY~id disappnintment!
 For quest ions ' 12, rea d the text below and decid e 3 ** Complete the sente nces
w ith th e w ord derived from
answer (A, B, C or D) best fi ts each gap.
t he w ords in bold .

B speaking saying o telling

ostatJea
(0) saying, that our world is a truly weird and wonderful plac~. The
deserts and seas contain countless (1) ....... of creatures - all diverse n 7th November 1872, the Mary
, in their own unique way. Let's take a (2) ....... at a strange little reptile
"'l.,nd O'own Under' commonly (3) ....... to as the Frilled Lizard.
O Celeste set sail on a 0) doomed
(DOOM) voyage across the Atlantic
Frilled Lizard can grow to as much as one metre (4) ....... length a~d
haH akilo. \I gets lis (5) ....... from the large frill of skin located between ~s Ocean. The.ship. manned by seven
The (6) ....... of the frill is to scare off enemies - it's constructed In 1) .............. ...... ..... (RELY) and
.......... that when the lizard becomes Irightened the frill flares out showing experienced crewmen, was loaded
_. rts brighlly-coloured scales. with cargo destined for Genoa, Italy .
. Irom the Frilled Lizard's unusual appearance, its movements too are ra~h~r
... .. ..... the lizard usually gets around on all four of its legs, when it IS However, one month later, it was
rises onto its (11) .... ...... legs and flees to the nearest tree. It then quickly found abandoned, drifting
,~ _'to~, top branches of the tree and takes (12) .......... until the danger has 2) ...... .................. (AIMLESS) in
Ihe middle of the ocean. The crew
A numbers B amounts C quantities 0 masses had completely
A glimpse B glance C look 0 stare 3) ..................... (APPEAR) .
A considered B called C known 0 referred leaving behind their entire cargo,
A in B at C for 0 of which was almost pertectly intact'
A name B brand C label 0 make Not only that, but the ship was in
A goal B aim C use 0 purpose 4) ........... .. .. .. ..... .. (EXCEPTION)
A means B method C way 0 mode condition with all of the crew's
A off B up C into 0 t hrough 5) ................. ........ (8ELONG) still
A Aside B Besides C Addition 0 Except on board! Once the ship was returned
A Despite B However C Whi le 0 As to dry land. a(n)
A behind B end C rea r 0 hind 6) .................. ... .... (LENGTH)
A safety B cover C protection 0 secu rity investigation was launched to
** For questions 1-12, read the text below and think of the determine what had happened to the
missing crew. However, after many
word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
months, investigators could not find

tHE S:fRANGE ~OR:fRAI:f a(n) 7) ................. ..

(LOGIC) explanation for what had
) many years the owners and visitors of Heale house in Devon were aware of a happened. There are many rumours
pieO,nce in the mansion. (1) ................ single night, a female figure would appear surrounding the mystery, including
blue aod drift (2) ................. the fifteenroom house. The lady wore Edwardian 8) ................... . (SPECULATE)
tenified witnesses daimed she was aMtays accompanied by the sound (3) ........... . that the crew encountered monsters
the old house coold (4) ............ explain thiS haunting as no one knew who the out at sea! But the
(5) ............. Then one day. the owner, Alan Smith, was approached by a junk 9) ........................ .... .
."'od".
..d"...c..... gave him an old painting that she believed belonged to the house. Mr Smith (MYSTERY) case has remained
, ~, see (7) ............ the picture of a woman sitting at a piano, the same piano still unsolved for centuries, and the
Ding room, bore a striking resemblance (8) .............. the mysterious ghost in his
10) . .. ............. . .. ... (LUCKy)
curious (9) ............ the woman, Mr Smith began to dig deeper into the history of the crew were never seen again.
i previous occupants. He eventually discovered that the woman in the picture was
called Mrs Bell, who (10) ............ lived in the house at the beginning of the 20th
Unfortunately, she soon got into money difficulties and lost (11) ............ her
. Mrs Bell died not long after these sad events.
soon as Mr Smith returned the portrait to its rightful place on his df3Wing room
ghost of Mrs Bell vanished and has not (12) ................. seen since. 49
 Vocabulary 3 * Fill in : revive, excavate, preserve, roam, Vo.
in the correct form .
Match the words to make phrases. 1
1 a)
* 1 DNA sam ples can be ...... ................. .......... . *"
1 conduct freezer. A A)
A the Earth
2 Scientists believe they will be able to .............
2 make B of an egg extinct animals in the future. B VIV
3 bring C in two
3 Archaeologists are very careful when
4 become 0 experiments
...... ...................... artefacts from a site. c TI
5 1run E extinct
4 Dinosaurs ......... ..... ........ ... .... the Earth
6 I hatch out F back to life
million yea rs ago. 0 Ha
7 I rule G a breakthroug h
S Scientists have already
BI I break H tests
sheep from another. E Mu

b) * * Use some of the sentences above Grammar F ThE

to complete the sentences. 4 * Fill in the gaps with the correct refl";,,1
G Th
1 In order to learn new th ings, scientists must emphatic pronouns.
......... .......... .. .... in a laboratory. 1 Bri an introdu ced ................... ............ .... H Ora
2 There are no more dinosaurs al ive on Earth as to the rest of the tour group.
they have ...... ............. ................. . 2 We really enjoyed .... ... ... .. ....... on the fie ld
3 Scientists would like to .. ................ ................. . to the archeological site.
11I 1 he
in genetic testing.
[ID se
3 The scientists .................. are unsure about
4 Dinosau rs used to ................................ because
[3T] bi
results of the experiment.
they were stronger than other animals. 4 She ................... discovered the din osau r
141 I fa
5 like a bird, a baby dinosaur would .................. . 5 Did you conduct the experiment .....

2 * Fill in : vessels. relatives, prehistoric,

Listening 2 *c
techniques, organic, map.
5 *
0 You will hear an interview with a adje
bo
young man who is a paleontologist. I
1 Scie ntists found ................................. material and check (.t) T (true) or F (false). un
in dinosaur bones.
1 Reac
2 Scientists hope to done dinosaurs using advanced 1 J he Sprinter was a good hunter. to U1
2 Th ere are many dinosaur rema ins in 2 Histc
3 Snakes and lizards are the Valley of the Moon. that
distant ............ ........ ... ............... . 3 The resea rchers are on ly interested 3 Em"
of dinosaurs. in dinosaurs. beca
4 Scientists are trying to 4 It took the dinosaur species a long 4 Gra{
complete the genetic ................ time to develop. she '
of a dinosaur. S Jeff does not enjoy his work because 5 The
S The Triceratops was a giant land it is too difficul t. advE
mammal that lived in
6 The
............................. . times.
into
6 Blood .. ...... .... ........ .. .......... .
7 The
we re found in a dinosa ur
and
bone.

50
 Vocabulary 3 * Choose the correct word.
* Match the type of book to its title. 1 There were several clever/mysterious events in
the book that made me wonder what would
A Rose for Maggie happen next.
2 The main character was very shallow/dull
Vovage to Venus because he only seemed to care about money.
3 Jane found the end of the novel confusing/
c The Escape unexpected and felt the author did not explain
what had happened.
o Haunted 4 James found the book ~o fast-paced/gripping
that he could not stop reading!
~Iurder on .he Orient Express 5 The series was unrealistic/unimaginative
because the plot was the same in every book!
F The Legend of James Dean 6 The story was surprisinglinteresting because
it taught me about dinosaurs .
G The Last Crusaders 7 Katrina thought the book was very pred ictable/
original and had guessed the ending half-way
H Dragonllight through .

horror story [IIJ romance

science fiction [:D thriller Speaking
lID
biography
fantasy [![]
crime
historical fiction 4 * Choose the correct response.

1 A: What is you r favourite type of book?

B: a It's Harry Potter.
* Complete the sentences with the (orrect b It's science fiction .
2 A: What's the main character like?
adjective.
B: a It's quite predictable .
boring thrilling silly relaxing
b He's evi l but interesting!
unrealistic frightening fascinating
3 A: Why don 't you like fantasy novels?
Reading is .... ..... .......... ............... and helps me B: a I find them unrealistic.
to unwind after school. b I don' t think I'd buy one.
2 Historical fiction is so ............................... .
4 A: What did you think of the plot?
that it puts me to sleep.
B: a It's likeable.
1 Emma thought the characters were .......... .. .... .
b It's slow-paced.
because they never did anything wrong.
4 Grade refuses to read ghost stories because 5 A: What do you think of
she finds them .......................... . horror novels?
The main characters embarked upon a(n) ...... .. B: a I'm afraid not.
adventure. b I don't like
6 The book gave a(n) ... .... ....... ................ insight those
into the life of the famous artist. types of
7 The main character was quite books.
and made me laugh!

51
 Vocabulary Listening
1 * Fill in: irritably, viciously, sting, complete, 4 *author You will hear an interview with an
about her book. For
enclosure, carving.
qu estions 1-10
1
1 She used a ......... ...... knife to (ut up the roast .
complete the
2 The dog lunged ....................... at the intruder.
sentences.
3 The animals were kept in a small .................. .. .
so they could not escape.
4 The bee .. ......... .... ................ caused her arm to ~
Th.
swell up.
yOl
S "Aren't you ready yet?" he asked ..........
Ph.
6 Once they entered the cave t hey were In
fac-
.......................... .... darkness . bot

2 * Complete the sentences with the (orrect

the
inn
form of the verbs from the list. [!
whip cross settle hack break The interviewer describes Kelly's book as a Gri
and a combination no\
wriggle smack mist ~----'-
of styles. co,
1 They return ed to the house to find someone
Kelly says in her book a
IT:
had ..................... ........ in. enjl
2 The runner ........................................ the finish meet an alien. wi ll
line and set a new world record. The alien in the book is based on an [Q
1 We should wait until the wind has ................ . description. des
down before going outside. poli
who I read tha'
4 John .......... ........... .... ........ his way through the
, wi ll also enjoy the this.
dense jungle with a large kn ife.
5 The jellyfish's stings ........... ... ................... and
slapped across my arm causing horrible pain. a year studying we ll-known
6 The boys .......... ....................... the ball against
the side of the house. the of the
7 The rain .............................. up her glasses and 1
as strong proof of 2
she was unable to see.
supernatural phenomena.
8 The worm ........................ into the soil to hide.
I has written numerous 3

3 * Choose the correct participle. supernatu ra l.

on the 4

1 Can you help me pick up/out a nice dress to

Kelly consulted with UFO L _ _ _ __
wear tonight? 2
while writing her book.
2 She kept up/on working even though she was
tired. The book will be in bookshops in 1
1 Jane was let down/out of the hospital yesterday. 2
4 Some of the chi ldren we re teasing and picki ng 1
KeIIY~'s~n2!e~x:
t ~~~is~t~odw~ork on a
on /out Bill. about a haunted
5 If you don't come, you'll be letting me down/out.
town .
6 Most films stars have bodyguards to keep from l
away fans.
52
 Writing 3 * Complete the spidergram . Put the words
(a book review) below in the correct boxes.

a) * Read the book

revie w and put the
shallow . horror . gripping . original
biography likeable evil fan tasy
paragraphs in the unimaginative
(orrect order.
Book
The story is set in Vietnam. The main characters are
Fowler, a British journalist in his fifties, Alden Pyle, 11
idealist American and 11 young Vietnamese woman called
It is a time of conflict in Vietnam and Fowler and Pyle
many dangers. This is complicated by the fact that they are
in love with the same woman. Pyle saves Fowler's life, but
he discovers that Pyle is involved in 11 bombing that killed
I ~~' people.
it,;,;;;; The Quiet American, was written by the British author,
l Greene in 1955. It is 11 political thriller and an anti-war
that draws on Greene's own experiences as 11 war
1~~~~'lent,' It is considered a classic work olli(lion.
~"'--- I would definitely recommend this book to anyone who
reading thrillers. It is a thought-provoking book that you
oot be able to put down.
The intriguing plot is extremely clever. It gives a realistic
IIC"IPtior of the evils 01 war as well as an insight into world
at that time in history. What adds to the novel's appeal is 4 * Fill in: funny, exciting. predictable,
the main character is not very likeable. He is very cynical, but heartwarming. confusing. surprising, informative,
~i mal'" him all the more interesting and realistic. mysterious .

1 I was moved by the .. .. :................ .......... ..

romance between the main cha racters.
b) * Which paragraph cont ains: 2 The story was full of .,.,,"""'" ................... "" ..
twists; I never knew what was going to happen
a summary of the plot? ...... .. next.
2 the writer's opinion/recommendation with 3 It was a(n) ....................................... adventu re
reasons? ....... . story that had me hooked from t he very
3 background information about the book? ........ begi nn ing!
4 genera l comments about the book? ....... . 4 Non-fiction te nd s to be very ...... .......... .
and teaches you new things.

* Which adjectives does the writer use to 5 It was a ......................... .. .......... story about a
strange occurrence.
describe these nouns?
6 The story was so ..................................... that I
................... thriller 4 .................. ... book had guessed the end ing right from the start .
2 ..................... novel 5 ."",, ... ,,"", ...... plot 7 The plot was quite ..... """" ........ """ .... " ' .... " .. ,
6 " " .. ,." ....... ........... . I was comp letely lost!
work of fiction description 8 The aut hor was so .........
that I coul dn't stop laug hing.

53
 5 * Choose the correct words/phrases. 7 a) *you've
Read the rubr ic and think of a book
recently read and complete the
1 The chief/main cha racter is Katniss Everdeen. table.
2 The science-fiction novel Voyage to Venus is set/
based in space. p--------------------,
I A magazine is aski ng for a book review. Write I
3 The book is set in /based on the ins piratio nal I I
I your review for the magazine describing the I
life story of Gh andi.
: plot, making general comments and giving :
4 The novel was so ente rta in ing that I couldn't
I your recommendation (120-180 words). I
put it down/throw it away.
~--------------------~
5 A Christmas Carol plays th e part/te lls th e story
of Ebenezer Scrooge. Background Buried off
6 I was totally absorbed/invo lved in the exciting information ancienl pr
book I was reading. elephant;
(title, type, author)
2) .. ........ .
7 Alt hough it was ed uca tiona l, I fo un d the book
creature .
qui te thick/dull. Main points of the
4) .......... .
8 The end of the book had a really un expected plot have prey,
plot/twist! length. H~
General comments
6 a) * Complete the reviews with: (plot, characters,
ResearchE
some spe
beginn ing, ending) adapt Hs
won't regret it I've ever read
smaller a
don't bother is defi nitely fo r you Recommendation scientists
to be a bestseller highly recommend it and reasons 11 ) .........
we ll wort h reading make su re it's th is one friendlier 1

A Th is is the most fascinating novel 1) .... b) * Answer the qu estions. K

.............. ......... ....... If you 're a fan of historica l
1 What are you writing ? .. .................. ...... ..
fiction, then th is book 2) .. ............... .... .......... .
B If you read only one book th is summer,
2 Wh at tense(s) will yo u use? . ............ .............. .
3 What must you inclu de? ............................. .... .
2 *
th
or
3) ........................................... I guarantee you
4) ........................................... . 1 Oil

C Th is is a very well-written book. I wo uld 8 ** Use your answers from Ex. 7 an d the BY

5) ............................................. to anyone who Useful language box to write your review.

2 M,
enjoys exciting crime thrillers. la~
Useful language
o This se ries is 6) ............................................. . SA
Ju dgi ng by the popula rity of the first book, Background : This a fascinating book written by
The story is set in ...
this seq uel is bound 7) .................................. ! 3 Th,
Main points of the plot: The story is about... The
fo~
E The plot was weak and th e characters were ploUbegin ning/ending is ra t her boring/predictable/
gripping ... BY
rea lly boring . 8) ............ ............ ....... reading
General Comments: it is interest ing/slow etc ... ; The
this book; choose a different one instead!
main character is shallow/ likeable ... ; The ending is 4 Wi

b) * Which sen tence does the writer use rather disappointing/surprising ... ; The book is full of
f unny/dull moments ...
th'
REI
to recommend the book in the review Recommendations: 1 thoroug hly recommend this
in Ex. 17 book .. .; This is a highly entertaini ng read ... ; Don't
bot her reading this. It's ...
S Jo,
HI~

54
 Choose the correct response .

1 A: I'd like to buy some tickets, please.

B: a How many would you like?
b Could you tell me the price?
2 A: That's 17, please.
B: a Here you are.
the coast 0) of Peru, scientists have discovered the fossils of an
b That soun ds great. ,
" I predator 1) .................... first, the creature was thought to be an
. however ~ has now been identified as agiant whale! 3 A: Could you tell me what the ticket price
............. to ~s massive size, this whale is believedto be the largest incl udes, please?
to have 3) .................... roamed the sea. With teeth twice B: a The tour starts on t he high Street.
.......... long as those of a dioosaur, this monstrous beast would
b It's a guided tour of London .
animals which measured 5) .................... to 8 metres in
b. Ris ,even possiblethat Hate other wIIales 6) .................... dinner. 4 A: Where does the tour start from?
are unsure of 7) .................... the creature became extinc~ but B: a Every half hour.
I. "",.,,, 8) .................... Charl!)eS in \tie environment forced ~ to b At the main entrance.
eafuv,) habits. Ov~ time, ~ g~d,atty evolved 9) .................... a
animal, similar to the 'NtIaIes of today. In 10) ...................., S A: What did you think of the main character in
believe that modemday sperm whales probably desceOOed Twilight?
_................ this prehistoric beast But fortunately, they are much B: a Very interesting and likeabl e.
.................... their distant relatives! b It was really imaginative !
6 A: When would you like to go on the tou r?
Key Word Transformations B: a Tonight if possible.
* Complete the gapped sentences so b It starts at 6 o'clock.
that they ha ve a similar meaning to the 7 A: What did you think of the plot ?
original ones, using the word given. B: a It was funny and origi nal !
Did the student discover the dinosaur skeleton? b Very shallow!
BY Do you know if t he .. .............. ... . 8 A: What's your favourite type of book?
............ .......... .. ....... the student? B: a I enjoy biographies .
Many people say that a monster lives in the b Eclipse was bri lliant.
lake .
9 A: Is this where I can buy tickets for the tour?
SAID A monster ............. ................. ..
B; a When would you like to go?
........................ ... live in the lake.
b Yes, it certainly is.
The archeo logists thought that the dinosaur
fossils were amazing . 10 A: What did you think about the end ing of the
BY The archeologists .. .............. book?
................... the dinosaur fossils. B: a It was disappointing .
Witnesses said they saw strange bright lights in b It was a t hriller.
the sky. 11 A: What is the book about?
REPORTED Strange bright lights in the sky B: a A detective w ho invest igates a murder.
...... .... ...... ........... ...... witnesses. b It's a mystery novel.
John went alone into the haunted house.
12 A: How many tickets would you like?
HtMSElF John was .............. ......... .......... ..
B; a They're valid for 3 days.
he went into the haunted house.
b 1 adult and 2 children . 55
 Language & Grammar Review
Choose the correct answer.
1 Scientists hope to ..... a breakthrough in cloning . 14 The man was ..... after he fainted.
A have Breach C make 0 get A revived C reactivated
B reserved D reluctant
2 Ann picked ..... the fossil to look at it.
A on B out C up 0 off 15 A strange creature ..... by a hunter in the woods.
A captured C was captured
3 Her heart ..... when she realised there was no
B is captu~ed 0 is capturing
ghost.
A broke B sank (fell 0 dripped 16 Th e unusual bones ... . by paleontologists
museum.
4 Roswell is becoming a famous tourist ......
A are examining C examined De
A base B mark C point 0 spot
B are examined D are being examined Ho
5 She is one of the world's ..... experts on UFOs.
17 You won 't go to the haunted house, ..... you? iso
A leading C original Si)
A won 't B are C will D shall
B legendary D apparent Ch
18 Witnesses ..... by the police when I arrived. pe
6 He heard ..... from an unknown creature.
A were interviewed ha:
A scratches C images
B have been interviewed Th
B screeches o occurrences
( were being interviewed thE
7 The hunter ..... into the da rk cave. o are being interviewed wh
A peered B glanced ( stared 0 glimpsed ph
19 Sam likes scary stories, ..... he?
8 What a ..... read! I can't put it down. A isn't B does C didn't D doesn't
An
A gripping ( predictable an
20 Paul enjoyed ..... on the ghost tour. inv
B likeable 0 satisfying
A itself B himself C myself 0 yourself str.
9 The leaves ..... in the wind. Ihi:
21 150 years ago, it ..... believed that me",n" ,"1
A scratched ( whistled In
gorillas didn't exist.
B rustled o crunched go
A was B is being C IS D has been sit(
10 The Naga fireballs are a(n) ... .. phenomenon!
22 There have been many UFO sightings in COl
A doubtful ( baffling
Nevada Desert. arc
B confusing o ambitious
A - B the ( a o an all
11 Scientists continue to ..... experiments on site
23 Jill and Kay enjoyed ..... on the UFO tour.
dinosaur DNA. Th.
A yourselves ( ou rselves
A gather B conduct ( run D preserve hi
B themselves D herself wit
12 A: When would you like to go?
24 The new museum ..... opened next week. Ihe
B:
A will be B is ( are 0 has been stf'
A Every hour. we
BIt's 3 o'clock. 25 A large ape-like creature ..... near the Ma
C Th ey're va lid for 7 days. yesterday. aHI
o Th is afternoon. A is spotted C is being spotted the
B was spotted o has been spotted del
13 Scientists need to create a genetic ..... of a
dinosaur before they can clone it. eVE
A base B map ( maze 0 plan
56
 Reading Task
Read the text . Seven sentences have been
removed from the article . Choose from the
sentences (A-H) the one that fits each gap
(1-7). There is one extra sentence.

TheZOn06 of
at t he 5;Ie,nce,
are often considered eerie, isolated places. So does anyone actually live in this creepy area? Well
II ~:::~:~: there is one desert spot which takes this actually, they do! [1IJ It seems that almost all of the
. you? 11 ~ one step further. people living there have a story to tell about a strange
I hundred kilometres from the US border in the light in the sky or other mysterious occurrences. They
I Desert of Mexico lies an area that has have also learned to live without television and with
perplexed scientists for decades. [IC] This is why it weak radio signals.
has become known as the Zone of Silence. Curiously enough, the Zone of Silence with all its UFO
The mysterious Zone of Silence was first discovered in and meteor attraction is located on the same latitude as
the 19305 when a Mexican pilot reported problems another mysteriOUS planetary spot: the Bermuda
while flying over the region. lID However, the Triangle in the Atlantic Ocean. ITD Could this just
phenomenon was not confirmed until 1970 when an be a coincidence, or could this invisible line point
American rocket flew hundreds of kilometres off course towards an even greater mystery that has yet to unfold?
loesn't
and crashed into the area! It was suspected that an
lIlVisible force within the desert had caused this A Reports of strange lights, flying saucers, burning
ourse lf strange occurrence. But nobody could explain what bushes and alien encounters have made the zone a
UFO hotspot.
tnis curious force could be.
llount ai n B This car-sized fireball struck the zone in 1969,
In order to uncover the mystery of the peculiar desert,
government investigators were sent out to the crash producing a shockwave that could be heard many
as been kilometres away!
site. [I[J Since then , a research centre has been
IS in ..... constructed at the heart of the zone and scientists from C He claimed that he could not transmit radio signals and
around the world have come to study the area. Despite that his plane instruments seemed 10 fail.
n all this attention, the reason behind the sound wave o This infamous stretch of water has long been known as
silence remains a mystery to this day. an area where countless ships and planes have
Jr. disappeared.
The mystery becomes even more intriguing with the
high number of UFO sightings that have been E For unexplained reasons, no radio, television or
witnessed over the years in the zone. [![] Most of satellite signals can be transmitted in the area.
<k. the eye-witness accounts of alien encounters describe F Some scientists believe that region was once
strange human-like creatures with long blonde hair, submerged beneath the sea.
35 been
wearing raincoats and hats. G Just 40 kilometres from the zone lies the town of
the lake Many of the mysterious lights in the night sky can be CebaUos, where residents have got used to the unique
attributes of the area.
attributed to the high concentration of meteor strikes in
:ted the zone. The area seems to be a magnet for space H Upon arrival they became immediately aware of the
Itted debris, and has even attracted the largest meteorite 'silence' when they couldn't communicate with each
ever recorded on Earth. [iD other via radio transmissions.

57
 Building Up Vocabulary
1 Complete the sentences using one of the startled distressed alarmed
1
word s in the box. 16 The bea r was .... ........................ because it had
eerie ghostly creepy been caught in a trap .
17 Rory was .............................. by an unexpected
1 Upon hearing the news, James tu rned ............ .
knock on his door.
pale.
18 Authorities are ............................ by reports of
2 Beth is scared of spiders and finds them very
a strange creatu re in the forest.
................................ !
3 There was a(n) .................. .......... . atmosphere specu late forecast predi ct
in the hau nted house. 19 The fortune-te ller claims to be able to ........... ..
fierce savage untamed the future .
20 Some scientists ............... ................... that the
4 The 'creature turned towards me and gave me a
fireballs are meteorites falling from the sky.
................................ Iook.
21 It is ................................... to snow next week.
5 That horse is ................................... ; it can't be
ridden .
6 They encountered a ......................................... .
2 Complete the sentences with a word S
derived from the words in bold .
tribe living in the Amazon

I speculation observation surveillance For decades. 1) ........................ (MYSTERY) flashes

of light have been seen above the 2) ..................... .. 6
7 The criminals have been under police ............
for many weeks. (PEACE) valley of Hessdalen in Norway. This
8 Paul gazed through the viewfinder at the top of 3) ........................... (USUAL) phenomenon began in
the ................. .............. tower. 1981, when hundreds of sightings were reported by
9 There is a lot of .. ........................ ........... about 4) ................. (VARY) eye-witnesses. Scientists were
the cause of the phenomenon. so intrigued by the phenomenon that they installed
advanced computerised 5) ...................... (EQUIP) to
invisible cloudy murky monitor the area. But despite 25 years of research,
10 Th ere IS no VIS
. Ibl
I Ity .In t he .............................. . the mystery continues to baffle the 6) .................... .
depths of the muddy river. (SCIENCE) com munity. One theory is that the lights
11 The ghost slowly faded and eventually became are caused by water seeping into rocks in the valley. 2
When this water freezes, it is thought to generate
12 That water looks a little ........................... .. 7) ........................ (ElECTRIC). Th is spark (Quid then
you shouldn't drink it. ignite gases in the air, creating a flash of light.
However, there is little 8) ................... (EVIDENT) to
convincing realistic true-ta-life support this theory and it has been heavily criticised
13 His explanation was so ................. ................. .. as being physically 9) ........................... (POSSIBLE).
that we believed it. Sceptics have suggested t hat the lights could be
14 We need to be more ........................................ . caused by planes approaching a nearby airport, but
about the possible existence of UFOs. as the lights have been seen in the sky for hours, this
15 The characters in the book are so theory seems quite 10) ................. (LIKE). Whatever
that I feel I know them. the cause of the mystery, it is a 11} ......................... .
(REMARK) sig ht to see and attracts countless
12) .................... .. .... (TOUR) to the area each year.
58
 Language Knowledge - Module 4
Choose the correct item. Key Word Transformations
1
. it had You believe in ghosts ...... you? 3 Complete the sentences using the words in
A aren't B do ( don't D can't bold. Use two to five words.
<peeted
2 Sightings of the loch Ness Monster date back 1 People say the creature is very dangerous.
to ..... 6th centu ry. BE The creature ................................... .
.orts of
A a B the ( - D an ............................... very dangerous.
2 The photographer took a lot of pictures for the
1 Joe made the discovery ......
CJ A itself ( themselves
news story.
TAKEN A lot of pictures ............................. .
B himself D ourselves ..................... ............. photographer
for the news story.
rat the 4 If Ti m wasn't so scared, he ..... a video of the
3 Experts have looked into the UFO video footage .
sky. ghost.
A wi ll take ( took INVESTIGATED The UFO video footage .........
{ week.
B had taken D wo ul d have taken ................................. experts.
4 Kristy went alone on the ghost wal k.
5 Strange lights ..... in the sky last night. HERSELF Kristy was ....................................... .
A were spotted C have been spotted ........... she went on the ghost wa lk.
8 are being spotted 0 had been spotted 5 The strange creature was last seen a month ago.
flashes
6 In the future, scientists ..... livi ng dinosaurs. FOR The strange creature ...................... .
A are recreating .......................................... a month.
.). This
8 wi ll have been recreating 6 They don 't think he saw a Yeti.
legan in
C are going to recreate THOUGHT He is ..... ....... ...... a Yeti.
Irted by
D wi ll recreate 7 I myself wrote the ghost story.
its were
ME Th e ghost story .......... ................... .
nstalled 7 The Bigfoot pi ctures ..... at tomorrow's press ....................... ................. ..... alone.
IUIP) to conference. 8 It was too dark to see the creature clearly.
~ar(h. A are showing C have been shown ENOUGH There .............................................. .
B were shown D will be shown .............. to see the creature clearly.
e lights
2 Fill in the gaps. Use the appro priate forms 9 It's a shame they didn't get a picture of the
f valley.
of the word in brackets when given. spaceship.
enerate
~D ............. ..
Jld then The UFO sighting that was witnessed ............. . .............. a pictu re of the spaceship.
If ligh t . some to urists last night is ...................... . 10 I don't want to go into the haunted house.
lENT) to (investigate) PREFER I ...... ................................... ............ .
riticised 2 Thanks to ....................... photographer's help, .................. into the haunted house.
SIIBLE). scientists were able to gather ............. . 11 Eyewitnesses claim that they have spotted a
"Id be (far) evidence about the phenomenon. UFO.
ort, but 3 The hunter uses traps ......... .................. (catch) (LAIMED A UFO .................... .......... .............. .
urs, this ani mals .. ............................. live in the forest. .................. .... ..................... spotted.
~ atever 4 It ........ ........ ... ......... (believe) that the Yeti has 12 Paul saw the strange li ghts because his ca r
L ........ . a lack .............. mobility and walks like an ape. broke down.
)untless 5 Ted can't wait ......................... (see) the Dinosaur SEEN If Paul's car hadn 't broken down, he
h year. exhibition at ................ Natural History Museum. ........................... the strange lights. 59
 Vocabulary 4 * (omplete the

1 a) * Match the words to form phrases. text with the

correct words 1
derived from the
ITD balance A the splits
cm break B barefoot
words in bold.

lID lie ( full of energy

[IT]
[IT]
[ID
walk
fight
do
0 your body
E on a bed of nai ls Tltt: KRT Elf I(\I~G f
F bricks
Most people gasp in 1) ............................ .
lID feel G blindfolded
when they watch what the masters of

b) ** Use some of the phrases from Kung Fu can do. The masters make it
look easy, but it takes years of practise
Ex. 1a in the (orrect form to complete
and 2} .................................. to learn to d o
the sentences. these incredible moves. Most students
1 He .. ...... ............ .... .............................. after he !eellike 3) ......................................... he FAil 2
does his exercise routine at the gym. beginning and it can be a humbling
1
2 How could he ........................ ........................ . experience. Once a student has learned
1
on hot coals without getting burnt? the more advanced moves, there is no
room for 4) .... .. .............................. though. ARROGANT 3
3 Th e monks .................. .... ........................... but
The masters focus on teaching their
know where their opponent is at all times. 4
students the importance of discipline
4 He ca n ......... ....... ............. w ith just his ha nds. 5
and mental strength. Students attend

2 * Fill in : courage, pride, discipline, humility,

streng th . relief.
5) ................................ classes to improve
their mental control. Only when
MEOITAH
6
students have achieved both mental
1 A Shaolin monk must have ......... ................. .. and physical control can they call
to co ntrol both body and mind. themselves Masters of Kung Fu !
2 Training at t he academy gave him new inner
3
Grammar
3 To Ca ri's .. ........................... ............ , he didn't
ha ve to run up the mountain. 5 * Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.

4 The monks take a lot of ..... ..................... .. 1 "Tomorro w we wi ll ru n up th e mountain," OUI 1

in t heir t raining. coach sai d.
5 He needs t o have the .............................. .
to overcome his fear of Kung Fu.
2 " I really enjoy martial art s," Peter said. 2
6 The monks are not arrogant; instead , they
believe in ....................... ............... .
3 " Paul has taken Kung Fu be fore," said Joe.

3 * Choose the correct word.

4 " Kay is training at a Shaol in Schoo l," Tina said.
3

1 Hard work makes/builds characte r.

4
2 The mount ai ns will take/bring your breath away. S "We studied Tai Chi last year in school, " they sa id.
3 Mary works hard to determine/ achieve her goals.
4 The monk sent/ threw hi mself into the ai r. 6 "I was exercisi ng at t he gym," sh e said. 5
S He crouched/ crawled down like a tiger.
6 You must hold / stand still w ith you r legs bent 7 "The students w ill pract ise after lunch," the
to do the position. teacher said . 6
7 The monk spun /knelt across the stage .
60
 Vocabulary Grammar
* Fill in: crash , analyst, negotiation, sensation, 4 * Fill in: said, told or asked then report the
occasional. sentences.
The music videos posted online have become a 1 'Where is the lecture theatre? ' Steve .............. .
web ........................... . me.
2 It is the job of a financial ..................... ........... .
to give investment advice to companies. 2 'Have you studied for the exam?' Paul ........... ..
3 Steve is good at his job; however, he still makes John.
the ......................... .. error.
4 A good lawyer must have strong .............. . 3 'Call me later!' Daisy ....... ...... .......... .. . to Ruth .
skills.
S He did a four-week ................... ........ course . 4 'When will we get our test results back?' I
................ my teacher.
* Choose the (orrect word .
5 'Be quiet! ' the librarian .................... ..... them.
This summer, I'll enrolfstu dy on a nursing course.
2 John admittedfclaimed that he had made a mistake.
6 'Don't write on the blackboard! ' She ......... .... .. .
3 Having little money as a child has complicatedl
to me.
motivated him to succeed in life.
4 The lecturer has a very talkative/chatty style. 7 'Is he the new headteacher?' Tim .............. me.
S Danny researchedli nvestigated martial arts for
hi s assignment. 8 'Don 't eat in the class!' he .......................... us.
6 The lecturer had lost the interest of his audiencel
crowd after ten minutes. 9 'Can you help me move this desk?' Tina ........... .
JilI.

* Fill in: attracted,

prefers, stumble,
converted, scribbled, Listening
h. complicated.
5 * 0 You will hear five different peo ple
ur After quitting his job, Salman t alki ng about going to university. For
Khan now spends most of his day in ques tions (15) choose from the li st (AF)
a ...... ................ ................. .. cupboard at home. thei r plans after they fini sh school. Use the
2 From here, Salman has recorded thousands of letters only once. Th ere is one extra letter
lectures which have .... ........... .... ..... millions of which you do not need to use .
viewers on the Internet!
3 Students fee l that Sa lman makes ................... .. A will study history
subjects seem easier. B is going to take a gap year Speaker 1
4 However, all you will ever see of Sal man is his before uni versity Speaker 2
j. .. ....................... ..... hand writing si nce he never C isn 't going to university
Speaker 3
films himself in the videos. D hasn 't decided what to study
Speaker 4
5 Not to worry though, because even Salman's yet
Speaker 5
cousin .............. ............... the digital Sal man to E is going to study abroad
e the real one! F wants to work in the travel industry
6 If you ever use YouTube , chances are you might
across one of Salman 's lessons yourself!
61
 Vocabulary 3 * Choose t he correct respon se.
1 * Fill in: participants, challenge, opportunity. , A: Hi, I wonder if you could help me.
rough, extra-curricular, expedition, progress, faint- B: a Sure. What's the problem?
hearted. potential, focused, skills. disciplined. b I need a book for my IT class.

1 If you work hard, you should be able to reach 2 A: What's the title of the book?
your full ..... ............ ....... . B: a Alright. Just one moment.
2 The explorer wants to climb Mount Everest b It's Easy PC by Mark Foster.
because he enjoys a difficult .......................
3 A: When will it be back in?
3 After school, Mandy takes part in many
................... activi ties, such as dancing.
B: a It's out right now.
b In two days.
,
4 Even though his .. ........................... was slow,
Gavin became an excellent swimmer. 4 A: 1can call you when I have the book.
S The maths problem was ........... ....... ................ , B: a It's due next week.
but in the end she managed to solve it. b That would be great.
le
G Many jobs today require computer ..
S A: Can I take out these books, please?
7 In order to study well , students must be
B: a Ca n I see your library card?
........................................ wit h no distractions. b Can you leave a phone number?
8 Military trainin g ha s helped to make Stewart a
highly ................................ person.
9 When given the ............................, you should
4 * * Use th e sentences in Exs 3 & 4 to write
15

your ow n di alogue at the library. Follow

always try new things.
the pl an.
10 Brave explorers are plann ing a(n) .................... .
to the South Pole. 2C

11 Skydiving is not for the ................................... !

12 Before the race began, the ..............................
did some warm-up exercises.
2S
Speaking
2 * Replace the phrases wit h sy nonymous
ones from the li st.
Someone has borrowed that book.
Would you like me to keep it for you?
Here you are .
Ask librarian for help . ~ Reply.
o
let me have a look on my computer.
Say what book you ~ Ask for title/author.
The books are due back one week from today.
are looking for.
1 Would you like me to reserve it? Reply. Say it's unavailable &
Ask when it will be ask if they'd like to
2 I'll check my computer for you. back in. reserve it.
Give phone number & Reply & ask for A's
3 You have to return the books in one week. then ask if you can phone number.
take out some books. Ask to see library card.
4 There you go. Offer card. - ==::::::::::'_ Tell A when books
Thank librarian. must be returned.
5 That book is out right now. End conversation.

62
 Reading
1 * Read the article.
For questions 16,
choose the correct
ans w er A, B, C or D.

As I departed from my hotel in central Mumbai, the glowing sun lit up

the beautiful archttecture of India's richest city. I marvelled at the "My name is Mina Kapoor,' I infonned the wide-eyed faces before
majestic Gateway of India and wo~d-rerlOwned Taj Mahal Palace me, "I'm going to teach you how to read and write." I referred to an
Hotel. Here and there, people bustled around, ready to start their day. alphabet poster which another volunteer had tacked to the wan and 30
But my time in Mumbai would not be spent in this vibrant and affluent slowly began to introduce the symbols to the children. As I did so,
city. Instead, I was headed for one of the largest slums on Earth. they each attempted to copy down the letters onto slates on their
Entering the slum was like stepping into a war zone. Endless rows laps. However, as the lesson progressed, they became increasingly
of crumbling shacks were crammed together amidst piles of distracted. Without any previous schooling, these children simply
rubbish and debris. Here, the sweltering sun only served to intensify didn't know how to sit still. But rather than enforcing discipline, I just 35
10 the stench of raw sewage and to add hardship to already difficult took a deep breath and began to sing.
lives. I sighed in dismay as I watched children working on the The first time I did this, the children listened and watched in awe. But
streets. But fortunately, there was a ray of hope. by the end of my six month stin~ the class would join in! To my
A bright yellow school bus rumbled through the busy streets and pride, they had also learnt the basics of Hindu and English, and were
parked ItseH beside a row of grubby, splintered shelters. now ready to enter a public school. 40
15 Immediately, a group of barefoot children rushed and pushed On my last day, I felt incredibly emotional. Although our time
writ e aboard, chatting excitedly. However, the children on this bus were together was limited, 1felt I had truly got to know my students, and
w not going anywhere. While other buses were busy transporting sincerely hoped that I had made a difference in their lives. Would
people, this one took its passengers on a different kind of journey. It they go on to enrol in school? And more importantly, would they
brought education to disadvantaged children. stay there and graduate? A quarter of the children who participate in 4S
10 So this is where I come in. I'd signed up for a programme called the School on Wheels programme progress into the public school
School on Wheels, which aims to improve literacy in impoverished system. I looked at my class. Of my 24 students, I realised that only
areas. Although 1had volunteered in many disadvantaged schools eight might receive a life-changing education. I knew I should have
around India, teaching on a bus was a first for me! My new been glad, but I couldnt help but feel that I could do so much more.
classroom was no larger than a hallway, but adequately equipped As I pondered this, one of my students approached me with a shiny 50
~5 with a blackboard and educational materials. I wannly greeted my black pebble. She placed it in my hands with a wann smile. "Thank
new students who had perched themselves on wooden benches on you teacher," she whispered.

1 What was the writer's first impression of Mumbai? 4 The writer uses the ph rase "th is is where I come
A An evidently wea lthy area . in" (line 20) to describe
S A place with stunni ng architecture. A the moment she en tered the bus.
( An overwhelmingly crowded city. S the location at which she embarked .
D A poor and dirty slu m. C her purpose for being in the slum.
D her relationship with t he children.
)r.
2 What is the ca use of the writer's distress as she
5 What did the writer find unusual about her new
enters the slum?
e& teac hing environment?
A The poor housing conditions .
o A It was an unconventional classroom.
S The blazing heat of the sun. , S It lacked space for t he students.
C The smell of waste. ( It had su bsta ndard teaching equipment.
D The child ren watching her. D It offered no seating for the children.

card. 3 How does t he writer describe t he attitude of the 6 How does the writer reflect upon her experience?
child ren? A She was filled wi t h sadness .
A enthusiastic C impulsive S She tho ugh t it was a life-changing experience.
S apprehensive D impatient C She wished that she coul d achieve more.
D She didn't feel app reciated.
63
 Vocabulary Grammar
1 * Fill in: groom, grubby. needy. rehearsal, 4 * Underline the appropriate time w ord
sample, cup, run -down, poisonous. and put the verbs in brackets into the
correct form .
1 The singer will have one last ................. ........... .
before tonight's live performance. 1 Send me a text as soon as/ until you ............. ..
2 While working in the dusty ranch, Jack 's clothes ... ....... .. ....... .. ..... (arrive) in Italy.
became ra ther .......... ................ ... .. ................ . 2 Make sure you saddle t he horse before/until you
3 Vol unteers reb uilt a ........ .. ................... hospital ............... ........ ............. ... (ride) it.
to provide healthcare for t he poor comm unit y. 3 She had learnt to ri de a horse since/by the
4 The explorer was shoc ked to see a .......... ........ . time she .... ....... ..... ...... ....... (leave) the ranch.
rattlesnake in the bush! 4 When/Since I ................... ... .... ................. ...... .
5 To keep a horse's (oat hea lthy, the farmer must (finish) university, I will get a job.
.......... ......... ...... ........ it regu la rl y. S The childre n we nt home by the time/after
6 Although Joanne likes ani ma ls, working as a they ........ .. ........ .......... .... ......... (play) footbal l.
beekeeper isn 't really her ...................... of tea . 6 She didn 't go on holiday until/after she ..... .... .
7 The voluntee r travelled to Africa to help poor ................... ..... ..... (save) some money.
and ......... ........... ch ildren.
8 Gavi n enjoys travelling because he loves to
S * Fill i n: as soon as, by rhe rime, while. after,
before. since.
................................. the loca l food!
l ast Summer, I went to Sunset Ranch for an experience of a
2 * Choose the correct word . lifetime, I got to be a cowboy for a day!
1 You must wear safety gloves if you work ! 1) .................................. 1arrived at the ranch, I was greeted
by Jude, my very own wrangler! He led me to the stables, and
practise as a beekeeper.
2) .................................. some basic training, we headed out
2 Juliet moved to Italy to study!read ope ra with
for a trail ride across the rugged outback! It was incredible!
a professio nal Italian singer.
Back at the ranch, Jude showed me how to herd cattle. He
3 Every Friday, Jason goes to th e local school to made it look easy, but it was really hard work!
coach ! aim young football playe rs. 3) .................................... we were finished, I was exhausted
4 In the Brazilia n ra in forest. chari ty workers help so I decided to take a nap.
to rehabilitate/shear injured animals. I woke up as the afternoon air began to cool. Jude told me
S It's exhila rati ng to drive/ saddle sled dogs we had to build a fire 4) .......................... we could cook our
through the snow! evening meal. We gathered some wood and Jude lit the fire
6 Eva cares for the en vi ronment, so she wants to using only stones! Then, we
go to Fiji to conserve/ mend coral reefs . cooked and ate our food
5) ............................ .... the
3 * Fill in: our (xl), for, away, up, back. evening sun disappeared
behind the mountains. It
1 lisa was burnt ......... from working long hou rs. was truly beautiful.
2 He rol led .................... his jeans before wading 6) ................................. .
across the rive r. going to Sunset Ranch,
3 A football pitch had bee n ma rked ...... ......... on I've started horse riding.
the grass. It's not as fun as being a
4 When life becomes hect ic, it's good to take a cowboy in the outback,
step .. ........ .... to clea r you r head . but it's the next best
S Delicious Swi ss chocolate is to die .. ......... ! thing!
6 The farmer had to chase ........ ........ ..... birds to
protect his crops .
64
 Vocabulary 3 ** (omplete the sentences with the word derived
d 1 * (hoose the correct word. from the words in bold.

Diana is studying modern /up-to-

date languages so that she can
Masters of MAGIC!
travel around the world. Have you ever trought about becominga 'Wizard? Then enrol at the Grey School of wtZaRky;
2 James is train ing to be a mechanic the .mJs oriy 0) ofIiciaIy (OFFICW) ~ _ academy' This 1) .........................
(CONVENTlONAl) schOO offers classes " wandrnaldng ox! even spdl-casting! All classes
[il yo u at a vocational university/college. .. 2) ........................... (OI'1l0N). but " order to obIain a degree "wizaIdoy. SIIXIents roost
le) it . 3 Many people choose to enrol in 3) .......................... (SUCCESS) complete """ )W' of slL<ly. For <ss dedicated
y the further/farther education courses. 4) ................................ (MAGIC), the schOO off'" SUOOlefcanps that .. a
' "0 the peruiar and S) ........................ (INTRIGUE) .mJ of magic. Th. ""'"
bnet,,_
anch. 4 I hired a private tutorllecturer to
6) ..................... (ESTABLISH) was Icmded by fonrer schOO 1eaci'er0ber00 ZeIR>.oenhea1.
help me with my French . Oberoo's go> was 10 make I>1zard1y 71 .............................. (ACCESS) to young people. His
5 There are several learn ing schOO _ mdifdren aged be-. 1118, but 00arreIy, the 8) ............................. .
lafter buildings/institutions in the city. (MAJOR) of his student are "'ual~ aduks! Wdl. with 9) .............................. (MEMBER)
6 (ould you tell me where the cosOng oriy a """ i18 per year, Ws 00 v.ooder people .. IIod<ilg to becoIre
Itbal l. 10) .............................. (PROFESSION) "",rd maslers!
I ........ lecture theatre/classroom is?
oney. 4 **For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide
'ter, * Fill in: convenient, tuition, which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
access, comfortable, shy, residence, Example:
promotes, exchonge. o A argum ent controversy
:e of a
Universi ties charge their students
B disapproval o discuss ion
reeted ....................................... ... . fees.
2 It is ........................ for (olin that Amid much (0) controversy, 16-year-old Laura Oekker, and her boat Guppy, have completed what
!S, and many are calling a recordbreaking solo global navigation. Unfortunately, however, Guinness W~.~d
ed out his college is so close to his house.
Records say they no (1) ..... have a record for the youngest sailor. They, like the ~utch autho~es
lible! 3 Sally was very .... .. ............ .. ...... .. . who tried 10 (2) ..... l aura's 27,()()()-mile lrip around !he wood, feel (3) ..... recordbreaking
:Ie. He on her first day at school as she attempts are far too risky for such ayoung (4) .......
work! didn 't know anyone . ~utch school officials were also against Laura's endeavour as they were of the (5) ..... that she
lUsted 4 Jason was not ............... .... ........ . should beinthe classroom learning, not on asmall boat sailingthehigh (6) ...... However, unlike
with the idea of giving a class Abby Sutherland and Jessica Watson - two other teenagers who have sailed the globe - Laura
Id me presen tation. (7) ..... at ports all along the way to sleep, repair her 38.I~t b.oal, and (8) ..... .up on homeworlr..
lk our S The university halls of ................. While n may be (9) ..... that laura hasn't spent as much time In formal education as (10) ..... her
le fire age, she has studied weather, tides, navigation and naval regulations extenSively. (11) ..... , she
are located on campus grounds.
gave ten percent of all donal1Ons she receIVed to the wildlife protection agency Sea Shepherd
6 The advantage of working in
Netherlands - and that IS a lesson In canng and generosity that we should all (1 2) .
groups is that it ........................ ..
interaction.
7 The teacher asked her class to
1 A higher B longer deeper ( wider o
brainstorm the topic then ............ ..
2 A block B dose check C plug o
their ideas.
3 A so B what ( how such o
4 A opponent B participant ( contestant D pla yer
8 All classrooms have computers with
5 A view B idea ( mind o opin ion
Internet .......................... .... ...... .
6 A seas B waters C oceans o lakes
7 A docked B parked ( embarked o landed
8 A make B keep ( catch o hold
9 A honest B real ( true o tru thful
10 A others B those ( them o anothe r
11 A Furthermore B Although C Therefore o Despite
12 A discover B notice ( learn o spot
65
 Vocabulary Listening
1
1 * in: remember. recalled, erupted, barking.
Fill
reminded. snarled. memorise.
4 * 0 You will hear people talking in eight
different situations. For questions 18,
choose the correct answer (A, 8 or C).
1 Sharen ................................ . happy times from
her childhood .
2 When the volcano ......... ....................... , it sent 1 You hear a young girl talking on the radio. Why
a large cloud of ash into the sky. did she teach art?
3 Always ..................... ................. to turn off the A She wanted a break from university. rt
B She needed teaching experience. cl
lights before you leave the house. al
C It was one of her ambitio ns .
4 Lewis was woken by the so und of a ................ . m
2 You hear a young man talki ng . What does he
dog outside his house.
work as?
fJ
S Janet's dog showed its teeth and ... ................. . gr
A a chef B a doctor C a waiter cc
angrily at the intruder.
6 The actor had to ................................. his lines 3 You hear a lecturer talking to his students ca
about a writer. How does the lecturer feel
en
for the performance. en
7 The secretary ......................... ............... him of about the writer? Th
his appointment at 2 o'clock . A He finds his novels too long. W(
B He lik es that his work is very detailed.
~
2 * Fill in: down (x2), in, of, out, for. up. C He thinks his wo rk is too hard to read . gf(
di~
4 You hear a man talking to a librarian . Why has
1 Dean let me ................... when he forgot about he phoned the library? se
my birthday. di~
A to order a book
op
2 You should exercise regularly to keep yourself B to make an enquiry
COl
........ ......... .. top form . C to complain m,
3 Helen can't remember long strings .................. . 5 You hear part of a news broadcast about (i)
information so she must wri te thing s down . education on line. What is the reporter describing? to
4 Sarah was less stressed when she spaced A the pros and cons of online lectures pel
................ her study schedule. B the reasons why students don 't go to Ho
S The problem was difficult but Barney came lectures any more alo
................... with the solution. C the different ways that students can learn
6 If you break ................. a Maths problem, it's 6 You hear a photographer being interviewed
easier to solve. the radio. Why did she decide to become
7 Cramming ................. exams is not an effective photographer?
way to study. A to fulfil a lifelong ambition

3 * Choose the correct participle. B to ma ke mo ney

C to help a friend
1 Before the exam, the teacher passed out/up 7 You hear a girl talking about her
test papers to the students. curricular activity. How does she feel
2 Joanna was saddened to hear that her old she competes?
professor had passed up/away. A awkward B nervous
3 After dinner, my friends asked me to stick around/ 8 You hear a back packer talking about visi ting a
at for a chat. mountain vi llage. How did she travel to the
4 Gary's father asked him to think over/up his of the mountain?
decision to drop out of college. A by taxi B on foot C by bus
S Each group had an hour to think through /up a
good idea for their class presentation.
66
 Writing (a far-and-againstessay) 2 * Which paragraph:

1 * Read the essay and co mpl ete the ta ble. ITIJ contains the writer's opi nion?
[ID presents the topic?
[IIJ gives the arguments against?
[ID gives the arguments for?

3 * Complete the table with the linkers in

bold in the model.
~ Many students enjoy working with their friends in
class, but teachers often tell students to work Quietly and list/a dd points
alone. Is this the best way to learn, or should students do
more group work in class? list advantages
~ Without a doubt, there are many advantages to
group work. Some people argue that it creates a more list disadvantages
comfortable classroom environment because students
can ask each other Questions that they may be Introduce examples/
embarrassed to ask a teacher. In addition, group work justifications
encourages students 10 listen 10 the opinions of others.
This improves teamwork, which is an important skill in the Show contrast
worKplace.
"" On the other hand, there are also arguments against Introduce a conclusion
fooP work in classrooms. Firstly, students may become
IJstracted and chat about subjects that are not related to Give your opinion
school. As a result, no work is achieved. Another
disadvantage is that during group work, only certain
opinions are heard. For example, one student may try to
4 * Replace the words in bold in the essay
wi th the ones below.
wntrol the group, or another could be too shy to speak,
making group work quite unfair. I believe to begin with to sum up
D>- All in all, there are both advantages and disadvantages another argument against it for instance
doing group work. It seems to me that some tasks are
one point in favour is furthermore
,rert,orm"d better when people work together as a team .
others, like writing, are probably best tackled therefore first of all in contrast since

5 * Choose the correct linking words.

1 Th erefore/To start wi th , playing learning
games in the classroom has many advantages.
Fo r instance/ Moreover, it gets students more
in terested and involved in the lesson.
2 Some people argue that/ Many people are
against students should learn a second language
Iltra- since/ like it helps them to get a job in later life.
fore 3 In conclusion / However, some people feel that
it isn 't necessary for all people to attend
university. Such as/ For example, some peopl e
wo uld be better off going to a vocat ional

r
~ a
top college instead.
4 Another disadvantage is that/In my opinion,

I ..................................... 1 .............. ...... ..

onl ine learning is an excellent way to learn as/
therefore it allows many students to participate
from all over the wo rld .
67
 6 * Replace the topic sentences in the main 9 a) * Read the rubric and match the
body paragraphs in the text with your own view points to the reasons /examples.
ones. r-------------------,
IA website is asking for student opinions on I
: the following issue: Should students study Art :
I in schools? Write a for-and-against essay I
: discussing the advantages and disadvantages :
~ ___________________ 4
I of this proposal (200-250 words).

7 * Expa nd the prompts into complete

sentences. Then write an appropriate topic
Viewpoints
sentence for each paragraph.
i It rrlakes-Sludents more creative.
It's' a waste of time.

A debate/class/be/good way/develop/social skills/ ....

It's ,....
'
expensive
~.~

It's relaxing and fun.

students learn/listenfot her people's opinions

The money spent on materials could be used

is a
to buy textbooks or to improve the schO~1.
6) ...... .
It gives students a break from studYing could n
B debate/class/be/bad idea/waste/time/better
spent/study/other subjects textbooks and problem-solving. find an(
It's not useful and students might be better helps h
other p
off stu dying other subjects instead.
that the
Students learn to express themselves thr~ugh
8 a) * Match the arguments to the drawings, which they cannot do in subjects
artists I
supporting ideas.
like maths.
121 I I 3 I I reduces
saves
parents money
bullying b) * Answer the questions,
1 What are you writ ing? ................................... .
[I[J uncomfortable 141 I limits 2
t
creativity 2 What wi ll each paragraph include? .... .............. (

3 How will you begin/end your essay? ... ...... ....... 1 f

I

oill-fitting canand
they be
10 ** Use the ideas in Ex , 9 or your own 2
(]] students can't express ideas to write your essay. F
themselves th rough their clothing
awkward to wear
/ \ Useful language 3 T
[I] school uniforms are [Q] students won't Presenting the topic: Many students enjoy .. . Some S
get picked on for people believe . 4
cheaper than popular
looking different Advantages: There are many advantages ... Some v
designer clothes
people argue that.. .

b) * Use the ideas to write a paragraph Disadvantages: On the other hand ... Another '
disadvantage is ..
Conclude SI give your opinion: All in all ... It seems
S T
d
presenting the advantages of wearing
school uniforms . to me ... T

68
--.
"

on I
. Art I Choose the correct response .
I
isay I 1 A: What's the problem ?
ges : B: a I'm looking for a book .
b I wonder if you could help me .
--"
2 A: Someone has borrowed that book .
B: a When will it be back in?
b It should be brought back in three days.
I you step into the studio of painter Jo~n Bramblitt, you will find a vast
my 0) of impressive artwor1c However, John is IlO ordinary artist. In 3 A: Can I take out these books, please?
I) .........................., the talented painter is blind! 2) ........................ . B: a Sure, your library card, please.
ooes JoIv1 paint 3) .......................... being able to see? Well, tie has
b They are due back next week.
IiYeIoped his vefY 4) ......................... special procedure. Firstly, he
ootfines his objects with thick paint and then he lIses his hands to feel 4 A: I need a book for my history class .
.ed ne outlines and fill 5) .......................... the gaps with colour. The resuft
B: a I'll check on the computer for you .
.1. is a striking colourful canvass. John had never painted
b What's the title?
ing 6) ,................" ....... in his Irte.lt was only after he losl his vision and he
WJld no 7) .......................... read and write that he feft he needed to 5 A: Can I see your lib ra ry card , please?
fI1d another way to 8) .......................... creative. John says his artwork
tter B: a Yes, that would be great.
~s him connect both to the wo~d 9) .......................... him and to
b OK , here it is.
people. 10) .......................... breathtaking are John's paintings,
,ugh they have 11) .......................... compared with the work of famous 6 A: When is it due back in?
like Van Gogh! His 12) .......................... surprise then that his B: a Would you like t o reserve it?
jects
I ",'tingSare in high demand and are selling in galleries aroond America!
b One week from today.

7 A: I can call you w hen I have it.

B: a There you go. b Yes, please .
Key Word Transformations

2 * Complete the gapped sentences so that

S A: You have to return the books in seven days.
8: a No problem, thank you .
they have a similar meaning to the original
b OK. Just a moment.
ones, using the words given .
9 A: Hi, I wonder if you could help me.
1 He finished school and immed iately went home.
8: a Of course .
AS He went home ........ ................... .... .
b That would be great.
............. ... .......... .................. school.
2 " I'm sorry I missed the meeting, " she said. 10 A: Online learn ing is easy to access.
FOR She .... ............................................ .. B: a It seems to be a computer class.
.................................. .. the meeting. b On the other hand , it could isolate
3 The last time Usa saw Peter was last year. stu dents.
SINCE Usa ................................... last year.
11 A: Would you like to reserve it?
4 HHave you written your essay?" Ann asked him.
B: a Sure . Here it is . b Yes, please .
WHETHER Ann asked him ................ ....... ..
.. ...... .... ................. ............ his essay. 12 A: What's the title of the book you need?
5 The school has a new computer lab because of B: a I'll check on my computer for you.
donations. b It's French Made Easy by Uly White .
THANKS It .............................................. that
the school has a new computer lab.
69
 Language & Grammar Review
Choose the correct answer.
1 Tom is taking a ... .. course in web design that is 12 Ben .... . that I watch th e fi lm online.
only 3 weeks long. A explained ( suggested
A fast B heavy C smash 0 crash B told o said
2 The tuition ..... at this university are very high . 13 ..... I complete my degree, I will go abroad.
A costs B expenses ( fees 0 charges A By the time C As soon as
B Until 0 Si nce
3 The performers wi ll have one last ..... before
the show. 14 Mona asked ..... time it was .
A lesson C rehearsal A where B if ( what 0 w hether
B lecture 0 class 15 Mike said he had ordered the book ......
4 The beautiful lake just ..... my breathe away! A last night ( tonight
A gasped B got ( took 0 grabbed B the night before o yesterday
5 A: Would you like to reserve the book? 16 Joy ..... me of cheating on the test.
B: A remin ded ( wa rned
A Yes, here it is. B denied o accused
B OK. I'll check the computer. 17 They asked me ..... I had a university degree.
C No, thank you . A what B when C where D whether
o I'll call you when I have it.
18 Tracey said she ..... for a gap year next week.
6 Jan is ..... out from studying and wants to take A had left ( left
a gap year. B has left D was leaving
A burnt B dra ined C gone 0 dropped 19 He has an informa l ..... style in his lectu res.
7 Marc is a ..... example fo r young people A chatty B talkative ( childish D wordy
everywhere. 20 The professor didn 't begin his lect ure ..... all the
A shining C starry students were seated.
B glowing o sparkling A by the time ( since
8 Tracy will go t ravell ing ..... she finishes B after D until
university. 21 The travel pictures really ..... Holly's imagination.
A by t he time C when A caught B grabbed ( got D ca ptu red
B since o un til
22 Kelly explained ...... to get to her ho use.
9 Th e School on Wheels education to A that B how ( why D where 1
disadvantaged children . 23 (ory told Shelly ...... in his book .
A provides ( produces A don't write ( not to write
B supplies 0 creates B wrote D didn't write
10 What extra-curricular ..... do you like? 24 Bill ...... for being late.
A courses C activities A accused C explained 2
B events o occasions B apolog ised D denied
11 She couldn't pass ..... the opportunity to t ravel 25 "Don't be late with your assig nments," she .....
to Africa. us.
A away 8 around C out o up A sa id B tol d ( asked D suggested

70
 Reading Task
Read the text. For each question

;
11 the

3 Before the flight, the instructor

A demonstrated flips and turns for the flight.
Ition. B explained safety techniques for the flight.
!red C gave some important advice about the flight.
o explained how zero gravity is achieved.
e The Zero G aircraft 4 When zero gravity begins, the writer describes
A belongs to NASA. his body as
B was specially made for space travel. A rising slowly off the ground.
C is an astronaut training plane. B spinning out of control to the ceiling.
D was adapted for zero gravity flights. C a pinball being bounced about.
D going quickly up in the air.
2 The writer was able to go on the anti-gravity
flight because 5 The writer fee ls the zero gravity experience is
Ile .. A his friend won it on a local radio station. A difficult to describe.
I B it was a prize he won. B similar to free falling .
ested C he won the money for it. in a competition. C not something everyone should try.
D he qualified for an educational programme. D something he definitely wants to do again.
71
 Building Up Vocabulary
1 Complete the se ntences using degree certificate license
one of the words in the bo x. 13 You must have a .................................................. to drive a car.
instructions manual 14 When Annie finished her training course, she received a
handbook ........................................ of completion .
15 After studying for five years, Ch ristine has earned a ...... ...... ..
1 The doctor often refers to his
in law.
medical ......................................... .
when he has a problem. reward . trophy compe nsation
2 The examiner asked John to 16 Th e police are offering a ................................................ for any
follow his ..................................... .
information on the criminals.
during the driving test. 17 Joe was paid ................................................. from his insurance
3 When there is a problem with company for the loss of his car.
the device, always co nsu lt the 18 After winning the tennis tournament. Andy received a

faculty campus break gap term

department
19 Usa plans to take a ....... _....... yea r before starting university.
4 Many students don't have to 20 Students must submit thei r thesis by the end of ................... .
travel to university as they live on 21 The school will have a month -long ............ during the summer.

5 The university is recruiting some 2 Complete the sentences wit h the word derived from the
new professors to join the .......... . words in bold.
6 The science ................... is holding
a competition for young inventors. Wouldn't learning be a lot easier if we could just implant
knowledge into our brains? While this may seem 1) ..................... ..
!:olleague associate (POSSIBLE), new research suggests that it could soon be a
assista nt 2) .............................. (REAL)! Scientists have found that when we
7 The director is meeting with a learn, pictures 3) ........................... (GRADUAL) form in our brains.
business ....................................... . This requires hours of practice, but over time, a memory or skill is
to discuss futu re plans. acquired. Using new technology, scie ntists have managed to
8 Debra is a teaching ..................... . monitor brain 4) ........................... (ACTIVE) to locate the areas of
who helps the teacher during class. the brain whi ch respond to learning. Using th is 5) ....................... ..
9 Adam has become good friends (INFORM), t hey have been able to artificially stimu late the bra in,
with his .......................... at work . and as a result, improved a person's 6) ............ ............ (PERFORM)
in certain tasks. Not only that, but the test subjects were totally
professional trainee
7) .................... ... (AWARE) that they were being taught anything,
apprentice making learning completely 8) ....................... (EFFORT) ' Although
10 Martin is a(n) ............................... . the experiment has only worked on one area of the brain ,
golfer who has won the world scientists are 9) . ............................ (HOPE) that this method could
cha mpion ship twice. enhance various skills, such as 10) ................................ (ATHLETE)
11 The new ................... in the offi ce abi lity. However, cri t ics warn that the power to plant thoughts
has just graduated from university. into t he brain is an extremely 11) .......................... (HAZARD) tool,
12 Larry works as a(n) ..................... .. and if it were to be used 12) ................................. (RESPONSIBLY),
to a carpenter. it could have very serious consequences .
72
 Language Knowledge - Module 5
1 Choose the correct Item. Key Word Transformations
1 I had been waiting an hour ..... the bus arrived. 3 Complete the sentences using the word in
a A after B before C until D since bold. Use t wo to fi ve words.

2 He ..... me that the essay was due on Monday. 1 ''I' m sorry I didn't go to the party," Gary sa id.

A reminded C explained APOLOGISED Gary .... .................................. .

B remembered D ordered .................... to the party.
2 Sarah began learning French one mon t h ago.
3 She asked ..... I liked going to university.
HAS Sarah ............... .
A when B what ( where 0 if
.............................. one month.
4 The lecture ..... and posted online yest erday. 3 "My computer doesn't work," Theresa said.
A is recorded ( was recorded COMPLAINED Theresa ........... work.
B had recorded o has been recorded 4 She went to university immediately after

5 She explained that Sam ..... on a gap year and finishi ng secondary school.
SOON She went to university ............ .
would be back in a month.
.......... .......... secondary school.
A had been B has been ( was D is
S "Are you going on holiday to Italy th is summer?"
sity. 6 By this Friday, Molly ..... writing all her exams.
James asked.
A had f inished ( wi ll finish
IF James asked me .............. .
mer. B will have finished D is finishing
... ....... .......... on holiday to Italy

the 7 Celia plans to do her masters degree .... she that summer.
returns from Africa. 6 The exam wasn't as easy as I had expected.
A as soon as B whi le ( since o until MORE The exam ....... ........ ............. .
Jla nt 8 The more you exercise, the ..... yo u become.
........................ I had expected.

A f it ( fittest 1 "S ure I'll help you with your essay," she told me.
,e a AGREED She ............................... .
B fitter o more fit
n we .......................... with my essay.
'ains. 2 Fill in the gap s. Use the appropriate forms S You shou ld study more.
(ill is o f the w ord in brackets w hen gi ven . WERE If ............................................. .
d to ............................. study more .
1 I ....... . .......... t he student where the
as of 9 Once everyone arrived she began the seminar.
lectu re ha ll was, but she told me she
BEFORE She waited .............................. .
........................ ................... (not/ know ).
Irain, ............ she began the sem inar.
2 Patty's mother promised her that she ............. ..
lRM) 10 Newspapers report that some students cheat ed
............. .. .................... (buy) her a new
)tally on thei r entrance exams.
laptop if she did well in her exams.
hing, ARE Some st ude nts ....................... ..
3 When the professor accused the st udent
Jugh .......... on their entrance exams .
.............................. cheating, she left the room
Irain, 11 " Don't write in the workbook," ou r teacher said.
wi t hout ..... .. .................... (say) a word.
:ould TOLD Our t eacher ................. .
4 Tim ......... .. ............ a huge mistake whe n
HE) ...................... in t he workbook.
he re f used ........................................ (submit)
Ights 12 Only experienced t eache rs can apply for the
his homework.
tool, position.
5 If you wa nt to avoid ........................ (fail) your
BLY), HAVE Only teachers .............. .
exams, you ...... .. ...... better study ha rd.
....... can apply for the position. 73
 Vocabulary 4 * Choose the correct word.

1 * Fill in: muscular, unflarrering. glossy, 1 Kate's inside/inner voice tells her that she
doesn't look good enough.
flawless, manicured, enhanced. rippling.
inadequate. 'r;zzy. 2 Many people shed t heir puppy fat /weight in
later life.
1 Janet always has beautifully ................... .. 3 As you grow older, your body adjusts/a lters in
nails. shape.
2 Paul has been lifting weights for years and now 4 Exercising regularly can help to flex /boost your
he's quite ............... ........... . self-confidence.
3 Photos of supermodels are digitally ................ . S If he wasn't famous, I wouldn't look/think twice
to remove imperfections. at him!
4 Kate went to the salon to get her ............. ....... 6 In order to lose weight, you must reject/resist
hair straightened. the temptation to eat fattening foods .
5 Debbie chose not to buy the dress as it was 7 You sho uld embrace the feat ures that make
................................. when she tried it on. you a(n) unique/alone individual.
6 Images of celebrities make teenagers feel
................................. in comparison .
7 The bodybuilder showed off his ...................... . Grammar
muscles on stage.
S Even without makeup, lisa has a(o) ............... ..
5 * Rewrite the sentences using the
causative.
complexion.
9 Top models in ................... magazines promote 1 The hairdresser has cut Tom 's hair.
a body image that is impossible to achieve. .............................................. . ............ .
2 Mary wi ll knit Jane 's ju mper.
............. .................................... ..................... .
2 * Circle the odd word out. 3 The beautician is plucking Anna's eyebrows.

1 straight - pointy - curly - wavy hair 4 Someone should hem your trousers .
2 pale - dark-skinned - wrinkled - tanned
complexion S The plastic surgeon removed John's stitches.
3 square - oval - long - shaven face ........................................................................
4 bushy - rosy - plucked - thin eyebrows

6 * Choose the correct words.

3 * Fill in the appropriate synonym / 1 Pam can't/mustn't have gone to the hairdresser's.
adjective from the list. Her car is parked outside her house.
2 Anna's hair is bright red. She must/can have
eager shy impolite reliable caring
outgoing ill-tempered organised
dyed it .
3 Jack says he can/may shave off his beard because
1 kind-hearted his wife doesn 't like it.
2 ambitious 4 Sue says she might/must have cosmetic surgery,
l moody ..................................... but she isn't sure .
4 rude S That can't/mustn't be Timothy. He's got a
5 fun-loving ................. .................... moustache .
6 trustworthy 6 It's possible that Jennifer could/must get a perm.
7 introverted .................................... 7 Richard must/can be exhausted. He's gone to
8 efficient ..................................... take a nap .

74
-
 Vocabulary Grammar
1 * Fill in: exaggerate, contribute, intimidate. 3 ** Choose the correct words.
admit. dominate, encouroge, dismiss, moan,
1 Mike talks as if/so that he knows everything.
interrupt, in the co rrect for m,
2 As a resultlThe reason why I left was to
Jason always ................... me when I'm talking. discourage her Silly behaviour.
2 Mary ................................. to always gossiping 3 I interrupted Peter in order to/so t hat tell him
about her friends. what happened.
3 Kelly ..... ................ ...... the conversation all the 4 She is sol such emotional that no one wants to
time and never lets me speak. be around her.
4 She ................................ my idea without even S Mark doesn't ta lk to 'Maria due to/beca use her
giving me a chance to explain it. gossiping all the time.
t
S Jane .......................... everything that happens 6 He acts as t hough/so he is in charge all the time.
and makes such a big deal all the time . 7 Tracy complains all the time so as t o/as a resu lt
6 You shouldn 't let bullies ....................... ... you! get attention.
7 Stella complains and .............................. about S She is such/so a negative person that I can't stand
every little thing; she's never happy. her.
8 You .................................... to gossip by saying 9 loe argues all the time . The reason w hy/ As a
negative things about people. resu lt everyone avoids him.
9 Don 't ....................................... him to act silly! 4 Co mpl et e t he se ntences with t he word
2 * fi ll in: in (x2), with (x2), up, down, on,
out (x2), back.
derived fro m t he words in bo ld. There is an
exam ple at the begin ning (0).

10 Tips Lla.rL~ar!
for Dealing with
.. f or most people , there is nothing more 0) disgraceful
(DISGRACE) than being known as a liar. However, lor

Glen Boylan, it is a badge of honour! Now, before you
jump to 1) ....................... ...... (CONCLUDE), Glen is not
actually a(n) 1) ............................. (HONEST) man.
, Rather, he is the proud winner of the World's Biggest liar
" 'Avoid getting involved ....................... gossip.
D 'Just agree ........................ .. complainers and competition , where 3) ............................. (CONTEST)
compete to tell the most convincing lies to a panel of
they will stop.
;. judges! The 4) ........................... (HUMOUR) competition
g Always stand ........................ for yourself and
is held in honour of Will Ritson, a landlord who was
your friends. famous for his 5) ........................ (RIDICULE) stories.
D Never back ................ to intimidating people. These stories became a(n) 6) ...................... (GLOBE)
g-oon 't put up ............... aggressive behaviour. sensation. and so, the World's Biggest liar was
D Don~ take an interest .................. emotional established! The event is a fun-filled evening of light-
outbursts. hearted 7) ........................... (ENTERTAIN). Today's
. "Ignore people who are trying to find ............ .. competition was no exception. When Glen finally took to
negative things about others. the stage, the audience roared with 8) .. ..... ................ .
O 'Don 't pass .................... negative comments (LAUGH) at his outlandish , but nonetheless believable
about others. story about a snail race! Then, when the night came to an
D 'Never shout ................ at aggressive people; end, Glen's 9) ......................... .... (IMPRESS) fib won
it only encourages them. him the respected title of 'world 's biggest liar': and that's
9 Ignore people when they blow things ............ . the 10) ............... ....... ....... (TRUE) !
of proportion. 75
 Vocabulary Speaking
1 * Fill in: chant, routine, tribe, pit, welcome.
stick, traditional, weapon.
4 * Use the sentences to complete the 1
dialogue. One sentence isn't necessary.
1 The leader of the ............... ..................... wore A Monday afternoon , if possible?
a headdress made of colourful feathers. B I'm calling to see if I can rearrange my eye exam.
2 The villagers wore a ........ ....................... outfit C I had to work late at short notice.
mad e of grass and feathers. D Oh no, that's awful.
3 In order to go hunting, the vi llager made a E It was supposed to be at 3:30pm today.
.................... ...... ...... from a st urd y stick. F Could you make Tuesday the 10th at 2pm?
4 When they dance, the natives beat drums and
............ .......... ...... Ioudly. A: Hello, Clearvision Opticians.
5 The villager stumbled and fell into a deep B: Hello there. This is Gina Robertson. []I]
There's been a family emergency.
6 When they arrived at the village, all the natives A: [ID What time was your appointment?
bowed to ..................................... their guests. B: IIIJ It's with Dr. Howard.
7 The girls jumped and spun as part of their A: OK. When would you like to rearrange it?
dance ................................. . B: [ll]
8 It is considered quite rude to .......................... . A: I'm afra id Dr. Howard isn 't available that day.
out your tongue! 2
lID
2 * Fill in the sentences with the correct B: Erm, yes, that should be OK.
A: Great. We'll see you on Tuesday, then .
words derived from the words in brackets.
B: OK. Thank you very much.
1 The dancers wore ............... ................... outfits A: My pleasure. Goodbye.
during their performance. (TRADITION)
2 The footba ll ......... ................................... were
dressed in their team's colours. (SUPPORT) 5 ** Imagin e you wa nt to call and
3 As part of the festival, the ... .......................... . rearrange a hairdresser's appointment. Use
had a huge feast in the village. (INHABIT) th e sentences from Ex. 4 and the plan
4 The .................................. involved singing and belo w to write a similar dialogue.
dancing to the beat of a drum! (CELEBRATE)
o o
3 * Choose the correct wo rd .
1 Before the match, the player greeted his enemy/
Greet B & say name of
hairdresser's
your name, why
Say
you are calling and
--
opponent by shaking his hand. give a reason for
2 When the dancers stamp/sla p their feet at the rearranging .
same time, it sounds like thunder! Express sympathy if "-~~ Reply.
J When the volcano erupted, the natives had to needed & ask what time
fleelfly the vi llage ! the appointment was.
4 The Sun Dance originates/begins from the tribes
of North America. would like to rearrange
S As they went into battle/war with another for.
tribe, the villagers banged their drums. Tell B that time isn't Agree.
6 After the fight, the tribe had a feast to celebrate available. Suggest
their triumph /achievement. another.
7 The tribesmen carved unique engravings/tattoos Reconfirm day/time. ;<--- Thank A.
into wooden statues. End conversatio n.
76
 Vocabulary 4 ** For questions 1-12, read the text
1 * Fill in : confidently, intensely, drooping. below and decid e which answer
(A, B, C or D) bes t fits eac h ga p.
rubbing. convince. distinguish, subconscious.

People don't realise that they create a(n) .......... . Example:

<am. barrier when they hold an object in front of them. o A note B message C text @ letter
2 She tried to ........................ me she was telling
the truth, but I still didn't believe her. Bad Body Language
J Sue smiled .......................... when she realised
that she knew the correct answer. Today is one of those red (0) letter days. You've got a
big job interview and you really want to get the
4 He bel ieves that ........................ ... your ears is
pOSition that you're applying (1) ...... Your interview
a sign of lying.
has been arranged for ten o'clock in the morning so
0 5 Mr. Stanton can ........ .. ......... between someone
you (2) ..... bright and early to make sure you get there
telling the truth and someone telling a lie. on time.
6 She stared at me ..................................... and I
knew she was lying. You go into the building where the meeting is to be
7
held and take the lift to the fourteenth floor. You enter a
He tried to smile but the corners of his mouth
very (3) ..... office where a well-dressed secretary asks
were ... .................. .. .. . and I knew he was sad.
you politely to have a (4) ...... You feel relaxed. You
day. * (hoose the correct item. cross your legs and sit with your hands clasped loosely
on your (S) ..... .
1 People can't control muscle spasms/flashes.
2 Her cheek had a nervous response/twi tch when Then, your name is (6) ..... and you are ushered into
she was talking. the inner office. Suddenly, you (7) ..... out in a cold
J He's as good as a lie fi nder/detector and can sweat. You feel nervous and you've got (8) ..... in your
stomach. You shake the interviewer's hand and you
tell who is not telling the truth in an interview.
know your palm is (9) ..... . You sit facing the
4 His face suddenly turned bright red; it was a
interviewer with your arms (10) ..... tightly in a
tell-ta le signal/sign he was lying. defensive pose. You are on (11 ) ..... and your body
Use 5 She was so nervous that she tried to hide/ language clearly indicates this fact. Deep (12) ..... you
conceal behind the books in her hands. know you are never going to get this job.
6 The most important thing is to trust your naturel
insti ncts when dealing with people. 1 A on B in ( for D from
* Fill in: keep an eye on, pull the wool over my
eyes, get cold feet. give her a hand, pull your leg.
2 A set off
B pull away
C leave out
D go up
get it off your chest, in the correct form . 3 A clever B smart C keen D brisk
4 A chai r B sofa C seat D place
Many actors 5 A hip B chest Clap D knee
before a performance. 6 A screamed C roared
2 Don't take him so seriously; he 's just .............. . B yelled o called
7 A break B bend C twist D sprain
3 (an you ........ ............................... the children 8 A bees C moths
wh ile I'm gone? B worms D butterflies
4 Jane has a lot of cleaning up to do. Can you 9 A sweaty C soggy
, B damp D humid
5 Iwas sure that Carl was telling the tru th, but 10 A crossed C packed
he rea lly ................. .... .................................... ! B hugged D covered
6 Why don't you tell me what's bothering you 11 A rim B end ( edge D limit
and just .......................................................... ? 12 A behind B down C back D over
77
 Vocabulary Grammar
1 * Fill in: aquatic, mimic, adapt. vocal. whistles. 4 * Use the words/phrases to rewrite the 1
flippe rs, gestures. wound. sentences, using inversion.

1 Dolphins use their ................................ to steer 1 The fisherman has hard ly ever seen a dolphin
underwater. out at sea.
w
2 Wild dolphins can easily ........... ................ to a Seldom ............................................................ ..
life in an aqua rium. 2 Lara didn't realise how clever dolphins were m
3 It took several weeks for the dolphin 's ............ . until she went to the aquari um. hi
to heal. Only after ........................................................ . SE
4 A dolphin 's ...... ... chords can produce 3 I se ldom swi m in the sea. is
sounds that humans ca n't hear. Rarely ................................... ..................... . is
5 Hand ..................................... are helpful when 4 They had no idea the dolphin show had al ready of
communicating with animals. sta rted!
6 The dolphin is a(n) ................. ............ mammal. Little ................................................... ............ .
7 When dolphins talk to each other, they use 5 If you see a dolphin, be sure to take a photo!
clicks and ........................ ....... . Should ................................... . ...................... ..
8 If you shake your leg. a dolphin can ..... 6 Emma had a hectic day so she took a well-earned
your behaviour by shaking its tail! rest.

2 * Match the words to make phrases. Such ................................................................. .

7 If I'd known about the sea-life centre, I would
have gone to visit it.
[IT] a pack A of birds
H~ ....................................... .............. .
[IT] a pod B of ki ttens
8 If I were you, I'd go to see the aquarium.
[ID a colony C of bees
Were ............. .. ............................................... ..
~ a school D of ants
[IT] a swarm E of lions Listening
lID
[ID
a pride
a herd
F of fish
G of dolphins
*
0 You will hear an interview with a
5 wildlife photographer and conservationist.
[IT] a flock H of elephan ts For questions 1-6, complete the sentences.
[ill a litter of dogs
The pink river dolphin has a(n)
3 * Choose the correct word . I 11Ion its back.
It was difficult to take photographs because the
1 The tour guide is common /familiar with all the
animals in the nature reserve. water was I 121
2 When you r pet is sick, don't allow it to make The dolphins relaxed after the crew gave them
touch /contact with other animals. some I 131.
3 A pod of whales was spotted off the coast/ The pink river dolphin has now become a(n)
shore of Alaska. I 141
4 Pollution has a negati ve impress10nlimpact on Pink dolphins are being poisoned by
marine wildl ife. I I I
5 from gold mines.
5 After months of ta lking, the politicians finally Dolphins can't reach food due to the building of
resolved/concluded their problem. many I 161
6 Dolphins use cl icking signals/signs to find food
and to detect other aquatic an imals.
~
7 Officials are investigating /experimenting the
cause of the oi l spill.
78
 Reading
1 * Read the text . For questions 1-15, choose from the types of communication (A-D).
Which type of communication ...

can be heard? OIJ[IT] requires a talented sender?

was used on a memorable occasion? [ID has different ways of transmission ?
mimics oral communication? [ID sends a message created on the ground?
has symbols that can be used in two ways? IT] cannot be read by some people?
sends a signal from an elevated place? [I[Jru is not only used to send messages?
is inh erited through a family tradi tion? [IT] changes meaning depend ing on the time
is still considered a fast and reliable form and place it is sent ?
I of commu nication?

In the darK of the night on the 14th April, .1912 the

Titanic struck an iceberg. As the ship sank, 1\ sent out
a distreSs signal using Morse code. The code, sent by
radio consisted of long and short sound pulses that appear
p~per as dots and dashes. The Titanic's message was
~~mediately received, but unfortunately it took h~~rs for a C A lone boat is spotted in a harbour by a large ship. Two
rescue boat 10 reach the sinking ship. St~n, the effiCiency of coloured flags with shapes on them are flying high above the
Morse code undoubtedly saved many lives on that fatefu~ boat. Upon seeing the flags, the captain of the ship immediately
knows a man ~~s fallen overboard and sends help. Flags like these
da In Morse code, each letter of the alphabet an
nu~bers are represented by the pattern of short and long are called maritime flags and are used for communication at sea.
pulses. Whether sent by sound, light or sy~bols on paper There is a flag representing each letter of the alphabet and the
Morse code even today is a quick and effective way to sen d numbers. Ships can use the flags to spell out words or combine
the two to create a specific message. The meaning of the
message is determined by where and when the message is sent.

High above the Rocky Mountains. puffs of Cl) The sound of tribal drumming booms across the African plains.
smoke from a fire rise up in the air forming Many miles away, a villager is listening intently to the beat. He drums
spirals. Circles, lines and pattems. The fire belongs enthusiastically in response. This drumming is the most elaborate
to an Native American tribe. However, it is not form of primitive communication. Due to the fact that the language
intended for warmth or cooking. but rather to
used by some Nigerian tribes is tonal (each syllable of a word contains
communicate a message to other tribe members.
either a high, middle or low pitch), drumming can be used to imitate
Indians used smoke signals created in a 'fire bOwl'
the spoken word. Using this method, complex messages can be sent
to send a variety of messages. These were large
and understood by villages up to 30km away! Since drums are
saucer-Shaped vessels that' were dug into the soil
considered to be a symbol of power in West Africa, only the most
at high altitudes, making the smoke signal Clearly
skilled drummers are employed for this role. This esteemed ability is
visible over long distances. The Signals created
often passed down from father to son, and earns the musician great
were commonly used to alert allies of approaching respect among the tribal community. Of course, drumming is also an
danger, or to call fellow tribesmen to a meeting.
integral part of African culture, and besides communication, plays an
Each tribe had their own signalling system to keep important role in ceremonies and celebrations.
their messages private from their enemies.
 Vocabulary Listening
1 * Fill in: rub. release. signal. pass on, invade. 4 *0 You will hear an interview wi th
stick our. a wildlife expert . For questions 1-7, choose
1
1 Wh en snak es hiss, they ................ ... ................ .
their long tongues to catch food .
the best answer (A, B or C).

1 Why was the Wo long National Nature

Sanctuary established?
r;-
11 w
2 Some plants ................ ................ chemicals to
protect themselves from insects. A to protect all the plants and animals in I cou
Wo long Harp
3 Rabbits thump their hind legs on the ground as myr
B to shelter rare and en dangered animals
a warning ................. when they are in danger.
C to save t he giant panda ~
4 Some insects use touch and sound to skinr
...... ........ ... ........... information to othe r insects. 2 What is the main t hreat to pandas? lace.
5 Horses ........................................ ... noses when A human settlements worn
they like each other! B over-hunting ~
C lack of bamboo supp
6 If you ..................................... a dog's territory.
great
it might bite you . 3 What is the purpose of bamboo corridors? easy

2 * Fil l in: predators. prey. antennae, pile,

A t o provide more food for pandas
B t o connect the bamboo forests
great
strict
camouflage, texture, display, source. C to allow humans to live alongside pandas ~
that
1 Some animals can disguise themselves using 4 How does Jason feel about keeping animals in colle
their powers of .............. .................. capt ivity? the'
2 lions are large ........ ................ that hunt deer. A he thinks captivity is good for wild animals ava
3 Ants use their ........ ............... to communicate B he feels it is necessary for pandas dra'l
and identify scents. C he thinks pandas would be better off in the art 9
4 A frog 's skin has a smooth ....... ................... ... . wi ld ~
imp{
S A cat uses its claws to catch its ...................... . S What is the panda sanctuary's ultimate goal? selfl
6 Bamboo is the main .... ......................... . A to become a tourist att raction inc rt
of food for pandas. B to teach people about the panda
7 When male peacocks spread out their blue and C to release pandas into t he wild
green feathers, they reveal an elaborate
6 What mu st captive pandas learn to do?
........................... of colour.
A defend their territory
8 The ants were attracted to a . B avoid other animals
of breadcfumbs. C find bamboo

3 * Choose the correct participle . 7 In Jason 's opinion, w hat area is best to release a
panda back into the w ild?
1 Dean had to fill out/up forms to apply for A an area w ith many wild
un iversity. pandas
.2 I wa s late because I was held up/on in traffic. B an area where
2
3 James will try on/out for the school football team. pandas don 't
4 Before going hiking, Gina filled up/out her live anymore 1
water bottle . C an area
S It's always a good idea to tryout/o n shoes where 1
before you buy them. panda s J
6 luckily, the rain held off/on until after the have never 4
rugby match had fin ished . lived
7 Hold out/on a minute, I'm not ready yet! 5

80
 Writing (on article 3 * Choose the correct word .
describing 0 person) 1 Georgia tends to be quite disorganised!
1 a) * Read the model. pessimistic, and often expects things to go wrong.
2 Ewan is always smiling and happy. He's such a(n)
i)- I met Miss Harper three years ago. cheerful /easy-going person.
ft was my first day 01 high school. 3 Dan is always thinking of others . He 's such a
I couldn', find my room, but was lucky enough 10 bump into Miss confident/considerate guy.
Harper. She walked me there herself and I later discovered she was 4 Since Gayle is so supportive/rese rved , I
my new English teacher! sometimes can't tell how she feels.
~ Miss Harper is in her mid-thirties and is quite pretty. She is pale-
5 Jennifer always tries to help and care for
skinned with cu~y red hair, beautiful almond-shaped eyes and a long
lace. As well as being attractive, Miss Harper is a very fashionable
others. She's the most kind-hearted /outgoing
woman. She's always smartlydressed and never looks shabby. person t know.
i)- I've never met anyone as considerate as Miss Harper. She's always
9.IppOftive, encouraging me to speak up in class, Moreover, she !\as a
4 * Fill in: trustworthy, stubborn, intelligent, lazy,
selfless, absent-minded, shy, sociable.
Jeal sense of humour, with the ability to make everyone laugh. Her
easy-going personality makes me feel comfortable aroond her. She's a 1 Jill doesn't like being active and can be rather
!)"eat listener and is extremely easy to talk to. Although she can be qune .......... ...................... at times.
sbict at times, I know k's only because she wants us to leam. 2 liam tends to be a little awkward around other
~ Miss Harper is an amazing person. She became a teacher so
people because he's quite a ................. person.
mt she could help other people. She's highly respected among her
tdleagues and students, and even received the National Teacher of 3 Denise is the life and soul of the party! She's
!lie Year award! As well as being a grealleacher, Miss Harper is also such a ... ............................. girl.
,very creative person. In her spare time, she loves to paint and 4 Phillip often puts ot her people's needs before
~raw . She is exceptionally talented and has even sold her work in an his own. He's such a ........................... ....... boy.
art gallery! S I know I can rely on Emma to keep a secret.
~ All in all , Miss Harper is both sensitive and kind. Most
She's completely ......................... ......... ........... .
inportanlly, she has taught me how to be a positive person. Her
selfless and hard-working nature is very inspiring. She is truly an
6 Fred always gets the best marks in class. He's
ncredibleteacher. the most ................. ... .. ............ person I know.
7 Nicola may be smart, but she tends to be a
little ......................... and is always forgetting
b) * Which paragraph (1-5) describes: where she put things!
clothes? 0 personality? 0 hobbies! 8 Although he is a great fr iend, Graham ca n be
interests? 0 achieveme nts? 0 name! quite ....... and never admits when he is wrong!
relationship to writer? 0 feelings about the 5 *phrases
link the sentences using the words/
person? 0 facial features ? 0 when!where! in brackets:
how the writer met them? 0 1 Ann has long brown hair. She often wears it in

2 * Repla ce the topic sentences in the a pon y-tail. (which) .........................................

article wi th the topic sentences below. 2 Darren has wrin kles around his eyes. He looks
1 Miss Harper is attractive and looks younger older than his age. (that ma ke him look) ....... .
than her age .
2 I really admire Miss Harper. 3 Jan ice is a beautiful girl. She has an oval face
3 To sum up, Miss Harper is a wo nderful person. and a small nose. (with) ................................. ..
4 I'll never forget the moment when I met Miss
Harper. 4 John is a very fas hionable person. He likes to
5 Miss Harper is a very kind-hearted woman. wear desi gn er clothes. (who) .........................

81
 6 * Fill in the gaps with the correct linking Name:
wo rd . Age:
despite and both however
Appearance:
Serena is 1) ............... tall 2) ....... .. .. .... .. slim.
3) ............. , she is often badly-dressed. 4) ..... ... .. .. .
being unfa shionable, she is still an amazing friend!
Character: D
moreover as well as although m

o 1) ........ ... .... bei ng sociable, Nathan is also very

trustworthy. 2) .... ..... .. .. .. ....... , he is always helpful,
Hobbiesllnterests:
"'H
b,
3) .. ........ he tends to be quite absent-m inded. di
"

but also in spite of Achievements :

"7:
Cerald enjoys running. He is 1) ......... ... .... . bi
keen on playing football, 2) ................... .. . he is
not very good at it! 3) .... .. .... ..... ........ ... his lack of
Your comments &
feelings :
"h.
ki
tale nt, he always tries to do his best.
9
1 What do you have to write? ............................ l'
neverthe less and on the other hand
2 What tense(s) will you use?
"c
I My sister Fran is ki nd 1) ... ..... ..... .... thoughtful. d
2) .. .. ... ...... ... ... .. ... ., she ( an be a little lazy at times.
3) .. .. ... ...... , I still think she's the best sister in 3 How many paragraphs will you wri te? ..
the world!
4 What informati on could you include in each
in addition and even though both paragraph? .......................... .. 2
1) ...... .... ... ........ Frank is 2) ................... smart
3) .. .. ... ... ... funny, he tends to be very disorganised.
4) .................... , he is sometimes rather unreliable.
8 ** Use your answers from Ex. 7 and the
sentences from the Usefuf Language box to
7 * Read the rubric and complete the table . write your article (120-180 words) .
Then answer the questions.

r--------------------~
Useful language
You ha ve seen the following advertisement
in your local newspaper: Para 1: The classmate I most adm ire is... I met

IIdIr_WlIU .e. 11, .....

Write an article about a classmate y?U
them .
Para 2: He/She is ta ll/short/of med ium height
thin/plump, looks smartly/badly dressed ...
admire and you could win 200\ W~lte Para 3: I've never met anyone as ... , He/She is very
about the person , describing their cheerful/lazy ...
appearance, personality, interests a~d Para 4: He's/Sh e's a very active person . ., He/She
achievements, stating why you admire can sometimes be rather.
them , and how you feel about them. Para 5: All in all .. .. He/She is ...

~--------------------
82
 Ch oose t he correct res ponse.
1 A: What time was your lesson?
Bat Chat B: a How about next Thu rsday?
b It was supposed to be at 2pm.
Didyou know that in 0) one bat-cave, you coutd find 1) ... ............... .
many as 20 million bats? In spite 2) ....................... their eKtraordinary 2 A: I had to work late at short notice.
numbers, bats miraculously never fly 3) ............................ each other! B: a Oh, dear!
How is this possible? Bats emit ultrasonic sounds 4) .. b How about tomorrow?
bounce back to themselves, allowing them to judge the size and
distance of objects. 5) ............................ short, they use their ears to 3 A: When would you like to rearrange it for?
'see"! Bats can achieve this with 6) ............................ incredible B: a OK, see you on the 16th.
accuracy that they can even detect a tiny ant on the ground! Not b Is Monday avai lable?
1) .......................... that, but they also use their voices to sing like
ttrds! Yel, unlike birds, bats sing in mostly ultrasonic frequencies that 4 A: I'm calling to see if I can rearrange my
areusually 8) ............................ high for humans to hear. In fact, bats appointment?
,.. tJave some of the most intricate communication systems in the animal B: a Did you come on Thursday?
bngdom. They actually use their songs to talk to each other, and have
b What time was it supposed to be?
9) ............................ found to have distinctive vocal patterns, just
10) ............................ humans. Indeed, scientists 11) H ...... . ........... ..
5 A: Could you make Tuesday at 3pm?
so amazed by bats, they believe that by studying bat-language, they B: a Th at should be fine.
could provide better treatment 12) . ... human speech
b Th at time isn 't avai lable.
disorders.

' _ .- - - ., -~
6 A: How about Wednesday at 1pm?
B: a I'm sorry that time is booked.
Key Word Transformations b I should be fine by then.

* Comp lete the gapped sentences so that 7 A: It's annoying when you crack your knuckles.
they have a similar meaning to the original B: a I find it really irritating.
ones, using the words given. b I'm really sorry.
The painter wi ll paint Susan's house tomorrow. 8 A: 00 you mind not ta lking down to people?
HAVE Susan ......... ...................... ............. B: a I don't mean to .
............................ ........... tomorrow. b You' re always do ing that.
2 Anna hardly ever complains about her work.
DOES Seldom ............... .. ............ ............. . 9 A: Could you please allow me to speak?
.............................. about her work. B: a Stop interrupting me .
3 John had just left when JiII started gossipi ng b I didn 't realise I was doing that.
about him. 10 A: You always insist on your own way!
SOONER No ......................... ... ...................... . B: a Please don't get tongue-tied .
...... Jill started gossiping about him. b I' ll try not to do it again.
4 He is an interesting lecturer and as a result
everyone attends his classes. 11 A: I twisted my ankle.
SUCH H e~ .......................... .... . B: a Th at should be fine!
....... ... everyone attends his classes. b That's awful!
S Anna arra nged for a famous hairdresser to style 12 A: See you on the 21 st!
her hair. B: a Great. Thank you.
HAD Anna ..................... ...................... b That's such a shame!
.. .. .................. a famous hairdresser. 83
 Language & Grammar Review
Choose the correct answer.
1 She has ..... eyebrows. 13 Don 't try to .... . the wool over my eyes!
A plucked C raised A pull B pass ( rub D spin
B curly o stamped 14 The deer was spotted by a ..... of lions.
2 You don't annoy me; I'm just pulling your ..... ! A herd B pack ( pride 0 pod
A feet B hand C leg 0 nose
15 Seldom ..... about others.
3 The start of the meeting was held ..... until the A Tony gossips ( gossips Tony IV
boss arrived. B does Tony gossip 0 is gossiping Tony P'
h'
A on B up C off 0 out m
16 The team is celebrating. Th ey ..... have won.
st
4 A: Could you make Saturday at lOam ? A could B shou ld ( must 0 mig ht d,
B: 17 Denise always exaggerates! She's ..... a drama
G
F;
A That time isn't available. queen! tr
B It was supposed to be at 1pm. A so B such ( too o much g'
C That should be fine. h,
18 Some plants release chemicals ..... protect d;
o That 's a shame. st
themselves from animals. It
S Ronald has brown hair and ..... cheeks. A so that ( due to et
A full C long B soasto o because b,
B tanned 0 chubby tr
19 Rarely ..... to the zoo. N
6 No one knows how Sue feels because she is ..... . A we went
(.
C we go
A illtempered C introverted tt
B do we go o go we
B impolite 0 intimidated
20 Mary ..... her nails done yesterday.
"
I-
7 The oil spi ll had a huge ..... on all marine life.
A had C have had "c
A impact C instinct tl
B have o are having
A
B implant 0 impression
21 He does n't make eye-contact whe n he's ta lking v
8 Joy is too shy; she should be more .. ... .
to me. I think he ..... be lying.
A aggressive C argumentative A should ( might
B assertive o active B would 0 cou ldn 't
9 Those two can 't ..... on anythi ng. 22 He's so rude and talks to me ..... I know
A accept B admit ( ag ree 0 adapt nothing.
10 Stop ..... and sit still. You look nervous. A so that C as a result
A rubbing ( fidgeting B as though o because
B stamping 0 drooping 23 Oarren is ..... bossy! He's always telling people
11 Jack shouts at people to ..... them. what to do.
A intimidate ( dominate A so that B so C such 0 much
B inte rrupt o dismiss 24 Gary loves dol ph ins and ..... does Julie .
12 Those twins look so alike, it's hard to ..... A also B nor ( so 0 nei ther
between them. 25 Jo ..... her hair dyed at the moment.
A detect ( direct A will have C is having
B depict o distinguis h B has been having 0 has
84
 Read the text. In each qu es tion choose
the correct answer A. B. C or D.

\ten painted as skeletons terrori se the crowd with sharp Recently, these 'sing sing' shows are being promoted outside
primitive bows. Mudmen covered in dried mud and wearing the country and many tourists are becoming aware of these
huge mud masks shake 10 cenlimetre long fingernails unique cultural gatherings. In the past locals preferred Ihat
menacingly at their audience. This is obviously no ordinary tourists did not attend, but slowly they are becoming more
show; in fact there is no show quite like traditional 'sing sing' open to foreign audiences.
dances from one of the hundreds of tribes of Papua Ne\v Those who are privileged enough to be part of the audience at
GI.Iinea. the Mount Hagen show are in for an incredible cultural journey.
fifty rears ago, a visitor would have a lot to fear from one of Over the course of two days more than 50 cultural groups take
these tribal groups who often attacked and killed other rival to a muddy field 10 perform their unique 'sing sing' dances.
~JOups. Nowadays, however, these groups have left their Tribesmen like the Huli Wigmen with colourful painted bodies
iKlstilities in the paSI and now celebrate their cultural and faces and wearing elaborate headdresses (wigs) made of
differences through music, song and dance at a variety of exotic feathers parade out onto the field. To the sound of
held throughout Papua Ne\v Guinea. beating drums, the Huli Wigmen begin to sway in their loog
used to be that these gatherings were an opportunity to grass skirts as they perform their traditional bird dance in
celebrate marriages, trade useful items or reduce tensions honour of the famous birds of paradise found in the highlands
between enemy tribes. Today, 'sing sing' celebrations such as of Iheir terrilOf)'. Other tribes such as the Asaro Mudmen,
one held in Mount Hagen deep in the mountains of Papua wearing huge mud masks and shaking fierce weapons, perform
Guinea attract hundreds of tribal groups. Tribal groups silent dances once used to terri fy their enemies. Other dances
&om all over the country, many of them on fOOl, journey act oul tribal stories with the popular Simbu skeleton dancers
1.'1lU!lh the dense jungle of the mountains to the town of performing an attack on a magical beast.
Hagan to take part in the 'sing sing' show. The Mount As group after group perform, the field becomes alive with
show is the equivalent to a large dance competition music, colour and tantalising dances. Even after the formal
performing 'sing sing' dances for prize money, a competition has ended, Ihe dancing and singing continues for
to show off their ancestral heritage, but most of all for hours as the groups continue to celebrate with the sounds of
that first prize at this show brings to the tribe. chanting and drums. And although the field is an obvious
Iijtho,gh the show brings 10 local crowd s of more than 50,000, mixture of different cultures with different beliefs, there is a
few tourists attend the event due to its remote location. sense of community amid thi s colourful gathering.

The purpose of the shows is 4 The Huli Wig men performance

A to avoid conflict between rival tribes. A doesn't include music.
B to celebrate marriages between tribes. B is based on a mythical story.
( to honour each tribes' cultural identity. ( celebrates a local animal.
o to share and trade valuable goods. o demonstrates a wartime dance.
2 The main reason many tribes attend the Mount Hagen show is 5 According to the text, the Mount
A for the prize money. Hagan show ends
B for the prestige of winning. A with an understanding of the
( to show off their cultural history. different cu ltural bel iefs.
o to perform in front of large crowds. B with in dividual cultura l groups
performing a so ng or a chant.
3 The Mount Hagan Show is not a tourist attractio n beca use
( with the creation of a new
A it is difficult to get to.
tribal communi ty.
B it is not promoted abroad.
o with a fee ling of unity amongst
( it is un known to tourists.
the tribes.
o locals don't want tourists there.
85
 Building Up Vocabulary
1 Co mplete the se nte nces using one of t he appeals interests attracts
words in the box. 16 The brightly coloured mural .................. .
trend craze fashion a great deal of attention from passers-by.
17 My friend Mike and I have similar .................. .
1 The designers will show off their creations at a
18 The idea of losing weight without dieting
.............................. show.
2 Th ere IS a growmg . .............................. for teen
........................ to me.

plastic surgery. drawbacks obstacles barriers

3 That latest dance .......................... has become
19 One of the .................................. . of getting a
popular across the world.
tattoo is that it is permanent.
personality character identity 20 The co uncil have installed ................................
along the riverbank to prevent flood ing when it
4 The main .............. .................... in the film is a
rains heavily.
teenage boy call ed luke.
21 The ............... on the course were challenging,
5 James has a great ................................... and is
but Ben's team finished the race first.
always smiling even when things go wrong.
6 You must carry your ................................. card
with you at all times. 2 Complete the sentences with th e wo rd
derived from the wo rds in bold .
operation procedure process
7 The normal ................................... for cosmetic Do you need to shed a few pounds? Or are you looking
surgery is to meet with the plastic surgeon and to improve your 1) .............................. (FIT) level? Well,
discuss the treatment first. if you are, come to Alpine Boot Camp! Our camp is
8 Ann is going to hospital to have a(n) .............. . tailored to meet your individual 2) ...............................
on her leg. (REQUIRE) by focusing on your unique physical
strengths. Our week-long 3) ......................... (I NTEN SE)
9 Aftel' having surgery, the recovery
can be long and painful. programme is guaranteed to improve your overall
health as we push your 4) ............................. (ENDU RE)
independent liberate free to the limit' All 5) ................................... (PARTICIPATE)
10 The caged animal was set should be prepared for the toughest, but most
into the wi ld. 6) .................................. (REWARD) week of their lives!
11 When you live alone, you must learn to become Throughout your stay with us, our fully qualified
7) ... ......... ................... .... (INSTRUCT) will take you on a
12 The military plans to ............ .... ............. all the breathtaking journey across the 8) ................................
prisoners of war. (5PECTACLE) French Alps. At the end of each day, you
can put up your feet at our 9) ....................................... .
secretive reserved confidential (LUXURY) hotel and spa. Then after dinner, feel free to
13 Josie is very .............................. about whether attend our 10) ................................. (OPTION) seminars
or not she had cosmetic surgery. which focus on health 11) ............................................. .
14 Consultations between a doctor and their (MANAGE) and ways to avoid unhealthy habits. By the
patients are strictly .............................. . end of the week, your body and mind will feel
15 liam is a .............................. person who rarely completely revitalised. So what are you waiting for?
socialises with others. Join us today for an 12) ................................................. .
(FORGETIABlE) experience of a lifetime!
86
 Language Knowledge - Module 6
Choos e t he co rrect item. Key Word Transformations
1
Co mplete t he sentences usi ng t he words in
1 Ellie is at the salon; she ..... her eyebrows plucked. 3
A has C had bold. Use two to five words.
B will have had D is having 1 It's possible that Sue didn't get the message.
2 Steve acts ..... he knows everything. MIGHT Sue ................................................. .
A 50 that C as if .............................. the message.
~ B as a result o so as to 2 Bill's constant complaining caused many people
to leave his party early.
a J ..... a long time has Terry worked at the zoo RESULT Many people left Bill's party early.
that she knows all the animals. .. ..... ....... . his constant complaining.
A Rarely B Such C Seldom 0 50 J Someone stole Ann's wallet while she was on
it
4 She . ... that she was the best ha irdresser in the the train .
salon. HAD Ann
j,
A advised ( complained ... while she was on the train .
B boasted D offered 4 lara went to Jim's house so that she could talk
to him .
5 I'm not sure where Cind y is. She .. ... be at the OR DER lara went to Jim's house ................ .
library. ..................................... ..... .. to him.
A must B should C will D might 5 You won 't get the job unless you meet the
6 You will come to my party, ..... you? manager.
A will B aren't ( won't D shall " ~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
.. ..................... ........ you get the job.
7 Carl went to the garage .... have his car repaired.
6 David sa id that Vicki had lied to her friends.
A so that C so as ACCUSED David .............................................
B as a result D in order to .. ............................... to her friends.
Fil l in t he gaps. Use th e appropriate forms 7 Many doctors say that plastic surgery is
2 of t he words in brackets w hen given . dangerous.
IS Plastic surgery ................. ..... ......... ..
Are you saying you . ....................................... . ...................................... dangerous .
(never/ be) to a salon in your life? You ..... . 8 I would like to go on holiday but I can't afford to.
be joking! CO ULD I wish .. ........ ................................ ... .
2 She is ................................. a gossip that I find ........................ but I can 't afford to.
myself ........................................ (avoid) her at g Professional decorators are painting Susan's
all times. house.
3 I th ink you should ................................... .. ...... . HAVING Susan
(your hair/dye) by a professional; ........... .. .... .. .. ........... by professional decorators.
(do) it yourself is a bad idea. 10 She seemed to be anxious about something.
4 You .............. ... .... .. .. ..... speak to Doctor Hope IF She looked ........................... .
now; she ..... .... ..................... (wa it) for you in ............. anxious about something.
her office. 11 I've never spoken to such a rude person.
S The documentary about river dolphins THE Heis .... ......... ................................. .
risk of extinction ... .. ................... .. ......... (start) ...... .. ............... have ever spoken to.
at 7:30. Can you record it for me?
87
 Present Simple
Form Is i S
Are you eating ? I
Are we/you/they eating
_ _
? a
run .
SHORT ANSWERS T
run. Yes, I am . No, I m not.

does not/doesn't run . Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
Vyou/we/they run ? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/shelit isn't.
INTERROGATIV Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/yoU/they aren't.

he/she/it run?
do .
Spelling of the present participle
does .
Most verbs take -Ing after the base form of the mam

verb. ask - asking, spend - spending
, he/she/it doesn't. Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and take -ing .
wake - waking, dance - dancing

Spelling (3rd-person singular affirmative) Verbs ending in vowel + consonant and which are
Most verbs take -s in the 3rd-person singular. stressed on the last syllable, double the consonant alld
I sir - She sirs take -ing . stop - stopping, regrer - regre tting BUT happen- s
Verbs ending In -ss, -sh, ch, -x or -0 take -es . happening (stress on 1st syllable)
I pass - he posses, I wash - he washes, I reoch - he reach es, "

J fix - he fixes, / do - he does
Verbs ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -ies .
Us.
We use the present continuous for: I
I fly - he flies act ions happening now, at the moment of speaking
Verbs ending in vowel + y take -5 I say - he says Tim ;s swimming right now.
actIOns happening around the time of speaking .
,
Us. They ore painting rheir house these days. (
We use the present simple for: fixed arrangements in the near future, especially when
daily routines/repeated actions (especially with adverbs we know the t ime and the place. r
of frequency: often, usually, always, etc) Ben is having a pMy on Saturday. I
She starts work al9 am. temporary situations. (
habits. They a/ways do their shopping on Friday. Parry is working at her uncle~ shap this summer.
permanent states. He works as a leacher. 1
changing or developing situations.
timetables/schedules (present/future meaning). (
He ;s getting better or tennis.
The museum opens or lOam. frequently repeated actions with always, constantly, 1
general truths and laws of nature. Waler boils al l00'C. continually to express annoyance or criticism. (
reviews /sports commentaries/narrations He's always forgetting to bring his wailer. )
The young actor gives an excellem perfarmance in Cars. (
Note: The following verbs do not usually have a
Time expressions used with the present simple: every continuous form: have (= possess), like, love, hate,
day/montMlOur/summer/morning!evening, etc, usually, often, want, know, remember, forget, understand, think, N
sometimes, always etc, on Sundays/Tuesdays, etc. believe, (ost, etc. I want to ask you something.

Time expressions used with the present continuous:

Adverbs of frequency now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, these days,
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often sth happens. today, tomorrow, n.~.:xt~m
~ o~
n~th~.~.~tc~.______
These are: always (100%), usually (75%), often (50%),
sometimes (25%), never (0%).
Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but Present Simple vs Present Continuous
after the auxiliary verbs be, have, do and modals such as
will, may. etc. He usually sleeps early on Sundays. PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
They are usually or work at rhis time of day. timetables future arrangements
The film starts at 6. I'm going our on Sunday.
Present Continuous permanent states & temporary situations
Form : verb to be (am/is/are) + main verb -ing facts He's working from home this week.
They five in rhe coumry.
AFFIRMATIVE ' NEGATIVE
habits/ routines I actions happening nowl
I'm eating . I'm not eating .
I He goes jogging every around the time of speaking
You're eating . You aren't eating .
morning. She's sleeping at the moment.
He/Shellt's eating . He/Shellt isn't eating .
WelYoulThey're eating . WelYoufThey aren't eating .

88
 Stative Verbs Present Simple - Present
Stative verbs are verbs which desCflbe a state rather than Continuous
an action, and do not usually have a continuous form.
These are: 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present
verbs of the senses (appear, feel, hear, look, see, smell, simple or the present continuous, then match
sound, taste, etc). the sentences to the co rrect description.
This jumper feels soft.
verbs of perception (believe, forget, know, understand,
etc). [I[I] Gabriel watches (watch) the 8 o'clock news
I don't understand what the problem is.
every evening.
verbs which express feel ing s and emotions (desire,
malO
enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer, want, etc). IIIJ The brave man .. ..... ................ Gump) into
I like swimming. the fire and ..... ...... .. ........ (s av e) the chi ld.
other verbs: belong, contain, (os t, fit , have, keep , need, [IIJ The st orm .... .. .... .................... (grow) more
owe , own, etc.
1 are violent by the minute.
She owes me 25.
t and [!IJ When a volcano .................. .. . ...... (erupt),
lpen - Some of these verbs can be used in contmuous tenses, but
WIth a dIfference in meaning.
lava ....................... (flow) out of its crater.
IT[] That gash in your leg ................................ .
i (bleed) too much; it needs stitches.
l
he~ lying. (= believe) [!Ll What time .............. ..... (Sports line/start)?

He has a sports cor.

i rn::::J Chris .... .... .. .. ..................... (eat) chocolate
J am having dinner. (= eating) wh en he's ne rvous.
(= owns, possesses) 5he ;s having a break. (= taking)
when
[!IJ Why ............. .... ................ .. .. ... (you l
Icon see the river from my ,He's seeing a newe/ienr tomorrow.
loom. (= it is visible) (= meeting)
always/call) us 50 late at night?
Isee what your point is. Experts .................................. . (fly) in later
(= understand) today to assess the extent of the damage.
"--.::_-
This rea tastes very sweet. Tom is tasting the sauce to see if it Paul ........................... ......... ..... (not/work )
(= It islhas the flavour of) has enough pepper. (= is trying) this week; he's on holiday leave.
ant/y, These flowers smell nice. The car is smelling its food. Peop le who ............. .......... (live) in coastal
(= have the aroma) (= is Sniffing)
area s are most at risk when a tsunami hits.
You appear fo be ongry. Liz is appearing in New York this Jamieson ..................... ....... (pass) the ball
ve a (= seem) week. (= IS performing)
to Harris, who .............. ................. (shoot)
hate,
think, Note : The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to the winning 3'point basket for his team.
express a specific preference .
~
I really enjoy eafing our. (general preference)
~aus : BUT A expressing annoyance for a frequently repeated
days, I'm enjoying a nice dinner ar home. (specific preference) action
The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's 8 a general tr uth or law of nature
appearance), feel (when we experience a part icular C timetabl e or schedule
emotion), hurt and ache can be used in simple or
IUS continuous tenses with no difference in meaning. D action hap pening at or around the moment of

Beth looks very elegant tonight = 8eth is looking very

elegant tonight.
speakin g
E temporary situation
F daily routine
G fixed arrangement in the near fu ture
H permanent state
I chang ing or developi ng situation
J sports com mentary
n9 K habit
L na rration

89
 2 Tick (I) th e app ro pr iate gap to show the 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Past
co rrect pos ition of the adverb of frequenc y. form of the present simple or the present Form
continuous. The pi
1 Patrick I checks the weather forecast adding
before he goes sailing. (al ways) form (~

~
2 The people of New Orleans ..... will ..... forget
the tragedy that the 2005 hurricane brought to Dear Diary.
their homes. (never) It's my second day in
3 Sitcoms ..... are ... .. very entertaining ...... Departamento de Yoro in the
Honduras, and something
(often)
really bizarre 1) is happening
4 Linda ... .. thinks ..... back to the ti me she got (happen) right now. Hund reds
lost in the moun tains. (sometimes) of fish 2) ............................ .
5 Our science teacher ..... says that tornadoes (fall) from the sky! I' 3) ................................. (not/ believe)
don 't ..... last for more than an hour. (usually) what I 4) ..................................... (look) at! I know this event
5) .................................... (occur) in the area every summer, Did I1
6 Does ..... Ma ry ..... record her favourite sitcom stayl
but witnessing the actual thing is something else. What I can
..... ? (a lw ays)
6) ....................................... (see) from my window is totally
awesome! Some people 7) ............................... .. (run) 10 take
Spe llil
3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct cover, while others 8) .................................. (collect) fish for
WE
form of the present simple or t he present the evening's meal. The children 9) ............................. (seem) FO/
to be having the most fun. though. They 10) .. ......................... . ad,
continuous.
(grab) the silvery creatures and they 11) ............................. .. . For
1 A: Is it raining again? (it/rai n) (throw) them at their friends, in some kind of fun game. For
B: Yes, an d whenever it ................ ....... (ra in) Tomorrow, 112) ................................. (go) to the local library cor

for so long, the streets ............. ..... (flood).

to see if I can find some information about this amazing ."
phenomenon. Use
2 A: ... .. .............................................. (you /everl
We us
watch) game shows? .CI
B: Yes, in fact I ............................................... . 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct SUr
(take part) in one next week! form of the present simple or the present p.
3 A: Where ... ...... ... .......... ..... .......... (liam /live)? continuous. Then, answer the questions p.
th,
B: In london, but he .............. .. ..... ...... (spend) a bout yourself, as in the example. lef
this week with his parents in Liverpool.
1 Do you know (you/know) what to do in the Time
4 A: .................... .......... .......... (the authorities/
event of an ea rthquake? yester
still/look) for the missing cl imber? ,twov
Yes, I do./No, I don't.
B: I ............................................ (not/ know) . I
2 .................................. ................ (your fr iendsl
..................... (watch) the news to find out.
enj oy) watching talent shows? Past
S A: Why ................................................. (Sallyl
co nstantly/complain) about her maths
3 ........................................... (your teacher/let)
teacher? I'm tired of listening to her!
you go home early tomorrow?
B: Because she ..................................... (th ink)
he's too strict and unfair.
4 ................................... (it/hurt) when someone
6 A: ......................................... ................ (you l
slams a door on your finger?
always/go) windsu rfing in summer?
B: Yes, and I ... .. ............................... (think) of Were
5 ......................................... (you /read) anything
taking up paragliding too.
interesting these days?
I A: What ........................................ (you/do) ?
B: I ................................ ................ (pack) my
6 ........................... ............. (you fthink) volcano
suitcase.
chasers have an exciting job?

90
 Past Sim p le We use the past continuous for:
an action which was in progress at a stated time in the
Form
past. We do not know when the action started or
The past simple affirmative of regular verbs is formed by
finished. Tom was watching a film o19pm last night.
adding -ed to the verb. Some verbs have an irregular past
a past action which was in progress when another
form (see list of Irregular Verbs).
action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for
_ AFFIRMATIVE the action in progress (longer actIOn) and the past simple
VYouIHelShe/ltN/e/They stayed/ ran for the action which interrupted It (shorter actIOn).
He was sleeping when a loud noise wob him up.
two or more actions which were happening at the same
time in the past (simultaneous actions).
rv;;;,ii;;;;~~,;;'ii;;;~I-- lIyou/he/shefitlwe/they
We were taking notes while the teacher was talking.
to give background information 10 a story. The sun was
not stay/run . didn't stay/ run. shining and the birds were singing when Emma got up that
iIII lNTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS morning.
Yes, Vyoulhe/shelitlwelthey Time expressions used with the past continuous: while,
Did Vyoulhe/she/iVwe/they did when, as, all day/night/morning, yesterday, etc.
~tay / run ? No, VyoulhelsheliVwelthey
_ _ _ _~d;dn t
Past Simple vs Past Continuous
~pellin9
We add -d to verbs ending in -e, I live -I lived
For verbs ending in consonant + y, we drop the -r and actions which happened at a
actions in prog ress at a
add -ied. I try -/ tried stated time in the past
stated time in the past
For verbs ending In vowel + y, we add -ed. /enjoy-Ienjoyed The accident happened 01
He was watching a hockey game
For verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two 4:30pm. at8intheevening.
consonants, we double the last consonant and add actions which happened one
two or more actions which
-ed I admit -/ admitted after the other in the past
were happening at the same
Use time in the past
They paid the bill and left the
We use the past simple for: restaurant. E/lie was checking her recipe I
adlons which happened at a specific time in the past.
Sue came home at 7pm. (When? At 7 pm)
I
L
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, while she was preparing __
__c-c--c lhedish.

past habits. Mum often took me to the park when I was little.
past actions which happened one immediately after Used la/Would/Pa st Simple
the other. Brad, had breakfast, read the morning paper and VYou/He/She/ltlVVeffhey used to play
left for work..
football
Time expressions used with the past simple: yesterday, VYoulHe/ShelltIWelThey didn't use
yesterday morning/evening, etc, last nightlweek, etc, t o play football.
two weeks/a month ago, in 2010, etc.
1~~~~'rJ;~_J.D i d lIyoulhe/she/itlwe/they use to
L play football?

Past Continuou s Yes, I/youlhe/she/itlwelthey did .

1io......__....a':'N~O.'-"lJyou/he/she/itlwe/they didn't .
'Ill AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE '
We use used to/past simple to talk about past habits or

i
VHelShel1t was walking . VHe/She/lt wasn 't wa lking . actions that happened regularly in the past, but they no
We/YOO'They were walking . We/You/They weren't walking . longer happen. He used to drive/drove to work. (He doesn't
" -ERROGATlVE SHORT ANSWERS do that any more.)
Yes, Vhelshelit was. We use would/used to for repeated actions or routines in
Was Vhe/shelit walking ?
No, Vhe/shelit wasn't. the past. We don't use would WIth stative verbs. She
Yes, we/you/they were . used to woke up/would wake up early every day. BUT She
Were we/you/they walking? {
No, we/you/they weren't. used fa have long hair. (NOT: SbQ would bQ~ IoQ9 bQj~)
We use the past simple for an action that happened at a
definite time in the past. He went la work early yesterday.
(NOT: HQ Lluld 10 90 to I",,~k iQdyyQmrd~)

91
 Past Simple - Past Continuous 8 Put the verbs in bracke ts into the correct PI
6 Match the sentences (1-7) with the correct form of the past simple or the past continuous. Fo

~
description (A-G), as in the exa mple.
To: Carlos
It was a cold day. A freezing w ind was P
From: Alex
blowing and snow was falling all morning . H
Edn a was watching her favou rite soap Hey Carlos,
opera at 6:00 pm yesterday. 11)was listening (listen) to the news as I 2) ..............
A terrible explosion happened last Monday (drive) to work and I 3) ................................. (hear) pi
at noon causing a lot of damag e. t hat t he mine
. .In yo ur town 4) ............................. .
H
Peter was ice skating when he slipped and (collapse) earlier today. What 5) .............................. .
broke his arm . (h ap pen)? Why 6) ................................... (the mine/ Us.
collapse)? 7) .......................................... (you / work) We
Jason finished his essay, saved his work and
at the time? J hope people 8) ...............................
turned off his computer.
We always had roast beef on Sundays when (not/get) trapped down there.
I was a chi ld. Anyway, please emai l me as soon as you can so I'll
The sales assistant was talking on the know that you're safe and sound. J 9) .................... .
(try) to call you earlier, but your line 10) .............. I
phone wh ile she was serving customers.
(be) constantly busy.
A past habit Alex
B past action which was in progress when
another action interrupted it
Used to
( action which was in progress at a specific time

in the past 9 Write sentences about what Drake used to/
o past actions which happened immediately one didn 't use to do when he was younger. When
after the other can we use would?
E background information to a story
1 watch ca rtoon s ,/ 4 live in a flat,/
F actio ns which were happening at the same 2 travel abroad 1 5 have a car 1
tim e in the past 3 go wind surfing 1 6 ride a bike,/
G action which happened at a specific time in
Tir
the past 1 He used to/would watch cartoons.
air.
2 ......................................................................... .
7 Put the ve rbs in brackets into the correct 3
H.
form of the past simple or the past continuous. 4 ............................................ ................ .
5 ............................................................. .
1 A: A terrible earthquake hit (hit) Japan yesterday.
6 ......................................... .............................. .
B: I know. I .......................... (read) about it in
the paper when you ................... (come) in. 10 Complete the sentences with your own words.
2 A: When ...................................... (you /sprain)
your ankle? 1 As I was riding my bike, f fell down and sprained
B: last week, when I ..................................... . my ankle. Pr
(fall off) my bike. 2 First our teacher gave us our tests back, then he For
3 A: What .................................. (you /do) when
you heard the tsunami warning?
B: I ........................... (grab) my family and we
3 My friend was talking on the phone while .....
~ b.
...................... ..... (drive) to higher ground. 4 last week, I went to the shopping centre and H
w
4 A: I hope you .... ............... (not/sleep)
when I .......................... ..... (call) last night. 5 When I was little, I used to ................................ .
B: No. we ............................ ........ (watch) CSI.
92
Present Perfect Ii TERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
Form: have/has + past participle Have I/you/we/they " 1 Ves, II/you'/weJ'they I .

working ? No, I/you/we/they haven't.

Has he/she/it been Yes, he/she/it has.
working ~' _ _ _ __ No, he/she/it hasn't.
passed . haven't passed .
HelShellt ha sI's passed . He/She/lt has not/hasn't passed. Use
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS We use the present perfect continuous .
to place emphasis on the duration of an action which
Have lIyoulwe/they Yes, lIyoufv..te/they have.
started in the past and contmues up to the present.
passed ? No, Vyoulwe/they haven't.
She hos been woiting for her friends for over an hour.
Has he/she/it passed ? Yes, he/she/it has.
for an action that started in the past and lasted for
No, he/shellt hasn't.
--~---'- some time. It may still be continumg, or have finished,
Use but it has left a visi ble result in the present.
We use the present perfect : It hos been raining all day and rhe streets are flooded.
for actions which started in the past and continue up Time expressions used with the present perfect continuous:
to the present especially with slalNe verbs such as be, since, (or, how long (to place emphasis on duratIOn)
have, like, know , elc. Eddie has lived on this sueel for len
years. (= He moved to this street ten years ago and he's Present Perfect vs Past Simple
stilt living here.)
to talk about a past action which has a visible result in PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
the present. Someone has crashed into my cor and it has 0 an action which happened at an action which happened at
big dent in the door. an unstated time in the past a stated time in the past
for actions which happened at an unstated time in the She has bought acar. rNe don't Sarah went to Spain last year.
past. The action is more important than the time it know when.) (When7last year. The time is
happened. She has quit her job. (When 7 We don't know; mentioned.) I
it's not important.) an action which started in the an action which started and
With today, rhis morning/ahernoon/week, so far, etc when past and is still continuing in finished in the past
these periods of time are not finished at the lime of the present Pete has hod the I He worked in 0 bank fOf three
speaking. Narhan hos coiled you rhree rimes roday. (The time some car for ten years. {He still years. (He doesn't work in a
penod - today - is not over yet. He may call again.) has the same car.) bank anymore.), _____
for recently completed actions. Mum hos just served
dinner. (The action is complete. The dinner is now served.)
for personal experiences/changes whICh have happened. Present Perfect - Present
I have never done anylhing as exciting. Perfect Continuous
Time expressions used with the present perfect: just, , 11 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
already, yet, for, since, ever, never, etc. form of the present perfect simple or the
present perfect continuous.

1 A: Have the rescuers found (rescuers/ find) the

Lisa hos gaoe to the shop. (She's on her way to the shop or missiQg climbers yet?
she's there now. She hasn't come back yet.) B: No, although they ...................................... .
Lindo has been to Hawaii. (She went to Hawaii but she
(look) for the last two days.
isn't there now. She's come back.)
We have been in Los Angeles for three weeks. (We are in Los 2 A: .................................................. (you/seen)
Angeles now.) the new cooking show on Channel 3?
B: No, I .......................................... (not/ have)
Present Perfect Continuous any free time to watch TV lately.
Form: have/has + been + verb -iog 3 A: The volcanic eruption in Chile .................... .
~ FFIRMATlVE /lEliATIVIl (force) the authorities to evacuate 22 villages.
VYouflNelThey haveI've WoutNefThey have notl B: What eruption? I ........ ......................... ....... .
been working . haven't been working _
(not/hear) anything .
He/She/It hasl's been He/Shellt has not/hasn't
working . been working . 4 A: I ........................................... (try) to get in
'- - - touch with you all morning.
B: I ................................... (run) around town
all day doing some errands.
93
 12 Complete the sentences with the correct 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form of have gone (to), have been (to) , hove been form of the present perfect simple, the present
(in). perfect continuous or the past simple.

1 Paul has been in Amsterdam for just two days, so

he hasn't done much sightseeing yet.
2 They ................................. ........ Iceland twice.
3 Martin and his friends ..................................... .
mountain climbing. They'll be back on Tuesday.
4 What is Anna cooking? She ............. ........ ....... .
the kitchen for hours!
5 Michael .................................... the shops.
Thanks to m)l work, I 1) have had (have) the chance to
Do you want to wait for him? view some truly amazing sights over the years. I
6 Why don't we go to Italy this summer? We ..... 2) ............................... (work) as a freelance nature and
.................. not ......................... there for years. wildlife photographer for over two decades, and my job
3) ........................... (take) me to the four corners of the
13 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Earth. J 4) ............................. (photograph) everything
form of the present perfect or the past simple. from strange underwater creatures in the Pacific Ocean to
rare bird species in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest.
1 A: HasJoe come bock (Joe/ come back) from school The change in my career 5) ..................... (co me about)
yet? in 1999, when Mount Etna 6) ........................... (erupt).
I was in Sicily visiting friends at the time, and the
B: Yes, about an hour ago. He ................. ...... .
magnificent sight I 7) ............................. (witness) wa~ f
(have) a bite to eat and ............................ . the reason why I 8) ......................... (ma ke) the decision
(head) straight for his room. to stop photographing animals and landscapes and go
F
2 A: Kelly ........ .. ................... Oust/email) after the forces of nature.
me some amazing pictures. Since then, I 9) ........................ (shoot) stunning images
B: The ones she ........................... (take) 01 the 2004 tsunami disaster in Asia, the 2010 volcanic
eruption in Iceland as well as several other events.
in Chi le last month? They're great!
So far 110) ......................... (not/have) the opportunity
3 A: These terrible floods ...................... . to photograph tornados. It's next on my list though and
(leave) hundreds of people homeless. sure to be a challenge. Is my work dangerous?
B: I know, I ................. .................... (see) the Absolutely! My wife 11) ............................... (ask) me 10
story on the news last night. go back to wildlife photography for the last two years
now, because she fears for my safety. But I can't give up
4 A: .............................. (liam/go) to this v
the excitement this kind of photography
morning's meeting? 12) .............................. (bring ) into my life yet!

B: I'm not sure, I ................. ........................... .
(not/speak) to him since last night .
S A: How long ............................. .............. (the
15 In pairs, act out dialogues, as in the example.
earthquake/last) yesterday? 1 be in hospital (why)
B: Just a few seconds, but there .................... . A: Have you ever been in hospital?
(be) dozens of aftershocks since then. B: Yes, I have.
6 A: You ........................ ............. (not/ seen) my A: Why did you go?
reading glasses, I suppose? B: Because I had a broken arm.
B: I remember you ......................... (put) them 2 watch a talent show (when) (
in your handbag before you ......... . 3 travel abroad (where)
(leave) for the cinema this afternoon. 4 taste something strange (what)
7 A: They........... .. ....... (take) David to the 5 ask a celebri t y for an autog raph (who)
hospital last week. 6 burn yourself (how)
B: I know, I ................................................... . 7 argue with your best f riend (why)
(already /vis it) him twice. 8 cook for someone else (what)
94
 A lot/lots of are used With both plural countable and
uncountable nouns They are normally used in affirmative
subject + had +
sentences, The of is omitted when 0 lotl/ots are not
followed by a noun.
etc Are there lots of books in the library? Yes, there are lots.
VYoulHe, etc had eaten
hadn't eaten . Much is used With uncountable nouns and many is used
With countable nouns. They are usually used in negative or
interrogative sentences. I haven't got much time.
Yes, Vyou/he, etc had .
Had I/youlhe, etc eaten ? Are there many paintings in the exhibition?
No, lIyou/he, etc hadn't.
How much/many are used in Interrogative sentences. Much
is used with uncountable nouns and many is used with
use the past perfect:
countable nouns. How much milk do you need?
for an action which finished before another past
How many visitors does she expect?
action or before a stated time in the past. Thechildren
A few means not many, but enough. It is used with plural
had finished all their chores before their morher got home.
countable nouns. There afe 0 few apples in the fridge. I can
(past perfect: had finished before another past act ion'
make an apple pie.
got home) The meeting had ended by " o'clock. (before
A little means not much, but enough. It is used with
stated time in the past: by J 1 o'clock)
uncountable nouns. He pur a little money aside 50 05 to go on
for an action which finished in the past and whose result
holiday this summer.
was visible at a later point in the past. He had missed his
Note: few/little means hardly any, not enough and can be
bus so he was really late.
used with very for emphasis. (Very) few people go to
Time expressions used with the past perfect: before, work by bike. We've got (very) little time left. Hurry up!
after, already, just, for, since, tilVuntil, when, by the time, A couple of, several. a few. many, both, 0 (large/great/
~ever, etc. good) number of are followed by a countable noun There
were several people at the meeting.
(Too) much, a little. a great/good deal of, 0 large/small
Past Perfect Continuous amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable
form: subject + had + been + main verb -ing noun. She has made 0 good deal of progress in her studies.
A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are
followed by a countable or uncountable noun.
VYoU/HelShe/ltfoNelThey had been playing . She has bought a lot of dresses.
We've hod plenty of rain Ihis year.

VYou/He/She/ltfoNelThey had not/hadn't been playing . Both - Either/Nei t her - AII- None - Every-
Each - Whole
J S?
,I 80th refers to two people or things. It has a positive
to
No, lIyou/he/she/it/we/they hadn't. meaning and takes a verb in the plural . It is the opposite
ars
of neither/not either.
"P We use the past perfect continuous: Mark and Bob ore businessmen. Both Mark and Bob are
hy to put emphasis on the duration of an action which businessmen. They afe both businessmen. Both of them ore
started and finished in the past, before anot her action or businessmen. 80th men are businessmen.
stated time in the past, usually With far or since. Either (= anyone of two) / Neither (= not the one and not
le. I had been looking for my camera for half an hour, when I the othe,,) refers to two people or things and are used
remembered I had loaned it to 0 friend. before singular countable nouns.
for an action which lasted for some time in the past and Neither ear is cheap enough for me 10 buy.
whose result was Visible in the past. They hod been walking Neither of/Either of take a verb either in the singular or
around the town all day and they were tired. plural. Neither of Ihe boys /ihl/ikes 'ootOOIl.
All refers to more than two people or things. It has a
Time expressions used with the past perfect positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural It is the
continuous: for, since, how long, before, until, etc. opposite of none. All the students passed the exam. All of
them passed Ihe exam. They 011 passed the exam.
Quantifiers All + that-clause (=the only thing) takes a singular verb.
AI/ that she did was complain about everything.
None refers to more than two people or things. It has a
negative meaning and isn't followed by a noun.
"Are there any apples leftl" "No, none.'
None of is used before nouns or object pronouns followed
by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is the oPPOsite
of all. None of the studentslrhem has/have finished the project. 95
 Note: no + noun. There~ no time tosrudy. Quantifiers - Both - Will
Every is used with singular cou ntable nouns. It refers to
a group of people or things and means all, or each .
EitherlNeither - All - None - Form:
She has to pay a rent every month. Every - Each - Whole
Each is used with singular counta ble nouns. It means
one by one, considered individually (it usually means only 18 Underlin e the correct item.
two). Each member of the winning team was awarded a medal.
Note: Every one and each (one) have of constructions. 1 It was only a small earthquake, so there was
Everyone of/Each (one) of the srudents was invifed ta the very little/very few damage to the buildings.
graduation ceremony. 2 The blizzard caused lots/several problems in
Whole (= complete) is used with (ountable nouns. We
the area. Use
always use a, the, this, my, etc + whole + countable
noun. the whole day = all day 3 We haven't got much/many information about We us
Both ... and ... + plural verb Both lulie and Debbie are nurses the state of the trapped miners yet. foo
Either ." or ... I Neither ... nor / Not only ... but also ... + fo'
4 A great amount/number of people rushed to im
singular or plural verb depending on the subject wh ich
help the hurricane victims. Ihi
follows nor, or, but also . Neither Mory nor lessica is a
leacher. Either Tam or his parents are meeting you tonighr. 5 You should hurry; we only have a littlellittle I'm
time before we board the plane. pe,
Pe.
Past Perfect - Past Perfect for
Continuous
19 Underline the correct item. prc
og.
16 Underline the correct item. 1 I invited Kelly and Elaine to the dinner party me
but none/neither of them accepted. wij
1 Patrick hadn't attended/hadn't been attending 2 James is a fussy eater; all/both that he likes ~ lor
a live concert before. in
pasta. It ,
2 Jessica had been lying /had lain in the sun for 3 I've never met either/neither of the twins. but
hours and her skin was starting to go red. ITime
I've heard they look exactly alike. the d
3 Her phone had been ri nging/had rung for a 4 There's none/no reason to worry. soon,
few minutes before she fina lly answered it. 5 Each /Every of the two actors starring in this
4 John had grown/had been growing a beard film has won an award. Beg.
and looked rea lly different. 6 The rescuers spent the all/whole day trying to Form :
5 They had evacuated/had been evacuating the pull a boy from the rubble.
village hours before the tsu na mi hit.

17 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, 20 Rewrite the sentences using the words in
the past perfect or the past perfect continuous. brackets.

1 A: Why did Chr;s faint (Chris/faint)? 1 You can text me the details or else you can
B: Because he was exhausted after he ........... . email them to me. (either ... or)
....................... ......... ......... (hike) for hours. You can either text or email me the details .
2 A: ........................... ....... (you/have) a chance 2 This soap opera is boring and has a predictable
to talk to Sam at the party? plot. (not only .. . but also)
B: No, he ..................................... (leave) long
before I ................. ................... (get) there. 3 lan had never seen a tornado before. Tom
l A: Do you know why Harry ............................ . hadn't either. (neither ... nor)
(not/show up) for work yesterday? Use
4 One by one, the students presented their We use
B: Because he ............................ (not/get) any to
sleep the night before and he was really tired. projects in class. (each) go;
4 A: ........................ ............. ... (Ben and to
Jerry/finally /settle) their differences? 5 Ball lightning and fire tornadoes are very rare loo
B: Yes, but they .............. ............... (argue) for phenomena. (both ... and) to
air.
hours before that .... ............. .... (happen)! to I
96
 Will Present Simple/Present Continuous
form: subject + will + main verb (future meaning)
We can use the present simple to talk about schedules
or timetables. His plane lands ar 7:00 am.
We use the present continuous for fixed arrangements
in the near future. The Millers are coming to dinner tonight. I
was invired rhem losr week.
We use the present cont inuous for changing or
gradually developing situations. More and more srudenrs
afe applying to colleges abroad.
Use
We use the future simple : Future Continuous
for on-thE-spot decisions . J like these shoes . I'll buy them. Form : subject + will + be + verb -ing
for future predictions based on what we believe or
im agi ne will happen . (usua lly with the ve rbs: hope,
think, believe, expect, imagine, etc; with the expressions:
I'm sure, I'm afraid, etc; with the adverbs: probably,
perhaps, ete ) I think they will be able to solve the problem.
Perhaps Frank will change his mind about it.
for promises . (usually with the verbs promise, swear, etc.) I Yes, Ilyou/he/she/iUwe/they will .
promise I'll take you to the museum tomorrow., threats Ue to me No, Vyoulhe/she/iVwe/they won't.
again and it will be the end of our friendship. , warnings Drive We use the future continuous for actions which will be in
party more carefully or you'll hove an accident.. hopes He hopes they progress at a stated future time. This time on Friday I'ff be
will choose him for rhejob. offers I'll make you some coffee. driving my new car.
for actions/events/SItuations which will definitely happen
in the future and which we cannot control . Will - Be going to - Present
nwill be spring soon. Simple/Present Continuous
Time expressions used w it h the future simple: tomorrow, I Future Continuous
the day after tomorrow, next weeklmonth! year, tonight,
soon, In a weeklmonthlyear, ete.
- - ' - - - ' - - - - - -- -
1 Match the tenses in bold to their use.
n this
Be going to c::!I.KJ Watch your spending or you will fall into debt.
ing to form: subject + verb to be (am/is/are) + going to + bare [IIJ Terry is taking her dog to the vet this
infin itive of the main verb afternoon.
[IIJ I am going to work for an overseas charity in
going to sum mer.
in ) swi m.
ITIJ look outl You are going to spill your tea all
going to over your new shirt.
u can ) swim. IT[] I think computers will run our homes in the
future .
going to [n=J This time tomorrow, I will be having a meeting
) swim?
ctable with my interior deSigner.
[IT] I like these brown boots. I think I will buy them.
[!IJ Mike's plane leaves at 7:00 am .
. Tom
A a threat or warning
B a fixed arrangement in the near future
i Use
We use be going to: C an action that wi ll be in progress at a stated
their
to talk about our future plans and intentions . Paul is time in the future
going to travel abroad next manrh. (He's planning to ... ) 0 an action we are sure about
to make predictions based on w ha t we see or know .
rare Look our! You're going to fall inro the pool.
e a prediction based on what we think/imagine
to talk about things we are su re about or we have F an on-the-spot decision
already decided to do in the near future. Sally is going G a schedu le or timetable
to look for a new job. (She has already decided to do this.) H a prediction based on what we see or know
97
 -
2 Underline the correct item . 5 Complete t he dial ogue with the correct
future form.
1 You can't carry all those shopping bags on your
own. I'll be helpingI'll help you. Nick: Hi, Pete. I heard you and Lisa 1) are going (go)
2 Watch out! You w ill knockl're going to knock to Paris next week.
over those bottlest Pete: Yes, we 2) ........... ................. (spend) a couple
3 Fiona w ill be/i s being a famous fashion designer of weeks there.
one day. Nick: That 3) ......................... .... (be) exciting!
4 The last bus from the city centre leaves/is Pete: Definitely! We 4) ................................... (do)
leav ing at 11:30 pm. some shopping and lots of Sigh tseeing.
5 I'll meet you outside the florist's at 10:00. I won't Nick: You'd better take some comfortable shoes
bel' m not late t his time! with you. It's 5) ........... ........ (be) pretty tiring.
6 Now that I've saved up some money I'm buying/ Pete: Yes, I bet I 6) ..................... ...... (come back)
am going to buy Kylie a birthday present. exhausted!
Nick: And when 7) ............................. (you/leave
3 Complete the sentences with the future Pete: We 8) ............................ (fly) to Paris this time
continuous of the verbs from the list. next Monday!
Nick: That's wonderful! 19) ............................. (see)
run use wait have take
you when you get back then.
1 1'/1 be waiting for you outside the train station
when you get there.
6 What will life be like in 100 years' time?
2 In just one week, I .............................. my own Make sentences using will or won 't i n future
business .
simple.
3 I can't meet you at 8:00. I ............................... .
my brother to school. 1 People/commute to work in flying cars (I)
4 It would be better if you did n't call us at 7:00. People will commute to work in flying cars.
We ............................... dinner then. 2 People /do all thei r shopping onl ine. (I)
5 I can't let you borrow my laptop this afternoon.
I .............................. it. 3 People/use fo ssi l fuels (X)

4 Fill in the gaps wit h the correct future forms 4 People/wear sprayon clothes. (I)
of the verbs in brackets.

1 A: I can't believe how much this camcorder costs! 5 Voiceactivated computers/help run our houses (I )
B: Have a loo k on line. I think you '/I find (find)
it cheaper. 6 People/pay for things in cash (X)
2 A: Would you like chocolate or cherry syrup on
your waffle?
B: I ............... ..................... (have) some cherry
7 Put the words in the correct order to form
questions. Then answer them about you .
syrup, please.
3 A: The summer sales ...... ................. (start) 1 meet/you/ going/ are/to/ your/ friend/the/at/mall?
in August.
B: I can't wait to go shopping !
4 A: Do you have any plans for t his afternoon? 2 what/doing/you/weekend/at/are/the?
B: Yes. I .................................... (go) shopping
with Mary.
5 A: Mark and Heather .............................. (get) 3 be/tomorrow/working/you/th is/wil l/ti me ?
married this time next weekend.
B: Wow! That's wonderful news!
98
 ..
(omparatives/Superlatives by far + superlative form of adjective/adverb: Steven
is by far the kindest person I've ever met.
We use the comparative to compare one person or
thing with another. We use the superlative to compare
one person or thing with the others of the same group. Comparatives/Superlatives
This box is heavier than rhar one. It~ the heaviest af all.
We often use than after a comparative. 8 Complete the table with the correct
Ben is yaunger than Jim. comparative and superlative forms of the
We normally use the before a superlative. We can use in
adjectives.
or af after superlatives. We often use in with places.
I think Ben Stiller is the funniest af all actors. Adjective Comparative ! Superlative
This is the biggest park in our city. cheaper
cheap the cheapest
Formation of comparatives and superlatives the most expensive
Adjectives better
With one-syllable adjectives, we add -(e)r to form the
the least
compa rative and -(e)st to form the superlative.
old - older - the oldest trendy
Note: For one-syllable adjectives ending in vowel + stylish
consonant, we double the consonant. worse
sod - sadder - the saddest thin
With two-syllable adjectives, we form the comparative
with more + adjective and the superlative with most +
(5ee)
adjective. famous - more famous - the most famous 9 Write the comparative and superlative forms
For two-syllable adjectives ending in consonant + y, of the following adverbs.
we replace -y with -i and add -er/-est.
happy - happier - the happiest 1 quietly more quietly the most quietly
With adjectives having more than two syllables, 2 late ........................ .. ..........................
IJre comparatives and superlatives are formed with more/the 3 calmly ..........................
most. interesting - more interesting - the most interesting
Note: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, pleasant,
4 beautifully ..........................
polite, quiet, shallow, simple, srupid form their S hard .......................... ..........................
comparatlves and superlatives either with -er/-est or
with mare/the most. simple - simpler/more simple - the 1 0 Put the adjectives/adverbs in brackets into the
simplest/the most simple correct form, adding any necessary words.
Adve rbs
With adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives 1 A: Do you think Jane would make a good
(hard, fast, free, late, high, low, deep, long, near, straight), fashion designer ?
we add -er/-est. fast - foster - the fastest B: Yes. She is by far the most artistic (artistic)
Adverbs formed by adding -Iy to the adjective take more
in the comparative and most in the superlative form. girl 1 know.
slowly - more slowly - the most slowly 2 A: It's boiling hot today!
IRREGULAR fORMS B: I kn ow. It's much ........................................ .
(hot) than it was yesterday.
3 A: Did you like Jill's new dress?
B: Actually, I didn 't think it looked as ....... .. ....
rm
................ .. ..... (smart) as her other clothes.
I.
4 A: You 'll feel a bit .... ................... (confident)
nail ? about singing in public if you take lessons.
Note: We can use elder/eldest for people in the same family. B: Ye5 and it'll be ........... ................................. .
Her elder/eldest sister is 0 doctor.
(helpful) than practising on my own .
Study the examples:
S A: What do you thin k of Helen's new short story?
very + adjective/adverb : Jason is 0 very kind man.
much + comparative form of adjective/adverb: Liz is B: I'm afraid I didn 't find it very ....... .. ............. .
much tal/er than her sister. (interesting).
(nor) as + adjective/adverb + as : Their house is as big as 6 A: The rolls from this bakery are far .......... ... ......
ours. Lions aren't os fast as cheetahs.
a bit/a little/far/slighr/y + comparative form of adjective/ (tasty) than those we get at the supermarket.
adverb' I feel a bit better now that I've had some rest. B: I know. They're delicious!
99
 11 Fill in: of, than, in or the. 13 Underline the correct item. -i"
1 Ufe in the 21st century is more fast-paced than Th,
1 Community fa rms are lesslleast expensive to
100 years ago. run than individual farms .
2 Shinsengae Centum City department store is 2 My MP3 player works much/very better now
............. largest department store in the world. that I have new earphones for it.
3 Casual clothes are more comfortable ............ . 3 Buying products that come in slightly/less
formal clothes. packaging is good for the environment.
4 Lola Lamou r is one of the most successful 1940s 4 They recycle as much of their household waste
singers ............ England. than/as possible.
5 Kate is the friendliest .. ........... all the cashiers 5 Sally thinks paying by credit card is more/fa r
in the store. convenient than using cash.
6 Some people feel life in the 50s was happier 6 Jeans are by far/far the most popular item of
............. it is now. clothing for teens.
7 Helen is ............. most efficient employee in the
company. 14 a) look at the table and compare the

8 The Smiths have the best-kept garden ........... . three places.
shopping centre
our street.
supermarket
12 Fill in the correct comparative/ superlative
for m of the adjectives/ adverbs in brackets.
Dear Sir/Madam, In
I am writing to complain about the 1) worst (baeD rh,
service I have ever received from your company. J
bought a computer game from Top Games Stores
on 17th November. Unfortunately, J experienced a
number of problems when I contacted the store

about the game.
I ordered the 2) .............. .. .. ............ .. (reeenO
version of Friends of the Earth computer game shopping
and, despite the promise that your company has supermarket grocer's
centre
one of the 3) ............................. (fasO delivery
times in the area, it did not arrive until 27th popular with
teens ** * ***
November, ten days 4) ........................ (late) . To
make matters S} ........................ (bad) , when J far from the
** * ***
eventually received the game it was badly centre
scratched. When J tried to contact the company, noisy ** * ***
the person who dealt with my catt was one of the quiet ** *** *
6) ... .......... .... .. (rude) people I have ever spoken
to. She told me that I had misused the game and The shopping centre is the most popular place with teens.
the company could not be held responsible. The supermarket isn't as popular with teens as the
As a regular customer of yours I feel very shopping centre.
disappointed with the way I have been treated. The grocer's is the least popular place of all with teens.
Therefore, J would appreciate it if you could replace
the computer game or give me a refund. b) Write se ntences comparing three shops
I look forward to your reply as 7) ...... .. ...... .. .. .. .. in your area. Use these adjectives:
(soon) pOSSible. popular, expensive, friendly service, far, large,
Yours faithfUlly, cheap, noisy, busy, quiet.
Diane Webbs
The shopping cenrre is the most popular place in rown.
100
 ;ng form forms of the infinitive corresponding
The ing form is used: to verb tenses
)
as a noun. Swimming is an enjoyable activity. Present simpleJwill ' present infinitive
. after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider,
continue, deny, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss,
Present continuous/future continuous .
v present continuous infinitive
quit, save, suggest, practise, prevent. Have you considered
moving ro a bigger house? past simple/present perfecVpast perfect .
s after love , lilce, enjoy, prefer, dislike , hate to express perfect infinitive
general preference. She prefers walking ro work. BUT for a past continuous I present perfect continuous / past perfect
e specific preference (would like/would prefer/would love) continuous ' present perfect continuous
we use to-infinitive . She would prefer to take rhe bus ro The infinitive without to (bare infinitive) IS used
work foday. after modal verbs .
" after expressions such as: be busy, it's no use, it's no good,
it's (not) worth , what's the use of, can 't help, there's no
They might go to Rome.
after t he verbs let, make, see, hear and feel.
point (in), con 't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, They made him leove the room.
etc. It's not worth arguing with him. BUT we use the to-mfinitive after be made, be heard, be
after spend, waste, or lose (time, money; ete). seen, etc (passive form). He was made to leave the room.
He spends two hours exercising every day.
after had better and would rather.
after the preposition to with verbs and expressions such I would rather have a sandwich for lunch.
as: look forward to, be used to, in addition to , object to , help can be followed by the toinfinitive, but in
prefer (doing sth to dOing sth else). American English it is normally followed by the infinitive
He's looking forward to starting his new job. without to. She helped me (to) put away the dishes.
after other prepositions. He was nervous about meeting
his future inlows.

Infinit ive
i is used: ;ng form with a
to express purpose . He's joined a gym to get into shape. = not
after certain verbs that refer to the future (agree, She forgot to pick up the dry cleaning.
appear, decide , expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse , etc). forget + mg form = not recall (sth)
She agreed to help them. the first time.
after would like , would prefer, would love , etc to express i = not
a specific preference. Did you remember to bring me my CD?
We would like to visit the most popular sights. remember + I form = recall (sth)
after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, I remember
glad, sod, etc), express willingness/unwillingness (eager,
mean + I I to
reluctant, willing , etc) or refer to a person's character
He didn't mean to insult you.
(clever, kind, etc); and the adjectives lucky and fortunate.
mean + 'Ing form = involve
It was kind of you to lend us your car.
means
after too/enough. Are you old enough to drive?
in the expressions to tell you the truth , to be honest, to regret + I
the present simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform)
sum up, to begin with , etc.
I regret to inform you that your application was rejecred.
To be honest, I forgor it was your birthday today.
regret + -log form = feel sorry about
NSES OF INfiNITIVE
Active voice Passive voice try + I = attempt,
I tried to tell him the truth, but he wouldn't listen.
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment
worm milk.
Continuous
i i ii =stop il
been something else
Perfect
While he was jogging, he stopped to tie his shoelaces.
stop + ing form = finish doing something
Mr at the
i ii i
I'd."",, to eat out tonight. It's such a lovely evening.
form (general preference)
food to

101
 -ing form, Infinitive 18 Put th e verbs in bra ckets into the Fu
For
15 Complete the se ntences with the correct to-infinitive or the -in9 form . How do the

!
infinitive. sentences differ in meaning?

1 a John forgot to stop (stop) by the post office

1 He is very creative. ha
on his way home .
He appears to be very creative.
b Nick will never forget .......................... (be)
2 She is working efficiently. Wi
wrongly accused of shoplifting.
She seems .................... efficiently. WE
2 a Stop ................................ (complai n) about
3 He has been havi ng a difficult time. We
the service. The waiters are doing their best.
He appears .................... a difficult time. fini
b Why don't we stop ................ ..
4 He renovated his hou se. mOl
something to drink? I'm thirsty.
He seems .................... his house.
S They will be planting a community farm.
3 a Try ............................... (visit) the shopping Fu
centre during the w eek w hen it's not so busy. FO ri
They appear .................... a community farm .
b I tried ...................................... (get) him to

~
16 Underline the (orrect item. spend less money, but he wouldn't listen .
4 a I regret ....................................... (spend) \0
1 A: I can't stand to wait/waiting in a queue at much on that formal gown .
ha
the supermarket. b We regret ........................... .... (inform) you
B: Me neither. I prefer shopping / to shop at my
that we are unable t o give you a refund. W;
local grocer's because it's quieter. S a Remember ........ ............................ ... (bring) we.
2 A: John doesn 't appear to have made/to be your credit card with you . stu
made much progress this term. b Do you remember ...................................... . We
B: I know, it's a shame his grades have fallen . (visit) that little antique shop in the centre} dur(
3 A: I hate it when my mum makes me put/ to futl
put away the groceries. 19 Put the verbs in brackets into the By tI
B: So do 11 'think it's ever so boring! correct infinitive or -in9 form.
I Tirr
4 A: Can you help/ to help me pick out an outfi t
HoW to become a faslrian ~ futl
unt
~ designer~
for our end of the yea r dance?
B: Sure! How about going / go to that new
If you spend most
clothes shop in the shopping centre? Ex.
of your time 1) looking at (look at) cIolhes and
5 A: Have you considered to call /calling the store Excl
2) ................... (read) fash"" magazires!hen how about
about your faulty MP3 player?
B: Yes, but I seem to have been having / to be
3) ................... (consider) a career in fashiorl? ~1ft adrr
we.
rips:
having trouble getting through to them .
o You should 4) ...................... (get) a fine arts degree
in fashion at college.
) que
0 I

17 Circle the correct item . 5) ..................... (learn) how 10 draw and sew is a must 0 I
tt's a good idea 6) ................ (apply) for an internship at
1 I suggest ..... these on in a different size .
a fashion house. 0 I
A try trying C to try o You need 7) ............................ (be) h;gh~ creative and
0

2 I would prefer ..... at a cafe at the moment than passionate about fashion.
Who knows? You m~/1I even 8) ..................... (create)
studying for my exams. 0
yoo- own fashion label one
A sitting B to have sat C to be sitting
0

3 I wo uld rather ..... organic goods. 20 Complete the sentences about you ,
A to buy B buy C buying
1 I've decided ........ ........................................... . o

4 Tom was lucky ..... with only a broken leg after 2I hope .......................................... .................... .
falling off the roof. 3 I' m keen on ......................................................
A escaping B escape C to have escaped 4 I have difficulty in ........................................... . Not
102
 Future Perfect Cla uses o f Concession
form: will + have + past participle of the main verb Concession is expressed with:
Although/Even thoughlThough + clause . Although she
studied hard, she failed the exam. Though can also be put at
ce the end of the sentence. She studied hard. She faifed the
exam, though.
Despite/In spite of + noun/ing form . Despite working
e) hard/his hard work, he wasn't promoted.
Yes, Vyou/heJshefiVwe/they will _ Despitel/n spite of the fact (that} + clause . In spite of the
No, won't. fact that it was raining, they continued the football game.
ut
;t o We use the future perfect for actions that will have WhilelWhereas/But/On the other hand/Yet + clause. They
finished before a stated time in the future. Jenny will have did their best, yet they lost the match.
,t) moved house by the end of the week. Nevertheless/However + clause . He has/ots of experience;
however, he didn't get the job.
'9 Futu re Perfect Con t inuous Hawever/No matter haw + adj /adv + subject (+may) +
verb. However hard he tried, he didn't finish the race.
iy. will + hove been + main verb + ing
A comma is used when the clause of concession either
to
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE <~ precedes or follows the main clause. Even though it was
snowing, we went for 0 walk. We went for a walk, even though
11Y0U/He/sheIlWlefThey
so it was snowing.
not/won't have been

ou Future Perfect - Future Perfect

Continuous
Yes, Vyoulhe/shelit/welthey will.
No, Vyoulhe/she/it/we/they won't. I 21 Put the verbs in brackets into the future
perfect or the future perfect continuous.
use the future perfect continuous to emphasise the
Illrat"" of an action up to a certain time in the future. The 1 Jonathan will have been working (work) on his
perfect continuous is often used with: by ... for .
b rh,er;rne he retires, he will have been teaching for twenty years. invention for three hours before he finally goes
to bed.
~~:~~~:~With the future perfect and the 2 By t he time the girls return from thei r shopping
f. . before, by, by then. by the time.
~_-,---,---i_
n _negative sentences"'),-=':.:""._ _ _ _ _---'
tri p, I ....................... ............ .... (cook) dinner.
3 ............... .......... .... (Jane/ finish) her homework
by th e time the wi ldlife documenta ry begins?
4 Jack .............................. .... .. .. .. .......... (work) at
are words or sentences used to express
the post office for 20 years by th e ti me he's 50.
I surprise, ete. To form exclamatory sentences,
can use how, what (a/an), so, such (a/an). or a negative 5 I'm afraid Jack ............. ..... .... .......................... .
question form . (not/recover) from t he accident by the t ime his
how + adjective/adverb football tra ining begins.
How expensive these shoes afe! How well she Sings!
6 I ................ .............................. (grow) my own
what a/on (+ adjective) + singular countable noun
What a boring book! What 0 day! vegeta bles for two years by the end of t he year.
what (+ adjective) + plural/uncountable noun 7 ........ ................................................ . (mail) the
What amazing paintings! What stylish furniture! invi tat ions before Friday?
so + adjective/adverb
8 By Novembe r, Harry ......................................... .
She is so helpful! He talked to me so rudely!
such a/on (+ adjective) + singular countable noun (sell) his prod uce to local stores for two yea rs.
Mr Adams is such a good teacher! 9 We ...................... (convert) t he rooftop of our
such (+ adjective) + plural/uncountable noun apartment into a garde n by the end of the week.
They are such polite children!
10 By June, Mr Patte rson .............. ......... ..... ........ .
Laura has such lovely hair!
negative question form (teach) mu sic at ou r school for t en years.
Weren't they excellent hosts! 11 Scientists hope t hey ........................................ .
fsn 't that a great suggestion! (solve) the wo rld 's food shortage problem by
Note: Exclamations are not used in formal writing. t he end of t he cen tu ry.
103
 22 Underline the correct item. Clauses of Concession Mod.
1 Are you sure you' ll have been cleaning!'1I have 25 Circle the correct item. Canlcol<
will/wo(
cleaned the living room before the guests arrive? don
1 Sarah saves her pocket money, her sister are
2 By the time we reach our first stop, we will
spends it stra ightaway. com
have drive/will have been driving for 4 hours .
3 The shop will not have been repairing /will
whereas B even though C despite not
don
not have repaired my camcorder until the end 2 ..... it was a weekday, Melody decided to go out a p
of the week. with her friends. actl'
ther.
4 By noon, the fire from the powerful explosion A Despite B In spite C Although
the~
will have been burning /will have burnt for 12 3 David gashed his leg. he did n't need to told
hours straight.
have stitches. Not
5 Will they have published /Will they have been
A Even though B Whereas C However Prese n
publishing her new book by summer?
4 ..... hard I tried , I couldn't speak to the manager Prese n
Pertec'
Exclamations about my faulty camera. Pertec'
A No matter how 8 While C Though
23 Fill in: what (a/on ), how, such (a/on) or 50. IObliga
5 ..... of havi ng ord ered a black mobile, I rece ived
1 A: Let's go shopping th is afternoon ! a white one. Mu!
B: What 0 great idea! shoo
A In spite 8 Despite C However the
2 A: .............. ......... . de licious apples! Where did sub.
you bu y them ? 6 He made a mistake, ..... he didn't tell anyone. rh,
B: From farmer Jack. He's got an organic farm. A whereas 8 yet C while you
3 A: That was .... ................... interesting article! Hall
B: I know. We learnt ...... .......... .. .... .. ...... much 26 Rewrite the sentences as in the example. usu,
has
about the fashion industry from it. 1 She wants to buy a new ski suit. She can 't afford that
4 A: There was a catastrophic earthquake in it. (although, however) Hac
Japan. a Although she wants to buy a new ski suit, she Sho
You
B: Oh no! ...... .. ........ ............... terrible for the can't afford it. you
people there! b She wants to buy a new ski suir. However, she
IAbsen
can 't afford ir.
24 1n pairs rephrase the following, as in the 2 I love fashion shows. I haven't been to one Dot
example. Then write the sentences. (even though / yet) do
rod,
1 What a brilliant idea! a ................................... ......................... ...... .. nee
How brilliant an ideo it is! b Did
This idea ;5 so brilliant! 3 Susan ha s a great singing voice. She doesn'l sth.
want a career in music. (despite, even thoug h) ha.
Isn 't this idea brilliant?
con
It's such 0 brilliant ideo! a ,...................................... ".,""',................... .
2 This is such a trendy outfit! b .. ............................................. .................... . IPermi~
4 She gets her flo wers from the local florist. She Car
has her own flower garden. (in spite of, but) mo
a ......... ,.. ........... ... .... ...................,"" ', ........,... you
Mu:
b ........... ..... .. ... ...... ....... .. ... ............................ . ru ll
3 How professional he is! 5 He always buys organically-grown vegetables. can
They are more expensive. (despite the fact that,
though)
a .. ......................... ..... .. ..... ,"" ',..
b .. ............................. .......................... .......... .
104
 Modal. 1P0ssibility (can, could)
Can/could, may/might, must/have to, ought to, shall/should, Can + present infinitive: General/theoretical possibility.
will/would: Not usually used for a specific situation. Our teacher can be
don't take os, -Ing or -ed suffixes. quite stric/. (general possibility - it is theoretically possible)
r are followed by the bare infinitive (infinitive without to). Could/May/Might + present infinitive: Possibility in a
come before the subject in questions and are followed by specific situatIOn. We might go out in the afternoon, so come
not in negations. in the morning. (It is possible.llt is likely.lPerhapsJ
don't have tenses in the normal sense. When followed by Note: We can use can/could/might in questions but not
t a present bare infinitive, they refer to an incomplete may. Who could I ask for professional advice?
action or state (i.e. present or future). You should tell Could/Might/Would + perfect infinitive refer to 5th in
them the truth. When followed by a perfect bare infinitive, the past that was possible but didn't happen /would
they refer to a complete action or state. You should have have gone to the beach with Ihem, but Iwas too busy.
told them the truth.
!Abilityllnability (con, could, was able to)
Note how the forms of the infinitive are formed:
Can('t) expresses (in)ability in the present/ future . She
Present: (to) go can run very fast. (She is able to ... )
Present continuous: (to) be going Could expresses general repeated ability in the past. He
Perfect: (to) have gone could work very long hours before he retired. (He was able to ... )
Perfect continuous : (to) have been going Was(n'tJ able to expresses (in)obility on a specific occasion
in the post. He wos(n't) able to fix his computer. (He didn't

d
;ObtigationlOuty/Necessity (must, have to, should/ought to) I manage/managed to ... )
Must expresses duty/strong obligation to do 5th, and Couldn 't may be used to express any kind of inability in
shows that sth is essential. We generally use must when the past, repeated or specific. Emma couldn't cook when
the speaker has decided that sth is necessary (i.e. she was 0 teen. (past repeated action) Emmo couldn't/
subjective). If you witness on accident, you must report it to wasn't able to cook yesterday, because her stove wasn't
the police. You must apologise to her for being so rude. (It is working. (past single action)
your duty.lYou are obliged to do sth.) IOffers/ Suggestions (con, would, shall, could)
Hove to expresses strong necessity/obligation. We
usually use hove to when somebody other than the speaker Can: Can I help you with something? (Would you like me to ... ?)
has decided that sth is necessary (i.e. objective). Mum says Would: Would you like to sit down? (Do you want to ... ?)
that we have to walk the dog every day. (It's necessary.) Shall: Shall I return these booh to the library for you? (Would
Had to is the past form of both must and have to . you like me to ... ?/Oo you want me to .. ?)
Should/Ought to express duty, weak obligation . Can/Could: We can go mountain climbing. You could rake our
You should help your little brother with his homework. (It's a loan. (Let's ... )
your duty. -less emphatic than must)
jProbabil ity (will, should/ought to)
!Absence of necessity (don't hove to/don 't need to, needn't) I Will: He will get 0 promotion. (100% certain)
Don't hove to/Don't need to/Needn't: It isn't necessary to Should/Ought to: They should/ought to arrive on rime
do 5th in the present/future. You don't hove to work late tomorrow. (90% certain; future only; it's probable)
today. She doesn 't need to dress formally for the party. He
needn't water the garden today. IAdvice (should, ought to, shall)
Didn't need to/Didn't have to: It wasn't necessary to do Should: general advice You should take up a hobby. (It's
sth. We don't k.now if it was done or not. They didn 't my advice.1I advise you to ... )
have to confjrm their re5efllation. (We don't know if they Ought to: general advice You ought to bean fime for work.
confirmed it.) (It's a good idea/thing to do.)
IPermission/Prohibition (can, may, mustn't, can't) Shall: asking for advice Shall I cut my hair short? (Do you
think it's a good idea to ... ?)
Can/May are used to ask for/ give permission . May is
more formal than con. Con/May I ask you something? Yes,
you can/may. (Is it OK if ... 7)
Musfn't/Can'f: It is forbidden to do sth; it is against the
rulesllaw; you are not allowed to do 5th. You mustn't/
can't drive without wearing your seatbe/r.

105
 Modals 3 Rephrase the sentences in as many ways as c
1 Match the modal verbs in bold to their possible. C.
(h
meanings (a-j).
1 It's possible that we will find a solution to the Vv
cl,
CII:Q] The soup kitchen might be open now. homeless situation .
ye
[ID Can I leave a message, please? We may/might/could find a solution to the homeless
IIIJ You should listen to the advice of the elderly. situation.
m=J May t see your ID, please? 2 It's necessary to have a senior citizen 's card to
o
[IIJ You have to move the car; you can't park get in free.

m=1
here.
You don 't have to help me find a job. 3 It is forbidden to transfer festival ticket s to ~:.
[IIJ
m=J
You can join the volunteer group.
You mustn't cross the road here; use the
another name.

4 I advise you to get some help from the charity.

I" h
p
zebra crossing .
[ID She can't be eighty years old; she looks
2,
amazing! 5 Would it be OK if I st ayed at your house tonight?

I!Q[] You shouldn't get into debt.
6 It's not a good idea t o walk in the forest alone.
A It's not necessary. F It's a good idea.
B It's forbidden. G You're obliged to. 7 We are obliged to recycle in this town, it's a law.
C Would it be OK if ... ? H You're allowed to.
3,
D It's possible. Is it OK? 8 She managed to pitch her tent before it got
E I'm sure she isn't. J It's not a good idea. too da rk .

2 Rewrite the sentences using the modals in
the list. 4 Choose the correct item.

1 You .. ... get off the street now!

may could(n't) can('t) don't have to
should must mu st B shall ( wo uld

2 He ..... have gone to the homeless shelter;

1 I advise you to try harder to fi nd employment.
it's very cold .
You should try harder to find employment.
A wo uld B sho uld C can't
2 Perhaps we will go to the music festival.
3 ..... I take the rubbish out later, Mum ?
3 It is not necessa ry for you to give me a lift. A Would B Need C Can
M
4 You ..... be rude to the elderly. W,
4 When I was a child, I didn't know how to look A needn't B couldn't C mustn 't by
after an animal properly. an,
S We ..... ban all public transpo rt in the

~
centre.
5 He was able to get around with the use of a cane.
A don't need B need C must

6 Do you insist that I show you my identif ication? 6 We .. ... to do w hat we can for those in need.

~
A ought B should C must
7 You're not allowed to drop litter in the street. 7 You ..... bring food; th ere are food stalls
everyw here.
8 Do you mind if I sit in here for a moment? A mustn't B need n't C should

B She ..... read and write when she was three.

A woul d B must C could
106
as Co nditionals: types 0/112/3 Wishes

....
Condition al clauses (onSlst of two parts: the if-clause We can use wis h/if only to express a wish.
(hypothesis) and the main clau se (result).
he When the if-clause comes before the main clause, the two WISH" , , . , -.~
clauses afe separated With a comma. If I go /0 Paris, I wilt send He wishes he was/
you a paS/cord. -/ will send you 0 postcard if Igo /0 Paris. were on holiday
to say that we would
+ pa st simple/ now. (but he isn't)
like something to be
past If only the bU5
different about a
to continuous wasn 't/weren 't
present situation
present simple running 50 lare.
general truth or simple (but it is)

to
scientjfjc fact If you drop ice in woter, it floats .
simple fut ure,
J I wish I had
accepted rheir
to express regret
1st conditional about something
real. likely to jf + present simple impej,ative, can/ offer. (bu t ! didn't)
must may, etc + + past perfect which happened or
happen in the If only I hodn't
bare infinitive didn't happen in the
rity_ present/future bought tho5e
If it rains, we will stay home. past
books. (but I did)
IIht?
n 2nd condition al
I if + past simple
would!couldl
might + bare
I wish you would to express:
imaginary
infinitive + subject +
stop interrupting a polite imperative
situation in
If ilived by the beach,!would go:Cs"w";m=m::;n=g:11 would + bare
me all the rime. If a desire for a
me. the presentl
infinit ive
only Mum would situation or
every day. BUT I don'r live by the beach. allow me to stay person's behaviour
future
(untrue in the present). If I were you. I outlarer. to change
advice
wouldn't believe those lies.
would/could/ If only is used in exactly the same way as wish but It is more
3rd cond itional
got if + past perfect might have + past emphatic or more dramatic. We can use were instead of was
imaginary
participle after wish and if only I wish I weren 't/wasn 't 50 busy.
situation in

~
f you had booked rickets, we wouldn't
the past
have stayed home. (but you didn't)
regrets
If you hod been honest from the Hart, none Conditionals
criticism
of this would hove happened.
We can use were instead of was for all persons in the jf- 5 Und erl i ne the cor rect ite m.
clause of Type 2 conditionals.
1 If they have /had more shelters, there would be
If he weren't/wasn 't 50 stressed all the time, he would enjoy
life more. fewer people livi ng on the streets .
Iter; With type 1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative 2 The world's rainforests will disappear with in a
verb or if + negative verb. century jf logging continues/ would continue
They will not hire you unless you have 0 lot of experience. (They
at this rate .
will not hire you if you don 't have a lot of experience.)
3 If you heated/ heat ice, it mel t s.
Mixed Conditio nals 4 If he had taken breaks more frequently. he
We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, wouldn't have collapsed/wouldn't collapse with
't by combining an if-clause of one type with a main clause of exhaustion .
another. 5 If I had the chance. I would volunteer/ will
city
volunteer at a soup kitchen.
6 If the children get an education. they escaped I
w ill escape t hei r lives of poverty.
~ed . 7 If the volunteer grou p had refused/ refused my
hel p, J would have gone back home.
:alls S If yo u want to hel p t he poor. you can contact/
contact me.
9 If I were/ had been you, I would take up the
teaching position in Brazi l.
ree .
10 We can drive t o Somerset, unless you want/don't
want to take the train .
107
 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Wishes
tense to form conditionals. 9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
1 If I were (be) like my friends, I would have t ense.
travelled round the world on my holiday. 1 A: I wish the little boy had told (tell) us where
2 If he weren't so concerned about the homeless, his parents are.
he ........................ (not/donate) to the charity. B: Yes, it's so sad to see him living in the streets.
l I ................................................. (take) a book 2 A: I wish I ............................ (not/ yell) at that
jf 1had known the flight would be delayed. elderly man.
4 If you hadn 't been so selfish, you ................... . B: Well, if you see him again, you can apologise.
(offer) to help them . 3 A: If only I ................... (have) more time
S You harm the environment if you to volunteer at the an imal shelter.
(drive) your car everywhere. B: Don't worry. You do a lot more than other
6 He will be hungry if he ............................. .
people.
(not/eat) breakfast. 4 A: I wish I ............... (not/drop out) of school.
7 If I'd known they were looking for people to B: Well, you can always take a night course.
live on the space station, I .............................. . S A: If only more rich people ............................ ..
(ap ply) for the job! [
(give) money to those in need.
(
8 I would gladly live on the moon if they ever B: That would truly make a difference.
...................................... (colonise) it. 6 A: If only the company ........... ........................
(notfclose down).
7 Rewrite the following as mixed conditional B: I know. Hundreds of people were left jobless.
sentences ,

1 Jake didn't accept the job offer. He is sti ll 10 Rewrite the se ntences using wishes , as in
unemployed. the example.
11 Jake had accepted the job offer, he wouldn't still be 1 I forgot to bring food to the centre.
unemployed. I wish!lf only I had brought food to the centre.
2 Mary doesn't speak French. She didn't get the 2 I'm not good at pitc hing a tent.
job at the school.
3 The woman can't afford to buy a new outfit.
3 The hiker didn 't find anything to eat in the
jungle. He's feeling hungry now. 4 I would like to give a home to every homeless
person in the city, but I can't. 1
4 I don't know him. I didn 't ask for his help.
S The police didn't catch the thief.
5 The children were singing and dancing at the
festival all morning. They are tired now. 6 Mike broke my MP3 player.

8 Complete the se ntences about you. 11 Complete the sentences about yourself.
1 If 1weren't so tired, I would go for a jog. 1 I wish I were a teacher, so I could teach poor children
2 If I had known about the festival, .................. . how to read.
3 If I have time, .... ............................................. . 2 Iwishlhad .................. .............. ..... ............... .
4 If I were you, .......... ........................................ . 3 I wish I hadn't ................................................ .
5 If I could play a musical instrument, ............... . 4 I wish 1wasn't .......................................... ..
6 If I had a lot of money, ................................... . 5 1wish 1could ......................... .
108
 Relatives - Relative Clauses 13 Join the sentences, as in the example .
Use
1 The woman gave a talk . (She works to reduce
We use relative pronouns (who/whoseJwhichlthat) and
relative adverbs (where/whenJrhar/whyJ to introduce deforestation .)
relative clauses We use relative clauses to identify! The woman who works to reduce deforestation gave
describe the person/place/thing in the main clause.
a talk.
r,. I
Re lative,Clause
I
The man who won the award is our neighbour.
2 The sheep and cows belong to a local framer.
(They were set loose by loggers .)
t
We use who/that to refer to people. The students who/that The ............. ................................. .............. .
,. were late for class had to stay behind an extra hour.
We use which /that to refer to objects or animals. The
3 Greenpeace is an environmental organisa t ion.
(lts actions are known all over the world.)
e package which/that is on my desk arrived for you this morning.
We use where to refer to places. Thaf~ the shop where they Greenpeace ................ .. ... .. ..... .... .. ............
serve frozen yoghurt. 4 The reasons are still u nk nown. (He ended up
.r We use whose with people, animals and things to show on the streets.)
possession. She's the woman whose sons are in a rock band.
The ................................................ ................ .
We use why to give a reason . Ch,is won't tell anyone why
he'supset. 5 This is a collection point. (People can dispose
of old electron ic equipment here.)
Defining and Non-defining Relative This ....................................... .

A defin ing relative clause gives necessary information 14 Fill in the gaps with the correct
essential to the meaning of the main sentence. It is not relative pronoun or adverb .
put in commas and is introduced with who, which, that,
is. whose, where, when , or the reason (why). The girl who sits
next to me in class is from Thailand. The relative pronoun can
be omitted when it is the object of the relative clause.
The book (which/that) I bought yesterday was very cheap.
A nondefining relative cl au se gives extra information In the earlier days of space
and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. exploration nobody knew if
It is put In commas and is introduced with who, whom, humans could survive a space trip, so
which, whose , where, or when. The relative pronoun scientists decided to send animals instead
cannot be omitted. My brother, who is 18, is raking driving
of people into space. In 1961, 1) when NASA launched
lessons.
U.s. Mercury spacecraft, American scientists sent Enos,
a chimpanzee, into space to see if it could survive the
Relatives take off and landing. While the chimpanzee was in
flight, it ate, drank and performed all the tasks
~SS
Fill in the correct relative pronoun or adverb. 2) ...................... it had been trained to do. At the
same time the scientists 3) .. ........ .. ..... .. ... were on
Kevin Mcl eod is the man who sta rted the t ree-
Earth monitored his behaviour. Enos survived the
planting project .
space voyage, 4) ................. ..... involved making two
2 She' ll never forget the day ............................. ..
complete orbits of the earth. Other experiments
she saw how people in the slums live for the
involved sending mice into space . Scientists
first time . 5) ...................... work involved research into the
3 Helen chose a volunteer programme ........... .. .. . effect of zero gravity wanted to det ermine whether
suited her personal schedule. weightlessness would confuse the animals. Wou ld
4 The forest ........................... ...... illegal logg ing floating instead of walking affect them?
len used to take place is now prot ected by Surprisingly, wi t hin S minutes the mice floated
environ mental organisat ions. happily around their living quarters. They were able
5 The school ...... ... ...................... environmental to adapt very quickly to the new envi ro nment,
project was the most info rmative wo n the 6) ............. .. .. .. ... they ate and groomed themselves
compet ition . just as they did on Earth. These experiments prepared
the way for human space flight.
109
 1 5 Choose the correct answer. 17 Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put T
commas where necessary. Write D for F.
1 Fiona is the designer ..... created the costumes
defining and ND for non-defining .
for the play.
A which B where who 1 Mr Stafford, whose son wa lked the length of
the Amazon, is very proud. ND PI
2 The cages ..... the anima ls are kept are spacious.
2 Illiteracy ................... is a major world problem PI
A who B which C where C.
affects a person's life on many levels.
Pi
3 The outfit ..... she is wearing is a designer la bel. 3 Peru ...................... . Ed set off from is in South
A when B where C which America. Pi

4 Where's the DVD ..... we rented yesterday? 4 The reason ....... .. ........... they were furio us Pr
was that foreigners were in their territory. Si
A who B that C when P;
5 My mot her ........................... is very concerned
Si l
5 That's t he teacher . ... son is in the same class as about the environment goes to many fund
me . raising events. Fu
A which B who's C whose 6 Brazil .............................. is the world 's largest 1nl
6 I remember the time ..... we hiked In the rainforest has the highest deforestation rate on
mountains alone. the planet. M.
A when B who C where 7 The date .................................. many countries
We
celebrate Internationa l Earth Day is 22 April.

8 I'd rather see the film ............................... your
16 Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then brother has recommended.
wri te 5 for subject or 0 for object. Finally, 9 Volcano su rfing .......................... is an extreme
state if the relatives ca n be omitted or not . sport can be qu ite dangerous .
1 How old is the man who/that first stepped on 10 Jack is the boy .............................. brother is a
the Moon? (5 - not omitted) news reporter.
2 The spacecraft .................... they built belongs 11 Jerry is the student ........... ................ won the
to NASA. short story competi tion.
3 What's the name of th e planet ....................... . 12 The reason ........................ sh e's sad is beca use
was wiped out by a massi ve explosion? sh e lost her bag.
4 The planet ........................... is closest to Earth
is Ven us. 18 Complete the following sentences using
5 The people. .. .............. work on the ISS your own ideas and the appropriate refativt
spend months away from home. pronouns/adverbs .
6 That's the man ........................ book was made
1 lance read a book which described fife on othe/
into a film.
planets. Ch a
7 The boy ........................ sprained his ankle had
2 I someti mes don't understand the reason ........
to go to hospital.
8 The hurricane ..................... .. hit New Orleans
3 I can still remember the summer ........ ..
caused great destruction .
9 The bag ..................... I bought is made of silk.
4 I'd love to travel to a place ............................. .
10 The shop assistant ............... .......... I talked to
was very hel pfu l.
5 I watched a documentary ............. ..
11 The woman ......................... Ben is planning to ACT
marry is a leading scientist.
6 I sit next to a girl ........ .... ............................... ..
12 The MP3 player ..... .
I ordered from an onl ine store was quite cheap.
PAS
110
 The passive Only tranSitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be
changed into the passive. A house collapsed in the
Form : We form the passive with the verb to be in the
earthquake. (intransitive verb; no passive form .)
appropnate tense and the past participle of the
main verb . Note: Some transitive verbs (have. fir (= be the right size),
...-...=; suit, resemble, etc) cannot be changed into the
ACTIVE PASSIVE
passive. The blue shirt suits you. (NOT: You Q~ ,uit@Qb)I
Present Simple Ben plants a rree. A tree IS planted by Ben. tbB ""UBibirt.)
Present Ben is planting A tree is being planted Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. They let us leave
Continuous a uee. ~y.Benc====:;;:c~, early. - We were allowed to leave early.
Past Simple Ben planted a rree. Arree was planted by Ben. I We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in
Past Continuous 'Ben was planting Atree was being planted everyday speech when we talk about things that happen
a rree. .byBen. I by accident or unexpectedly. The window got smashed in
Present Perfect TBen has planted Atree has been planted the storm.
Simple t'
tree. by Ben. By + agent is used to say who or what carries out an
Past Perfect Ben had planted 'A tree had been planted action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used
Simple 'a tree. by Ben. to say what the agent used. This sculpture was created by a
'Ben will plant 'A tree will be planted by young artist. It was made with recycfed materials.
future Simple
a tree. Ben. The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he,
.Ben has to plant A /fee has to be planted someone/somebody, people, one, ete. A Jot of money was
Infinitive
a tree. byBen. raised for rhe charity. (= They raised a lot of money for the
'Ben might plant A tree might be planted charity.)
Modal Verbs
a tree. by B''''n.'---_ _ _~ The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or
important person, or when It is essential to the
We use the passive:
meaning of the sentence. Comedies are enjoyed by people
when the person/people doing the actIon is/are unknown, of all ages.
unimportant, or obvious from the (ontext. The vase With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring,
was broken. 'YVe don't know who broke it). tell, send, show, teach, promise, sell, read, offer, give,
The package will be delivered today. (Who will deliver it is lend, etc, we can form two different passive sentences.
unimportant).
5hesent mean emoil. (active) I was sent an email. (passive, more
Our exam papers have been corrected. (It's obvious that the common) An email was sent to me. (paSSIVe, less common)
teacher has corrected our exam papers).
In passive questions With who. whom. or which we do not
when the action itself is more important than the omit by. Who wrote this song! Who was rhis song written by?
person/people doing it, as in news headlines.
The verbs hear, help, see. and make are followed by a
newspaper articles, formal notices. advertisements. bare infinitive in the active. but a toinfinitive in the
instructions , processes, ete. Cell phones must be turned passive. Mum made me hoover the rug. (active)
offduring rhe examination. I was made to hoover the rug. (passive)
when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an
action or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we
do not want to say who or what is to blame. Impersonal/Personal Passive
They were cheated our of their money. Constructions
'e to emphasise the agent. The announcement was made by The verbs believe, consider. expect, know, report, soy.
the Prime Minister himself. think, etc have both personal and impersonal constructions
to make statements more formal or polite. My book has in the paSSive.
er been torn. (More polite than saying, -You tore my book. ~) active : People expect rhot he wiff win the contest.
. Changin,g from the active to the passive: passive: It is expected that he wiff win the contest.
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in (impersonal construction)
[ the passive sentence. He is expected to win the contest. (personal
construction)
The active verb remains In the same tense but changes
into passive form. active : They say that he lost all his money.
The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, passive : It is said that he lost all his money. (impersonal
and is either introduced with the preposition by or is construction)
omitted. He is said to have lost all his money. (personal
construction)
Subject Verb Object
Mory cooked dinner.
I
+1 t
Subject Verb Agent
Dinner
*
was cooked by Mary.
111
 The passive 3 Put the ve rbs in brackets into the correct
1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form .
passive form .
1 They believe the castle is haunted (haunt) by
Review 01 Honeysuckle Cottage
by P.G. \X'odchouse
the ghost of its owner.
2 A strange creature ........ ........................ .. Throughout the centu ries countless stories of haunting
(spot) near the vi llage last week. horror l )J!ave beell writtell (write) exciting readers'
3 Th e mystery of the moving stones in Death imaginations around the world. Though humour
Valley ........................... ....... (not/explain) yet. 2) ......................... (not/ex pect) of ghost stories, author
4 Th e details for the trip to the Cryptozoology P.C. Wodehouse pleasantly surprises his readers.
Museum .. ....... ................................................. . HQlleysuckle Collage tells the story of James Rodman, a
(discuss) right now. young writer of detective stories who finds himself
S Th e fi lm is about a scientist who believes that living in a hou se that 3) ......................... (inhabit) bya
in the futu re. Ea rth ......................................... . ghost. The problem is that somehow his writing
(take over) by aliens. 4) ............................... (affec t) by the spirit of the place,
6 James was waiting patiently while his takeaway causing him to write romantic stories instead of
meal ................................................ (prepare). detective ones. Matters 5) ............................................
1 Tickets for the London Ghost tour should ........ (complicate) even more when a real girl
........................................... (boo k) in advance. 6) ............................. (hit) by a car outside the cottage
S Photos of the supposed alien craft ................. .. and 7) ............................ (force) to seek James' help.
............... .. .............. (never/show) to the Honeysuckle Cottage 8) .................................... (write) in
public before the newspaper published them. 1925, yet it 9) ............................. (stilVconsider) one 0/
9 The celeb rity asked ........................................ .. the fun niest ghost stories of all time. In 2002, it
(give) a private tour of the museum. 10) ............................. (adapt) into a radio play for BBC 6
10 A charity bazaar to raise money for the homeless Radio, in troducing it to a whole new, younger
.......................... (hold) in my town every year. au di ence. The sto ry can 11) ....................... (find) in the
Wodehouse collection ca lled Meet Mr. Muifiner. Ghost
2 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
enthu siasts 12) ............................... (certain ly/thrill) b)'
1 The Space Museum wi ll hold an in teresti ng the interesting twist at the end of the story.
exhi bition.
An interesting exhibition will be held by the Space
Museum.
4 Fill in the gaps with by or wirh.
2 Did they inform you about the cost of the tour? 1 Eclipse was written by Stephanie Meyer.
2 The model of the spacecraft for the science
3 The police is investigating reports of UFO show was constructed ............... cardboard.
sight ings in the area. 3 Scientists believe that dinosaurs can be recreated
.. ............. DNA material found during excavations.
4 They built Stonehenge thousands of years ago. 4 A huge sum was given to the charity ............. ..
an anonymous donor.
S They have fi lmed a TV mini-series about the S The food served at this restaurant is made
Bermuda Triang le. exclusively ............... organically-grown vegetables.
6 A local woman cla ims she was ca ptured
6 They sti ll haven't found the source of the ............... al iens when she was a chil d.
strange humm ing noise. 7 Bigfoot is descri bed as a huge creature that is
covered ............... hair and looks like an ape.
1 You need to rewrite the fi rst parag raph . S The Roswell UFO festival is attended
visitors from all over the world.
112
!ct Use the words to write questions and 7 Rewrite the sentences in the passive, as in
answers, as in the exam pl e. the examples.
1 Our science teacher showed us a film.
ge people/trap/2010 mining disaster/Chile/33?
How many people were trapped in the 2010 mining We were shown 0 film by our science teacher.
use disaster in Chile? A film was shown to us by our science teacher.
2 She has given the charity all her money.
mting 33 people were tropped.
2 Stonehenge/build/between 3100 and 1500 BC? The charity ...................................................... .
aders'
When ............................................................. ? All her money ............... ......................... .
Imour
3 The company promised me a replacement product.
luthor
I ....................................................................... .
1 a big UFO festival/hold/every year/Roswell, USA?
nan,<I ~n~l~ .............................................. ...1 A. ,eQiacernent Q,odu(t "'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4 The police officer read the man his rights .
imsel f
,) by a 4 The Day of the rriffids/write/John Wyndham? The man .............................. ........................... .
Who .............................................. ...... .7 His rights .......................... .
'riting
5 They wi ll teach their son Spanish.
place,
S the coelacanth/rediscover/19387 Their son ....................................................... .
ad of
When .............................................................. 7 Spanish ........................................................... .
6 They have offered lan a new job.
girl
6 Greenpeace/found/Bob Hunter? lan ...... ................................. .......................... .
ottage
IIp. Who ................................................................ ? A new job ....................................................... .
7 Someone should tell him the truth soon.
ite) in
He .................................................................. .
one of
The truth ............................ .
r02, it
Rewrite the newspaper headlines as 8 Mina has sent me some photographs.
Ir BBC complete passive se nten ces. I ,,.... ......................................... .
unger
Some photographs ......................................... .
in the
Ghost A MISSING HIIlER FOUND AFTER THREE DAYS 8 Complete the sentences, as in the exa mpl e.
ill) by 1 They don't know what causes the Naga fireballs .
B FOUR PEO PLE INJURED IN YESTERDAY'S
TRAIN CRASH It is not known what causes the Naga fireballs.
2 It was reported that an alien craft appeared in
( CITY COUNCIL WIll CREATE MORE SOUP
the sky.
KITCHENS FOR THE HOMElESS
An alien craft ...................... ........................ .. .
o ~UTHORlTIES HAVE EVACUATED THIRTY 3 People believe that scientists are conducting
VILLAGES secret experiments.
Scientists ............................... ................. .
E LOCAL RESIDENT REPORTS STRANGE
4 He is expected to make an announcement
HUMMING NOISE
tomorrow.
CITY MIGHT REOPEN NATURAL HISTORY ~ ....................................................... ..... .
MUSEUM S Some say that a strange creatu re was hiding in
made the woods.
A Amissing hiker was found after three days. A strange creature .......................................... .
B ................................................................... ...... . 6 They consider him to be a leading paleontologist.
( He ...................................... ............................ .
o ...................................................... ................. . 7 It is thought that her books lack originality.
E ....................................................................... . Her books ................................................. .
F .................................. 8 It is claimed that he has solved the mystery.
He ................................................. . .... ' 113
 9 Rewrite the news report in the passive. 11 Circle the correct item. Que
Ql
1 It ..... that lightning never strikes twice in the Sti
Mrs Harris. a local resident. has spotted a mysterious
creature in the town park. She says the creature
same spot. w,
resembles a huge ape. and is sure that it is the Yeti. A says
is said ( has said WE
int
Yesterday. the au thorities called in a team of scientists
to investigate the claim . After some investigations. the
2 The man was made ..... that the ph otograph of Ql
the monster was fake. .p
scientists solved the mystery. What the woman saw .u
was not the Yeti. but a big orang-utan they are A to adm it B ad mit
keeping at the local zoo. The an imal had escaped a ( to be admitted '"
die
few days earlier and the zoo workers had even made
3 All the clothes sold in this shop are made .. ...
Af
an announcement warn ing peopl e of the fact. Mrs ta~
Harris had obviously not heard the an nouncement. environmentally-friend ly fabrics. qu
A by B wi th ( for ha'
A mysterious creature has been spotted in the town park WI
4 Many books ..... about li fe on other planets. mE
by Mrs Horr;s, a local resident. ... .................................. .
A have been written B had written qu
C have been writing ShE
Note:
5 Do you think these jeans ..... me?
A get suited B are suited C suit

6 A man was seen ..... the burning bui lding just

before it collapsed.
A to enter B he entered ( enter

10 Rewrite the sentences in the active. 12 Complete the sentences using the word in
bold. Use between t wo and five words.
1 Japan was hit by a huge earthquake in 2011 .
Ahuge earthquake hit Japan in 201 T. 1 They didn't let the children go to the UFO festival
2 Th e International Cryptozoology Museum is WERE The children were not allowed to go
owned by Loren Coleman. to the UFO festival.
2 People th ink humans wi ll colonise space one day
3 The house was believed by many people to be THOUGHT It is ........................................... .
haunted. colonised by humans one day.
Refl.
3 Jason's mother gave him a book for his birthday I - m~
4 The existence of aliens has not been proved by TO A book ...................... ................ itself.
experts. .......................... for his birthday
4 According to the witnesses' reports, the creature We USE
w"
5 Many interesting things ca n be seen by visitors looked like Bigfoot. ;nt,
to the museum. RESEMBLED It was ......................................... wh,
...................................... Bigfoot. per
6 Tours around haunted castles are taken by many 5 Did anyone make Liam tell those terrible lies? He
roo.
tourists. MADE Was ........................................... . in t
...................... those terrible lies? tim
7 The recent discovery was being discussed by 6 It is believed that she didn't write the bo o~ wel
scientists at yesterday's co nfere nce. hersel f. Hell
HAVE She is .............. ................ .......... .. We use
8 People had been warned of a ts unami ........................ the book herself. witl
corr
approaching the area by the au thorities. Hell

114
 Question tags to emphasise the subject or the object of a sentence.
Cindy drew this picture herself. (Cindy drew the picture. No
Question tags are short questions at the end of one else drew it.)
statements. They are mainly used in speech when we Bob was congratulated by the president himself. (The
want to confirm something (falling intonation) or when president congratulated Bob, not someone else.)
we want to find out if something is true or not (rising
intonation). Notes: We do not normally use reflexive pronouns with
Question tags are formed with an auxiliary verb and the the verbs concentrate, feel, meet, and re/ox . If you
appropriate subject pronoun . They take the same don't feel well, go home. (NOT: jf yolJ dofl'f ~lyOlJfH!/f
auxiliary as in the statement, or, if there isn't an auxiliary wel/90 home,)
in the statement. they take do/ does (present simple) or Reflexive pronouns are used with the verbs dress ,
did (past simple), Will plays hockey, doesn 't he? wash , and shave when we want to show that
After affirmative statemen ts, we use a negative question someone did something with a lot of effort.
tag and after negative statements, we use a positive Despire having a broken arm, Ron managed ro dress
question tag. Andrew is allergic to seafood. isn't he? They himself.
haven't given you an answer. have they?
When the sentence contains a word with a negative
meaning such as never, hardly, seldom or rarely, the
question tag is positive. Pam never goes to the opera, does Questions tags
she?
Note: let's has the tag shall we?
13 Underline the correct question tag.
Let's have some coffee, shall we? 1 Don 't sit there, will you/don't you?
Let me/him has the tag will you/won't you?
2 Tom has published his book, hasn't he/didn't he?
Let me explain, will you/won 't you?
I have (possess) has the tag haven 't I? 3 Ethan hadn 't booked tickets, hadn't he/ had he ?
BUT I have (used idiomatically) has the tag 4 The novel is very well-written, is itlisn't it?
don 't Il 5 That's your bike, isn't thatlisn't it ?
They have a boat, haven't they?
6 She really thought she saw Big foot, didn 't she/
She has dinner with her friends every Sawrday, doesn't
she? doesn't she?
This/Thot is has the tag isn't it? 7 We are having lunch wit h the Millers tomorrow,
That's Sam's bike, isn 't it? aren't we /haven't we?
/ am has the tag aren'tllI am late, aren 't1?
8 Let's go on the Ghost Tour, will we/shall we?
A positive imperative has the question tag will/
won't? Stop complaining, will/won't you? 9 I am right about this, am lIaren't I?
A negative imperative has the question tag will 10 Kate has a dog, hasn 't she/doesn't she?
you? Don 't dri.'e so fast, will you?

Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns 14 Match the sentences to the correct question

I - myself, you - yourself, he - himself, she - herself, it - tag.
itself, we - ourselves, you - yourselves, they - themselves

We use reflexive pronouns:

I::!m You can do this, A will you?
[IT] You don't believe in ghosts, B wasn 't he?
with verbs such as behave, burn. cut, enjoy, hurt.
introduce , kill, look at, teach , etc, or with prepositions
[IT] James was w rong, C have you?
when the subject and the object of the verb are the same [IT] They' re leaving soon, 0 can 't you?
person . [IT] You're not listening to me, E aren 't they?
He (subject) introduced himself (objeer) to everyone in the [IT] He rarely spoke to anyone, F isn't it?
room.
\" in the following expressions: enjoy yourself (have a good [IT] Let me help you , G did he)
? time), behave yourself (be good), help yourself (you are [IT] Jenny works here, H are you ?
Ik welcome to take something if you want). [IT] You haven't read this, do you?
Help yourself to some cookies; I've made a fresh batch .
I!U The museum is closed, J doesn't she ?
We use emphatic pronouns :
with the preposition by when we mean alone/without
company Of without help (on one's own).
He lifted the heavy couch by himself/on his own.

115
 1 5 Complete the se ntences with 17 Fil l in the correct reflexive pronoun where necess ary.
the cor rect question togs.
1 A: Wow! That laptop must have cost a lot.
1 The Tower of London tour lasts B: True, but I wanted to give myself something nice for my
for an hour, doesn't it? birthday!
2 No one agreed to his proposal, 2 A: How come Jane didn 't come with you? T
.................................................. ? B: She isn't feeling .............................................. very well.
3 You wouldn't like to come to the 3 A: What do you think of your new neighbours?
UFO festiva l with me, ............... ') 8: Actually, we haven't met ............................................ yet.
4 They insist that they saw an alien 4 A: George is a fantastic guitar player.
spacecraft, .................. ... ........... ? B: Isn' t he? And to th ink that he taught ............................ .
. 5 I'm going to have to pay ext ra, 5 A: Did you like the London Ghost tour?
.................................................. ? B: Yeah! We enjoyed ............................... so much that
6 Pete has a book on mysterious we' re planning to take it again.

places, ............. ...................... .? 6 A: Did you hear what happened in Chi le?
7 Stop tapping you r foot on the B: Yes, some workers found ................. ................... trappedI
floor, ............................... .......... ? when their mine collapsed.
8 This isn't the way to Joe's house,
................................................. ? 18 Fill in th e correct re flexive/ emphatic pronoun .
Reflexive/emphatic We
pronouns

16 Complete the sentences with Have you ever found 1) yourselves in a mysterious situation? Share
th e correct reflexive/ emphotic
your stories with other readers!
pronoun .

1 Helen likes livi ng by herself, but it
gets lonely at times. My brother and I were at home by 2) ............................... , watching
2 My mum says if you wa nt
TV. At some point, we heard a strange buzzing sound. The sound
something done right, do it
3) ............................... wasn't scary, but it wouldn't stop and was
driving us crazy! After about an hour's search, we discovered that
l H~p .......................................... .
there was a swarm of bees helping 4} ............................... to some
to some cake if you want.
honey that had somehow spilled on the floor behind the kitchen
4 Don't say anything to John, I
counter. Mystery solved!
want to tell him the good news

5 James and lilly really enjoyed ....
............................... at the party.
That's funny, Brian! Unfonunately, my story isn't so funny. Last
summer I was in Florida, and I decided to teach 5) ............................ ..
6 Alex banged his head on the
how to surf. I was in the water when this strange, huge creature rose
kitchen cupboard and hurt
............... .............. badly. from the water and jumped over my head. I don't know what it was but
it looked like nothing I'd ever seen before. A girl surfing nearby saw it
\
7 Anne can't stand looking at
... ....................... in photographs.
too, and she said the same thing 6) ............................... Anyway, I , \

8 Our teacher told us to behave

.... whi le we
was so shocked that I lost my balance and landed on the surf board,
breaking both my arms in the process. For a month I couldn't even
,,
wash or dress 7) ............................... . Last I heard, the creature is
were at the museum.
still out there.
v ,
116
 The Indefinite Article a/an We don't use the
with plural nouns when we talk about them in
We use 0 before singular countable nouns which begin general. Dogs are loving animals.
with a consonant sound (0 dog, 0 uniform). We use on before proper names Marta is twelve years old.
I before singular countable nouns which begin with a before the names of countries (Italy), cities (Tokyo),
vowel sound (on orange, on hour). streets (WallSrreet), parks (Hyde Park), mountains (Everest),
The indefinite article is used islands (Hawaii), lakes (Loch Ness) and continents (Africa) .
with singular countable nouns. apencil, an app/e before the names of meals, (dinner, etc) games and
when we talk about things in general sports (volleyball, football, etc). I love having lunch early. / I
I want to buy an iPad. (any iPad). play tennis at 7 every afternoon.
after the verb to be when we want to say what somebody/ with the words this/thot/these/those . This hat is my mum~.
something is. She~ on engineer. It's Q beautiful day! With possessive adjectives or the possessive case .
with certain phrases to show how often someone does That isn't your pen. Ir's Joke's.
something. They go shopping twice 0 month. before titles when the person's name is mentioned.
The indefinite article is not used: Queen Elizabeth, Prince Harry BUT the Queen, the King
t With the words school, church, bed, hospital, prison or
with uncountable or plural countable nouns. We use
some instead. some rice, some pasta, some COs home when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.
before an adjective when there is no noun after it. However, John goes to school every day. (John is a student.) BUT
John~ mum wants to go to the school to ask John~ teacher
when there is a noun after the adjective, we use a for
adjectives which begin With a consonant sound and an for about his marks. (John's mum is a visitor, not a student.)
with languages IspeakTurkish. BUT The French Janguage
adjectives which begin with a vowel sound She 0 fashion
model. She's famous. She's 0 famous fashion model. is difficult.
with the names of illnesses. He~ got pneumonia. BUT
flu/the flu , measles/the measles
The Definite Article The
Note: We use the + adjective to refer to a group of people.
We use the.
Examples include poor, rich, sick, old, blind, young,
With nouns when talking about something specific,
that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or etc
The old sometimes feel neglecred.
is already known. Are the red gloves yours! (The listener
knows what gloves we're talking about. The red ones.)
With nouns which are unique (the Moon, the Parthenon,
the London Eye erc).
before the names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the Aegean), The Indefinite Article a/an -
oceans (the Atlantic), mountain ranges (the Alps), The Definite Article the
deserts (the Gobi), groups of islands (the Canary islands),
countries when they include words such as 'state', 19 Fill in a, an or some.
'kingdom', etc (the United Srares) and nouns with of (the
Tower of London). 1 Judy is convinced that there was an alien
before the names of musical instruments (the piano, the spacecraft hovering over her house.
guitar) and dances (the tango) . 2 There was ... ......... ..... time when stories about
before the names of hotels (the Ritz Horel), theatres/ monsters were very popular.
cinemas (the Royal Opera House), ships (the Tironic),
organisations (the UN), newspapers (The Guardian 3 ................. people believe that one day humans
Weekly) and museums (the SritishMuseum). will live on other planets .
before nationalities ending in -sh (the Turkish}, -ch (the 4 Brian is watching ................. interesting
Dutch) or -ese (the Portuguese) and families (the Simpsons). documentary about strange creatures.
before titles when the person's name is not mentioned
(the Prioce, the Prime Minister). 5 Experts have proved that the pictures of the
before the words morning, afternoon and evening. She lake monster were ....... .......... hoax.
sram work at 8 o'clock in the afternoon. 6 ........ ....... .. reporter for the local paper claims to
with adjectives in the superlative form . I'm the oldest have video footage of ...... ........... unidentified
in my family.
with the words station, shop, cinema, vii/age , world ete. object crashing into a nearby field .
She went (0 the shop ro buy new clothes. 7 There is ................. unexpected twist at the end
with historical periods/events . The Middle Ages of the novel.
BUT World War 11. S The scientists are running ................. tests to
with the words only, lost, first (used as adjectives). She
was the first runner ro win a medal in the race. determine the age of the dinosaur bones.

117
 20 Fil l in the where necessary. 23 Circle the correct item.
1 Usa stared at the st range creatu re before her in 1 How many times ..... week does the London
amazement. Ghost tour take place?
2 How long ago did ............ dinosaurs become A the a C -
extinct?
2 Adam has broken his leg badly and will have to
3 Ben thought he just had a bad case of ............ .
st ay in ..... bed for a few weeks.
flu, but his docto r diagnosed hi m with ............ .
A - 8 the C a
pne umonia.
4 ............. Prince Charles is next in li ne to become 3 It took us ..... hour to drive to Brig hton.
.... King of ....... .... .. Eng land . A - B a C an
S ............. St ra it of Gi braltar conn ect s ............ .
4 Dinosau r fossils have bee n f ound in ..... Sahara
Atlantic Ocea n to ............. Mediterranean Sea.
desert.
A a B the C -
21 Fill in a, an or the w here nece ssa ry.
S Breaking Dawn is ..... fourth book in t he Twilight
1 Hundreds of UFO sig hti ngs have bee n reported series.
in the USA over the last f ew years. A- Ba C the
2 Visitors to ............. International Cryptozoology
Museum are greeted by ............. replica of 6 ..... Astor Cinema has a special screening of the
8igfoot at ............ ent rance. Jurassic Park trilogy this w eekend.
3 George is in ............. hospital with ............ . A The B - C An
broken leg. 7 ..... Griffins are a very nice family.
4 ............. Roswell UFO festival is ............. ann ual A Some 8 The C -
event.
S Pawel is reading ............. boo k about ............ . 8 There are very interest ing stories about

origins of ............. English language . mythica l beasts in th is book.

A t he 8 an ( some

22 Fi ll i n a, an or the w here nece ssary.

1 A: Ha'Je you eve r been t o - New Mexico? 24 Fill in a, an or the w here necessary.
8: Yes. I was t here last yea r. We stayed at
............. Guadelope Hot el.
2 A: Who's ............. Ed Stafford? 1) The local community of Collingwood in 2) ......... Sydney
is abuzz with news of 3) ......... unusual humming sound
8: ............. first man to w alk ............. whole
coming from 4) ......... Preston Park. 5) ....... .. sound was
length of ............. Amazon River. first noticed by 6) ......... group of children who were
3 A: There's ............. woman on TV w ho says she playing 7) ......... football at 8). ........ park. As one of
has video footage of ............. alien spacecraft 9) ......... children said: ~I t was 10) ......... strangest thing
landing. I've ever heard. It sounded like someone humming
B: Hmm, I don't think ............. footage is genuine. 11) ......... song really, really loudly. ~ later in the same
week, more visitors to 12) ......... park heard 13) ........ .
4 A: Did you get ............. t oday's paper?
mysterious sound . Eventually, the police was called upon
8: Yes, ...... ....... Herald is on ............. my desk.
to investigate 14) ......... matter. By now, the strange hum
S A: I rea lly want t o learn how to play .... had become extremely loud and (ould be heard all over
guitar. I t hin k I' ll take some lessons aft er 15) ......... area. "Sometimes it's worse at 16) ........ .
............. school. night," said Mrs Jacobs, 17) ......... Iocal resident.
B: Bu t yo u already play ...... .. .. .. .... basketba ll l ater in 18) ......... week, 19) ..... ... . team of scientists
four times ...... week, and didn 't you will come to Collingwood in 20) ......... effort to solve
21) ......... mystery of the humming noise.
also sta rt ........ ...... Spanish lesso ns recently?
I don't th ink yo u have enough time !
11 8
Reported speech
Direct speech is the exact words someone said. We use
quotation marks In direct speech.
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone
said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation
marks in reported speech . The word that can either be used
-
'" ilce cooking.'
J.~~~~~~~~~~~
Present contin uous -.
"He is reading a book." He said (that) he was reading a book.1
Present perfect Past perfect
or omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell, etc).
., have changed schools.' Shh"a1id (that) she had changed
Say - Tell sc 00 s.
say + no personal object Past sim p'~ -. Pas! pe::r.::f.::(::t_~~_
Alex said (that} he was tired. They said (that) they won/had won
say + to + personal object I We won the game. '
the game.
A/ex said to me {that} he was Cired.
Past co ntinuous Past Perfect continuous
fell + personal object
Alex told me (thot) he was tired. '1 f' 'he Ne' " She said (that) she had been surfing
was sur mg . the Net.
we use soy + to-infinitive but never say about. We use
tell sb, speak/talk about. Will Would
Adom said to meet him outside the cinema. '1will close the door." He said (that) he would close the door.
She told us/spoke/talked about her future plans.
Certain words and time expressions change according to
hello, good morning/afternoon, etc, something! the meaning as follows: now . then, Immediately; today
nothing, so, a few words, no more, for certain/sure, . that day; yesterday the day before, the previous
sorry, etc. day; tomorrow the next/following day; this week
that week; last week . the week before, the previous
the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time,
week; next week the week after, the following week;
the difference, one from another, somebody one's
ago before; here . there
name, somebody the way, somebody so, someone's
fortune, etc.
. I
a question, a favour, the price, about somebody, the
time, around, for something/somebody, ete.
Reported speech (Statements)
Reported statements 1 Fill i n t he gap s w it h soy or tell in t he cor rect
fo rm .
In reported speech, personal/possessive pronouns and
possessive adjectives change accord ing to the meaning of 1 A: What did our teacher soy about the Duke of
the sentence.
Edinburgh's award ?
Sarah said, "I've lost my keys: (direct statement)
Sarah said (thar) she had lost her keys. (reported statement) B: He .......... us it helps develop character.
We can report someone's words either a long time after 2 A: Ted ....... ... to me that he was going bowling.
they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time B: Really? That's not what he .................... me'
after they were said (up-to-date reporting).
He ...... ... ... he 'd be at the library.
Up-ta-date reporting 3 A: Is it true that Adam .. .... .. .. . to Jim that their
The tenses can either change or remain the same in reported
spee<h. friendship was over?
Direct speech : Tony said, ' / went to the theatre." B: Yes, apparently Jim .......... a lie about Adam to
Reported speech: Tony said that he went/had gone to the their boss.
theatre. 4 A: My parents keep .......... me to study harder.
Out-of-date reporting B: Mine too! I think all parents ..... ..... the same
The Introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses
things!
change as follows:
5 A: When did you ............. the library books are
due back?
B: Yesterday! Don't ................. me you haven't
returned them yet!
6 A: Jane .............. that the guided tour cost 50.
B: I know. But she also .............. me that it was
worth every penny.

119
 2 Fill in the gaps with the correct pronouns or 4 Turn the following se ntences into reported
possessive adjectives. speech.
1 Jack said: "I am so pleased that you passed your 1 "I'm thinking of enrolling at an online university
finals. " this September," she said.
Jack said that he was so pleased that .......... had She said she was thinking of enrolling at an
passed .... ...... finals. university that September.
2 She sa id: "My brother wants me to help him fill 2 "My dog was barking all night," he said.
in the application form."
She said that ......... brother wanted .......... to 3 "It takes discipline and patience to master
help .......... fill in the application form. art of Kung Fu, " said the instructor.
3 Nancy sa id to me: "I can't find you r calculator
on you r desk." 4 "I hope I'll pass my driving test th is time," i
Nancy told me that .......... couldn't find ......... . Janet.
calculator on ......... desk.
4 Ran said: "We've signed up for Kung Fu classes 5 "We're having a karate class tomorrow," he said
at a martial arts centre near our house."
Ron said that .......... had signed up for Kung Fu 6 "I don't understand why some students 00"10' 1 h
classes at a martial arts centre near ......... house. books from the library and don't return therr
on time," said Fiona.
3 Underline the correct item. What were the
speakers exact words? 7 "I haven 't seen Patrick since last week," she
................ .................................. ..................1
1 A: How is Melody going to finance her studies?
B: She told me she would win/had won a
scholarshi p. 5 Choose the correct direct speech.
R
"/ have won a scholarship." 1 He said that he was applying for an SI
2 A: Is your brother stayi ng in a ha ll of residence? course soon.
B: No, he said he would stay/had stayed off
a "I was applying for an on line course soon."
campus. ''I'm applying for an on line course soon."
2 Jane said that she hadn't visited her g",nd;pa"" "1
3 A: Is Jane taking a gap year after graduating since the week before.
from high school? a "I haven't visited my grandparents since
B: Yes, she said she travelled/was going to week."
travel around Europe for a year. b "I didn't visit my grandparents since
week before."
4 A: Did Kevin receive an award for his 3 They told us they had always wanted to see
participation in the DofE programme? Australian ou tback.
B: Yes, he told me he was getting/got a si lver a "We have always wanted to see the li
award. outback. "
b "We always want to see the li
5 A: Are you going to help Jake with his project? outback. "
B: No, he told me he hasn't needed /didn 't 4 We told them we would have to leave early
need any help. following day.
a "We would have to leave early tomorrow."
b "We'll have to leave early tomorrow."
tc
(a
120
 Reported questions offers), must must/had to (obligation) (*must remains
the same when It expresses possibility or deduction), needn't
Reported questions are usually Introduced with the verbs , didn't need to/didn 't have to (present reference)/
ask, inquire, wonder, or the expression want to know wouldn't have to (future reference). Would, could , used
ty When the direct question begins with a question word to. mustn't, should, might. ought to or had better
(who, where, how, when, what, ete), the reported remain unchanged in reported speech.
question is introduced with the same question word.
ne ' What did you pur;n the so/adr he asked. (direct question)
He asked what I had pur;n the salod. (reported question)
When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be,
do , have) or a modal verb (can , may, ete), then the
:He said (rhat)he couldn 't do that.
reported question is introduced with if or whether. He said, "/ can 't do this."
he "Do you like jazzr he asked her. (direct question)
(present)
He asked her iflwhether she liked jazz. (reported question) He said, '1 can come next He said (that) he would be able to
In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative , The week: come the following week. (future)
question mark. and words/expressions such as please, He said/ may leave early.' .He said (that) he might leave early.
aid
well, oh, etc are omitted The verb tenses, pronouns and He said, 'Where shall 1put 'He asked me where he should put
time expressions change as in statements. this?" that (information)
"Can you da the dishes, pleaser he asked her. (direct question) }Ie said, 'Shall ioffer to , He asked (me) if he should offer to
id. He asked her if she could do the dishes. (reported question) help herr help her. (advice)
He said, ' Shall l help you -,:re offered to help me carry the
carry the bagsr bags. (offer)
DW Indirect questions
He said, 'You must be , 'He sald{th"a"I)"1h"a'd""
ta-;b-e"there at
em Indirect questions are used to ask for advice or here at 10: 10. (obligation)
information. They are introduced with: Could you tell 'He saii['They must be or 'He Soid (IhaVIhey must beat work,.
me ... ? Do you know .. ,? I wonder .... I want to know .... work: (deduction)
I doubt .. _, etc and the verb is in the affirmative. If the
He said, "He hod better , He said /that) he had better tell the
id. indirect question starts with I want to know ... , I wonder ...
tell the truth." truth.
or I doubt "', the question mark is omitted. , .He said (that) I didn't need ta/didn 't
He said. "You needn't
Direct question 6How for is it to the beachr
walk the dog today." have to walk the dog that day.
Indirect question Do you know how far it is to the beach?
He said (Iha!) he wouldn 't have to
He said, "/ needn 't go /0
go (Q school the next/fol/owing day.
Reported commands/requests/ school tomorrow. '
(future)
ne suggestions/orders He said, "' should ,He said (that) he should apologise
apologise to her.' (Q he:::
'. _ _ __
Reported commands/requests/suggestions are
. introduced With a spe<ial introductory verb (advise, ask,
beg. suggest, etc) followed by a to-infinitive, an -ing form,
,ts or a that-clause, depending on the introductory verb.
Reported speech (Questionsl
"Put your things over rhere,' he told us. He told us to pur our
things over there. (command) Comm ands/ Requests/Suggestions/ Orders)
lSt "Return 10 your seat, please,' she said. She asked me to return
to my seat. (request) 6 A judo instructor is having a class. Turn the
"ler~ go to the cinema." he said. He suggested going to the following sentences into reported speech.
he
cinema. (suggestion)
"You'd better wear romerhing warmer,' she said. --+ Shesuggested 1 " let's do some warm-up exercises!"
he that I (should' wear something warmer. (suggestion) The judo ins tructor suggested doing some worm-up
To report orders or instructions, we use the verbs order exercises.
an or tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive.
2 " Bow to your partners, please."
"Stop talking,' she told them. (direct order)
She told them to stop tolking. (reported order)
3n "Don't move,' the policeman raid the thief. (direct order) 3 " Stand still with your legs bent. "
The policeman ordered the thief not to move. (reported order)
ne 4 "Now take several deep breaths."
Modal verbs in reported speech
Note how the following modal verbs change in reported 5 "Move forward on your hands and k.nees."
speech when the reported sentence is out of date. will/shall
-. would , can (ould (present reference)/would be able
to (future reference), may ' might/could. shall should 6 " let's take a ten-minute break ."
{asking for advice/asking for information)loffer {expressing
121
 7 Rewrite the following quest ions in reported Modal verbs in reported speech
speech. 9 Turn the sentences into reported speech.
1 "Do you want to join a yoga class with me r
1 Hyou can work together on this project, ~ Mrs
Sue asked Kim.
Jameson said to us.
Sue asked Kim if/whether she wanted to join a yoga
Mrs Jameson told us we could work together on that
closs with her.
project.
2 "Why is your assignment later the teacher
2 "Mark should put more effort into hi!
asked Paul.
homework," the English teacher said.

3 "Did you have interactive whiteboards in your

3 "Shall l come back later?" lan asked.
last sc hool?" I asked them.
4 "You needn't book a place for tomorrow's
4 "What time does our geography class start?"
tou r," the guide told me.
Joan asked me.
5 "You needn't train any more today," the coach
S "When will you sign up for the extracu rricular
told them.
activities?" Heather asked us .
6 "1 may wi n a scholarship," Jason said.
6 "Have you taken a first-aid classr the camp
leader asked them.
7 "Your parents must sign this form, " Mr Ha l~
said to his class.

8 Reporter Francis Fowler intervi ewed a

student after he won the young scientist 8 "Hillary might write a report on illiteracy," said
Phillip.
award. Turn the following into indirect
questions us ing the verbs in brackets.
1 When did you first become interested in
science? (Could you tell me ... ) 10 Turn the following sentences into reported
Could you tell me when you first became interested in speech.
science? 1 ''I'm graduating from college this year," he said.
2 How does it feel to be the winner of the young
He said that he was graduating from (ollege that yeoL
scientist award? (want to know) 2 She said, "S hall we watch the lecture on liner

3 How wi ll your inve nt ion improve people's lives? 3 Don 't use your calculators during the maths
(wonder) test! " The teacher sa id to us .

4 How long did it take you to perfect your

4 "Please help me edit my essay," Melissa said to
invention? (want to know) Jeremy.

S Did you work on the invention on your own? 5 "Where is the student cafeteria?" she asked.
(Could you tell me .. .)

6 "Could you lend me that book?" Kim said to lisa.

6 Who encouraged you to take part in the
competition ? (wonder)
7 "You might be elected class president," she said
to me.
7 What will your next invention be? (Do you know)

122
 Introductory Verb Direct Speech
+ toinf
agree "Yes, I'll give you 0 lift. He agreed to give me 0 Iif1.
demand "Show me some proof!" He demanded fa be shown some proof.
offer lVould you like me to make you some coffeer He offered to make me some coffee.
promise "/'11 come on {ime." He promised to come on rime.
refuse ' No, Iwon't ploy wifh you. ' He refused to play wirh me.
threaten 'Leave or /"11 call rhe police. " He threatened to cal/ the police if I didn't leave.
his
claim '/ saw her break into the house." He claimed to have seen her break into the house.
+sb + toinf
advise "You should get more sleep. " He advised me to get more sleep.
allow "You con stay at your friend~. ' He allowed me to stay at my friend's.
ask ' Pleose, tum off the Tv.' He asked me to turn off the Tv.
beg 'Pleose, please stop making fun of me. ' He begged me to stop making fun of him.
command ' Get out of my officer He commanded me to get out of his office.
encourage "Go ahead, try it. ' ,He encouraged me to try i1.
fo rbid "You mustn'r stay our lore. ' He forbade me to stay out late.
instruct 'Type in your password." He instructed me to type ;n my password.
invite sb lVould you like to go to the beach with us?" He invited me to go to rhe beach with them.
order 'Go to your room!' He ordered me to go fa my room.
permit/allow "You may sir here.' He permitted/allowed me to sit rhere.
remind 'Ocn't forget to lock the door. ' He reminded me to lock the door.
urge "Be careful." He urged me to be careful.
warn 'Ocn't run around the pool. ' He warned me not to run around the pool.
want 'I'd like you to take extra lessons. ' He wonted me to take extra lessons.
+;ng form
accuse sb of "You ruined my jockeW He accused me of ruining/having ruined his jacket.
apologise tor "I'm sorry I was rude." He apologised for being/having been rude.
admit (to) ' Yes, I broke the vase.' He admitted (to) breaking/having broken the vase.
boast about 'I cook better than all of you. ' He boosted about cooking better than all of us.
complain to sb about "You never take my side.' He complained to me about my never taking his side.
deny 'No, I didn't lie. ' He denied lying/having lied.
insist on "You must leave now. ' He insisted on me/my leaving immediately.
ed suggest + -ing form 'Len have some juice.' He suggested having some juice.
~ thatclause
agree "Yes, it is a good solution. " He agreed that it was 0 good solution.
said . boast "I'man excellent driver. " He boasted that he was an excellent driver.
~ear. claim '/ come first in the race. ' : He claimed that he had come first in the race.
=7"
complain "You never do ony chores. ' He complained that I never did any chores.
deny '1 never said that.' He denied that he hod ever said that.
exclaim "In fantastic!" He exclaimed that it was fantastic.
laths explain "It is 0 very easy recipe. ' He explained that ir was a very easy recipe.
inform sb "Your request was rejected. He informed me that my request had been rejected.
promise '1'11 do the shopping." He promised that he would do the shopping.
suggest "You should leave early.' He suggested that I leave early.
id to -
explain to sb + how 'This is how you make an espresso. ' He explained to me how to make on espresso.
- -
wonder where/what/why/ He asked himself, lVhere is Tom?" He wondered where Tom was.
how + clause (when the He asked himself, lVhat is she doing?" He wondered what she was doing.
1. subject of the Introductory verb He asked himself, lVhy are they here?" He wondered why they were there.
is not the same as the subject He asked himself, "How did she do thoc?" He wondered how she had done chat.
lisa. in the reported question)
wonder + whethe r + to-inf He asked himself, 'Should I hire her?" He wondered whether to hire her.
or clause
- -
said wonder where/what/how + He asked himself, 'Where should I go?' He wondered where to go.
toint (when the subject of He asked himself, lVhat can I eat?" He wondered what to eat.
the infinitive is the same as He asked himself, 'How can I fix this?" He wondered how to fix that.
the subject of the verb)
123
 11
i
12-
Reported speech 13 Complete the sentences using the
(Special introductory verbs) appropriate introductory verb. , (

11 Complete the gaps with the ~ppropriate e

introductory verbs from the list below.
1 " How can I expla in this physics problem to
them?" the teacher asked himself.
,
boast demand agreed refuse allow The teacher wondered how he could explain the
physics problem to them.
, T

I
1 "Yes, I'll lend you my lecture notes." he sa id. I
II He agreed to lend me his lecture notes.
2 "I made the best presentation in class," she said.
2 "Yo ur exam results
tomorrow." the head teacher said.
wi ll be announced
I
(
The head teacher ............................................
She ................................. . that she had made
the best presentation in class.
3 "I run the fastest of all my team-mates," Sandy
I
\
(

3 "You can go to Ryan 's party." r

said.
Mum ........................ me to go to Ryan's party. ~
Sandy .......................................... ................ .. E
4 "No, I won't do your science homework!" my
I
brother told me.
4 "Go ahead, sign up for the Duke of Edinburgh's
My brother ......... to do my science homework.
award!" my friend said.
5 "Give me an explanation for why you haven't
My friend ........................................................ . lin k
done your assignment," the teacher told me. sent
The teacher ............................ to be told why I Posi
5 "Don't forget to feed the dog before you go to
hadn't done my assignment. and.
school," Mum sa id .
w hc
12 Match the sentences (1-5) to the correct Mum .............................................................. .. tha l
introductory verb (a -e). Then report the She ,-
sentences. 6 " You scratched my DVD!" Tim said to Luke. Neg
Tim ................................................................. neit
CII[] "You need to follow the instructions Neit
carefully," the IT teacher said to us. Con
7 "Yo u shou ld revise more systematically for your
[IIJ "You never clean up after yourselves," said
tests." Mr Lakes said. but,
Martha. eve
Mr Lakes ......................................................... ..
[IIJ " I'd like you to do some more research on
Beth

your projects," Mr Sykes said to the stu dents. Givi

8 " I'm sorry for interrupting the lesson." Sarah said.
sue!
[ID " Please, please give me back my mobile
Sarah ...................... ...... ................................. .. par'
phone," Sandra said to me. Nevl
[ID " Don't forget to hand in your essays this 9 "Don't let Bill bully you!" she said to me . Cau
afternoon," the teacher said to us. as,
She .................................................................. .
so,
a want c complain e beg The:
b explain d remind 10 "I didn't down load music from the Internet. "
Cor
she sai d.
if,
1 The IT teacher explained that we needed to follow the She .......................... ........................ ........... . pro
instructions carefully. (el'
2 ............................ .......... ................. .. .. ............. . 11 "Yes, I took your notebook by mistake." he said . /'//1,
He .............. ................................... ............ .. .. . Pu r
3 ......................................................................... . to,
the
12 "You must let me pay for the damage I've
I WI
4 caused." Harry sa id .
He .................................................................
Elf
SUI
5 ........................................................................ . lor
It SI
124
Clauses of time Time
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, before, until/till,
Clauses of time are introduced by' after, as, as long as, after, since, etc. /'II/eave when I'm ready.
as soon as, before, by the time (= before, not later than),
every time, immediately, just os, once, the moment (that' , Place
unt;lItill (= up to the time when), when, while, etc. where, wherever
They waited for three hOUfS before the bus finally arrived. I'd like to live in a place where in quiet and remote.
When the verb of the main clause is in a present or Exception
future form, the verb of the time clause is In the present except (for), apart from
form. When the verb of the main clause is in a past Everyone attended the meeting, apart from Dennis.
form, the verb of the time clause IS in a past form . We
don't use will/would in a clause of time. Relatives
who, whom, whose, which, what, that
/'11 call you as 500n as I gel home. (NOT: "s SQQrl OS I will get)
When the time clause precedes the main clause, a The woman over there is the one who lives acroH the streer.
comma is used. When the time clause follows, no comma listing Points/Events
is used. To begin: initially, first , at first , firstly , to start/begin
When you see him, tell him to call me, with , first of all , etc. - First, heat the oil.
BUT To continue: secondly, after this/that, second , afterwards,
Tell him to call me when you see him. then, next, ete.
Then, pour the ingredients into the hot oil.
Linking Words To conctude: finally , lastly, in the end , at last, eventually,
ete. - Finally, serve the food.
linking words show the logical relationship between
sentences or parts of a sentence Summarising
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the whole,
Positive Addition all in all, altogether, in short, etc.
and, both ... and, too, besides (this/that). moreover,
All in 0/1, Ienjoyed the film, although I found the plot hard co follow.
what is more, in addition (to), also, as well (as this/
that), furthermore, etc.
She is both creative and imaginative.
Clauses of Time
Negative Addition
neither ... nor, nor, neither, either Underline the correct item.
Neither Mum nor Dad can use a computer,
1 Once/While we' ve saved some money, we can
Contrast
but, although, in spite of, despite, wh ile, whe reas, go on holiday to Spain .
even though, on the other hand, however, yet, still, et(. 2 We'll throw him a party as/after he graduates,
Befh is hardworking, but not very sociable. 3 I made sure I'd turned off my computer after/
Giving Examples before I went to work.
such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, in 4 Wait until / when the language program
particular, ete. - I like all lames Bond films, especially 'Never Say
Never Again'. downloads and then you can install it.
5 Whenever/ As Tara is in town, she meets up
Cause/Reason
as, because, because of, since, for this reason, due to, with her friends .
so, as a result (of), ete.
They were late because their car broke down. 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
Condition form .
if, whether, only if, in case (of), provided (that),
providing (that), unless, as/so long as, otherwise, or 1 We will inform you as soon as we make
(else), on condition (that), ete. (make) the reservation .
I'll lend you my car provided you drive carefully. 2 Whenever Tina .... .. (not/approve)
Purpose of something, she raises her eyebrows.
to, so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order
3 ............ ....... ........ .... . (you/send) me a message
that, ete.
as soon as your rehearsal is over?
I went fa bed early so that I wouldn't be tired during the exam.
4 Do you wrinkle your nose when you ....
Effect/Result
........ .. .. ............ .. .... ........ (not/l ike) something?
such/so ... that, so, consequently, as a result, therefore,
for this reason, ete. 5 We had dinner after the girls ......................... ..
It snowed all day, therefore we didn't go out of the house. (get) home.
125
 3 Pu t the ve rbs in brackets into the correct linking Words
tense. 5 Choose the co rrect item.
1 A: What did you do yesterday afternoon? 1 Gerald took his father 's car in spite/despitel
B: Nothing special. I had to take care of my although his fath er had told him not to.
sister until my parents came (come) home. 2 Flamenco dancing keeps you fit . Furthermore}
2 A: How do you think Petra looks now that she 's Although/Fo r instance, it's a great way to
had a facelift? socialise.
B: Nice, bu t I think she looked beautiful before 3 George has shaved his head, while/sincel
Pr
she ........ ......... ............. (have) su rgery too. besides Fred has grown a beard .
3 A: As soon as that new girl ............................ . 4 Could you call me until/as soon as/while you Pr
...... .... . (arrive) she started making troubl e! Cc
arrive at the hotel?
B: I know. She's so agg ressive! 5 Drama queens exaggerate everything that Pa
4 A: How did you manage to lose so much happens to them . For example/Because of/Due
weight? Pa
to, they may get the flu and act as if they had
B: I went on diet when my doctor .................. . severe pneumonia. Pr,
................. ........ ........ (tell) me I had a bac k Sil
6 My brother is a know-it-all. Whenever/Whereas!
problem last May. Where a problem comes up, he insists that h ~ Pa
5 A: Diane looked exhausted! solution is the best.
8: Yes, she fell asleep the moment she Si,
... ................................................ (lie) down.
No
6 A: Do you drive to your dance class? 6 Replace the words in bold with appropriate
B: No, I always walk, especially when the synonyms from the list.
weather ......... ...... ........... ........... (be) fine .
while as in orde r to apart from
at last . only if at first. all in all
Le
1 Initially, local companies funded the dance
Underline the appropriate time conjunctions (n
4 academy.

and put the verbs in brackets into the At first, local companies funded the dance academy.
correct form . 2 She was running because she was late for her
1 Fiona woke up until /the moment the alarm job interview.
clock went off (go off).
2 The first time/Every time I met he r, I ............. . 3 Finally, after being stuck in traffic for 2 hours,
.. ............. (realise) she was a big drama queen . they arrived home!
3 It's important that you see your supervisor as
soon as/since you .......................................... .. 4 On the whole , the play was a success.
(come) to the lab tomorrow.
4 I have to finish this aSSignment before/when 5 Sally likes to read , whereas Brett doesn 't.
my class . ................ .. .. ............... (start).
5 Don't worry about your computer; I'm sure the 6 He sent the company a letter so as to complain
technician ........................................ (fix) about the faulty MP3 player.
it as/ by the end of the week.
6 As/Once she ... .................................. .. 7 Everyone volunteered for the food drive except
(walk) down the st reet, she met her old bal tet for Helen, who was ill.
teacher.
8 I'll do the extra work provided yo u help me.

126
 Causative form
We use hove + object + past parti ciple to say that we
have arranged for someone to do something for us. Mr Infinitive
espite/ Benson hod his house pointed. (He didn't paint it himself.) He can't be late.
Questions and negations in the causative are formed Present He musr be working
with do/does (present simple) or did (past simple) + have co ntinuous late.
rmorel + object + past participle . I'm certain she won't be She can'/ be working
Nay to When did you have your hair cut? Infiniti ve
working tomorrow. tomorrow.
ACTIVE CAUSATIVE I'm sure she didn't study Perfect She can't have studied
!/since/ He has hIs room hard. Infinitive Ihard.
Present Simple He paints his room. I'm sure he has studied I He musr have studied
painted.
Present He is painting his He is having his hard 'hard
ile yo u I'm certain lohn hadn't john can't have
Continuous 'room. room painted.
He hod his room studied hard. studied hard.
9 that
of/ Due
Past Simple iHe painted his room.
pointed.
IHe was painting h,s 'He was haCCv";n"g-Ch";l-j
II'm certain she was
sleeping.
Perfect She must have been
continuous sleeping.
i
Past Continuous I'm sure she hasn't been She can't have been
ley had room. 'room painted. Infinitive
~
Present Perfect He has painted his He has h ;cQ"d"'h::;l-c,Q"Q"m:-11 working hard lately. working hard lately.
Simple room. painted. I ~'m sure lane had been lane must have been
hereasl Ihiding. hiding.
He had painted his He had had his room
that his Past Perfect
room. painted.
He will pain t his He will hove his'
Simple Future Causative
'fOom. room painted.
Note: We also use the causative form to say that Rewrite th e sentence s using the causative .
Ipriate someth ing unpleasant or unexpected happened to
7
somebody. Steven had his laptop stolen last week. 1 Mrs Holmes is making their costumes .
We can use get instead of have only in informal They Ofe having their costumes made by Mrs Ho/mes.
conversation. You should get those jeans shortened.
2 When wi ll the hairdresser dye Ann 's hair?
When .............. ........ ..... ................ 7
Logical Assumptions/Deductions
dance 3 Would you like somebody to pi erce your ears?
(must, may/might, can't)
Would ....................... ......... ............................ ?
Must = almost certain that this is/was true This diamond
ldemy. ring must be very expensive. lim isn't home; he must have left 4 Barbara 's dentist checked her teeth yesterday.
for her fOf football practice. (I'm sure/certain that sth is true.) Barbara .............................................. .
May/Might/Could = possible that this is/was true 5 Andrea has asked the receptionist to reschedule
I have the day off lOmoffOw, so I might visit some friends.
her appointment.
He may have sent the invitation to the wrong address; you'd
hours, Andrea ......................................................... .
bertercheck. (It is possible.llt is likely.lPerhaps.)
Can't/Couldn't = almost certain that this is/was 6 A plastiC surgeon had al ready fixed Janet's nose
impossible This can't be loe~ car; he sold his a month ago. She before her photo shoot.
couldn't have made this delicious coke; she's hopeless at
baking. (I'm sure that sth isn't true, real, etc.)
8 Something bad happened t o each of these
people . Make sentences saying w hat
nplain happened to them . Use the causative.

1 Sa rry (his arm/ burnt) in the fire.

Barry had his arm burn t in the fire.
xcept 2 Jo (leg/ break) in an accident.

3 Th e hairdresser (her salon/ burgle) last night.

4 Ed ward (his car stereo/stea l) last week.

127
 9 Complete the exchanges with the causative 11 Write the sentences in the causative. C
form of the verbs in brackets. m
1 The dietician is wri ting out a diet plan for Sue.
1 A: Your hair's a lovely colour! Sue is having a diet plan written out.
B: Thanks. I had it dyed (it/dye) by my hai rd resser 2 Ms Smith asked her assistant to make reservations cr.
yesterday. so,
for dinner. WE
2 A: .................................. (your eyes/test) yet?
B: Yes, I went to the eye special ist yesterday. 3 Will she ask someone to manicure her nails?
3 A: When wi ll we see the photos from the
performance? 4 Harry had not asked the hotel to reserve

B: John ................. ....................... .... .............. . doubl e room .
(the photos/develop) thi s week.
4 A: Has the new fashion catalogue been posted S Ben's telephone service was disconnected becauSE
yet? he hadn't paid his bill.

B: Yes. We .................... (it/deliver) last week.
S A: Do you wash your car by you rself? 6 A beauty therapist was applying cream on Tina's
B: No, I ....... .... ............... .. ................ (it/clean) face .
Not
every fortnight. ..................................................... ......... 1
6 A: Did you paint yo ur nails today?
B: No, I ............. .............. .. ........ (them/paint)
yesterday.
LogicalassUml)ti,ons/clecluc:tic)ns l
12 Rewrite the sentences using
,
j
must, can't or may.
1 0 Read the situations, then write sentences i
using the causative form .
1 A dressmaker will take in Pa mela's dress this
1 I'm sure she is a model.
She must be a model. , )

7
2 I'm sure she isn't applying We,
week. What will she do? her own make-up. h
She will hove her dress taken in. S~ ..... ......... .... .. . ........................... .. ....... ..... . h
2 The manager has asked a psychologist to Note
3 Perhaps a make up artist is doing her make-up.
interview the applicants. What has he done? A make up artist ............. ................ .. ... ......... . P
T.
4 I'm sure she did n't style her own hair. 9
3 Ken had someone draw a sketch of his dog. S~ .......... ..................................... ........ . Q

What did he do ? H

4 Nichole 's jewellery was stolen yesterday. What
13 Complete the sentences using must or "/'/

happe ned to her? 1 I'm sure she's talking about me behind my "
5/
She must be talking about me behind my back. Note:
5 A professional will tra in the Harrisons' dog. 2 I'm certa in Mike lied about the accident. daus
Mike ........... ... .......... ...................... ....... . Cl
What will they do? rh
3 I'm sure Fiona hasn't had a facelift. HE
6 A beauty therapist was plucking Helen 's Fiona ......................... .. . . ..... . p.
eyebrows at 2:00. What was she doing? 4 I'm sure Shelly didn't get her nose pierced. Cl
/n
Sally ................................. ............................ .
S I'm certain she made up an excuse. Claus,
7 A loca l designer made Mary a stun ning outfit.
tenses
What did she do ? S~ ...... ................ ............ ...... ..................... ..
/'/1 tu"
6 I'm su re Fred has stopped bullying his cllasSl~at'e>J I took I

8 The manager will ask someone to renovate the Fred ............. ......................... .... ..................... .
concert hall. What wi ll he do? 7 I'm certain Clare has been looking for a new
Claire ..................... .................. ..................... .
128
 Clauses (purpose/result/reason/ IClauses of Result
manner) Clauses of result are used to express result. They are
IClauses of Purpose introduced With the follOWing words/phrases:
as 0 result/therefore!consequently/os 0 consequence
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does He was ill. As 0 resultlTherefore/Consequentfy/As 0
something consequence, he didn't go to work.
We can express positive purpose using: such a/on + adjective. singular cou ntable noun ... that
to + infinitive He's studying to be anarchilect He's such 0 rude person that nobody likes him.
in orduto/so as to + infinitive (formal) such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun .. , that
She left early so os to (be) on rime. They lived in such terrible conditions that the local
so that/in order that + con/will (present/future reference) community decided to build them 0 house.
a I'll write down my PIN so that/in order that I will remember it We were having such bad weather that we decided to
atoll rimes. postpone the picnic.
so that/in order that + could/would (past reference) such a lot of. pl ural/u ncountable nou n ,.. that
I drove my car fa work so that/in order that I (ould be on rime There were such a lot of people at the restaurant that we
for the meeting. couldn't gel a roble. There was such a lot of snow that he
in cose + present tense (present/future reference) couldn't move his car.
Take some cash with you in case you need it so. adjective/adverb .. , that
" in cose + past tense (past reference) The book was so boring that I couldn't keep my eyes open, She
She rook on umbrella in case it rained. sings so beautifully that I listen to her for hours.
Note: in cose is never used With will or would. so + adjective. a(n} noun ... that
/'11 pock some juice for the picnic, in case we are thirsty It was so bad 0 day that we stoyed in.
later. (NOT: ... we .....w se) so much/little + uncounta ble noun ... that
for noun (expresses the purpose of an actIOn) He spends so little time studying that he'll foil his exams.
rve bought 0 new camera for photography class. He hod so much luggage that he couldn't carry it.
far. -ing form (expresses the purpose of something or so manylfew. plural noun ... that
its function ) There ore so many applicants for the job that I don't think 1'1/
This cream is used far polishing silver. get the job.
with a view to -ing form There ore so few tickets left that we'll be lucky (0 find any.
They started saving up with a view to buying a cor.
We can express negative purpose using . [Qauses of Reason
in order not to/so os not to. infinitive
He asked for 0 ride in order not to/so os not to be late. Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for
Note: We never use not to to express negative purpose. something. They are introduced with the following words!
prevent. noun/pronoun (. from) ring form expressions: because, as/since. the reason for/why, because
They put up notices to prevent people (from) walking on the of/on account of/due to, now (that} , for , ete.
gross. because I didn't invite him because Jdon't like him.
ovoid. -ing form as/since (= because) We can't visit Srello as/since she~ away
He bought a GPS to ovoid getting lost. on holiday.
so that . can't/won't (present/future reference) the reason for. noun /ring form
I'll call her so that she won't feel lonely. The reason for his deloylfor his being late was rhe stormy
so that . couldn't/wouldn't (past reference) weather.
ok. She rook a taxi so that she wouldn't be late for the meeting. the reason why + clause The accident on the motorway was
Notes: Clauses of Purpose should not be confused with the reason why he was lore.
clauses of result because of/on account of/due to. noun Some power line'>
,. Clauses of Purpose are introduced With so that/in order
that .
fell down because of/on account of/due to strong winds.
because of/on account of/due to the fact that. clause
He studied hard so that he would pass rhe exam. (this shows They couldn't concentrate because of/on account of/due to
purpose) the fact that there was a lor of noi,>e.
Cla uses of Result are introduced with so/such ... that now (that) clause Now (that) we hove graduared, we can
It was such nice day that we decided to have a picnic. get ajob.
for (= because) (formal written style) A clause of reason
Clauses of Purpose follow the rule of the sequence of introduced with for always comes after the main clause.
tenses the same way that Time Clauses do. She was very quiet all day, for she had a lot on her mind.
/'11 turn the lights on so that Icon see clearer.
es. / took ajacket with me so that I wouldn't get cold.

lb.

129
 IClauses of Manner 15 Re write the se ntences using the words in
Clauses of manner are introduced with os, how, os if/os brackets.
though, (in) the way (that), (in) the some way (os) and are
1
used to express the way in which something is done/said, 1 The Maor; tribe performed their dance with the
etc. purpose of welcoming their visitors. (in order
We use os if/os though after the verbs act, appear, be, to)
behove, feel, look , seem, smel/, sound, taste to say how
somebody or something looks, behaves, etc The Maor; tribe performed their dance in order to
The air is humid. It feels os if/os though it's going to rain. welcome their visitors.
We also use os if/os though with other verbs to say how 2 They got tattoos on their bodies in the hope of
somebody does something . looking more ferocious. (so as to)
She sounds os if/os though she's really hurt by what you said.
We use as if/os though + past tense although we refer
to the present when we are talk ing about an unreal 5
present situation Were can be used instead of was in all 3 He went to New Zealand because he wanted to
persons. learn more about the country's culture. (50 that) 6
He acts as if/os though he knew everything. (but he doesn't)
He behoves os if/os though he were 0 child. (but he isn't)
We can also use os in clauses of manner to mean 'in 7
the way that' . 4 They use their dance move ments as a way of
Try to do it os I've showed you. frightening others. (to) 8
Note: We can use like instead of os if/os though in spoken
English.
You look like you need a holiday. (informal spoken
English) 5 Ants use their antennae to communicate with
other ants. (so that)
a
Clauses of Purpose
1
14 Choose the correct item. 16 Underline the correct item.
1 She met up with me to/so that tell me all the
latest gossip. Nileen was not a happy person as she wasn't 2
2 I didn't argue wi th the know-it-all so as/so that pleased with the way she looked. She went to a
he would get bored and go away. cosmetic su rgeon 1) so that/to he would make
3 She acts like a drama queen in order to/so that her look like the person she wanted to be. Fi rst. 3
attract attention. she had her nose fixed 2) in order to/so make it
4 Ignore her so that/so as she wi ll stop talking smalle r and straighter. Then.
about herself. she had a facelift 3) so a5 4
5 He did what she wanted 50 that/so as not to not to/ because of look
make her even angrier. her age. Finally, she had
6 Take a book with you on the tra in in case/50 her eyebrows lifted 5
that you get bored. ~ 4) for/ in orde r to
7 He wa lked away from her in order/so that not '<I make her eyes look
to gossip. ..,,; larger. In ail. Nileen 6
S They do the Haka dance so as to/so that scare had S3 cosmetic
off their enemies. surgeries and why?
9 They have put up signs to avoid/prevent people 5) To/ 50 that look like 7
from entering the building. Queen Nefertiti, the
10 An espresso maker is used for lto making Egyptian ruler!
Ital ian-style coffee.

130
 Clauses of Result dauses of Reason
17 Fill in: 50, such. such a/an . 19 Underline the correct item.
the There was such noise in the room t hat I decided 1 I don't like him as/due to he's always lying.
der to leave. 2 He asked for directions for/because he was
2 It was ....................... terrible gossip that I told lost.
r to her to stop talking. 3 Due to/ Since the many complaints the compa ny
3 He acts ......................................... aggressively withdrew the faulty product from the market.
:! of that I can't stand to be around him . 4 No one knows the reason for/the reason why
4 She is ..... ............................. ........ ..... ambitious people scratch their head when they are confused .
person that she'd do anything to su cceed . 5 He was fired from his job on account of/
He had .. ............................... .... curious tattoo because his irresponsible behaviour.
d to on his arm that many people stared at it. 6 The psychologist asked her the question again
hat) , The cosmetic surgery was .................. difficult because/for he knew she wasn't telling the truth .
that it took three hours to complete. 7 Since/For so many people tell lies, you have to
She is ............................ bully that none of the be very careful.
of children will play with her. 8 On account of/Now that he has apologised to
B She had ........................... few worries that she me, we're friends again.
spent most of her time enjoying herself. 9 The electricity was cut off because of/since the
lightning storm.
10 She blushed, due to/ for she was telling a lie.
the sentences using the words in
brackets. 20 Fill in: on account of, os, for, the reason why. the
She is a drama queen. She cries when she stubs reason for, because of, because, now that, since
her toe. (such) or due to . Sometimes more than one answer
She ;s such 0 drama queen that she cries when she is possible
stubs her toe. 1 She didn't have any friends on account of/due to
2 They had an argument. They stopped speaking the fact that she was a terrible gOSSip.
to each other. (as a result) 2 .............................. his being happy is that
he has solved her problem.
3 There was a lot to do. I became completely 3 They aren't inviting him to the party ......
disorganised. (such a) ........................... he bullies the other children .
4 .................................... I don't trust you is that
4 There aren 't many people who like her. She'll be you have lied to me many times.
lucky to be invited to the party. (so few) S ............................................ we' re all here. the
psychologist wi ll begin the test.
S He kept throwing loud parties. He was asked to 6 He won 't believe her .......... .... .... ................ she
vacate the flat. (consequently) never tells the truth .
7 I had to drop out of the study ......................... .
6 She wore a lot of make-up. I could n't see her an illness.
face! (so much) 8 .............. it was getting cold. (lark turned
on the heating.
7 There were many people waiting in the queue. 9 He decided to stay home .... ............ ......... the
decided to leave. (so many) fact that he was ill.
10 You'd better tell her the truth,
she 'll never trust you again.

131
 21 Combine the sentences usi ng 23 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense . InVE
the words in brackets. Imod,
1 She ta lks so much that it feels as if my ears are going to fall off!
1 She is a snob. We don't like her. (as) (fall off) We us
We don't like her as she is a snob. 2 He stared at Nileen as though he .... ...................................... 0 In
2 Pamela visited a psycholog ist. She (never/see) a woman who had had cosmetic surgery before. Ca
0 aft
had a big problem . (due to) 3 You look wonderful! It looks as if you ............... .. co
(have) a facelift. Se
3 I can 't tell you my secret. , don't 4 Look at her face. It's as if it .................................. (be made) Ra
lit
trust you. (since) of plastic, but it isn't, of course!
Ba
5 She sat in the corner of the room. She looked as if she ..... No
4 She wa nts to know why we .................................... (be) lonely. Ne
arg ued. She's a nosy parker. (the 6 What's the matter? You look as if you ..... ............................. No
(cry). On
reason why)
On
7 I find that hard to believe. It sounds as if you ...................... ..
5 There were so many dolphins that (not/ tell) the truth .
Ne
needed help. She made dolphins S Melissa isn't very smart, but she acts as if she ....................... No
her life's work. (due to the fact) (be) a genius! ma
9 Kevin had a big problem. He looked as if he .......................... Sel
BU
6 There was a flock of sheep blocking (not/s leep) for severa l weeks.
Thi.
the road . I couldn 't get through. 10 He acted as if he ................................ (meet) a lot of famou\ bec
(because of) people, though I know for a fact that he hasn 't. of '
11 Grant behaves as if he ...................................... (be) the bosl Note:
7 The plane didn't take off. There here, but he's not.
was a mechanical problem.
(because of)
24 Circle the correct word .
wit
8 The party is over. Now I'm going 1 She had cosmetic surgery ..... look like the famous Egyptiar ' lie
to clea n up. (now that) Queen Nefertiti. affi
so as to B in order that C so that Sh,
he<
Clauses of Manner 2 She loves all creatures . ..... , she has made helping them he "N,
ne!
22 Fill in: as if/though , as, the same life's work.
"I d
way as or the woy (that). A As the result B As the consequence
wit
C As a consequence of
1 Nelly felt as if/ though she could Ty~
swim for kilom etres. 3 Th ere are ..... people who can stand her bossiness that she '.
2 We simply love ........................ .. never invited anywhere. TYr
you've devoted your life to helping A so few B so many C so little TYr
dolphins. 4 I don't like having a conversation with her ..... I can never ge'
3 They danced in .......................... .. Imain
a word in edgeways!
Maoris had danced hundreds of It is us
A because of 8 due to C as
yea rs ago. aft
5 I went to New Zealand ..... studying the ways of the Maoris. wh
4 I feel ............................ I've been
( with a view to Ins
tricked! A in case B in order to
On
5 Don't lie to me, just do ........... .. . 6 She knows dolphins ..... well that she can write books about H"
you 're told and go to your room. Th,
them .
6 He acted ............................ he A such B so ( so much
were better than the rest of us.
132

..
Inversion If the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion .
Here he is. (NOT: ~fi is h@,)
Imodal/auxiliary verb + subject + ma in verb Off you go. (NOT: 0((90 ~IJ,)
in direct speech when the subject of the introductory
We use inversion :
verb is a noun.
in questions.
"'love comedies,' said Jenny.
Can you come to the meeting?
(or ... JennY50id. )
after the fonowing words or expressions, when they
'Open your notebooks, ' said the teacher.
come at the beginning of a sentence
(or ... the teacher soid.)
Seldom Only in this way
BUT What can I do for your she asked.
Rarely Only then
(NOT: fHhd '~I!, be<ause the subject of the introductory
little Hard ly (ever) when
verb is a pronoun.)
Barely No sooner ... than
Nowhere (else) Not only ... but (also)
Never (before) Not until
Not (even) once In no way Inversion
On no account In/Under no circumstances
Only by SoISuch 25 Fill in the gaps, as in the example.
Not since, etc
1 I am having my hair cut tomorrow.
Never (before) hove I watched such an imeresting film.
Not only did I write the report but I (also) sent it to the So am I. My fringe's getting very long.
manager. 2 I didn't go shopping last week.
Seldom does this restaurant get so crowded. Nor ................. I. I didn 't have any money to
BUT spare.
This reHourom seldom gets 50 crowded. (There is no inversion
because the word seldom does not come at the beginning 3 I've got some great news!
of the sentence.) So ................ I. I've been accepted at university.
Note: When the expressions only after, only by, only if, only 4 I have never won an award.
when, not until/till come at the beginning of a Neither ................. I. It's a little disappointing.
sentence, the inversion is in the main clause. 5 I'd like to help out at the homeless shelter this
Only after ' waved to him did he speak fa me.
week.
Only if you speak English will he understand you.
So ........... ...... I. Could we go together?
with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.
"I love fresh fruits. ' NSO do I." 0Ne use 'so' to agree with an 6 We'll be visiting the Natural History Museum
affirmative statement .) this week.
She was an excellent singer, os was her mother/ond so was So ................. we. We're going on a field trip
hermather. for our science lesson.
-Neither/Nor'" (We use Mneither/norM to agree with a
negative statement.)
7 I don 't have a dance class tonight.
./ don'tspeak Spanish well. '"Neither/Nor do I.- Nor ................. I. Our dance instructor is ill.
With should, were , hod when they come at the beginning S I'm not friends with Kylie anymore.
of an if-clause instead of 'if' . Neither ................. we. She's a bit of a snob.
Type 1: Should he cal/, tell him to come here. (= If he should
call ... ) 9 I liked that documentary on reviving dinosaurs.
Type 2: Were/you, I would go to the doctor. (= If I were you ... ) So ................. I. It was very interesting.
Type 3: Had I been invited, I would hove gone to the wedding 10 I'll send Kate a message.
reception. (= If I had been invited ... ) So ................. I. I hope she can come to my
Imain verb + 5ubject party this weekend.
It is used in the following cases'
11 I need to see a dentist.
after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place So ......... ........ George. He had a bad toothache
when they come at the beginning of a sentence. yesterday.
Inside the house ran the little boy. 12 I wasn't expecting to see you here.
On the sofa slept the cat.
Here comes the bride.
Neither ........ ........ I. I'm so glad you came,
There goes the lost bus. though .

133
26 Rewrite the sentences. beginning with the 28 Rewrite the sentences using the word s/
words/phrases in bold. ph rases given .
1 The snow came down . 1 I have seldom seen such a stunning performance
Down came the snow. Seldom have Iseen such a stunning performance.
2 My school is opposite my house. 2 She had no sooner left the house than she
realised that she'd left her notes at home.
3 The dancers came onto the stage. No sooner ..................................................... .
3 We not on ly saw a bottle nose dolphin, but we
4 The Shaolin monk cl imbed up the wall. also got to swim with one.
Not only .......................................... .
5 The dol phi n jumped through the hoop. 4 I have never heard such a frighten ing sto~
before.
6 The bee flew from one flower to another. Never ....... ........................................ ...... .
5 We realised only then that the house Wa!
7 The town crier would walk down the street. haunted.
Onl y then ................................ ...................... .
8 The robbers ran out of the bank. 6 There have seldom been so many homeless r
this ci ty.
9 The balloon flew away. Seldom ...................... ................................ ..
7 Harry has not once donated to charity.
10 Your chance to let her know how you feel is now. Not once .........................................................
8 Yo u shou ld not enter the laboratory under an
circumstances.
27 Fay Davis is an animal trainer. She is talking Under no circumstances .. ................ ... ........... .
to trainee students about training dolphin s.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 9 I understood what the lectu re was about on~
form . after I had listened to it several times.
------./'~--~/'-.
The most part of dol phi n training is to Only after ........... .... .... .....................................
establish trust between the ani mal and the trainer.
Here are a few important things to remem ber: 10 Jane didn 't know that she had won the fi
Dolphins should be taught to look above the water prize.
at a trainer. Only in this way 1) can we teach little .............................................................. .
(we/can/teach) them to respond to certain sounds 11 I haven't been to the theatre since last month.
or hand signals. Not until they've been trained for Not since ........................................................
months 2) ......................................... (they/will/be 12 If I had known about Anna's graduation,
able) to perform tricks. Under no circumstances would have gone.
3) .......................... (you/must/be) aggressive with Had ................................................................
the dolphins. Never 4) ... ... ............... ... (we/punish) 13 We haven't seen such natural beauty anywhert
the animals; instead we give them treats when else.
they perform well. As you have al ready seen, not Nowhere ......................... ................................ .
only 5) ................. ... ..... (dolphin training /require) 14 If I were you, I'd apply to lots of universities.
patience but determination as well. M~ ........................................ ..................... .
15 He had barely entered his house when the
ea rth started shaking violen tly.
Barely .............. . .............. .
 Com pl ete the se cond se nte nce so that it has a simil ar mea ning to th e first se ntence, usin g the
word in bo ld. Use two to five wo rds.

ICe. 1 Carol found it difficult at first to drive on the 13 Tanya was released from the hospital yeste rda y.
right hand side of the road . LET Tanya was ..................................... .
she USED It took Ca rol a while . ............... .. .................. the hospital yesterday.
................................ . on the right 14 It wo uld be a good idea not to make the dog
hand side of the road. angry.
we 2 The film society has given Carol Berkley an award BETIER You ....................... ............ ............ .
for her work . .. ............................. the dog angry.
PRESENTED Carol Berkley ............ ....... ... .......... . 15 Amy doesn't fancy going out for pizza tonight.
tory ....................................... an award PREFER Amy wo uld ................................... .
for her work by the film society. .................... out for pi zza tonight.
3 I don 't th ink he 'll manage to get that promotion 16 'Whose camera is th is?' she demanded angrily.
was he wa nts. ro Who ................. ................. .
SUCCEED I'm not sure he'll .... ...................... . ................ ?' she demanded angrily.
........ that promotion he wants . 17 I di slike the way you treat the staff.
is in 4 You wai ted too long to get the concert tickets, APPROVE I ................................................... .
which is why we don 't have them now. .. ..... the way you treat the staff.
HAD If you ........................................... .. 18 It 's a pity Daisy lost my fa vourite book .
............................. long, we would HAD If ........................................... .
have the concert tickets now. ................. lost my favourite book.
any S Fran k prefers reading books to watching TV. 19 Your book report should describe the plot very
RATHER Frank ............................................ . well.
.................. watch TV. FULL Your book report should .............. .
6 The trip was cancelled because of bad weather. .................................... oftheplot.
only CALLED The trip was ................................ .. 20 They say he bakes the best cakes in Lancashire.
............................. to bad weather. SAID He .............................. .
7 Sally doesn't in tend to leave her job. .. ....... the best cakes in Lancashire.
INTENTION Sally has ........... ......................... 21 Her doctor advised her to get more exercise .
first .......................... .............. herjob. WERE 'If I ........................................ ........ .
8 This is the best match I've ever seen. .. ...................... get more exercise:
l. ... BETIER I've ................... ............................ . advised her doctor.
,th. ........................... match than that. 22 Please don't put your feet on the table .
9 'What are you doing for Easter, John?' asked Usa. MIND Would ............................... .
In , I KNOW Usa .............................................. .. .................. your feet on the table.
... what John was do ing for Easter. 23 This spring 's fashions have not changed since last
10 I arranged for a cou rier to deliver you r books year.
there today. SAME This spring's fashions .................... .
HAVI NG I'm ...................................... .......... ................................ .. ... last year's.
............................. a courier today. 24 She left university before graduating .
11 It's been three years since I last saw Sea. DROPPED She .......................... ..................... .
SEEN I ............................................ . ..... ...................... university before
the ................. .................. three years. graduating.
12 It was wrong of Mr Fearne to shout at yo u like 25 The manager believes the team can win the cup.
that. CAPABLE The manager believes the team ....
SHOULD Mr Fearne ..................................... . .. ....................................... the cup .
............................. at you like that.
135
 26 The number of unemployed has increased steadily 39 It isn't very sensible to allow the children to stay 1
in the past few years. up so late 1
RISE There has been ............................ . SHOULD We ............... .................... ..
............................... the number of ...... the children to stay up so late . 2
unemployed in the past few years. 40 Louise booked her ticket online to make sure she
27 Peter won't win the race because he is slow. got a good seat.
TOO Peter ........................................... .. ORDER Louise booked her ticket online .... 3
..................... .................. the race. .. ............................... a good seat.
28 Becky isn't friends with Stacy anymore. 41 My grandfa t her likes to go for a walk every 4
LONGER Becky ...................................... . morn ing .
........................ ............. with Stacy. HABIT My grandfather is .............. . 5
29 That's the most gorgeous dress I've ever seen. .. ........... for a wa lk every morning.
NEVER I've ............................................. .. 42 Nobody, apart from Chris, had remembered to 6
............. gorgeous dress than t hat. bring a map for the journey.
30 Pamela said that she was sorry that she had hurt ONE Chris was ..................................... .. 7
Bill's feelings. .. ... to bring a map for the journey.
APOLOGISED Pamela ........................ ................ . 43 Paula isn't trying to pass her exams at all. B
................................ Bill's feelings. EFFORT Paula ............................................ .
31 The price of the holiday includes three meals a day. ............................. pass her exams. 9
ARE Three meals a day ................... . 44 It's too dark to read in here .
................ the price of the holiday. LIGHT There's .................... ...................... .
32 You should jump at the opportunity to go to .............................. to read in here.
Rome . 45 I don't want to go into the town centre today.
2
ADVANTAGE You should ..... ............................ .. FEEl I don 't .......................................... ..
1
............... .. the opportunity .. ........ into the town centre today.
to go to Rome. 2
46 " I know you've taken cash from the till, Lola,"
33 This bag is the same as that one. said Mr Reilly.
DIFFERENCE There ........................................ . ACCUSED Mr Rei lly ................ .................... .. ..
............................... the two bags. .. ........................ cash from the till.
3
34 Peter went to the cricket game rather than the 47 It's been more than five years since I last saw
cinema . James.
INSTEAD Peter went to the cricket game ..... SEEN I ............................... .................... .
4
.................................... the cinema. ..................... more than five years .
35 listening to very loud music caused him to go 48 John had never visited an art gallery before.
deaf. 5
TIME ft ....................... ........................... .
RESULT He went deaf .............................. .. ...... John had visited an art gallery.
....... listening to very loud music. 49 Even though Tom can't speak Greek, he is very 6
36 Tony wants you to give him a call this afternoon. interested in Greek culture.
TOUCH Tony wants you to ...................... .. UNABLE Despite ...... .................................. .
....................... him this afternoon. .. .......................... Greek, Tom
7
37 We haven't been out to dinner in a long time. is very interested in Greek culture.
AGES It's ................................................ . 50 The band decided not to play at the concert at
................................ out to dinner. the last moment .
8
38 Ben hasn't been successful as a lawyer. BACKED The band ...................................... .

I
, 136
NO Ben ............................................... .
.... ................................ as a lawyer.
................................ the concert at
the last moment.
9
1 Choose th e correct particle. 3 Choose the correct particle .

Why don't yo u drop by /out for a 1 Ed picked out/up the newspaper and read it.
coffee this morning? 2 Most of the neighbo urhood joined up/in the search for the
2 These days computer skills are missing boy.
necessary to get ahead/a cross in 3 Th e bodyguard kept the screaming fans away/ on from the
most jobs. film star.
3 Kelly did up/over her living room 4 Jack's parents felt let out/down when he lied about his
w ith ant ique furniture . grades.
4 George never backs over/down S Mark is a bully and picks on /out younger chi ldren.
from a fight. 6 Mary loves to spend her weekends hanging on /out with her
S I' ll be there to back you up/away friends.
if you need any help. 7 I was let out/down of the hospital this morning.
6 Sam carried out/on running S Tracy doesn't get ahead/along with her co-workers and often
despite feeling exhausted . causes problems at work.
7 They called back/ off the concert 9 Alex kept on/off trying until he finally fixed his compu ter.
due to rain .
S Once you 've signed the contract,
you can't back up/out of the deal. 4 Fill in the correct particle .
9 Rick didn't like his science project
1 Stacy couldn't pass .. .................. the chance to go shopping .
so he did it up/over again.
2 A bus picks ......................... passengers for the airport every
15 minutes .
2 Fill in the correct particle(s}. 3 She felt dizzy and passed ................... .. .. from the gas fumes.
1 You haven 't handed ............. . 4 Why don 't you stick .. ........... .. ................. for the show later?
your assignment yet. S Tom needs som e time to think the offer ........ .... ................. .
2 Th ey signed ............................ at 6 Mike found the course difficult but stuck .. .......... .... it
the new health club down th e until he passed .
st reet. 7 She wa lks so fast that nobody can keep ................ with her.
3 They were handing .. ................ .. S She picked ............... ....... several dresses she wanted to buy.
programmes as we entered the 9 Please keep ....................................... the pavement until the
theatre . cement dries.
4 Please back ....... ..................... from
the train doors to allow passengers
to exit. 5 Ch oose th e correct particle .
S Th e doctor needs to run some 1 Please fill out /up th is application form.
tests .. ...................... the patient. 2 She is on the other line; could you please hang out/on for a
6 Fred forgot to back ................. . moment?
his files on his computer and lost 3 Sadly, she passed up/away in the hospital last night.
all of them . 4 Lea tried on/out the coat but it was too small.
7 Shelly dropped .......................... . 5 Masked men held up/on the jewellery shop last night.
of the course because she didn 't 6 We need to think over/ up a great theme for the spring dance.
like the teacher. 7 Wo uld yo u like to t ry on /out this laptop to see if you like it?
S He t ried to get his point ............ . 8 Jane filled up/out her car at the petrol station .
........ .. .......... but nobody wou ld 9 John tried out/on for the swim team at school.
listen.
9 The bank robber handed the
money ..... ............ to the police.
137


abide bf{V) advice on/agairiS1[rij- - anxious about 5th (adD ask about/for Iv) (BUT ask sb a
absent from (adj) afraid of (adj) (be) anxious for 5th to happen question)
abstain from (v) agree tolon 5th (y) (adj) assure (sb) o f (v)
accompanied by (adj) agree with sb (v) apologise to sb for 5th {vl astonished at/by (adj)
according to (prep) ahead of (prep) appeal to/against (v) attached to (adj)
account for (v) aim at (v) (make an) appeal to sb for 5th (n) attack on (n)
accuse sb of (v) allergic to (adj) apply in writing (v) attack sb for 5th (v)
A accustomed to (adj) amazed atlby (adj) apply to sb for 5th M attend to (v)
acquainted wi th (adj) amount to (v) approve of (v) available to (adj)
addicted to (adj) amused at/with (adj) argue with sb about 5th (v) (un)aware of (adj)
adequate for (adj) angry at what sb does (adj) arrange for sb to do sth (v)
adjacent to (adj) angry with sb about sth (adj) arrest sb for sth (v)
advantage of (n) (BUT there 's an angry with sb for doing sth (adj) arrive at (a small place) (v)
advantage in - (have) an annoyed with sb about sth (adj) arrive in (a town) (v)
advantage over sb) (in) answer to (n) ashamed of (adj)
bad at (adj) (BUT He was very begin by/with M (put the) blame on sb (n) lmlliant at (adj)
bad to me.) believe in (v) blame sb for 5th (v) bump into (v)
ban sb from sth (v) belong to (v) blame 5th on sb (v) busy with (adj)
B benefit from (v)
base on M boast about/of (v)
basis for (n) bet on (v) bored with/o f (adj)
beg for (v) beware of (v) borrow 5th from sb (v)
call at/on (Phr v) cling to sb/sth (v) compliment sb on (v) contrary t"()"""[a3jf
campaign against/for (v) close to (adj) comply with (v) contrast with (v)
capable of (adj) coax sb into (v) conceal 5th from sb (v) contribute to (v)
care about (v) coincide with (v) concentrate on (v) convert to/in to (v)
care for sb (v) (: like) collaborate with (v) (have) con fidence in sb (n) cope with (v)
care for 5th (v) (:: like to do 5th) collide with (v) confident in (adj) correspond to/with (v)
(take) care of (n) comment on (v) confine to (v) count against/towards (v)
careful about/of/with (adj) communicate with (v) con fused about/by (adj) count on sb (phr v)
care less about/with (adj) compare to (v) (show the likeness confusion o.... er (n) covered in/with (adj)
( cause of (n) between sblsth and sblsth congratulate sb on 5th (v) cover in/with (v)
certain of (adj) else) connection between (n) (BUT in crash intol through (v)
change into (v) compare with (v) (how people connection with) (have) a craving for 5th (n)
characteristic of (n/adj) and things are alike and how connect to/with M crazy about (adj)
charge for (v) they are different) conscious of (adj) crowded with (adj)
charge sb with (v) comparison between (n) consider sb for sth (v) cruel to (adj)
check for (v) compete against/for/with (v) consist of (v) cruelty towards/to (n)
choice between/of (n) complain of (v) (:: suffer from) contact between (n) (BUT in cure for (n)
clever at (adj) (BUT It was very complain to sb about 5th (v) (: be contact with) curious about (adj)
clever of you to buy it.) annoyed at) content with (adj)
damage to (n) demand from (v) differ from (v) ifiScjUalilieafrom (aifif
date back to (v) depart from (v) different from (adj) dissatisfied with (adj)
date from (v) departure from (n) difficulty in/with (n) distinguish between (v)
deal with (v) dependent on (adj) disadvantage of (n) (BUT there 's Idivide between/among (v)
dear to (adj) depend on/upon (v) a disadvantage in doing 5th) divide into/by (v)
decide on/against (v) deputise for (v) disagree with (v) donate 5th to sblsth (v)
decrease in (n) descended from (adj) disappointed with/about/by (adj) do sth about (v)
0 dedicate to (v) describe as (v) disapprove of (v) doubtful about (adj)
deficient in (adj) describe sb/sth to sb else (v) discharge sb from (v) dream about (v)
definition of (n) description of (n) discouraged from (adj) dream of (v) (::: imagine)
delay in (n) die from/o f (v) discussion about/on (n) dressed in (adj)
delighted with (adj) die in an accident (v) disgusted by/at (adj)
delight in (v) (have) difference between/o f/in dismiss from (v)
demand for (n) (0) dispose of (v)
eager for (adj) equal to (adj) exchange sth for stllelse (v) expert ailin (stf\7(fOing stli}1nl
economise on (v) escape from/to (v) excited about (adj) (= person good at)
efficient at (adj) example of (n) exclaim at (v) expert on (n) (:: person
, (put) effort into sth (n)
emphasis on (n)
engaged to sblin sth (adj)
excellent at (adj)
exception to (n) (make an
exception of sth/sb = treat
excuse for (n)
excuse sb for (v)
knowledgeable about a
subject)
expert with sth (n) (:: good at
exempt from (adj)
engagement to sb (n) sthlsb as a special case - take expel from (v) using 5th)
enthusiastic about (adj) exception to sth :: object to experienced inlat (adj)
envious of (adj) 5th) experiment onlwith (v)
face up to (phr v) familiar to sb (adj) (: known finish with (v) ireI' from/oflfOrTa(ljf
fail in an attempt (v) to/by sb) fire at (v) friendly withlto (adj)
fail 10 do 5th (v) familiar with (adj) (:: have nee from (v) frightened of (adj)
F failure in (an exam) (n) knowledge of) fond of (adj) full of (adj)
failure to (do 5th) (n) famous for (adj) forgel about (v) furious with sb about/at 5th (adj)

~lij
faithful to (ad)) fed up with (ad)) forgive sb for (v)
fall in (n) fill 5th with 5th else (v) fortunate in (adj)
generosity toltowards (n) glare at (v) grateful to sb for 5th (adj) of{adjH BUT"Hefelt guilty
G genius at (n) good at (adj) (BUT He was very grudge a~ainst (n) b bout his crime.)
glance al (v) good to me.) guess at v)
happen to (v) hear about (v) (= be told) heir to (n) , ope forM
happy about/with/for (adj) hear from (v) (:: receive a letter) hinder from (v) hopeless at (adj)
H
harmful to (adj) hear of (v) (:: learn that sth or sb hint to sb about 5th (v) (BUT hint (no) hope of (n)
head for (v) exists) at sth) ,hope to do sth (v)

138
........

idea of (n) Incapa6fe of(a(lj) infect stlilnto s6lsth (V) Interest In (n)
identical to (adj) indude in (v) inoculate against (v) interfere with/in (v)
ignorant of/about (adj) increase in (n) insist on {vi interpretation of (n)
ill with (adj) independent offfrom (adj) instead of (prep) invasion of (n)
impact on (n) indifferent to (adj) insure against (v) invest in (vI
important to sb (adj) indulge in (v) intelligent at (adj) invitation to (n)
impressed by/with (adD inferior to (adj) (have no) intention of (n) invite sb 10 (v)
(make an) impression on sb (n) information about/on (n) intent on (adj) involve in (v)
improvement inIon (n) (be) informed about (adj) interested in (adj) irritated by (adj)
jealous of (adj) join in (v) jok.e about (v)
, k.een on 5th (adj)
keen to do sth (adj)
key to (n)
kind to (adj)
knock at/on (v)
know about/of (v)
knowledge of (n)

(be) lacking In sth (adj) lean on/againstlv) listen to (V) lOOli for (VJT= search- fOr)
Jack of (n) learn about/by (v) live on (v)
l
laugh at (v) leave for (v) (= head for) long for (v)
lead to (v) lend sth to sb (v) look at (v)
married to (adj) mean to (adj)- mistake sb for (v)
M
marvel at (v) mention to (v) mi_ with (v)
name after (v) neglect of (n) nice to (adj) Jnotorious for dOing sth (adP----l
N necessary for (adj) nervous about (adj) nominate sb (for/as sth) (v)
need for (n) new 10 (adj) (take) (no) notice of (n)
-1 obedient to (adj) obliged losofor stiiTaC!J) I occur to (V) -klnion offon tn)
0 objection to (n) obsessed with (adj) (take) offence at (n) opposite of/to (n)

- object to (v)
packed with (adj)
part with (v)
obvious 10 (adj)
pity for (n)
(take) pity on sb (e_p)
operate on (v)
pray for sb/slh (v)
(have a) preference for (n)
optimistic about sth (adj)
prollitiifSb- from dOing slh~
prone to (adj)
patient with (ad;) pleasant to (ad;) prefer sth to sth else (v) protect against/from (v)
pay by (cheque) (v) pleased with (ad;) prepare for (v) protection against/from (n)
p pay for (v) (BUT pay a bill) (take) pleasure in (n) present sb with (v) protest about/against (v)
pay in (cash) (v) (have the) pleasure of (n) prevent sb/sth from (v) proud of (adj)
peculiar to (adD point at/to/towards (v) (take) pride in (n) provide sb with (v)
persist in (v) (BUT insist on) (im)polite to (adj) pride oneself on 5th/on doing sth provide sth for sb Cv)
(take a) photograph of (n) popular with (adj) M punish sb for (v)
picture of (n) praise sb for (v) profit from (v) puzzled about/by (adj)
qualifii'"d for (adj) quarreraoout sth7Wf{hs61VTri) quotation from Ci1l
Q
qualify as/in (v) quick at (adj)
rave aoout (v) refer to (v) reply to (iWf resuitlng-from (adJ)
reaction to (n) refrain from (v) report on (nlv) result of (n)
react to (v) regard as (v) reputation for/of (n) rhyme with (v)
ready for (adD regardless of (prep) research onlinto (n) rich in (adj)
reason for (n) related to (adj) respected for (adj) (get) rid of (phr)
reason with (v) relationship between (n) (BUT a respect for (n) rise in (n)
R
rebel against (v) relationship with sb) respond to (v) (make) room for (n)
receive from (v) relevant to (adj) responsibility for (n) foil across (v)
(keep) a record of (n) rely on (v) responsib le for (adj) rude to (adj)
recover from (v) remind sb of/about (v) result from/in (v) (= be the
reduction in (n)
(in/with) reference to (n)
safe-from (adD
same as (adj)
remove from (v)
replace sth with sth else (v)
shocked aUlly (aon
shoot at (v)
consequence of)
result in (v) (= cause)
L
(BUT I'm sorry for oOlOg sthl ~ucceeoTriTv)
speak to/with sb about (v) suffer from (v)
satisfied with/by (adj) short of/on (adj) specialise in (v) ~ufficient for sth/sb (adj)
save sb from (v) shout at (v) specialist in (n) ~uitable for (adj)
save sth for sb (v) shy of (adj) spend money on sth (v) superior to (ad;)
scared of (adj) sick of (ad;) spend time inldoing 5th (v) sure of/about (ad;)
search for (v/n) silly to do sth (adj) (BUT it was split intolin (v) ,surprised atlby (adD
(be in) search of (n) silly of him) spy on (v) surrender to (v)
S sensible of sth (ad;) (= aware of sth) similar to (adj) stare at (v) surrounded by (adj)
sensitive to (adj) skillful/skilled at (adj) strain on (n) survive on (v)
sentence sb to (v) slam into (v) stranded on/in/by (ad;) ~uspect sb of (v)
separate from (v) slow in/about doing sth/to sth (adj) study for (v) ~uspicious of (adj)
serious about (adj) smell of (nlv) subject to (ad;1v) sweep sblsth away (v)
settle for/on (v) smile at (v) submit to (v) (BUT subm it sth for sympathetic toltowards (adj)
share in/of sth (n) solution to (n) publication) sympathise with (v)
shelter from (v) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sb) subscribe to (v)
Talie stli to s6Tsih- rv) terrified orraan ' - - + throw at rvr(iiiOr(fer to Iill)- trip over (v)
talent for Slh (n) thankful for (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch) trouble with (n)
talk to sb about 5th (v) thank sb for (v) tired of (adj) (= fed up with)
T (have) taste in (n) think about/of (v) tire of (v) ["" 'oto/to
ypical M
of (adj)
taste of (v) threaten sb with sth (v) t ranslate from ... into (v)
terrible at (adj) threat to sblto sth/of sth (n) tread on (v)
unaware of (adD
U understanding of (n)
uneasy about (aojJ I use""dtOladjr ma e) use of (n)
upset about/over sth (ad;) useful forlt o (adj)
Yalid-fOr{[engihof time) \adj) value sthaflVl vouch for (V)
V valid in (places) (adj)
vote against/for (v)
waifror~ weak infat (adn work ashn/at st, flte a out Iv)
W warn sb against/abouuof (v) wink at (v) worry about (v) rite to sb (v)
waste (time/money) on (v) wonder about (v) worthy of (adj) wrong about (adj)
139
 1 Fill in the correct preposition, 3 Fill in the correct preposition . 5
1 All incomplete ass ignments will count ........... . 1 The counci l nominated him ............ the
,
your final mark for the course. position.
2 The story is based ............ an actual event. 2 Tim has an interest ............ pol itics. 2
3 Martin is very efficient ............ cutting costs and 3 He was unfa irly dismissed ............ his job. 3
saving money. 4 Paul is quite capable ............ doing the 4
4 Anna doesn 't really care ............ ice-skating; himself.
she prefers skiing instead. S There was an attack ............ the small 5
S How did the murderer dispose ............ the by enemy soldiers. 6
evidence? 6 Sarah was exempt ........... taking the
6 None of the employees at the bank could due to her recent illness. 7
account ....... ..... the missing money. 7 Carol didn't get the job due to her lack ... ........ 8
7 They congratulated me ............ my win. experience. 9
8 Tanya really delights ............ gossiping about S Peter was irritated .......... the noise in the library
others. 9 Mr Foster donated his collection of rare '0
9 Two students were caught cheating and were ............ the school library.
expelled ............ school. 10 Max is hope less ............ cooking; he doesn'l l
6
10 Beware ......... snakes while walking in the
desert.
know how to make anything. ,
4 Choose the correct preposition .
2
2 Choose the correct preposition.
1 The government promised a reduction
1 Carbon emiss ions are harmful to/at the public spending. 3
environment. 2 Jerry couldn't part withlfrom his old bike so lit
2 My professor was really impressed by/from my decided to keep it. 4
knowledge of the subject. 3 Mary dreams of/at becoming a famous actress
3 It's the manager's job to deal with/about any someday.
problems customers may have. 4 Mike's parents were ashamed of/from hil E
4 Are you acqua inted with/about the shop's behaviour during dinner.
returns policy? S The group's work concentrates mainly
S Elaine is a genius at/on maths. stopping deforestation. !
6 Mike is very faithful to/by his friends and would 6 The boys are obsessed over/with ,
never betray them. computer games.
7 He has an extensive knowledge of/on dinosaurs. 7 The stranger mistook me for/with a friend
8 During the sales, the shops are crowded with/
from frantic shoppers.
started talking to me.
S Can I exchange this blouse to/for one in a larger ,.
9 She needs some advice on ffor how to study size?
more effectively. 9 The waste from the factory has a terrible
10 The conference began with/from a speech by impact over/on the environment.
the president. 10 More money is necessary for/to the she,lt", I
otherwise it will have to close. ,.
,
,.
,
140
 5 Fill in the correct preposition . 7 Fill in the correct preposition.

N 1 They were stranded ............ the road after 1 Terry is angry with Jan ........ .... using her laptop.
their car had broken down. 2 The shelter provid es homeless people .......... ..
2 Paul is terrified ............ spiders. food .
3 I am responsible ............ boo king ou r flights. 3 The judge sentenced the th ief ............ ten years
4 Barry couldn't distingu ish ........ .... the original in prison.
painting and the copy. 4 There has been no contact .. .......... the two
,. 5 A poor diet contributes .. .......... heart disease. brothers since they were ch ildren.
6 The dog sat next to the table and begged ........ .. .. 5 Tracy is optimistic ............ being accepted at
11 food. the university.
7 Kyle feels uneasy ............ flying. 6 Gary is a specialist ............ cosmetic surgery.
8 The tsunam i swept .. ........ .. the coastal vi llage. 7 Ca rla didn't get the job; she wasn't qualified
9 We decided .... ........ buying a car until we have .. .......... the position.
y. more money. 8 Kyle bumped ..... .. .... an old classmate at the
10 James insisted ............ paying for our dinner. su permarket.
9 My friends are jealous ............ my new car.
'I 6 Choose the correct preposition. 10 I was wrong ............ Kay; she is actually a very
good person.
1 I comp letely agree on/to/w ith Jack about the 11 Do you know the solution ............ the problem?
changes at work. 12 Her books are popular ............ teenagers.
2 Joel is an expert wi th /at/of fixing computer 13 Tony can rely ............ his friends for help any time.
)f problems. 14 They succeeded ............ collecting enough clothes
3 You will get a better price if you pay by/in/for for the homeless shelter.
cash. 15 The students were prohibited
4 What was his reason over/with/for being late? dem onstrating on the un ive rsity campus.
s 5 The boy threw a rock at/to/in the window 16 The lawye r refused to comment ....... ..... the
trying to brea k it. case and quickly left the courthouse.
6 lan blamed Fred on /for/with the mistakes in 17 Nobody laughed ............ any of Bob's jokes.
the report. 18 The chi ldren have grown accustomed .......... ..
7 She died in/by/from a heart attack. going to bed late at night.
r
9
8 Sheila felt guilty about/ofl to taking the money.
9 The boy looked familiar with/to/for David; he
19 When Stacy was sick, her mother arranged
............ her to see a doctor.
knew he had seen him somewhere before. 20 Jason is confident ............ his ability to sk i and
10 This coupon is valid only in lonlto certain hopes to win the competition tomorrow.
supermar kets. 21 After Rosie recovered from surgery, she was
11 Alex survived only from /with Ion water for three discharged ............ the hospital.
days. 22 Darren dislikes reading and gets bored ..........
12 Phill ip takes pleasure atlin /of helping others. it very easily.
13 We are all confused about/for/with the time 23 Instead of dieting, Jenny prefers to indulge
of the meeting . .. .......... eating chocolate!
14 The customer compla ined to the manager ofl 24 Ja mes is not very keen ............ going shopping.
for /about the poor servi ce. 25 Sally suspects Tom ............ lying.
15 Have you heard of/from /about Mina recently? 26 Harry is enthusiastic ............ his new job.
16 There is a huge demand for /from/against the 27 Ken disagreed ............ Tom's statement.
software program; everyone is buying it. 28 Janet isn 't fond ............ doing housework.
17 Fortunately, Daniel's part-time job doesn't
interfere on /wi th / at hi s studies.
141
 Vocabulary Grammar I
A Choose the correct item. ( Ch oose the correct item.
E R
1
1 Islanders . ... to cope after the earthquake. 1 Chris . ... volcano surfing every weekend .
P
A fought C pushed A goes B is going C has gone
B struggled o forced Whic"
2 The group ..... down the slope when
2 The massive wave ..... away an entire village. avalanche occurred. C
A swept B hurled C tipped 0 rolled A skied B was skiing C had skied E

3 The volcanic ..... was caught on fi lm.

A explosion C eruption
3 Have you ..... the breaking news yet? ,r
A see B seen C seeing
8 epicentre o meltdown ~

4 The earthq uake .... . off the coast of Thailand. 4 Richard ..... to Chile next Monday.
A struck C hit
A travels B is traveling C travelled \

B slammed 0 flew S Kate ..... a documentary last night.

5 The movie was so ...... I had guessed what A had watched B watched C was watching
would happen from the very beginning! 6 The news ..... by the time she turned on the TV (

A educational C exciting A has already started

B relaxing 0 predictable B already started
6 The roof of the town hall ..... during the C had already started
earthquake.
7 The plane ..... during the severe storm yesterday.
A smashed C crumbled
A has crashed B had crashed C crashed
B collapsed o crashed
7 Officials ..... a state of emergency after the 8 The rescuers are tired. They ..... through
earthquake. rubble all afternoon.
A notified C declared A have been searching
B adm in istered o admitted B had been searching
C had searched
8 The girl ..... and broke her arm.
A twisted B sprained C gashed 0 slipped 9 What time ..... the earthquake happen?
A does B do C did
9 The ..... services rushed to the car accident.
A recovery C survival 10 The rescuers ..... for ten hours before they
B emergency o relief a break.
10 Always ..... precautions when going climbing. A had been working B have worked
A take B make C have 0 get C were working

B Circle the co rrect item. D Choose the correct word.

1 A tsunami can travel at the speed I impact of 1 Reports confirm that there are a little/a
an aeroplane! miners still trapped in the mines haft.
2 The landslide fell into the sea, creating pebbles / 2 Most/Much people had to evacuate
rippl es on the water. homes due to the hurricane.
3 There was a shaking / deafening roar when the 3 There haven't bee n some/any casua lties as a
volcano shot out hot lava. result of the landslide.
4 Natural disasters can sometimes result in a 4 EitherlNeith er Jeff nor Emma had experienced
massive loss / damage of life. an earthquake before.
S After losing a limb in the car accident, Peter S There was several/a great deal of rubble in
now uses a prosthetic I tectonic arm. the area after the tornado hit.
142
 Reading
Rea d th e t ex t . For qu est io ns
E 1 15 cho ose fro m t he
peop le (A-D).
e
Which pe rson...
the Mona Wilson began her fascination with snow and ice when she was 6
does not have a formal years old, building snowmen in her bad<. yard. When she was older, she
d education in their work? headed north to the mountains of Alaska with her husband to study and learn
measures for the all about snow and avalanches. After years of study and hands on experiences
existence of a natural with avalanches, Mona has become a leading authority on the subject. Mona
spent years advising and lending her expertise to rescue operations. But
phenomenon ?
nowadays, she focuses her energy on avalanche prediction and danger areas.
is afraid when dealing She often puts her own life at risk working in these dangerous areas. "ll's the
with their work? lID danger and fear that keep me cautious and enable me to do my work well. I
is involved in a variety never let go of the fear", explains Mona. Mona is now writing about her
of natural disasters? [IT] fascinating experiences. Avalanche prediction and writing may occupy most of
ng her days, but sometimes Mona will still find a rescue team and their helicopter
is occasionally
her driveway ready to take her 10 the latest avalanche disaster site.
TV. consulted during
rescue operations? I1D According to Stan Moore, most people know very little about
believes thei r interest tsu namis and how they occur. "They think it's a giant wave like in surfing,
is often misunderstood but it's actually more like a coastal flood or series of w aves." And Stan
by the public? [IT] knows what he is talking about. As a leading researcher and professor in
,y. Oceanography, Stan works at a top Tsunami centre where he monitors
educates the public oceans, using high t Ch equipment placed on the ocean's floor to measure

~he
about their work?
warns others of when
CId actual tsunamis passing over head. This equ ipment not only identifies a
tsunami but calculates how fast it is movi ng, allow ing Stan and his co-
a natural phenomenon workers to predict estimated arrival times at coastal areas and thus inform
coastal populations to evacuate the area. Due t o the unpredictable nature
wi ll strike? [IT] of tsunamis, Stan's work helps to save thousands of lives by keeping a
experienced a natu ral watchful eye on the oceans' floor.
disaster as a child? [IT]
discovered their Roger Hilts will never forget hiS 111/"1 b irthda y. It was the day a devastating
tornodo ripped through 0 field neor his Kanso s form as he and his brother
interest as a child ? I1Q[]
watched In complete owe. -It wos incredible: the debris wos flying around
turned their interest
everywhere ond of course the destruction It left behind was unbelievable"
)ok into a successful recolts Roger. It wasnt until years loter. when Roger come foce to face with
business? ITID another tornado driving down 0 highwoy. thot he reaUsed he actually wonted
d was inspired by a to leorn more aboul this amazing weather phenomenan. Roger invested In a
relative to get involved gOOd video comera and set out In seorch of storms and tornados. At the time
in their work? IITD he was a flnanclol analyst and knew little about tornados. Roger soon met up
with some serious professional storm chasers and learned everything he
moved to be closer to
knows today from them. The thrill of getting so close 10 such a fOrce of noture
their interest? Ill[]
'w rescues people from
keeps Roger chasing and he now otters thot thrill to others with his tornodo
tour company which Is fully booked throughout the storm season.
disaster situations?
eir
found a creative way Ever since sow i firefighter, pulling people
to express the ir burning buildings, he knew he wonted to sove lives. Vinee trained
a began working at the Red C ross disa ster relief unit. Vinee has since been
flTI sent out to som e o f the biggest natura l disasters with the g ool of saving
ed mony lives os possible. After years o f experience in disaster response,
Vince now shores his valuable knowledge with others through sel.,,;rlors I
and courses. For Vince, what's important is not the kind of disaster,
beating the odds and saving lives.
'-~-----------------'----~143
 --

Listening Everyday English

,
o You wi ll hear an interview with a
F woman G Read the dialogue and fill in the missing A1
(

called Brenda Philips who is a phrases. ,-

hurricane survivor. For questions 110,
What's on later? )
complete the sentences.
As long as we can change the channel J
at 7 o'clock . I
Sports programmes are boring! 2
Why don't you check the TV guide?
I don't like either of those.
3
What is it?

A: What are you watching this for? 4 1

1) ......... ..................... ................................. ...... .
B: I happen to find it interesting. Anyway, it's
nearly finished . 5 ,
A: 2) ...... ......................................... .... ... .................
B: I'm not sure. 3) ................................. ... ............ .
A: OK . After this there's a game show on Channel
6
1 or a police drama on Channel 4.
Brenda 's family heard the news on the B: 4) ................................. Is there anything else
I
1 . on ?
In the wardrobe, they used A: Big Brother is on Channel 2. We can watch that.
B: 5) ................................................................... . 7
2 to
protect themselves. A: It's a reality show.
B: I like the sound of that' 6) .................... .......... .
When the hurricane hit, it sounded similar to a
I wa nt to see The Simpsons. 8
3 . A: Sure. That's fine with me!
Brenda recalis packing food, drink and a(n)
4
9
The hurricane had damaged everything and the
5 was missing.
10
Outside. Brenda compares the road to a Writing
6 . H Write a story about a scary holiday
In the debris. Brenda uncovered a(n) experience you had (120-180 words) . Follow

belonged to her mother.

7 that the plan below.
B
1
The neighbour's husband survived with a
8 . 2
Para 1: who the ma in characters were
At the moment, the 9 when and where the story took place
what the weather was like 3
is being repaired.
Para 2/3: desc ribe the events
Brenda suggests that people should Para 4: describe ending/feelings 4
10 and
work as a team. 5

144
 Vocabulary Grammar
A Choose the (orrect item. ( Choose the correct item.
1 Supermarkets always have ..... displays to make 1 Sarah ..... at the supermarket tomorrow.
you buy things. A is working B going to work
A tricky ( tempting C works
B sneaky 0 intentional 2 I don't mind ..... second hand items.
2 He ..... revenge on his enemy. A to buy B buy C buying
A had B took C made 0 did 3 That's a great blouse. 1 ..... it.
3 Sweets are in the ..... next to the dairy prod ucts. A will take B am going to take
A aisle B booth C line 0 checkout c am taking
4 The computer will ..... you by name when you 4 By th is time next month they w ill ..... building
swipe your card . the new mall.
A expose B access ( address 0 convert A is finishing B have finished
5 The sleeve on the dress is ..... . C have been finishing

A scratched ( cracked 5 This computer screen isn't as .. . . as that one.

B torn D broken A bigger B biggest C big
6 Can you give me some dietary ..... to help me 6 Mary refuses ..... products that can't be recycled.
lose w eight ? A purchasing B to purchase C purchase
A advice C awareness
7 Tracy ..... the CD player because it 's damaged.
B values o strategy A returns B has been returning
7 Joanne's ..... appliances are from the 1980s. C is going to return
A designer C consumer 8 ..... the great sales, I didn ' t buy anything .
B fashion o household
A Even though B Despite C Although
8 Jill uses her ... .. card to get discounts at the
9 The ..... the computer, the more expensive it is.
supermarket.
A faster B more fast C fastest
A bargain B loyalty C trade 0 reta il
10 By th is time next week I ..... into my new house.
9 Try and ..... an effort to be a responsible shopper.
A will move B wi ll have moved
A make B do C have D give
C am moving
10 The material is made from cotton and acrylic
11 Jill avoids ..... on Saturdays because of the crowds.
A shopping B to shop C shop
A garments B textiles C fabrics 0 fibres
12 I promise I ..... the paperw ork ready by 5.
B Circle the correct item. A am going to having B am having
C will have
My mobi le phone has instant internet access I
13 This shop has by far ... .. prices on the high street.
demand.
A the highest B higher C the higher
2 His new job should help him get ahead I across
as a salesman . 14 By the end of this year Joe will .. ... computer
3 Be careful the manual ! sliding doors don't hit ga mes for ten years .
you . A design B be designing
4 All mobi le phones are reduced I banned in C have been designing
school buildings . 15 I'd prefer ..... and look around for the best price.
5 The working ! manufactu re conditions are A wa it ing B wait C to wait
terrible in the factory.
145
 E
Chris Harrington needs to make a telephone ca ll.
Instead of reaching into his pocket for hi s mobile
phone, Chris hold s out his hand. Instantly, it
becomes illuminated by a vi rtual screen. He
punches in the numbers on th e palm of hi s hand, ca n also find product reviews while
and it dials! shopping. Imagine being in a bookstore.
It may sou nd like something from a science fi ction co uld even compare prices with other bc,oksto,. 1
film , bu t this device is real! Although the on your behalf.
technology is still undergoing development, a Unfortunately, Omnitouch has one
virtual rea lity keypad has been u nvei l e~ disadvan tage. It is distinctly lacking in privacy. Since
designers at Carnegie Metlon Universi ty. ~ it is projected onto a surface, it is impossible le
Instead. the phone can be worn on the body! cover your screen. This would mean
OmniTouch is mounted on a user's shoulder. From around you would be able to see your dispil)
here, it c~oject a screen onto just about [ID That's why other developers are working ~
anything. l1.U It will also automatically adjust its displays that aren 't even noticeable at all.
virtual screen accordi ng to the angle, distance and One team of researchers in America is r.",,,,,.1
shape of the object upon which it is projected! experime nting with computer di splays in co,,,.,.
By using a depth-sensing camera, the virtual screen lenses. Thi s means you r own eyes would
of OmniTouch is fully interactive. It can detect a transform ed into a screen! []I] No -one I
user's finger movements, just like a touchscree n. wou ld be able to read your emails or
II[] It ca n respond to pointing, tapping, and networking pages!
even the use of mUltiple fingers. And it's not just a Just imagine the possibi lities when
phone. Wearers can use the device to open, create technologies become avai lable on the high
and edit documents. It is a fully portable personal We will have hidden di splays whi ch we will
computer. using our own bodies. The next generation
As if all thi s isn' t enough, Omn iTouch is also technology wi ll merge humans and j
connected to the internet. Users can check th eir together. ITIJ The only question is: are (

emai l or browse a search engine on their arm! It ready to be a cyborg?

D Read the text. Seven sentences have been removed f ro m the article . Choose from the sentences -
(A-H) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence .

A Since this display would be personal, users F OmniTouch could automatically scan the nove
wou ld have com plete privacy. you are hold ing and tell you what other
B The su rface could be a wall, a notepad or even people think of it!
your own ha nd. G The device is prog rammed to recognise
C We ou rselves will become com puters. of finger and hand gestures.
D Their amazi ng invention eliminates the need H Most people don't wa nt the world to see
for a handset enti rely. emails!
E The display ca n only produce a limited rang e of
shapes and colours.
146
 Listening Everyday English
o You'll hear peo ple ta l king in eight F Choose the correct res po nse.
different situations. For questions 1-8,
choose the best answer A, B or C. 1 A: Do you need any help?
B: a What size are you?
1 You hear a man talking about a recent trip to a b I'm looking for a jacket.
supermarket. Why did he leave the supermarket?
A He couldn't find what he needed. 2 A: Can' try this shi rt on?
B He thought it was too expensive. B: a We've almost sold out.
( The queue was too long. b The fitting rooms are over there.

2 You hear a woman talking about her job. What 3 A: How do they fit?
is she? B: a Rea lly well.
A a shop assistant B a cashier b Any good?
( a designer 4 A: Can I have your ID, please?
3 You hear a young man talking about a computer B: a Can I pay by credit ca rd ?
he just bought . How does he feel about the b Here you are .
computer? 5 A: I'll take them.
A He is anxious about learning how to use it. B: a That's 24 .99, please.
B He is proud to own it. b Your receipt is in the bag.
C He is worried that he paid too much for it.
6 A: These are the last pair in your size.
4 You hear a woman talking to a man. Why is she B: a Can I try them on?
talking to him? b I'm a size 10.
A to make a suggestion
7 A: Here's your credit card back.
B to request action
B: a No problem.
( to ask for help
b Thank yo u very much.
5 You hear two shoppers ta lking. Where are they?
A at a florist B at a post office
C at a book shop
Writing
6 You hear a lecturer talking about responsible
G Rea d t he rub ric and w rite an email of
com pl aint to t he hea d o f fice o f the shop
shopping. What is the lecturer describing?
( t 20 tBO ) words. Includ e:
A common mistakes shoppers make
B shopping trends of the future opening remarks & reason for w riting
C poor quality products your complaint(s)
what action you wa nt the shop t o take
7 You hear two people talking in a clothing shop.
closing remarks
Why doesn' t the man buy the jacket?
A It's too small. B It's too trendy. r--------------------~
C It's the wrong colour. I You recently bought an electrical item from I
: a shop. When you took it home and opened :
S You hear a professional shopper talking on the I the box, you realised that it didn't work . I
radio. What does she recommend? : When you took it back to exchange it, the :
A always shop with a friend I manager wasn't very helpful. I
B never pay with a credit card
~--------------------~
C ta ke a look at second hand shops

147
 Vocabulary Grammar
A Choose t he correct item. ( Choose the correct item.
o
1 The homeless man was dressed in ..... clothes. 1 We ........ help out at the homeless shelter; ifl
A puffy B scruffy C messy 0 frizzy a good idea.
A have to B must C should
2 Greenpeace tries to ..... awareness of
envi ronmental issues. 2 If I won a lot of money, I .... .... donate sOI.e ,,I
A promote B lift C expand 0 raise charity.
3 The campaign we are planning will surely ..... A will B would have C w ould
people's attention! 3 This is the cabin . .. .... we stayed last winter.
A catch B draw C hold o reach A which B when C where
4 Andy is ready to ..... the challenge of climbing 4 1wish 1........ in the charity race, but 1was busy
Mt. Everest. A ran B had run C would r~~
A face B have ( set o get
5 If Joe had left earlier, he ........ the bus.
5 Urban developers are often ..... by ecologists A won't miss B wouldn't
for damaging the environment. C wo uldn't have missed
A accused C criticised
6 He ... ..... come to the clean up day, he i< .,",\i",
B abused o charged
A mustn 't B doesn't have to C can 't
6 Wilma is very generous and regularly ..... money 19
7 Max, ... ..... work. has helped many street
to charity. ha
was given an award.
A presents C gathers ab.
A whose B who
B donates o supplies sp'
7 We can use power from the sun to ..... electriCity. 8 I wish I ........ on holiday, but I don't have for
money. ch,
A construct C generate
A had gone B wou ld go bu'
B conserve o build
ree
8 You can .. ... your local charity by volunteering. 9 That's Mr Rogers ........ works at the
so
A encourage C sustain reserve.
Thi
B adopt o support A whose B which C who fol
9 You should try bungee jumping for a(n) 10 You ...... .. enter the building; it's forbidden. p"
adventure . A shouldn 't B don 't have to C mustn't thl
A eye-opening C hair-raising 11 If I ........ you, I'd do some volunteer work .
B nerve-wracking o sharp-toothed A am B had been C were
10 Joey always sticks to his ..... and does what he 12 We'll go to the outdoor festival .... .
thi nks is right. A if B unless C since
A traditions C judgement
13 If John ........ education, he would be a
B principles 0 reputation
now.
A had studied B will study
Circle the correct item.
B1 Ann w andered I wondered around the market.
14 People ........ start forest fires should be put
prison .
2 Jim was attacked by a school I swarm of bees!
A that B whose C which (
3 The homeless man found shelter in an old
building with a leaking I dripping roof. 15 Mike ... .... find a job; he's still unemployed.
A mustn't B couldn't C can't c
4 Jason shivered in the chilling I biting cold .
5 Scientists are concerned that a meteorite may
extract I wipe out life on Earth.
148
 Reading
o Read the te xt . For questions 1-15, choose from the places (A-D). Wh ich place ...

recently had a special event ? requires some form of payment?

held rallies to support their cause? has only one person living there?
was initially built for seasonal use? was given as a gift to t he charity?
is open to the general public? once occupied a former public space?
has more than one location? wants their residents to find
provides education for their guests? somewhere else to live?
was established by someo ne with
experience in the industry?
sy. does not receive any donations?
- .".
~~:i DogsTrust
un has given advice to t he government ?
closed down and re-opened?

ss
The Dogs Trust is a charity-run organisation which
Take Shelter! cares for around 16,000 dogs every year. Founded in
1891 by novelist Lady Gertrude Stock, Dogs Trust has
A Boulder Shelter in Colorado was established in
led many campaigns against animal cruelty. The
1982 to protect homeless people during the area's
charity voiced concerns about the cruel treatment of
harsh winters. At first. the shelter took the form of an
dogs by railway companies, and also campaigned
abandoned bus terminal and was only open until
against the use of animals in space fUght. The Dogs
spring. After that. the local council redaimed the land.
Trust is even consulted by the government about
Jgh forcing the charity to relocate. Or. Barbara Famar, the
matters concerning pet ownership, and has helped to
charity's founder. managed to find a suitable building.
implement laws that protect animal welfare. With 17
ing but unfortunately could not afford the $250.000
nationwide shelters, Dogs Trust workers are always
requ ired to purchase it. 'Luckily: smiles Barbara.
life kept busy! However, saving an animal is just the lirst
'some investors decided to donate the build ing to us!'
step - the ultimate goal is to find them a new home. In
This building was then renovated in time for the
order for their work to continue, funding is essential,
fo!!owing winter. Duri,lg that season alone, Boulder
which is why the charity invites those who cannot
provided shelter for over 225 homeless people. Since
adopt a pet to sponsor one instead.
t then, many donations have been received to keep the
shelter open a!! year round!
The 'Peppel' 'Pct GenfFe
s. D After being a community worker for many years,
Pansy Jeffery decided to open her own centre for the
B Hancla Island 5.1llctuarr is a wildlife resen"e elderly. 'It was clear to me that there was an increasing
:her that is home to over 100,000 birds! The area is number of senior citizens who were suffering from
protected by the $couish Wildlife Trust, a isolation, loneliness and depression. I had to do
gove.rnme~l t-funded organisation that preselyes something,' recalls Pansy. The Pepper Pot Centre,
all Wild animals and plant life in Scotland. Since which has just celebrated its 25th birthday, encourages
t in
~ anda is a protecTcd arca, no-one is allowed to elderly people to socialise with each other. This
hve there, except fo r the warden whose job is to involves taking field trips, organising functions and
o\'ersee the people that visit the island each simply having fun! While the centre runs mostly on
year. Tourists can spend up to eight hours a donations, it does charge a small fee to cover the cost
da}' on I-ianda, but then they must leave. The}' of its many services. SeTVices include physical therapy
ar: also warned not la disturb any of the sessions and also a range of classes. Members can
animals or their habitats. take part in literature classes, art lessons and plenty
~m:o:re:!__________---------------' 149
 Listening Everyday English
You w ill hear an intervie w Rea d t he dialog ue and fi ll in the miSSi ng ph rases.
E wit h a co nse rva tionis t. Fo r F A
I'd like to make a single donation of 25, please.
qu estio ns 1-7, choose the best
(ould you give me your cred it card details?
answer A, 8 or C.
I'd like to make a donation . Thank you for your donation.
1 Why was the national park And your telephone number? It's May next year.
established?
A To conserve the rainforest. A: Hello, Blue Cross . How can I help you?
S To help endangered species. B: 1) ......... ....... ................. ............................... .................. .
C To save the jaguar. A: Would you like to make a single donation or a regular
monthly donation?
2 What is currently endangering the
B: 2) ........... ... ................ ....... ............................. ...... .......... .
wildlife?
A: OK. Could you tell me your name and address, please?
A The mining industry. B: Certain ly. It's Mary Reid . My address is 16 Woodlands
B Continued deforestation. Grove, london.
C Illegal hunters. i
A: 3) ...................................................................... ......... .....
3 What are the future plans for the B: It's 020-B56-9877.
project? k~ .................... .
A Hiring wardens to protect the B: Sure. The number is 8596 4599 3782 3320.
forest. A: And what is the expiration date?
S Educating local people. B: 5) ......... .................................... ....................................
( Restoring the rainforest. A: That 's great! 6) ..................... ........... ... ......................... .
B: My pleasure. Goodbye. E
4 Why did Andrew relocate to Costa
Rica?
A To study ecology at university.
Writing
8 To examine the effects of G Read the rubric, match th e viewpoints t o the
cl imate cha nge. reason s/examples and w rite an essay (120180 wo rd s). i
( To become a member of a Remember t o in cl ud e:
conservation group. the topic & your opinion . viewpoints & examples
opposite viewpoints & examples
5 Why does the reserve need more your summary/ restatement of your opin ion
money? r------------------ _______ ,
A To pay the staff that work there. I You have had a class discussion about the following I
B To plant more trees . : statement: " Should the government spend money on :
10
( To raise jaguars in captivity. I space exploration ?" Now your teacher has asked you to I
I . .... I
I write an essay glvmg your opinion .
6 What material are the lodges in
the reserve made from?
._------------------------.
A Straw. B Bamboo. View points B
1
( Rosewood. DIJ Money cou ld be better spent.
[ID It allows human beings to discover new t hings.
7 If you adopt an animal, what will 2
[!IJ It risks human life.
you receive?
A Photographs of the animal. Reasons/ Exampl es 3
B A certificate. a Due to its harsh conditions, living in space can be dangerous
( A gift from the website. for astronauts.
b The funds could be used to reduce poverty and improve society.
c We may find new materials or more natural resources. 5
150
 Vocabulary Grammar
A Choose the correct word. ( Choose the correct item.

1 This is such a ..... novel; I can't put it down. 1 The dinosaur is ..... extinct species that died out
A gripping ( life-changing over 60 million years ago.
B fast-paced 0 surprising A the B - C an
2 A large crowd to watch the firework 2 Roswell ..... by thousands of tourists each year.
display. A was visi ted B has been visited
A unfolded C roamed C is visited
B wandered o gathered
3 Tom and Larry really enjoyed ..... at the music
3 The horror film was so .. ... ; I had guessed the festiva l last week.
ending. A ourselves B themselves C yourselves
A original C realistic
B mysterious o predictable 4 David made the skeleton scu lpture by ..... .
A myself B itself C himself
4 He has been ..... that song all day.
A buzzing ( w histling 5 The alien photographs ..... examined by experts
B screeching 0 rustling now.
A are B were C are being
5 The injured man was rushed to the hospital but
doctors (ould not ..... him . 6 Why don 't we visit ..... Tower of London 7
A reactivate ( reverse A - B C the
B revive o preserve 7 The new museum will be opened .... . the Mayor.
6 Scientists are ..... experiments to bring dinosaurs A from B with C by
back to life.
8 Jo hn works as an usher at ..... Theatre Royal in
A making C conducting
london .
B trying o causing
A B the C -
7 Her heart ..... when she heard the bad news.
A sank 8 dropped C fell 0 lowered 9 A new space centre ..... built soon.
A is B was C w ill be
8 Jack ..... angri ly at her and then left the room.
A glared B glimpsed C peered 0 peeped 10 Don't forget to book the tickets, ..... 7
A do you B will you C could you
9 They recovered a piece of ..... from the plane crash.
A debr is B findings C ru ins D remains 11 let me introduce ..... ; I'm Bill Evans.

10 He managed to ..... a path through the forest. A yourself B himself C myself

A smack B slap C whip 0 hack 12 let's go on a ghost tour, ..... ?

A shall we B are we C will we
B Circle the correct item. 13 The strange creature ..... caught yet.
The journalist was asked to report I witness on A isn't B hasn't been C wasn't
the UfO sighting.
14 There are many haunted buildings in
2 The cryptologist is sceptical I reluctant to talk
London , England .
about his discovery.
A the B C -
3 The UFO was actually a balloon hovering I
floating in the wind. 15 You don't believe in ghosts, ..... ?
4 The youngsters were splashing I smacking about A do you B aren't you C don't you
in the lake.
S Eric gazed I glanced at his watch for a second.
151
 When at last Cavor and I had made an end of eating, the 'Do they want us to imitate those sounds?' I asked Cavor.
Selenites linked our hands closely together again, and then 'I don't think so,' he said .
untwisted the chains about our feet and rebound them, so as to 'It seems to me that they are trying to make us understand
give us a limited freedom of movement. Then they unfastened something.'
the chains about our waist. To do all this they had to handle us 'I can't make anything of their gestures. Do you notice this one,
freely, and every now and then one of their odd heads came who is moving his head like a man with an uncomfortablf!
down close to my face, or a soft tentacle-hand touched my head collar?'
or neck. I don'l remember that I was afraid then or offended by 'Let us shake our heads at him.'
their proximity. I think that our natural instincts to want creatures We did that, and finding it ineffective, attempted an imitation of
to be like humans led us to imagine that there were human heads the Selenites' movements. That seemed to interest them. At any
inside their masks. The skin, like everything else, looked bluish, rate they all set up the same movement. But as that seemed to
but that was on account of the light; and it was hard and shiny, in lead to nothing, we stopped at last and so did they, and fell into
a rather insect-like fashion, not soft, or moist, or hairy, as an an argument amongst themselves. Then one of them, '''.'''.', 1
animal's would be. The Selenite who untied me used his mouth and very much thicker than the others , and with a particularly
to help his hands. wide mouth, bent down suddenly beside Cavor, and put
'They seem to be releasing us: said Cavor. 'Remember we are his hands and feet in the same stance as Cavor's
on the moon! Make no sudden movements! ' were bound, and then skilfully stood up.
We remained passive, and the Selenites, having finished their 'Cavor,' I shouted, 'they want
arrangements, stood back from us, and seemed to be looking at us to get up!'
us. I say seemed to be, because as their eyes were at the side He stared open-mouthed.
and not in the fronl, it was difficult to determine the direction in 'That's it!' he said.
which they were looking, such as in the case of a hen or a fish. And with much difficulty,
They conversed with one another in high pitched sounds that because our hands were lied
seemed to me impossible to imitate or describe. The door together,
behind us opened wider, and, glancing over my shoulder, I saw we struggled to our feet.
a large space beyond, in which a little crowd of Selenites were
standing. They seemed a curiously diverse group. Adapted from The First ,!!<",nr.M"," b" H'/'. w,~

Reading
--
D Read the excerpt from a novel. For questions ,-a, choose the answer A, B, Cor D.
1 How did the Selenites treat the 4 The writer uses the word 'us' (line 17) to refer to
men overalP A (avor and himself. ( the Selenites that untied him.
A They twisted their ankles. B the Selenites in general. 0 the Selenite and himself.
B They threatened to tie them up. S What does the writer say about the Selenites?
e They were quite gentle. A They had poor visio n.
D They let them go hungry. B They had difficulty determining direction.
2 What was the writer's impression C They were overly curious.
of the Selenites? o They communicated in an odd manner.
A He feared them . 6 What did the writer find unusual about the Selenites?
B He was disgusted by them. A They wore uncomfortable clothing.
e He believed them to be human. B They had strange looking heads.
D He was undisturbed by their C They all moved in the same direction.
closeness. o Their actions were difficult to understand.
3 How does the writer describe the 7 The men tried to imitate the Selenites' because they wanted
Selenites? A to make them angry. C to communicate with them.
A They had blue skin. e to get their attention. 0 them to fight with each other.
B Th ey had human-like heads. 8 The writer uses the phrase 'That's it' (line 52) to show that they
e They were ha iry animals. A had made contact with the Selenites.
D They looked like insects. B understood what the Selenites wanted.
C knew how to communicate with the Selenites.
152 o found a way to confuse the Selenites.
 Listening Everyday English

E You are going to hear five different

I ..' G Choose the correct response .
people talking about a strange ex perience
1 A: Can I buy tickets for the tour here?
they encountered. Match the speakers (1- 5)
B: a That sounds good.
to the statements (A-F),
b Yes, certainly.
A found an explanation for what 2 A: When would you like to go?
Speaker 1
happened. B: a It's valid for 7 days.
B isn't sure what they saw. Speaker 2
b This evening if possible.
( had their property damaged by Speaker 3
the phenomenon. Speaker 4 3 A: That's 42.50 then.
o saw something strange at night. Speaker 5 B: a Here you are.
E experienced the phenomenon b Enjoy your visit.
many times. 4 A: How many tickets wou ld you like?
F did not actually witness the event. B: a One adult please.
bit's 20 then.
C' You will hear a monologue about
F Glamis Castle. For each question (1-5)
S A: What does the ticket price include?
B: a You can choose your own time.
choose the (orrect answer A, B, C or D.
b A tour of the haunted castle.
1 What is true about Glamis Castle?
6 A: Where does the tour start from?
A It sits at the peak of a mountain.
B: a At the entrance.
B Its residents are very secretive.
b Every half hour.
C The Queen was born there.
o A well-known play was set there. 7 A: Thank you for your help.
2 The castle is unusual because B: a That's right.
A of the shape of the towers. b My pleasure.
B it has few windows for its size. S A: I'd like to book a ticket, please.
C it contains a hidden chamber. B: a Could you tell me the price?
D the tower at the top cannot be reached. b When do you want to go?
3 Who possibly knows the secret of Glamis Castle? 9 A: How can I help you?
A A few of the local people. B: a Does it include a guided tour?
B A nobleman's son. b This is where I buy tickets, isn't it?
C Some of the castle servants.
D Members of the Royal Family.
4 Which ghost is said to appear while you are Writing
lying in bed?
A The Monster of Glamis Castle. H aYour teacher has aske d you to write
review of a book you've read in school
B A lady in a grey dress.
(120-180 words) . Include:
C A gentleman with a beard.
D A frightened female servant. background information (title, type,
author)
S Tourists are attracted to the castle because
main points of the plot
A it is easy to get to.
general comments (plot, characters,
B the setting is full of natural beauty.
beginning/ending)
C the Queen is often there.
recommendation & reasons
D it hosts dances and dinners.

153
 Vocabulary Grammar
A Choose t he co rrect wo rd. c Ci rcle th e correct item.
I
1 The misbehaving student was ..... from school. 1 Jack ..... him to turn off the computer when he
A dropped ( released had finished using it.
B suspended 0 kicked A suggested 8 complained C reminded
2 Brian's determination comes from his ..... 2 I ..... him if he was a martial arts expert.
strength . A said 8 asked C told
A mental B physica l C Inner D body
3 Jeff ..... that we could do the course on line.
3 Tuition ..... for university can be expensive. A offered 8 told C explained
A resources 8 wages ( donations 0 fees
4 ..... , pass my driving test; 1plan to buy a car.
4 The teacher ..... her students by offering a prize
A Until 8 By the time
for the best story. ( As soon as
A motivated C discipl ined
B committed o focused 5 Ann ..... to text me every day while she was on
holiday in France.
5 Helen doesn't have the ..... to try extreme sports.
A promised 8 apologised C denied
A courage C patience
B determination o pride 6 Tracy ..... us that the lecture was boring.
A said B told C asked
6 He often leaves notes on his fridge to .....
himself to do things! 7 Tony said he would go to the gym ......
A recall C remember A tomorrow 8 the following day
B remind o memorise ( next week
7 The flexible gymnast can ..... the splits easily. 8 Jill told Fiona that she ..... the video clip.
A create B make C do 0 cause A has seen B had seen ( was seeing
8 The advertisement was brightly coloured In
9 She suggested ..... the university books online.
order to ..... attention.
A to purchase B purchasing C purchase
A approach ( claim
8 process D attract 10 He wi ll go on holiday in the summer .... he
graduates from university.
9 George managed to ..... through the exercise
A after 8 since C until
and finish it.
A land 8 stumble C trip D fall
10 Tom is a real ..... to the team.
D Rewrite t he se ntences in reported speech .
A asset C requirement 1 'I won a scholarship last year,' Bob said.
8 resource D service

B Circle the co rrect item. 2 '1have passed the exam,' said Joe.
,
1 Malcolm is such a great student, he is a shining I 3 'We will go to the performance tomorrow,
bri ght example for the others! they said.
2 Before she visits Paris, Jane plans to take a crash I
smash course in French. 4 'I was studying in the library,' Ann said.
3 To my relief I comfort, nobody was hurt during
the accident. 5 'Jake is training to be a Kung Fu master, ' Mal)
4 Jackie gasped I brea th ed in amazement when said.
she saw the acrobats perform!
5 You must work hard to achieve your goals I aims.
154
 Reading
Read the te xt . In each question
E 15, choose the correct answe r Martin Webber could hardly believe where he was going as he sat in his
A. B, ( or D. aeroplane seat. It was a 28 hour joumey into the Arctlc Circle, so he had
plenty of time to think. ~ I had no idea about what to expect, but going to
1 While travelling to the Husky farm Finland to drive and care for sled dogs was sure to be exciting stuff as
Ma rtin felt opposed to an easygoing holiday. I just hoped I was up to the challenge. "
A he would have a relaxing Just out of secondary school, Martin was determined to get out of England
and go somewhere completely off the map. His destination was a husky farm
holiday.
in l apland, Finland. As the gap year brochure had described, volunteers had
B he was ready for an adventure.
to be prepared to face some physically demanding days in almost unbearable
C unsure about what wo uld freezing temperatures for a minimum stay of 3 months. Mhough knowledge
happen. of training dogs was not necessary, it was emphasised that a certain degree
D regret about deciding to go 50 of ease and selfassurance with the dogs was needed to do the job. Martin
far away. was certainly happy he had spent a summer at a survival camp learning
valuable skills that he was sure would help make his experience a lot easier.
2 Owners of the far m expect After Martin's long joumey and a brief adjustment period, he soon got in to
volunteers to the routine of starting each day at 5am to feed and care for 93 Siberian husky
A remain at least one year. dogs. This involved preparing huge buckets of food the night before and
B have previous experience with sharing it equally among all the hungry barking huskies. Feeding so many
dogs. dogs did take a while, even with several other volunteers helping out. Once
this was done, the next task was to prepare the sleighs for the client's safari
C be confident around dogs.
excursions and pick the teams of dogs that would pull them. Deciding which
D to know survival skills.
dogs to put together was harder than it sounded, but fortunately for Martin, he
3 From his experience Martin didn't was only tasked with fetching the chosen dogs.
like Martin's accommodation was a small log cabin that he shared with 6 other
people, but at least it was warm inside and located close to where he worked.
A feedi ng the dogs in the
However, the hardest part of the job certainly had to be enduring the extreme
morning. outdoor weather conditions and temperatures that were routlnely 2030
B traini ng the dogs for the safaris. degrees below freezing!
C travel ling to work in the During his free lime Martin had the chance to take part in many different
morning. activities such as canoeing, hiking, skiing and even driving snowmobiles. Yet,
D working in severe weather. there was one activity thal he never got round to trying and that was ice
fishing on the frozen lake nearby. It wasn't that he was afraid the ice would
4 Martin didn't go ice fishing break or that it often took a great deal of patience to catch a fish, it was just
because that he would rather spend his time unwinding in the hot thermal springs that
A he preferred to go existed in the area.
snowmobiling. Martin's tlme volunteering on the husky farm passed quicker than he ever
imagined it would. The skills that he had leamed during the summer survival
B he was afraid of the ice breaking.
camp had certainly come in handy. It had been an exhausting several months
C he's too impatient for such an
but Martin didn't want to leave. He had formed a close bond with the huskies
activity. and was definitely going to miss them. However, he knew he could look
D he wanted to relax instead. forward to telling his friends back home about all the amazing experiences
he'd had. It had definitely been a holiday to remember!
5 Just before his departure Martin
felt
A sad about leaving the dogs.
B proud of what he learned on
the farm.
C ex hausted an d ready to leave.
D anxious about retu rni ng
home.

155
 ~ jJ ru".u"""
Listening Everyday English
o You wi ll hear an intervie w G Read the dialogue and fill in the mi ss ing phrases.
F with a stuntm an. For question s Can I see you r library ca rd, please ?
J
110, (omp lete the se ntences. I'm afraid that book is out right now.
The books are due back in one week.
What's the title of the book and the author?
It should be brought back in two days.

A: Hi, 1wonder if you cou ld help me.

B: What seems to be the problem ?
A: I'm looking for a book.
B: 1) ....... ........................................ ..................... ............. .
A: It's Modern Art by Joanne Campbell.
B: 2) ..............................................................................
Would you like to reserve it?
A: Yes, please. When wi ll it be back in?
B: 3) ..................................... I can call you when I ha ve it.
A: That would be great. My phone number is 8537866. Also,
can I take these books out just now, please?
Johnny enjoys his job because it is
B: Sure. 4) .... .. ................................... ......... ... ........... .
very 1
A: Here it is.
The most important thing for stunt B: OK . 5) ..................................... .. .................... ................ .
performers is 2 . A: Thank you very much.
Johnny had an accident when a B: My pleasure. Goodbye.
3 broke.
When Johnny woke up, he had a(n) Writing
4 H Read the rubric, match the viewpoints to the
Before he worked as a stunt reason s/exa mples and w rite an essay (120-180 words).
performer, Johnny took part in many Remember to include:
5 . a short introduction viewpoints & examples
a summary that expresses your opin ion
When a person finishes a stunt l'
programme, they will obtain a(n) r-------------------------- ,
I A studen t website is asking for opinions about this I
6 I issue: "Should it be compulsory for students to wear school I
Applicants are divided into groups : uniforms?" Wri te a for-and-against essay discussing this :
based upon their I proposal (200-250 words). I
~-------------------------- j
7 .
Johnny says that the
Viewpoints
B
8 is both ITIJ It reduces peer pressure.
enjoyable and helps to boost fitness. [!IJ It limits sel f-expression.
[ID It saves parents' money.
Children (an attend the camp in the
month of 9 Reasons/ Examples
a School uniforms are cheaper than popular designer clothes.
In order to become a stunt performer,
b Children are un able to be creative with what they wear.
its vital to maintain a(n)
c Since everyone looks the same, there is no difference amon9
10 .
students.
156
 ;

l
Vocabulary Grammar
A Choose the (orrect item. c Choose the co rrect it em.

1 lane is not a very . ... person because she can't 1 Paula behaves ...... she's better than everyone
keep a secret. else.
A eager C efficient A so that B as if C since
B trustworthy 0 organised
2 You ...... feed the animals in the zoo! It's
2 1i1l is a total drama queen . She ..... everything!
forbidden.
A processes C contributes
A mustn't B shouldn't C couldn 't
B overcompensates 0 exaggerates
3 The police officer was ..... the suspect was lying. 3 Jenny ...... her eyebrows plucked right now.
A convinced ( dominated A has B has had C is having
B intimidated 0 handled
4 Gavin is always telling others what to do! He's
4 The student felt restless and kept ..... in his chair.
.. .... a bossy-boots!
A scratching ( frowning
A so B such C because
B fidgeting 0 twitching
5 Carol is often complaining. She's a bit of a ........ ! 5 Martin is having his beard ...... by the barber.
it. A trims
A chatterbox ( whiner B trim C trimmed
50,
B scatterbrain o steamroller
6 Mark ...... his hair cut yesterday.
6 Daniel is too timid. He should be more ..... with
A had B has C was
his opinions.
A assertive C ferocious 7 laura's been sick in bed all day. She ...... have
B hostile 0 aggressive been to the gym.
7 Certain animals can .... . each other with sounds A might B needn't C couldn 't
and gestures. 8 Some an imals change col our ...... disguise
A signal B declare C release 0 notify themselves from predators.
8 In the Arctic, a ..... of dogs is used to pull A so that B so as to c so
sledges.
A flock B herd C pack 0 swarm 9 Tim was studying all night. He ... be tired .
s).
9 'You cannot use my computer,' she said. A (ou ld B should C must
A intensely C firmly 10 Mary .... .. her hair dyed tomorrow.
B instinctively 0 confidently A will have B has C had
-.
lis I
10 A know-it-all takes great ..... in proving other
people wrong .
o Use t he w ords/ ph rases to re w rite th e
)01 I A interest C care
. I sentences .
liS I B triumph D delight
_. I
1 Eve didn't feel confident until she lost weight.
Only after .................................. ... ............ ..
B Circl e the correct item. 2 I don't often get tongue-tied .
1 The rugby op po nent / supporte r wore his Rarely ..................................................... ........ ..
team's colours . 3 If you talk to Emma, ask her to call me.
2 After having cosmetic I impl ant surgery, lydia S~u~ ................... ....................... .. ... ........ .
feels more confident. 4 I didn't know he was lying.
3 During the traditional dance, the tribesmen little ............................... ..
stamped / slapped their feet. 5 You will be on time for your appointment if
4 Phillip widened / raised an eyebrow in disbelief. you leave now.
5 The politicians worked together in order to Only if ........................................................ .
resolve I conclud e the confl ict.
157
 Reading
Re ad the te xt . Seven sentences have been
E removed from the article. Choose from the
se ntences (A-H) the one that fits each gap
(1-7), There is one extra sentence.
" They feel pressure to conform to a certain image.
o Teens often hope plastic surgery will fix their
difficulties with peer groups.
et Such surgeries are on the rise because they are
increasingly being seen as acceptable ways of
improving one's image.
Cl) They are awa re of the limitations of plastic
s~rgery.

G Thus, they are more will ing to give consent and

pay for their teenager's surgery.
G Here, a dangerous problem is developing
with teenagers thinking surgery is the
answer to whatever they don't like.
o There is also the added danger of a surgery
going wrong and the resu lts being worse
than before.
0) Unfortunately, many teenagers are
unhappy with their reflections.
 Listening Everyday English
o You will hear eight people talking in
F eight G Choose the correct response .
different situations. For questions
1 to 8, choose the best answer A, 8 or C. 1 A; Hello, Ann's Salon. How can I help?
S: a I had to work late at short notice.
1 You hear a young girl talking. Why did she b I' d like to rearrange my appointment.
decide to lose weight?
A Her parents suggested it. 2 A: When would you like to rearrange it for?
S Her doctor recommended it. B: a How about Friday the 2nd at llam?
e She was motivated by a book. b See you on the 11 th .

2 You hear a man talk ing on the radio. Wha t does 3 A: I'm stuck in t raffic and can't get there in
he work as? time.
A a sculptor. B a body piercer. S: a What time was your appointment?
C a tattoo artist. b I'm sorry that time is booked.

3 You hear a presenter talking about a woman 4 A: What time was your lesson?
who is about to have a make-over. How does B: a It was supposed to be at 3pm today.
the presenter feel about the woman? b Next Monday at 1pm, if possible?
A She does not dress to suit her age.
5 A; Could you come in on Tuesday at 9am?
S Her clothes fit her well.
S: a That time is unavai lable.
C Her hair is a beautiful colour.
b That should be fine .
4 You hear a woman talking to a hairdresser. Why
6 A: There's been a family emergency.
is she talking to her?
8: a I hope things get better soon.
A to discuss different hair styles.
b I'm not feeling well.
B to reschedule a booking.
( to make an apology. 7 A: How about next Thursday at the same time?
5 You hear a plastic surgeon being interviewed 8: a I'm sorry to hear that.
on the radio. Why did he decide to become a b I'm afraid that time isn't available.
plastic su rgeon? 8 A: OK. So see yo u on the 18th!
A to follow a family tradition. 8: a Great. Thank you very much.
8 to develop a natural talent. b You're welcome.
c to help other people.
9 A: Can I rearrange my lesson?
6 You hear part of an entertainment show about 8: a I got stuck in traffic.
fashion. What is the narrator describing? b When was it scheduled for?
A The history of fashion .
S The latest trends .
( Buying used clothing.
Writing
7 You hear a man talking about his appea rance.
How does he feel about the way he looks?
H Write an article about a famous person
from your country (120-180 words).
A awkward 8 embarrassed
Mention:
C indifferent

8 You hear a woman ta lking about attending a who they are and what they are famous for
fitness camp. During which activity did the what they are like (a ppearance, character,
woman get injured? ac hievements, etc)
A running 8 doing yoga why you admi re them
C playing hockey
159
 Irregular Verbs _____-----.,-_ _ __ _ _

Infinitive Infinitive

(hanged) m Al) (ha:!!Jd)l

160
Prime Time 4 is a
modular secondary-level
course at CH level 82. The course
combines active learning with a variety of
lively topics presented in six themed modules.

& Gramma r Book

(interleaved)

ISBN 978-1<17 1500220