POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

PLUMBING
• the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings
for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
MASTER PLUMBER REVIEW and/or ingredients and removing them; and such
• water, liquid and other carried-wastes
Plumbing Design and Installation hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property;
also the
• pipes and fixtures after installation
Engr. Jarick A. Acosta, CE, RMP, MTE, SE
i.e., the plumbing system

Engr. Acosta 1 Engr. Acosta 3

PLUMBING
Plumber
– title of the person who is skilled in plumbing
PLUMBING CONCEPTS Plumbarius
– who worked in the field of sanitation in
ancient Rome
Part 1: Fundamentals of Plumbing
Design and Installation
Plumbum
Part 2: Process, Design Criteria and – means lead, the material the ancient
Computations Rome used in plumbing
Engr. Acosta 2 Engr. Acosta 4

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 1

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Components

Components & Flow in Water

Systems:
THE PLUMBING CYCLE
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION USE

Pressure,
Water Mains, Plumbing
PLUMBING FIXTURES Storage Tanks
Piping
Fixtures
Networks

SOURCE COLLECTION
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Gravity,
Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs Networks
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM TREATMENT DISPOSAL
Treated water Sewage Plants,
Sanitary and
returned to the Natural
Storm Sewers
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
Engr. Acosta 5
original source Purification
Engr. Acosta 7

NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE

PLUMBING SYSTEM
PHILIPPINES
• Water Supply PVC, GI, BI, PE, • “Book of Master Plumbers” practicing their
HDPE, Steel, profession in the Philippines
BI – Black Iron
• Storm/Drainage System PVC, GI/BI • 22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code
• Vent System PVC
• Sewer/Waste System PVC, CI • 7 Code of Ethics
• Fire Protection GI, BI

Engr. Acosta 6 Engr. Acosta 8

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 2

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
• Board Resolution No. 4, Series of 1999 • Appendix A: Recommended Rules for Sizing
• History of Plumbing Practice the Water Supply System
• Basic Principles • Appendix B: Private Sewage Disposal
• Master Plumber’s Code of Ethics Systems
• CHAPTERS:
• Tables and Charts
1. Administration
2. Definitions
3. General Regulations
4. Plumbing Fixtures

Engr. Acosta 9 Engr. Acosta 11

NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE

OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING IN BUILDINGS
PHILIPPINES
5. Inspections and Tests
6. Water Supply and Distribution
7. Excreta Drainage System 1. To supply water to different parts of the
8. Indirect Waste Piping, Wet-Vented Systems, and Special
Wastes building
9. Vents and Venting
10. Traps and Interceptors
11. Storm Drainage System 2. To remove and discharge human wastes and
12. House Drains and House Sewers other substances out of the building into the
13. Joints and Connections
14. Quality of Weight Materials, Plumbing Materials and public sewer or septic tank
Referenced Standards

Engr. Acosta 10 Engr. Acosta 12

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 3

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

CONDITIONS FOR AN EFFECTIVE WATER SUPPLY THINGS TO CONSIDER IN THE PLANNING OF

IN BUILDINGS WATER SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS

1. System must provide adequate supply of water, with

1. Provide sufficient amount of water to supply adequate pressure up to the extremities of the system
each fixture
2. System should be provided with sufficient valves and blow-
off’s to allow repair work without undue interruption of
2. Prevent back flow of used water into the service
water supply system
3. There should be no unprotected open reservoir, or cross
connections with inferior water system to enter the system

Engr. Acosta 13 Engr. Acosta 15

4. Water system should be tight against leakage.

Branches or connections should not be submerged
in surface water or to any source of contamination

WATER DISTRIBUTION IN 5. System design shall afford effective circulation of

water with minimum number of dead end mains
BUILDINGS
Part 1: Fundamentals of Plumbing 6. System shall be guarded against contamination
resulting from repair works, replacement or
Design and Installation
extension of the mains
Part 2: Process, Design Criteria and
Computations
Engr. Acosta 14 Engr. Acosta 16

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 4

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

7. When new are installed, or old mains repaired, they should • DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
be filled with strong chlorine solution of 40-60 mg/L for at
least 24 hrs., and then flushed with water supplied normally
– Obtain its water supply through a large intake pipe,
from the main.
installed in the lake basin extended down the water;

8. As much as possible water main should be laid above the

– Water is then drawn from the lake to a receiving well by
elevation of concrete sanitary sewers, or crossover points,
force of gravity, passing through the filtration plant
and at least 3m horizontally from such sanitary sewer when
they are parallel. Otherwise, the sewer main must be
encased in concrete – The water inside the reservoir is pumped by a centrifugal,
or piston pump into the water main with sufficient
pressure to serve specific needs

Engr. Acosta 17 Engr. Acosta 19

• INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM – Water drawn from a drilled distribution is done by indirect
pressure using a turbine pump mounted on top of the
standpipe extended down the well below the water table
1. DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

2. INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

Engr. Acosta 18 Engr. Acosta 20

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 5

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY Water Supply Water

Meter

Stop Box
Water is conveyed from the main to the
Corporation Stop
household or buildings through: Meter
Stop

1. House Service House Service Pipe Curb Stop

2. Riser
3. Branches Water Main

Corporation Stop or Cock

Curb Stop
Meter Stop
Engr. Acosta 21 Engr. Acosta 23

House Service Water Main

 pipe connection from the water main to any source refers to the public water connection which are laid underground
along the streets where the house service is connected
of water supply to the building served

Corporation Stop
Riser serves as a control of the water service, and a shut-off
 Vertical supply pipe which extend upward from one when service is disconnected
floor to the next.
Curb Stop
Branches installed between the curb & the sidewalk line to serve
 Horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures as control stop of the service between the curb and the
building

Engr. Acosta 22 Engr. Acosta 24

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 6

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Meter Stop Overhead Feed Distribution System

controlling stop of the entire water supply of
the building

Water Meter
device used to measure the amount of water
that passes through the water service

Engr. Acosta 25 Engr. Acosta 27

TYPES OF COLD WATER SYTEM Overhead Feed System

This supplies water to plumbing fixtures by
1. NORMAL PRESSURE FROM THE PUBLIC MAIN means of gravity.

2. OVERHEAD FEED SYSTEM Advantages:

1. Water supply distribution is not affected by the peak
3. AIR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM load hour even if pressure at water main is low.
2. Power interruptions doesn’t affect water supply
3. During break down of pumps and their repairs, water
supply is not affected.

Engr. Acosta 26 Engr. Acosta 28

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 7

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Disadvantages: Direct Upfeed System

1. Water inside tank is exposed to the natural elements of
weather, subject to contamination

2. Water distribution unit has many working parts that

require higher maintenance cost

3. Pumping unit and the entire installation throughout

the building occupies valuable spaces.

4. Requires stronger foundation and other structures to

sustain heavy load of the tank and its water content

Engr. Acosta 29 Engr. Acosta 31

Direct Upfeed System Direct Upfeed System

– Used on tall buildings that could not be served by the street
main

– Operates in sequence according to the volume of demand:

• When water demand is small, small (jockey) pump
operates;
• As water demand increases, the 2nd larger pump starts
automatically to replace operation of the small pump
• For peak demands, the largest pump operates with full
capacity to supply the entire building
• Only one pump operates at a time depending on the
volume of water demand
Engr. Acosta 30 Engr. Acosta 32

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 8

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Advantages Air Pressured Water Distribution System

1. Eliminate the construction of large house water – Distribution system where compressed air is used
tank as the delivery agent

2. Avoid cost of heavy structures to carry the house Advantages:

tank 1. Has compact pumping system requiring limited
space
3. Eliminate periodic cost 2. Water chamber being air-tight makes the system as
sanitary one
3. Oxygen in the CA serves as purifying agent making
water more palatable

Engr. Acosta 33 Engr. Acosta 35

Air Pressured Water Distribution System Advantages

4 Economical because it uses small pipe & fitting
sizes; less maintenance/construction cost
5 Acceptable to small and tall buildings

Disadvantage:
1 Power interruption cuts water supply

Engr. Acosta 34 Engr. Acosta 36

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 9

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

4 Mechanical Devices used in Air Pressurized Normal Pressure

Water Supply System
refers to the pressure range measured over 24 hours
1. Storage Tank
2. Single or Duplex centrifugal pump Normal Pressure
3. Air compressor 30-40 psi
4. Automatic pressure control switch
Pressure Lower than Normal Pressure
results to insufficient flow of water

Engr. Acosta 37 Engr. Acosta 39

Friction in Water Supply Pressure greater than 50 psi

may cause pipe hammering or even bursting of pipes
the resistance produced by the flowing water
with the fittings and interior surface of the pipe
Pressure Reducing Valve
How to minimize friction: valve used to avoid excessive water pressure by
1. Pipes should be installed straight and direct keeping pressure constant at 40 psi or can be reset to
2. Use of fittings, stops, turns, offset and traps other pressure desired
should be minimized
3. Pipes with plain and smooth surface should be
used Critical Pressure
4. Fittings and joints must connected properly maximum and minimum pressure at which proper
function of the water supply can be maintained

Engr. Acosta 38 Engr. Acosta 40

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 10

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

MAXIMUM PROBABLE DEMAND PROBABLE DEMAND

OR PEAK LOAD
• Refers to the MAXIMUM WATER DISCHARGE OF
FIXTURES in terms of Fixture units
The fewer the number of fixtures installed,
• THE MAXIMUM DEMAND OF WATER is equal to the
the higher the percentage of probability of their
TOTAL FIXTURES UNITS in the plumbing system
simultaneous use;

• One unit is valued at 8 gals of water discharge per

minute interval The greater the number of fixtures installed,
the lower the percentage of probable simultaneous
use.

Engr. Acosta 41 Engr. Acosta 43

Illustration: PROBABILITY OF SIMULTANEOUS OF FIXTURES

A residential house has 3 water closets, 3
lavatories, 1 kitchen sink, and 3 shower baths. Number of Fixtures % of Simultaneous Use
Determine the maximum demand.
1 to 5 50% to 100%
Solution: 6 to 50 25% to 50%
51 or more 10% to 25%
Total FU = 6(3) + 1(3) + 2(1) + 2(3) = 29 FU
Maximum Water Demand = 29 FU x 8 gals PROBABLE DEMAND does not exceed 25% of the
= 232 gals Maximum Water Demand

Engr. Acosta 42 Engr. Acosta 44

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 11

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Illustration: Upfeed and Gravity Return System

Determine the probable demand of the following
Fixtures installed: 2 water closets, 1 lavatory, 1
With a continuing network of
bathtub, 1 shower valve, 1 kitchen sink. pipes to provide constant
circulation of water

Solution: Hot water rises on its own &

does not need any pump for
circulation
• Total FU = 2(6) + 1(1) + 1(2) + 1(2) + 1(2) = 19 FU Hot water is immediately
drawn form the fixture any time
• Maximum Demand = 19 FU x 8 gals = 152 gals
Provided economical circulating
• It may be reduced by 25%-50% to get probable demand return of unused hot water
• Using 30% reduction: 45 gals Larger pipe is installed at the
• Probable Demand = 152-45 gals = 107 gals top of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the lower
floors of the building

Engr. Acosta 45 Engr. Acosta 47

TYPES OF HOT WATER SYTEM Downfeed and Gravity Return System

Hot water rises on to

1. UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
2. DOWNFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)

Water distribution is
3. PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM dependent on the
expansion of hot
water & gravity.

Larger pipe is installed

at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper
floors of the building
Engr. Acosta 46 Engr. Acosta 48

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 12

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Pump Circuit System TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEM

Hot Water Space Heating System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels Water is confined within a system at low temperature
of multi-storey buildings Hot Water Supply System
Not a closed system which operate on much higher
temperature

Protection of Hot Water Tank:

System Relief Valve
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System

Temperature & Pressure Relief

Used for Hot Water Supply System

Engr. Acosta 49 Engr. Acosta 51

Water Tanks & Cisterns

Hot Water Consumption
KIND OF GALLONS PER
BUILDING PERSONS PER HOUR
Office Buildings 4 to 5
School Buildings 2 to 3
Apartment Buildings 8 FLUID COMPUTATIONS
Hotels 8 to 10
Factories 4 to 6
Residential 10
Part 1: Fundamentals of Plumbing
Working Load of Hot Water Systems Design and Installation
KIND OF BUILDING AVERAGE WORKING
LOAD Part 2: Process, Design Criteria and
School, Office & Industrial types 25% Computations
Apartments & Residences 35%
Hotels & Restaurants 50%
Engr. Acosta 50 Engr. Acosta 52

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 13

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example:
Convert gallons to pounds.

pounds ( lb ) = Gallons (gal) x 8.34 lb/gal

Water / Wastewater Problem

If 1650 gallons of solids are removed from the primary
Conversion settling tank, how many pounds of solids are removed?

Solution
Pounds (lb) = 1650 gal x 8.34 lb/gal = 13,761 lb

Engr. Acosta 53 Engr. Acosta 55

Example:
Convert cubic feet to gallons. Convert milligrams/liter to pounds.

Gallons = Cubic Feet (ft3) x gal/ft3  key point: For plant operations, concentrations in milligrams
per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm) determined by
Problem laboratory testing must be converted to quantities of pounds,
How many gallons of biosolids can be pumped to a kilograms, pounds per day, or kilograms per day.
digester that has 3600 cubic feet of volume available?

Solution Pounds = Concentration (mg/L) x volume (MG)

Gallons = 3600 ft3 x 7.48 gal/ft3 = 26,928 gal x 8.34 lb/mg/L/MG

Engr. Acosta 54 Engr. Acosta 56

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 14

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example: Example:
Convert milligrams per liter to kilograms per day.
Problem
kg/day = Concentration (mg/L) x volume (MG)
The solids concentration in an aeration tank is 2580 mg/L. The
aeration tank volume is 0.95 MG. How many pounds of solids are x 3.785 kg/mg/L/MG
in the tank?
Problem
The effluent contains 26 mg/L of BOD5. How many kilograms per day
Solution of BOD5 are discharged when the effluent flow rate is 9.5 MGD?
Pounds = 2580 mg/L x 0.95 MG x 8.34 lb/mg/L/MG = 20,441.3 lb Solution
kg/day = 26 mg/L x 9.5 MG x 8.34 lb/mg/L/MG = 1030 lb/day

Engr. Acosta 57 Engr. Acosta 59

Example: Example:
Convert milligrams per liter to pounds per day. Convert million gallons per day (MGD) to
gallons per minute (gpm).
Pounds/day = Concentration (mg/L) x flow (MGD)
x 8.34 lb/mg/L/MG Flow = Flow (MGD) x 1,000,000 gal/MG
1440 min/day
Problem
Problem
How many pounds of solids are discharged per day when the plant
effluent flow rate is 4.75 MGD and the effluent solids concentration The current flow rate is 5.55 MGD. What is the flow rate in gallons
is 26 mg/L? per minute?

Solution
Pounds/day = 26 mg/L x 4.75 MGD x 8.34 lb/mg/L/MG =1030 lb/day Solution
Flow = 5.55 MGD x 1,000,000 gal/MG = 3854 gpm
1440 min/day
Engr. Acosta 58 Engr. Acosta 60

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 15

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example: Example:
Convert million gallons per day (MGD) to gallons per day (gpd) Problem
A liquid chemical with a specific gravity (SG) of 1.22 is pumped at a
rate of 40 gpm. How many pounds per day are being delivered by the
Flow = Flow (MGD) x 1,000,000 gal/MG pump?

Problem Solution
Solve for pounds pumped per minute; change to lb/day.
The influent meter reads 28.8 MGD. What is the current flow rate
in gallons per day? 8.34 lb/gal water x 1.22 SG liquid chemical = 10.2 lb/gal liquid

Solution 40 gal/min x 10.2 lb/gal = 408 lb/min

Flow = 28.8 MGD x 1,000,000 gal/MG = 28,800,000 gpd 408 lb/min x 1440 min/d = 587,520 lb/day

Engr. Acosta 61 Engr. Acosta 63

Example: Temperature Conversions

Most water/wastewater operators are familiar with the formulae
Convert million gallons per day (MGD) to cubic feet per used for Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature conversions:
second (cfs)
Flow (cfs
cfs)) = Flow (MGD) x 1.55 cfs
cfs/MGD
/MGD oC = 5/9 (oF – 32)
oF = 9/5 (oC) + 32

Problem
The difficulty arises when one tries to recall these formulae from
The flow rate entering grit channel is 2.89 MGD. What is the flow memory. Probably the easiest way to recall these important formulae
rate in cubic feet per second? is to remember three basic steps for both Fahrenheit and Celsius
conversions:
Solution
 Add 40o
Flow = 2.89 MGD x 1.55 cfs/MGD = 4.48 cfs  Multiply by the appropriate fraction (5/9 or 9/5)
 Subtract 40o
Engr. Acosta 62 Engr. Acosta 64

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 16

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example: Example:
Suppose that we wish to convert 240oF to Celsius. Using the three- Convert 22oC to Fahrenheit.
step process, we proceed as follows:
• Step 1 : add 40o
• Step 1 : add 40o
22o + 40o = 62o
240o + 40o = 280o
Because we are converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit, we are moving from a
• Step 2 : multiply 280o by either 5/9 or 9/5. smaller to a larger number, and 9/5 should be used in the multiplications:

Because the conversion is to the Celsius scale, we will be moving to a

• Step 2 : multiply 280o by either 5/9 or 9/5.
number smaller than 280. Through reason and observation, obviously, if 280 were
multiplied by 9/5, the result would be almost the same as multiplying by 2, which (9/5) (62o) = 112oC
would double 280 rather than make it smaller. If we multiply by 5/9, the result will
be about he same as multiplying by ½. Because in this problem we wish to move to • Step 3 : Subtract 40o
a smaller number, we should multiply by 5/9:

112o – 40o = 72o

(5/9) (280o) =Engr.
156.0 o
Acosta C 65 Engr. Acosta 67

FLOW
Flow is expressed in many different terms in the English system of
measurement. The most commonly used flow terms are as follows:
• Step 3 : now subtract 40o.
• gpm – gallons per minute
156.0o - 40o = 116.0oC • cfs – cubic feet per second
• gpd – gallons per day
Thus, 240oF = 116.0oC • MGD – million gallons per day

In converting flow rates, the most common flow conversions are 1 cfs = 448
gpm and 1 gpm = 1440 gpd. To convert gallons per day to MGD, divide the gpd
by 1,000,000. For example, convert 150,000 gallons to MGD:

150,000 gpd = 0.150 MGD

1,000,000

Engr. Acosta 66 Engr. Acosta 68

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 17

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

In some instances, flow is given in MGD but is needed in gpm. In determining flow through a pipeline, channel, or stream, we
To make the conversion (MGD to gpm), two steps are required. use the following equation:

• Step 1: convert the gpd by multiplying by 1,000,000. where

• Step 2: convert to gpm by dividing by the number of minutes in
a day (1440 min/day). Q = cubic feet per second (cfs
(cfs))
V = velocity in feet per second (ft/second)
A = area in square feet (ft2)

Engr. Acosta 69 Engr. Acosta 71

Example: Example:
Problem Problem
Convert 0.135 MGD to gpm. Find the flow in cubic feet per second (cfs) in an 8-inch line if the velocity is 3
feet per second.

Solution Solution
First convert the flow in MGD to gpd.
• Step 1: Determine the cross-sectional area of the line in square feet. Start by
0.135 MGD x 1,000,000 = 135,000 gpd converting the diameter of the pipe to inches
• Step 2: The diameter is 8 inches; therefore, the radius is 4 inches, and 4 inches is
Now convert to gpm by dividing by the number of minutes in a day 4/12 of a foot, or 0.33 feet.
(24 hrs per day x 60 min per hour = 1440 min/day). • Step 3: Find the area in square feet

135,000 gpd = 93.8 or 94 gpm A = πr2

1440 min/day A = π (0.33 ft)2
A = π x 0.109 ft2
A = 0.342 ft2
Engr. Acosta 70 Engr. Acosta 72

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 18

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example:

• Step 4: Q=VA Problem

Find the flow in gpm when the flow is 0.45 cfs.
Q = 3 ft/sec x 0.342 ft2

Q = 1.03 cfs
Solution

0.45 cfs x 448 gpm = 202 gpm

1 1 cfs

Engr. Acosta 73 Engr. Acosta 75

Example: DETENTION TIME

Detention time is the length of time water is retained in a vessel

Problem
or the period from the time the water enters a settling basin until
Find the flow in gpm when the total flow for the day is 75,000 gpd. it flows out the other end. When calculating unit process
detention times, we are calculating the length of time it takes the
water to flow through that unit process. Detention times are
Solution normally calculated for the following basins or tanks:

75,000 gpd = 52 gpm • Flash mix chambers (seconds)

1440 min/day • Flocculation basins (minutes)
• Sedimentation tanks or clarifiers (hours)
• Wastewater ponds (days)
• Oxidation ditch (hours)
Engr. Acosta 74 Engr. Acosta 76

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 19

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

To calculate the detention period of a basin, the volume of the

basin must first be obtained. Using a basin 70 ft long (L), 25 ft wide
(W), and 12 ft deep (D), the volume (V) would be:
Detention time (days) = volume of tank (gal)
V=LxWxD flow rate (gpd
(gpd))
V = 70 ft x 25 ft x 12 ft
V = 21,000 ft3 The simplest way to calculate detention time is to divide the volume of the
gal/ ft3
Gallons = V x 7.48 gal/ container by the flow rate into the container. The theoretical detention time of
a container is the same as the amount of time it would take to fill the
Gallons = 21,000 x 7.48 = 157,080 gallons
container if it were empty. For volume, the most common units used are
gallons; however, on occasion, cubic feet may also be used. Time units will be
If we assume that the plant filters 300 gpm, then we have in whatever units are used to express the flow. For example, if the flow is in
gpm,, the detention time will be in days, If, in the final result, the detention
gpm
157,080 / 300 = 524 minutes, or roughly 9 hours, of detention time is in the wrong time unit, simply convert to the appropriate units.
time. Stated another way, the detention time is the length of time
theoretically required for the coagulated water to flow through the
basin. Engr. Acosta 77 Engr. Acosta 79

Example:
 Key point: If the detention time is desired in minutes, then the flow rate used in
the calculation should have the same time frame (cfm or gpm, depending on
whether tank volume is expressed as cubic feet or gallons). If detention time is Problem
desired in hours, then the flow rate used in the calculation should be cfh or gph.
The reservoir for the community holds 110,000 gallons. The well
If chlorine is added to the water as it enters the basin, the chlorine contact time will produce 60 gpm. What is the detention time in the reservoir in
(CT) would be 9 hours. That is, to determine the CT (concentration of free chlorine hours?
residual x disinfectant contact time [in minutes] used to determine the Solution
effectiveness of chlorine), we must calculate detention time.

 Key point: True detention time is the T portion of the CT value.

DT = 110,000 gal = 1834 min or 1834 min = 30.6 hr
Detention time, of course, is calculated in units of time. The most common are 60 gal/min 60 min/hr
seconds, minutes, hours, and days. Examples of detention time equations where
time and volume units match include:

Detention time (sec) = volume of tank (cu ft)

flow rate (cfs
(cfs))
Engr. Acosta 78 Engr. Acosta 80

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 20

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example:

The rate of doing work (power) involves a time factor. Originally,

Problem the rate of doing work or power compared the power of a horse to
Find the detention time in a 55,000-gallon reservoir if the flow rate that of a steam engine. The rate at which a horse could work was
is 75 gpm. determined to be about 550 ft-lb/sec (or 33,000 ft-lb/min). This
rate has become the definition of the standard unit called
horsepower.
Solution

DT = 55,000 gal = 734 min or 734 min = 1 hr

75 gal/min 60 min/hr

Engr. Acosta 81 Engr. Acosta 83

HORSEPOWER AND ENERGY COSTS Horsepower (hp)

Horsepower (hp) = power (ft-

(ft-lb/min)
In water/wastewater treatment and ancillaries, horsepower is a
common expression for power. One horsepower is equal to 33,000 33,000 ft-
ft-lb/min/hp
foot pounds (ft-lb) of work per minute. This value is determined,
for example, for selecting the pump or combination of pumps to As mentioned, in water/wastewater treatment the major use of horsepower
ensure an adequate pumping capacity (a major use of calculating calculation is in pumping stations. When used for this purpose, the horsepower
horsepower in water/wastewater treatment). Pumping capacity calculation can be modified as shown below.
depends upon the flow rate desired and the feet of head against
which the pump must pump (also referred to as effective height). Water Horsepower (whp)
Calculations of horsepower are made in conjunction with many • The amount of power required to move a given volume of water a specified
treatment plant operations. The basic concept from which the total head is known as water horsepower.
horsepower calculation is derived is the concept of work, which
involves the operation of a force (lb) over a specific distance (ft).
The amount of work accomplished is measured in foot-pounds:
whp = pump rate (gpm
(gpm)) x total head (ft) x 8.34 lb/gal

ft x lb = ft
ft--lb 33,000 ft-
ft-lb/min/hp

Engr. Acosta 82 Engr. Acosta 84

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 21

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example: Example:

Problem Problem
A pump must deliver 1210 gpm to a total head of 130 feet. What is the Under the specified conditions, the pump efficiency is 73%. If the
required water horsepower? required water horsepower is 40 hp, what is the required brake
horsepower?

Solution Solution

whp = 1210 gpm x 130 ft x 8.34 lb/gal = 40 whp bhp = 40 whp = 55 bhp
33,000 ft-lb/min/hp 0.73

Engr. Acosta 85 Engr. Acosta 87

Brake Horsepower (bhp)

Motor Horsepower (mhp)
• Brake horsepower (bhp) refers to the horsepower supplied to the pump from
the motor. As power moves through the pump, additional horsepower is lost • Motor horsepower (mhp) is the horsepower the motor must generate to
from slippage and friction of the shaft and other factors; thus, pump efficiencies produce the desired brake and water horsepower.
range from about 50% to 85%, and pump efficiency must be taken into account.

mhp = brake horsepower

bhp = whp
motor efficiency (%)
pump efficiency (%)

Engr. Acosta 86 Engr. Acosta 88

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 22

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Example: Example:

Problem Problem
The motor is 93% efficient. What is the required motor A 60-horsepower motor operates at full load 12 hours per day, 7
horsepower when the required brake horsepower is 49.0 bhp? days a week. How many kilowatts of energy does it consume per
day?

Solution
Solution
Kilowatt-hours/day = 60 hp x 0.746 kW/hp x 12 hr/day = 537 kWh/day

mhp = 49 whp = 53 bhp

0.93 Given the cost per kilowatt-hour, the operator (or anyone else) may calculate the
cost of power for any given period of operation.

Cost = power required/day x kW-

kW-hr/day x days/period x cost/kW-
cost/kW-hr

Engr. Acosta 89 Engr. Acosta 91

ELECTRICAL POWER
PD 856
On occasion, water/wastewater operators (especially senior
operators) must make electrical power calculations – especially Chapter 17 - Sewage Collection and
regarding electrical energy required/consumed during a period of Disposal, Excreta Disposal and
time. To accomplish this, horsepower is converted to electrical
energy (kilowatts), then multiplied by the hours of operation to Drainage
obtain kilowatt-hours.
Part 1: Fundamentals of Plumbing
Design and Installation
Kilowatt--hours = hp x 0.746 kW/hp x operating time (hr)
Kilowatt (hr)
Part 2: Process, Design Criteria and
Computations
Engr. Acosta 90 Engr. Acosta 92

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 23

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Section 3: Individual Excreta and Section 3: Individual Excreta and

Sewage Disposal System Sewage Disposal System
3.1 Individual Excreta Disposal System 3.2 Individual Sewage Disposal System
• Every plan and specifications for excreta disposal 3.2.2 Approval
system approved by the local health authority prior • The Local Health Authority may require any or all of the
to construction. following information before Sanitary (Plumbing) Permit is
• The City/Municipal Building Official shall refer all issued.
applications for Sanitary (Plumbing) Permit to the – Plot plan drawn to scale completely dimensioned, showing direction
and approx slope of surface
Local Health Authority prior to issuance of building
– Location of all present and proposed retaining walls, drainage
permit. channels, water supply lines and wells
• The privy recommended for use is the sanitary – Number of plumbing fixtures
privy. – Location of building sanitary sewer and individual sewage disposal
• The sanitary privy shall be at least one (1) meter system
square. – A log of soil formations and ground water levels, together with a
statement of water absorption characteristics of the soil
Engr. Acosta 93 Engr. Acosta 95

Section 3: Individual Excreta and Section 3: Individual Excreta and

Sewage Disposal System Sewage Disposal System
3.2 Individual Sewage Disposal System 3.2 Individual Sewage Disposal System
3.2.1 Installation Requirements 3.2.2 Disposal of Sewage
• Individual sewage disposal system utilizing leaching fields,
• When a public sanitary sewer is not available, leaching beds, or leaching wells shall not be permitted where
wastewater piping shall be provided with individual the depth to normal ground water or rock strata is less than
sewage disposal system of approve type and 1.20 meters
design. • A leaching system shall not be installed in an area where the
texture, structure, and porosity of soil are not suitable as
• The public sanitary sewer may be considered as determined by a percolation test performed by a registered
not being available when such public sanitary Civil/Sanitary Engineer.
sewer is located more than 100 meters from any • No leaching tile file or bed shall be installed where percolation
proposed building on any lot or premises. rate is less than 2.54 cm fall in water level in test holes in 60
minutes.
• No seepage pit or leaching well shall be installed where
percolation rate is less than 2.54 cm fall in water level in test
Engr. Acosta 94
holes in 30 minutes. Engr. Acosta 96

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 24

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic
Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers
4.1 Septic Tank 4.1 Septic Tank
4.1.1 Design Capacity 4.1.3 Tank Proportions
• May be determined from the quantities of Sewage • If two or more compartments are used, the first
Flow, based on adequate detention time interval compartment shall have the capacity from one-half
resulting in efficient sedimentation.
to two-thirds of the total volume of the tank.
• For building with occupants, the number of
persons to be served shall be computed based on • The septic tank shall have a liquid drawing depth
the number of rooms and considering each room not less than 1.20 meters (4 feet).
as occupied by two persons or on basis of the • The vertical distance from the liquid level to the
actual number of persons served by the tank, inside top of the tank shall be at least 20 cm (8in).
whichever is greater.

Engr. Acosta 97 Engr. Acosta 99

Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic
Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers
4.1 Septic Tank 4.1 Septic Tank
4.1.2 Inlet and Outlet 4.1.4 Inspection Manholes
• The invert level of the inlet shall not be less than 5 cm
above the liquid level of the septic tank. • Shall be provided with an inspection manhole 0.36
• A vented inlet baffle or sanitary tee shall be provided to
sq.m. (4 sq.ft.) in minimum area or by equivalent
divert the incoming sewage downward. The baffle or tee removable cover slab to provide access to the inlet
shall penetrate at least 15 cm below the liquid level, but the and outlet devices and to the compartment of the
penetration shall not be greater than that allowed for the tank for inspection and cleaning.
outlets baffle or sanitary tee. • Septic tanks installed under concrete or block top
• The outlet baffle or sanitary device shall extend through the paving shall have the required manholes accessible
scum layer above the liquid level of the tank to by extending the manhole openings to grade.
approximately 2.5 cm from the inside top of the tank.
• The invert of the inlet pipes shall be at a level not less than
5 cm above the invert of the outlet pipe
Engr. Acosta 98 Engr. Acosta 100

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 25

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic
Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers
4.1 Septic Tank 4.2 Leaching Tile Field
4.1.5 Construction of Septic Tank 4.2.1 Design
4.1.6 Location • A leaching tile system utilizing trenches 0.45-
• Shall be located not less than 25 meters 0.90 m wide is considered to be a leaching
from any well, spring, cistern, or other tile field.
sources of drinking water supply; not less
than 1.5 m from any water service line; and • A leaching tile system utilizing trenches
not less than 3.0 meters away from water more than 0.90 m wide is considered to be a
main. leaching bed.
• Shall not be located under the building.
Engr. Acosta 101 Engr. Acosta 103

Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic
Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers
4.1 Septic Tank 4.2 Leaching Tile Field
4.1.7 Maintenance 4.2.2 Construction
• Shall be inspected at least once a year and be
• The leaching tile field or leaching bed shall
cleaned when the bottom of the scum mat is
within 3 inches of the bottom of the outlet device be located not less than 25 meters from any
or the sludge and scum has reduced the liquid well, spring, cistern, or other source of
capacity by 50%. drinking water supply; not less than 3 meters
• Tanks shall not be washed or disinfected after from an occupied building; and not less than
cleaning. A small residual of sludge shall be left in 1.5 meters from any lot line.
the tank for seeding.
Engr. Acosta 102 Engr. Acosta 104

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 26

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Section 4: Design and Construction of Septic

Tanks, Leaching Tile Field and House Sewers
Section 5: Public Sewerage System

4.3 House Sewers 5.2 Provision of Sewerage System

5.2.2 Operation of Sewage Treatment Plants
4.3.1 Design d. Operating data, control tests and such other
• Minimum size shall not be less than 100mm records as may be required shall be forwarded to
the local health authority.
(4 inches) in diameter e. The local health authority shall be informed in case
of breakdown or improper functioning of the
treatment works.
f. Where sewage treatment plant is provided, no
sewage shall be allowed to by-pass the plant.
g. The sewage treatment plant shall be managed by a
registered sanitary engineer.
Engr. Acosta 105 Engr. Acosta 107

Section 6: Damage to Public Sewer or

Section 5: Public Sewerage System
Sewage Disposal System
5.2 Provision of Sewerage System 6.1 It is unlawful for any person to discharge
5.2.2 Operation of Sewage Treatment Plants anything which would cause damage to the
a. The sewage treatment plant shall be capable of
treating the flow of sewage discharged by the public sewage disposal system, whether the
community in the area. system is government or privately-owned.
b. The type of sewage treatment plant shall be approved
by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative
and the effluent from such treatment plants shall meet
the standards formulated by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources.
c. The sewage treatment plant shall provide laboratory
facilities for control tests and other examinations
needed. Engr. Acosta 106 Engr. Acosta 108

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 27

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

SEPTIC TANK
Effectivity
• IRR of the Chapter 17 of PD 856 was approved Bacteria in septic tank
on December 21, 1995 to encourage decomposition:
• Date of Publication: February 22, 1996 Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without oxygen

Engr. Acosta 109 Engr. Acosta 111

Private Sewage Disposal Systems SEPTIC TANK

DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where

used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various
disposal outlets
Minimum
Definition: (SEPTIC TANK) Dimensions:
L= 1500mm
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to W=900mm
receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, D=1200mm
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and allow
the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and
settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the
water
EFFLUENT- liquid contentEngr.ofAcosta
sewage 110 Engr. Acosta 112

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 28

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

SEPTIC TANK SEPTIC TANK

COMPARTMENTS:
SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be
at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber
to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the
manhole
MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one
over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the
Engr. Acosta 113 Engr. Acosta 115
baffle wall.

SEPTIC TANK SEPTIC TANK

DESIGN CRITERIA:
SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS:
PLANS:
should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer
and such other pertinent data as needed. pipe
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than
QUALITY OF DESIGN: the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.

shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and scum Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the
accumulations. water surface
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
MATERIALS: above the invert of the outlet pipe.
constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay, shall be watertight. VENT DIAMETER:
Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
Engr. Acosta 114 Engr. Acosta 116

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 29

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

SEPTIC TANK
AIR SPACE:
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back
Isometric View
vent openings.
of a Typical
PARTITION (between compartments):
Drainage
An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no
case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet System with
compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting
placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are
prohibited.
Septic Tank
STRUCTURE:
System
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa
Engr. Acosta 117 Engr. Acosta 119

SEPTIC TANK DISPOSAL FIELD

CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the
structures with large adjacent open fields
estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building
occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing
fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall
also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage
field.

LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
Engr. Acosta 118 Engr. Acosta 120

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 30

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

DISPOSAL FIELD SEEPAGE PITS

AREA: STRENGTH:
dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated Brick lining shall have a minimum
sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and; compressive strength of 17225 kPa.
the type of soil found in the excavation.

MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS:

DISTANCE FROM WATER TABLE:
No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the
served through a distribution
water table.
box or shall be connected in
series by means of a watertight
WITH SEEPAGE PIT: connection. The outlet shall
have a vented leg fitting extending
Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit 304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.
excavation and the pipe extending from such points to the
seepage pit shall be watertight.
Engr. Acosta 121 Engr. Acosta 123

SEEPAGE PITS CEESPOOLS

a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the

discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to seep
through pit bottom and sides a non-watertight lined
excavation in the ground
which receives the discharge
CAPACITY: of a sanitary drainage system,
designed to retain the organic
based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character and
matter but permitting the liquid
porosity of the surrounding soil.
to seep through the pit bottom
and sides
SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT:
Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than 2.2 m
and to be lined with clay or concrete brick.
Engr. Acosta 122 Engr. Acosta 124

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 31

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

CEESPOOLS COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIQUID

WASTE DISPOSAL

TEMPORARY PERMITS:
Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public sewer,
so long as it is established that a public sewer will be available in REQUIREMENTS:
less than 2 years and the soil and ground water conditions are
favorable; When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of grease,
As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other ingredients which may
existing cesspool; affect the operation of a private sewage disposal system, an
interceptor for such waste shall be installed.
As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or temporary
uses.
DISPOSAL:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank or
other primary system or into a separate disposal system.
Engr. Acosta 125 Engr. Acosta 127

PRIVIES Private Sewage Disposal Systems

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC DISPOSAL
Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of DISTANCE IN CLEAR PIT OR
SEWER TANK FIELD
organic waste. Consists of a vault constructed REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
of concrete for the collection of raw sewage Buildings or 0.6 m
1 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
and a wooden shelter structures*
Property line
2 Adjoining private Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m
Property
Water supply
3 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m
wells
15.2 m 15.2 m
4 Streams 15.2 m 30.5 m

5 Trees - 3m - 3m
Engr. Acosta 126 Engr. Acosta 128

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 32

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Private Sewage Disposal Systems

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC DISPOSAL
DISTANCE IN CLEAR
REQUIRED FROM
SEWER TANK FIELD
PIT OR
CESSPOOL
DESIGN OF GREASE TRAP
Seepage pits or
6 - 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m
Cesspools
7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m Part 1: Fundamentals of Plumbing
8
On site domestic
Water service line
0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m Design and Installation
Pressure public
9
Water main
3m 3m 3m 3m Part 2: Process, Design Criteria and
Computations
Engr. Acosta 129 Engr. Acosta 131

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

Some features of STP:
An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.

Engr. Acosta 130 Engr. Acosta 132

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 33

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

Engr. Acosta 133 Engr. Acosta 135

Engr. Acosta 134 Engr. Acosta 136

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 34

POWERHOUSE REVIEW CENTER 1/31/2014

MASTER PLUMBER REVIEW

Plumbing Design and Installation

Thank You.

Engr. Acosta 137

Engr. J. Acosta, CE, RMP 35